River Region Analysis

ATTACHMENT H

STREAM CLASSIFICATION REPORT, TITTABAWASSEE RIVER

Stream Classification Report, Tittabawassee River, Midland, MI

1. INTRODUCTION TO STREAM CLASSIFICATION

For more than a century, the Tittibawassee River has undergone numerous changes in its floodplain and channel as a result of anthropogenic influence. Floodplain impacts have included removal of vegetation, changes in vegetation density and type, alterations in landforms and construction of encroachments that block the flow-path of flood flows, including roadway embankments and pipeline crossings. The channel itself has been impacted by changes in its boundary conditions, including removal of vegetation and artificial hardening with levees and sheet-pile walls. The construction of several dams upstream of the Midland Plant has likely created conditions of “clear water discharge”, changing the rivers sediment supply downstream. All of these anthropogenic influences have likely, in some way, affected river stability and sediment supply, thereby creating the potential for negative impacts in the form of excess erosion and deposition.

The extent, magnitude, frequency and duration of the responses of the Tittibawassee River to these influences is a question which must be answered through a systematic, quantitative assessment of historic land use changes, channel processes, sediment supply and future evolution of the river. Essential to this assessment is the ability to separate natural and anthropogenic influences, and to predict how the river will reach an equilibrium state through a balance of energy and sediment supply (Rosgen, 2006). While this assessment necessarily involves numerous levels of data collection, analysis and prediction, it should begin with a broad-level classification of the river. Such a classification helps provide an overview of the general state of the river, allows separation of the river into areas of distinct morphology, and elucidates future data collection and analysis needs.

For this investigation, the Rosgen Level I and Level II classification methodology provided the framework for this classification. However deviations have been necessary due the lack of field- verified bankfull elevations. Since Level I and Level II classification does not require a great deal of field survey data, the approximations made for this classification are a reasonable deviation from standard methodology. It is not expected that acquisition of more detailed field verified data will alter the results of the classification for the River Regions discussed below. Later, more detailed levels of classification will incorporate a greater amount of data collection and involve a higher level of analysis that comports with the river assessment standards established by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the Rosgen methodology.

1.1 Description of Methodology

Stream classification is a useful tool because it provides a common language for describing and discussing stream and river systems (in the following discussion of stream classification the terms stream and river are used interchangeably). A variety of stream classification systems have been developed over the years. A widely used classification system based upon key morphological features such as channel pattern, slope, and shape has been developed by Rosgen (1996).

2/15/08 1 The Rosgen classification methodology uses four assessment levels that vary from a broad geomorphic characterization down to a very detailed description and assessment. The Level I assessment describes the geomorphic characteristics that result from the integration of basin relief, land form, and valley morphology. The dimension, pattern, and profile of rivers are used to delineate geomorphic types at a coarse scale. Many of the Level I criteria can be determined from topographic and landform maps and aerial photography.

The Level I stream classification serves four primary functions:

• Provides for the initial integration of basin characteristics, valley types, and landforms with stream system morphology. • Provides a consistent initial framework for organizing river information and communicating the aspects of river morphology. Mapping of physiographic attributes at Level I can quickly determine location and approximate percentage of river types within a watershed and/or valley type. • Assists in the setting of priorities for conducting more detailed assessments and/or companion inventories. • Correlates similar general level inventories such as fisheries habitat, river boating categories, and riparian habitat with companion river inventories.

The advantage of a broad, general classification is that it allows for a rapid initial delineation of stream types and illustrates the distribution of these types that would be encountered within a given study area. The Level I classification and delineation process provides a general characterization of valley types, and identifies the corresponding major stream types, A through G. Illustrations of the Level I stream types are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Level I Stream Types

2/15/08 2 Whereas Level I stream types are identified on the basis of the valley landforms and channel dimensions observable on aerial photos and maps, Level II stream types are determined with field measurements from specific channel reaches and fluvial features within the river's valley. The Level II classification process employs more finely resolved criteria in order to address questions of sediment supply, stream sensitivity to disturbance, potential for natural recovery, and channel response to changes in flow regime.

Level II stream type delineation criteria are based on of channel cross-section, longitudinal profile, and planform features as measured and computed from collected field data. Many of the Level II criteria are based upon the bankfull discharge or bankfull stage of the stream.

1.2 Bankfull Discharge (Channel-Forming Discharge) and Stage

River form and fluvial processes evolve and function through mutual adjustments toward self- stabilization (Rosgen, 1996). The physical appearance of a stream or river is a product of the adjustment of the river’s boundaries to the magnitude of stream flow and sediment produced from an attendant watershed. The individual river characteristics are further modified by the influence of channel materials, basin relief, and other features of valley morphology along with a local history of erosion and sediment deposition.

The most important stream process in defining channel form is the bankfull discharge. Bankfull discharge is the flow that transports the majority of a stream’s sediment load over time and thereby forms and maintains the channel. The bankfull stage and its associated discharge serves as consistent morphological indices which can be related to the formation, maintenance, and dimensions of the channel as it exists under the modern climatic regime.

The term “bankfull” was initially used to describe the incipient elevation on the bank where flooding begins. In many stream systems, the bankfull stage is associated with the flow that just fills the channel to the top of its banks and at a point where water begins to overflow onto a floodplain. However, if a stream has become incised because of changes in the watershed or anthropogenic changes to the channel or floodplain, the bankfull channel is often located at an elevation that is lower than the top of bank. Bankfull stage can be observed and determined within entrenched streams by using a series of common stage indicators, such as a bench or scour line, which may be observed along the boundary of the bankfull channel. An illustration of bankfull in relation to a stream channel and other floodplain features is shown in Figure 2.

A commonly accepted definition of bankfull provided by Duane and Leopold (1978) is “that the bankfull stage corresponds to the discharge at which channel maintenance is the most effective, that is, the discharge at which moving sediment, forming or removing bars, forming or changing bends and meanders, and generally doing work that results in the average morphologic characteristics of channels.” It is this discharge along with the range of flows that make up an annual hydrograph which govern the shape and size of the channel.

1.3 Stream Classification Terminology

Stream dimensions, patterns, and bed features associated with the river are generally described as a function of channel width measured at bankfull stage. The following provides the definition of many of the terms used in classifying a channel:

2/15/08 3 • Bankfull Width (Wbkf): Width of the channel at bankfull stage elevation in a riffle section. • Bankfull Depth (Dbkf): Mean depth of the channel cross-section at bankfull stage elevation in a riffle section. • Bankfull Cross-Section Area (Abkf): Area of a channel at bankfull stage elevation in a riffle section. • Width/Depth Ratio: Bankfull width divided by bankfull depth in a riffle section. • Width of Flood-Prone Area (Wfpa): Width at elevation of twice maximum bankfull depth. Entrenchment Ratio (ER): A computed index value which is used to describe the degree of vertical containment of a river channel (width of the flood prone area at an elevation twice the maximum bankfull depth/bankfull width). • Sinuosity (k): Defined as stream length/valley length or valley slope/channel slope. • Meander Width Ratio: A secondary delineative criteria defined as meander belt width/bankfull width that describes the degree of lateral channel containment, and is primarily used in assisting aerial photo delineation of stream types.

Figure 2. Bankfull and Floodplain Features

2/15/08 4 2. RIVER REGION ANALYSIS

2.1 Delineation of Regions

One of the fundamental steps of a broad level classification of a river using the Rosgen method is to identify, from observations of aerial photos and topography, trends in the valley and planform of the river system. Before taking measurements of the river, which produces the quantitative evidence necessary for a thorough river classification, a river should be delineated into approximate Regions from qualitative observations, in order to facilitate an organized method of analysis. A “Region” for the purposes of this report means a section of the river valley, floodplain and channel which displays similar valley type, width and slope, and similar channel sinuosity, pattern, profile and cross-sectional dimension. Once these approximate Regions have been delineated, more precise measurements of dimension, pattern and profile can be undertaken in each Region to facilitate analysis at higher levels of classification.

2.2 Delineation Methods

The delineation of the Tittibawassee River into Regions began with broad level observations of the valley and plan-form of the river. A large map of the entire river system, including road crossings and geomorphic surfaces, was printed and examined by a team of hydrologists and scientists. Individual observations of valley and channel pattern trends were discussed. Observations of valley trends focused primarily on the width of the valley as it progresses downstream through the project area, and the corresponding changes in the sinuosity, belt width, meander length and radii of curvature of the river. A “meander” refers to one sine wave shape of the river, including one “meander bend” and three points of inflection. The planform criteria of “meander length” and “belt width” refer to the wavelength and amplitude of the meander sine wave. “Radius of curvature” is the radius of one curve within the sine. These three morphological criteria are important in later levels of classification (Level II). While exact measurements of these criteria are not obtained in a Level I classification, a visual approximation of them using a large map can be helpful in delineating the river into Regions. Similarly, a visual estimate of sinuosity (stream length/valley length) can support observations of the valley and planform of the river.

The observations of valley and pattern trends were supported with an examination of average water surface slope. The “average” slope of the water surface is the slope from feature to feature of a given length of river, e.g. a slope from the fist riffle to the last riffle in that section of river. This is distinguished from more specific water surface slopes of the facets of each river feature, which is obtained in later levels of classification. The significance of average water surface slope is that it parallels the slope of bankfull, and therefore can be used to represent the slope of the water of the channel-forming flow in order to classify the river, and can also be used in calculations of river stability and sediment transport.

Profiles of “Median” water surface elevation data and the thalweg of the river, obtained from Ann Arbor Technical Services, Inc., were plotted at a scale to match the large map of the Tittibawassee river study area. As Regions were approximated from changes in valley and pattern trends, the profile was examined to see if it corresponded with these changes, and the locations of Region limits were adjusted as necessary.

Nine river Regions were delineated, and the station limits of each Region are presented in Table 1, along with corresponding “Depositional Setting” reaches, as established in earlier stages of the

2/15/08 5 Tittibawassee River Remedial Investigation, and sinuosity measurements. The beginning and ending stations of the River Regions were placed to match the beginning and ending stations of “Depositional Setting” reaches, for the purposes of comparison of geomorphological data with river classification results.

Table 1. Summary of Tittibawassee River Regions River Classification Station Range Valley Length Stream Sinuosity (Stream Region Start End (ft) Length (ft) Length/Valley Length) Region I 0+00 57+50 15050 16350 1.09 Region II 57+50 233+50 6592 7000 1.06 Region III 233+50 546+50 30781 31300 1.02 Region IV 546+50 678+00 11512 13150 1.14 Region V 678+00 783+00 9033 10500 1.16 Region VI 783+00 872+50 8243 8950 1.09 Region VII 872+50 1014+50 11818 14200 1.20 Region VIII 1014+50 1145+50 11212 13050 1.16 Region IX 1145+50 1280+00 13671 14750 1.08

2.3 Classification Methods

Following the delineation of the Tittibawassee river into distinct Regions, a more detailed analysis of plan, profile and cross-section of the river was undertaken. The broad-level classification of rivers is based on morphological features associated with stream patterns, shape (width/depth ratio) and vertical containment (entrenchment ratio) (Rosgen, 2006). To begin this classification, river transect data surveyed from bathymetry was obtained from other investigators ® and entered into RiverMorph software . Several transects were selected in each River Region as representative of river features (pool, riffle, etc.) for that Region. Unfortunately, no field- measured bankfull data was available for this analysis. A “bankfull water-surface elevation” profile was available, but when plotted at river transect locations, the bankfull elevations for that station did not match up with elevations on the transect. Another source of data that was attempted to be used for the bankfull elevation was the “Shoreline” depositional area mapped along the river as part of the geomorphic surfaces mapping. However, the variation in elevation of this geomorphic feature at any one cross-section location was too great to pinpoint a single bankfull elevation. Therefore, actual measurements of bankfull in the field will be necessary for a more detailed analysis.

Due to the lack of bankfull elevation data for the river, a bankfull elevation had to be chosen on each cross-section by finding a feature that most closely resembles a bankfull indicator that would be located in the field. Typically, this could be indicated by the top of a depositional feature below the relic floodplain (low bank), an inflection point on the top of a point bar, or the topmost point of an area of scour. Because of the relative variability in which bankfull indicators are manifested along a river, finding bankfull indicators is necessarily a field-method, involving a systematic measurement of the difference between the elevation of the water surface and the elevation of suspected indicators until a pattern is found. Without these field-measured bankfull elevations, however, it was necessary to enter an approximation of bankfull into each cross- section. To verify the approximation, “regional curves” were used. These are regression equations which show the relationship between the drainage area of river and its width, mean depth, flow and cross-sectional area at bankfull stage, in similar physiographic regions. They are

2/15/08 6 developed from field measurements of bankfull cross-sections for stable streams plotted against known drainage areas for those streams. The nearest and most similar physiographic province that has regional curves available is northern Ohio, in the area around Lake Erie (Sherwood, et. al., 2005). Michigan regional curves were under development at the time of the report.

The known drainage area of the Tittibawassee River was entered into the Ohio regional curve for bankfull cross-sectional area and compared with the calculated cross-sectional areas using the approximated bankfull elevations at the selected river transects. In most cases, the regional curve bankfull area was very close to the bankfull areas calculated at each cross-section. Where great differences were apparent between the two values, the bankfull elevation of the cross-section was adjusted to match the area with the regional curve value to see if it corresponded with an inflection point along the graph. On cross-sections where the regional curve area did correspond to a point on the graph, the bankfull was left at this elevation.

The results of the broad level classification for each River Region follows. A summary of the classification criteria for each Region and the final Stream Type is shown in Table 2. Figure 3 shows a plan view of the entire river, with the limits of each River Region.

2/15/08 7 Table 2. Summary of River Classification by Region (k) (ft) River Region (dbkf) (ft) (dbkf) (Wbkf) (ft) (Wbkf) (dmbkf) (ft) (Particle Size Classification Entrenchment Entrenchment Water Surface Slope (S) (ft/ft) (S) Slope Bankfull Depth Stream Type Stream Bankfull Width Width of Flood- Width Ratio (ER) (ft/ft) (ER) Ratio Maximum Depth Index) D50 (mm) Channel Sinuosity (Wbkf/dbkf) (ft/ft) Channel Materials Bankfull X-Section Width/Depth Ratio Area (Abkf) (sq. ft) (sq. Area (Abkf) Prone Area (Wfpa) Typical "C" >12 >2.2* < .001 - .039 >1.2* Characteristics Region I Region I cannot be accurately classified according to the classification system for natural rivers due to anthropogenic impacts Region II 247.7 10.9 2709.3 22.6 17.4 1206.0 4.9 0.26 0.00012 1.06 C5c- Region III 298.6 9.9 2952.3 30.2 15.0 3003.0 10.1 0.33 0.0001 1.02 C5c- Region IV 283.2 5.1 1438.4 55.7 7.5 1345.0 4.7 0.24 0.00006 1.14 C5c Region V 142.0 6.9 1955.7 20.6 7.6 2706.0 19.1 0.19 0.00022 1.16 C5c- Region VI 379.9 8.4 3174.3 45.4 11.1 2028.0 5.3 2.1 0.0001 1.09 C4c- Region VII 400.0 9.0 3585.7 44.6 15.9 2070.0 5.2 1.8 0.00021 1.20 C5c- Region VIII 337.5 11.8 3986.9 28.6 14.9 2800.0 8.3 0.18 0.00005 1.16 C5c- Region IX 410.5 10.5 4299.4 39.2 14.2 1200.0 2.9 0.47 0.0001 1.08 C5c- *Values are guidelines, and use of judgement may place values that are close to the typical stream type chararacteritics within that stream type.

Planview of Tittabawassee River, Regions and Reaches

B t 8 C S N a St E rth t S a tin C M a B us s a i y Rd u A on n a s m lt c r E u e a e i V B P d l D u R l e 1 l St e n p i er t e Riv t tt D a d l M AB e 8 S e e s u v d R u lta A h l S t c D a S r l t e e R h e i d s l Region I e g n r R y d S s 3 d

R d R t M a R BC i R lt M d n e R d D d b d a i hw l i a d e l Sc CD g R e 2 r w u R M lzb R Sa d 0 d i 5 DE l 57+ R e

d F R Region II l a d

EF j o H ith Rd l a el e Am r c d D Rd R e R s H iss r s d ntu FG GH hki k We Ve d tc G e u Ho R 7 p Rd t t 5 d HI er a R iln f y R e b M w sh r e B d r A f u 4 F v i R Rd a t r s 7 e ha S W d a d o l n d A G R K l th i o IJ R l s eli d a d e N d l m R e A g er d 7 l o l R il r V d k M 0 a uc R R M R B a d Rd e JK o l n s 5 o d er d y S n e i M +a C g l M t e o S Sa r Rd Region Boundary k 3 g e W d c i t e er in R n y d KLW a R ela i re 3 w r e ch F e r s d d F R 2 Rd d i R b d

d s Rd d Region III s R rt R rle t i a LM t Sa g Reach Boundary w o e s Ste Ln Rd e c d r a s R K e e di k n c R a a k u r r B r n C Pa a Rd w d d R W lle MN ke e i e v u R Channel Boundary n ad n r o l L D d l s d r z g in o C ll G D M d l o rle R e C F r a o id Sa i NO n l P S d Riv a r x R t a d e OP n R h Streets e r R is R d e rk d D W d r n e R r in a d PQ el r d D F g e r R r F m a D d d r QR l a RS n c 100 Year Floodplain n Ln S t d o d re C la t R y R isu c on ot rt T Le ern h Sc n ibe R h V L r d v d a d e R ig n R r rl i y e Sa e q le Dr ST H u n i l TU w ki b tia Rd il c S la e a l e il T M a T P P v r Rd H h l r h c n k s o to o K Dr s R a ng y r St r e UV i s D n d M h D e y G y o d as 7 p lb is o d 1 D e Y e d E R W t R a W t o i t h n s t L o a d r c a ro S t w a l VW Do P l R S S v S r l r d m L n D d t i o R t f R s la ks n o o i ric ro i D e d R g s B t d Rd A h R le d e r il d l v rl d ch e T an WX o d C l K R Lak y e e rd Fre se v r lla r R D s Ma o er wa i tn a l s d d u b l R Tra a s e e rc itt i Rd ie T Ln n on P Rd n ln s XY L o g kin e oy R inc Wil sse av L a S R w d d a t R d G 0 ab s d +5 YZ Titt chu l R 6 L S e e 4 ierc 5 o d a P R c hust n u Sc F t e Region IV s S t a t r S M ir k ZAA R s A l R l d h e i d R B o d e st L u i P ch o Rd l a S y P k rt C n a d e AABB Rd u c a R e c d e e M n s e B s S t la a e R w r C t n D q Fre ba uil r a e d a tt t nq i u r T T o M R r h e J D r B n r h e s d a p H I r r i o r a B a P u BBCC H o o r 6 r a G i R s c e r n D o a r m a d 7 d n c D k k M r c R B 5 c e a d s i y L r n R h d k t l i y v h s o o c e e a d d R d R CCDD n y e h d d o R R R c St ey d t r w a u l D t o t e W d i H s d k d k a g R a G w o y t V st i R ild ri S e D r R S a h W h r d C n a s d r t d a r D n R DDEE L D t S te o n h A d li e 0 n s r K s 0 R a A C + M y h St d t a 8 t N l s 7 r M u o R l urv 6 Dr a e rt ck v m i c e G d a c c hw u t r t e is M a r e t o ro EEFF V w s ha r e l t r a L n a S D R R v D r r L e a o r ke R n to d o n S C M a d d w o t i n d o d n C e R n d S t Rd R d R S P e C t l a tee Da St o u d d is l an d Rd rv 0 e M ee s te FFGG R e r e o B - 0 t ap R S L H rs A y R r Region VI d d te e d + R a it v v ck e t W tu S v t A H W 3 t s r i a n d s L m i o o l Sh le e p i l a n l e d f W s n e B l r e o GGHH C v i 78 d m r ly a S g D o R C r D S t h d h e n d Region V le t 0 5,000 10,000 Feet u t d t H t S D a e e HHII r te v R u e d c St a A t S R n r r n P S ss d rn n h A re t o R b te t St g g i n S d n l a ra o a r l s e C ve H B P s ea V P A D r r o h A e a R T a p o l t i r W o l d d v C a s S IIJJ a s n o g i r l s o d e l e u F o C t o l t t S S r e D o JJKK n n t d D r t a h S u R R r M TM st S W t r e ro e A n A a t t d F LLMM d c S r n W D Region VII R l u KKLL v v T t t k t o R ld r e a e i o h f e e t er n P lt d z F C a o m i i e m S n Rd Su MMNN r D w l m 0 o a e W m e d ic D 5 R e r R D te m u a G d r a B G r a St r r i n o P + D k t e c R y H S k s d m w l n r 2 a r e a S h m n t d K r L y t u a o R 7 N e Rd n e n o e S e h d 8 r D n c D k n r r s a L le t ist r s e o a o n a h T R St t ANN ARBOR TE CHNICAL SERVICES , INC. m e r S R d nt e s o t R e R v n i i l l M s R E A r e u d id d t r a R d e l n e io d S r B R y at r

r d g R D G R a e NNOO d r F d a t n r D H i S le r n a o to n isd in r S L K S N a M s u a t Drawn By: Feb. 21, 2008 ICJ Date: n OOPP i e D C l i e l K e n n R r t S e e r r d t d t S R 50 t n t d R ot 4+ Checked By: PS Edited By: A W ICJ R g 1 A d Region IX ey d clig 10 Dr n S c d f a f n M li i R u n c c L t PPQQ n a e l r r K u e 1 s D o B d M S k m ld L e s e a a 2 i i r s P u D d h k r elot a R S Cam 8 s e a S c s e l r l t t p a S p D z l River Classification Planview h p e 0 o v l O S k QQRR w A t l a t r e a r S + S n t D n e a ur r G h r R le g t t i r O s s r h A 0 k d e s S K l l S ic R a o i R M t 0 t r n D s u t Tittabawassee River Classification o u r t d R S g r c rt F G Herbe S 1 r H R RRSS c e tr d

o 1 h d l s D e e e t L e d b SSTT o r y R e 4 S a e r m r d Ter l R t l R 5 z n d D n d e er ® r h + l R G e d d O e d o t R Rd TTUU YY R d r o s y 5 VVWW l y e i n e t a GeoMorph Site Characterization R a R n c r Ev WWXX un d o G R UUVV0 R d d L a k d ar r h g XXYY O C R i a T e h d n d F R Region VIII n o y o e T t n m un r e e C L d Base ll Dr r G a r n h d P R s r R e re W o a Rd r e d Midland, Michigan d R Ed d R s y d a R i p a e R J n n r d r V i e a d e d F le a k R k n i h e a h i t a r n O G m a T i g e G d ho r N Sc a a r n R g l r e n o L b R R D d y m W o W r m is D r e i d ET Project Number: 91803 a r e b v I D g P v o c i id e e l r R l a d R l i r n r n ET Map File Location: r d m R a S t n t d R g R L S d t L e e d T-River Planview.mxd d d w a a n R C n r i E d g R Sa l m d k Rd d e Rd t R S Rd Cre Hart 2008 Ann Arbor Technical Services, Inc. tio t yle Rd wan ra Do Rd erer S n Rd All Rights Reserved. Patent Pending. G Roe Ed Evo 2.4 Region Classification

Region I

General Observations/Significant Features

Region I extends from the beginning of the Tittibawassee River study area at station 0+00 to the Dow Dam, which is located at station 57+50, and encompasses reaches A through D. The distinguishing characteristic of this region is the Dow Dam, which likely affects the sediment regime of the river downstream. While the river upstream of the Dow Dam appears similar in its planform to the river downstream due to the influence of the Midland Plant, it is hypothesized that the sedimentological differences between upstream and downstream are great enough to warrant using the Dow Dam as the separating point between Region I and Region II. Sediment data was not available for this level of analysis, however dams and impoundments often create conditions of “clear water discharge”, which can significantly affect the sediment regime of a river downstream of the dam. “Clear water discharge”, also referred to as “hungry water”, describes the effect of interrupting the continuity of sediment transport through a system with either a dam, impoundment, or mining activities, and thereby creating flow that is sediment- starved downstream of the activity. This sediment-starved flow is prone to erode channel bed and banks and create channel incision (Kondolf, 1997).

The valley of Region I appears to be almost completely anthropogenically modified, to the point of being unable to classify the valley type accurately. There is a levee or berm along the banks of the river for the entire length of this Region. Additionally, the floodplain is occupied by the industrial complex of the Dow Midland Plant,. The width of the valley is much narrower here than at other Regions along the river. Visualization of bathymetry shows that, while several deep pools are present along this Region, the influence of the Dow dam, which is located in the upper portions of this Region, and levees may be causing a general trend of aggradation in the channel.

Dimension

Two cross-sections were chosen at Stations 9+00 and 16+00 to represent a riffle and pool section. The 2007 bathymetry data for this region shows very little riffle feature formation, and one long, continuous pool, with a transverse bar just upstream of the Dow Dam. A significant amount of depostion is present on the right bank (looking downstream) approaching the dam, approximately between stations 32+00 and 48+00. The pool cross-section shows a typical point bar formation on the inside meander, with the thalweg at the outside of the pool. Just before this pool cross- section is another transverse bar, at approximately station 24+00, where the thalweg quickly moves from the right bank to the left bank of the river. In general, the bankfull width and area of the river is much smaller in this region than in downstream regions, however the top of bank width appears to be relatively uniform with Region II, indicating artificial widening.

The river possesses an entrenchment ratio of 1.28 in this region, and therefore has a qualitative rating of “entrenched”. The river classifies with this rating due to the vertical, sheer banks along the region, which may have been hardened by artificial means in association with industrial activities at the Dow Midland Plant. An “entrenched” river, has little ability to access its floodpain, thereby producing greater stress on the banks during flood flows.

2/15/08 10

Pattern

The sinuosity of Region I, which was calculated by finding the ratio of the length of the river to the length of the valley, is approximately 1.1. Region I encompasses a partial meander of the river, but is so anthropogenically modified that the planform is likely a constrained product of industrialization and may not be an accurate criterion to use in classification.

Profile

Median water surface elevation data was not available for this region, as the water surface data begins just downstream of the Dow Dam at Sta. 63+00. Thus, a measurement of water surface slope was not available and could not be used as a criterion in the classification of Region I. Elevation data from the thalweg of the river was available, however, and was used to give an idea of the trends of deposition along this region. The thalweg rises in elevation as it approaches the dow dam, which is to be expected as the dam is likely causing a backwater effect with corresponding reduction in velocities and increase in deposition (Figure 4).

Classification

Due to the significant magnitude of artificial impacts to this part of the Tittibawassee River, including backwater effects from the Dow dam, Region I cannot be accurately classified according the methodology of Classification of Natural Rivers.

2/15/08 11 Figure 4. Region I Profile

610

TW 605

600 WS

595 BKF

590

Elevation (ft) 1 YR

585

2 YR

580

8 YR

575

1 YR

570 0 288 575 863 1150 1438 1725 2013 2300 2588 2875 3163 3450 3738 4025 4313 4600 4888 5175 5463 5750

Station (ft) d lta R K P De r 4 a o S a Rd Rd e gi 7 ck ith P s n Bu el n aw m 7 a e A z R D Planview of Region I d l 5 t y e t d a e R i v n arle v r S i i s d R s l R o l e M rc d e Rd ie R n ks P oo d r Rd id B B R R Rd nd G ille t L d la la v a d h a e l oc S e e rk Fr n K 6 in P y in a d 7 e S e t n t St R R 5 t B e d m S S Rd R d a t d y l en r rt o il K a r e d R c t t d c d M e t M S o R S S g rte J r y u po t t h d t La s S o e S r d is S g n l R e R ce W u e e a e H Di G i d n s H h n R F Rd o z t n G r e st o l t a o Fro F f i S w u r s s m r F u o i i o d d d o C r T F c O s r e d n d d l s R t h h e D o e r d o G R d d D a r a o r e R R R d G E ro R c y ot t R i r H t l p t i l k t l t v s S s z ra v S w e o R d S i r k G o S c n F e t t i R d r t n t r r h S h h In R d t t R d o S g di ker R R g n i d a d t r S d om r a a a Sch d u k n e P h o m n S t z G h o t a s r t it A S F nn A C St Bu tt les t S S M t k Stations 0 ain d 2 S ic R t t r S t n d a o l El P y Reach Boundary a lsw L n o o t r d S th t c h St M g t ri 2006 Channel Boundary S k la n l t ro St e n S n b ma C yo Isa Wy L Streets

L t 10+00 a S I rki B nd AB n e u i St i tt an Main St n le r s St 20+00 u St o t F S k c ri A t a P d r St R Rive Bu n ttl o es t y S L t S n E t o ll S sw s o n r d e th r C 3 r B S t is t S se y h S t t 4

t 30+00 S y le s w o T

S a

i n t -

r l d e BC

s R 0 500 1,000 Feet

Whitman Dr S t e l l i

v y 40+00 e

s o P TM

ANN ARBOR TE CHNICAL SERVICES , INC.

Drawn By: Feb. 21, 2008 ICJ Date: CD Checked By: PS Edited By: ICJ

River Region Planview Tittabawassee River Classification 50+00 GeoMorph® Site Characterization d er R Riv Pine Midland, Michigan

General Observations/Significant Features

Region II is flows between stations 57+50 and 233+50, corresponds with Reaches E-K, and is bounded on the upstream and lower ends by the Dow Dam and E. Gordonville Rd. The Region was delineated within these bounds primarily due to the inclfuence of the dam, which may be creating conditions of “clear water discharge”, the increasing valley width along this Region, the significant decrease in the belt width of the river and an increase in water surface slope. This Region appears to be a transition between the anthropogenically impacted floodplain and narrow valley of Region I, and the low beltwidth, but wider valley of Region III.

This Region is bounded on the west by a brine pond and the artificial embankment associated with it, and on the East by agricultural fields and extensive ditching. A levee is present along both banks of this Region for all of its length. Bathymetric data shows the channel to contain several transverse bars; a trend that is continued into Region III.

Dimension

Two pools and one riffle cross-section were selected from River transect data. The pool at Sta. 174+00 has a depositional feature on the right bank (looking downstream) that appears to be similar to a bankfull indicator that might be identified in a field survey. Using this elevation as bankfull, the bankfull area of the cross-section is approximately 4,183 square feet, which is comparable both with other cross-sectional area values along the river, and the Ohio regional curves.

A transect was selected at station 202+00 as a representative riffle for this Region. Here, the thalweg is in the center of the channel, as is typical for riffle cross-sections, and the water surface slope is relatively steep over this feature. A levee or berm feature is most apparent on the left bank of the channel. The width to depth ratio at this cross section is approximately 29 ft/ft, and the regionwide average is 22.6 ft/ft. Most significantly, the average entrenchment ratio on these cross-sections is 4.9, which is significantly higher than the Region one entrenchment ratio o 1.22, and indicates that the river is less entrenched, and therefore less vertically confined.

Both bathymetry data and the water surface and thalweg profiles show a large area of deposition just upstream of a cross-section at Sta. 96+50, at what appears to be a transverse bar, and an increase in water surface slope downstream. The thalweg is to the left outside of the stream at this cross-section as it flows over the transverse bar.

Pattern

The overall sinuosity of Region II is 1.06, which corresponds with the observed decrease in betlwidth from Region I and the increased slope. The channel in this Region is composed essentially of one meander, and possesses a long, straight section from Sta. 175+00 to 195+00 that is dominated by a transverse bar.

Profile

One of the significant features that separates this Region from the upstream Region I and downstream Region III is the marked increase in “median water surface elevation” water surface

2/15/08 14 slope in the upstream portions of the Region, which then flattens off towards the downstream end at a long pool section. Because of the increase in water surface slope at the downstream pool, the overall average slope of the Region is less than Region I, at 0.0001 ft/ft. The increased water surface slope in the upper Region is likely due to the long riffle which, though overwidened and aggraded, acts to speed up velocity of flow before reaching the bend at Sta. 196+50 (Figure 6).

Classification

Based on the preliminary measurements of entrenchment ratio, width/depth ratio, sinuosity and water surface slope, Region I classifies as a C5c- channel. The change from “F” in Region I to “C” in Region II is due to the increase in entrenchment ratio, which indicates that the river is less vertically confined here. The bed material, as with the majority of the river, is dominated by sand, thus giving the classification a rating of “5” for materials. The “c-“ indicates that the river has an extremely low slope (<.001).

2/15/08 15 Figure 6. Region II Profile

615

TW 610

605 WS

600 BKF

595

Elevation (ft) 1 YR

590

2 YR

585

8 YR

580

100 YR

575 5750 6630 7510 8390 9270 10150 11030 11910 12790 13670 14550 15430 16310 17190 18070 18950 19830 20710 21590 22470 23350

Station (ft) Worksheet 5-3. Field form for Level II stream classification (Rosgen, 1996; Rosgen and Silvey, 2005).

Stream: Tittabawassee River, Region 4 2 Basin: Drainage Area: 2E+06 acres 2400 mi Location: Twp.&Rge: ; Sec.&Qtr.: ; Cross-Section Monuments (Lat./Long.): 0 Lat / 0 Long Date: 02/04/08 Observers: Valley Type: VI

Bankfull WIDTH (Wbkf) WIDTH of the stream channel at bankfull stage elevation, in a riffle section. 283.21 ft

Bankfull DEPTH (dbkf) Mean DEPTH of the stream channel cross-section, at bankfull stage elevation, in a riffle section (dbkf = A / Wbkf). 5.08 ft

Bankfull X-Section AREA (Abkf) AREA of the stream channel cross-section, at bankfull stage elevation, in a riffle section. 1438.42 ft2

Width/Depth Ratio (Wbkf / dbkf) Bankfull WIDTH divided by bankfull mean DEPTH, in a riffle section. 55.75 ft/ft

Maximum DEPTH (dmbkf) Maximum depth of the bankfull channel cross-section, or distance between the bankful stage and Thalweg elevations, in a riffle section. 7.45 ft

WIDTH of Flood-Prone Area (Wfpa)

Twice maximum DEPTH, or (2 x dmbkf) = the stage/elevation at which flood-prone area WIDTH is determined in a riffle section. 1345 ft

Entrenchment Ratio (ER)

The ratio of flood-prone area WIDTH divided by bankfull channel WIDTH (Wfpa / Wbkf) (riffle section). 4.75 ft/ft

Channel Materials (Particle Size Index ) D50

The D50 particle size index represents the mean diameter of channel materials, as sampled from the channel surface, between the bankfull stage and Thalweg elevations. 0.24 mm

Water Surface SLOPE (S) Channel slope = "rise over run" for a reach approximately 20–30 bankfull channel widths in length, with the "riffle-to-riffle" water surface slope representing the gradient at bankfull stage. 0.00006 ft/ft

Channel SINUOSITY (k) Sinuosity is an index of channel pattern, determined from a ratio of stream length divided by valley length (SL / VL); or estimated from a ratio of valley slope divided by channel slope (VS / S). 1.14

Stream C 5c- (See Figure 2-14) Type

Copyright © 2006 Wildland Hydrology WARSSS page 5-29 Rd lta K P De r 4 a o S a Rd Rd e gi 7 ck lith P s na Bu e n w m 7 a e A z R D Planview of Region II d l 5 t y e t d a e R i v n arle v r S i i s d s l R R o l e M rc d e Rd ie R n ks P o d ro d i B R d d B R R R nd G l ille d la a v a d h e l oc e e Fr n K 6 1 y a d 7 8 n t R R 5 h B d e d R R d a t d y n r t S r Ke a t d d R cc o R d M S rte u po St t W a La s r d is S R e CD R e g ic W a H d D n i R F Rd n l e t d o os F o 0 a Fr s r 5 a m r i + u o 7 o d 50+00 5 C r w c O d s r n l s R t h h e A o e r d d d D a a r e R o R d y G t R c o R R i r H v p t i t l a v s z r d o R d i k G e r n F e R d R d r R d ker R R d d ma Scho d

DE 60+00 Stations Reach Boundary 70+00 2006 Channel Boundary Streets 80+00 EF 90+00

100+00

110+00 130+00 140+00 FG 120+00 GH Rd burg Salz 150+00 160+00

170+00 - 180+00

l ress P 0 1,000 2,000 Feet Prog

IJ r Rd Mille TM 190+00

Sa gin ANN ARBOR TECHNICAL SERVICES, INC. aw Rd JK Drawn By: Feb. 21, 2008 200+00 ICJ Date: Checked By: PS Edited By: ICJ

210+00 River Region Planview P Dr o ek Cre s lock e Bul 220+00 Tittabawassee River Classification y v 230+00 i l l ® e GeoMorph Site Characterization R KL d St erick Fred

e Av Midland, Michigan Lois Ri ve r R d ET Project Number: 91803 ET Map File Location: d 0 art R 5 T-River Regions Figures.mxd Stew + 3 Rd 3 ville 2 2008 Ann Arbor Technical Services, Inc. rdon Go All Rights Reserved. Patent Pending. Region III

General Observations/Significant Features

Region III is the longest of all the Regions, extending from Sta. 233+50 to 546+50 a distance of 5.9 miles. Region III begins just downstream of the East Gordonville Road Bridge and continues to just downstream of the Town of Freeland, and corresponds with Reaches L through Y. Within Region III the valley is significantly wider than in Region I and II, ranging from 1,000 to 3,000 feet in width. A levee is present along both sides of the river; however, there are occasional ‘breaks’ in the levee from streams flowing into the river as well as several locations where the levee is absent. Land use of the valley within this Region is primarily a mix of woodlands, pastureland, and agricultural land. Some of the wooded areas appear to be quite wet, occurring in localized depressions.

Dimension

Region III has a bankfull width of 298 feet, a mean bankfull depth of just under 10 feet to produce a bankfull cross-sectional area of 2952 square feet.

Pattern

Region III has the lowest sinuosity of all the river Regions with a sinuosity of 1.02. This is apparent from aerial photography where the river is showing very shallow meander bends more typical of a Rosgen B-type stream. There are basically 6 meander bends over this approximate 6 mile length of river.

Profile The profile of this Region shows a relatively flat water surface slope of 0.0001 ft/ft. The bottom profile shows a relatively consistent spacing of riffles and pools. However, when compared with the pattern the pools do not typically occur on the outside of the meander bends and often are occurring in long straight portions of the river.

Classification

Based on the preliminary measurements of entrenchment ratio, width/depth ratio, sinuosity and water surface slope, Region III classifies as a “straight” C5c- channel. All the classification parameters except for sinuosity meet the criteria for a Rosgen C-type channel. Straight C channels are often found in stream systems where the stream has been channelized or altered. The entrenchment ratio of the stream ranges from around 6 to 10 depending upon the valley width.

2/15/08 19 Figure 9. Region III Profile

610

TW 605

600 WS

595 BKF

590

Elevation (ft) 1 YR

585

2 YR

580

8 YR

575

100 YR

570 23350 24915 26480 28045 29610 31175 32740 34305 35870 37435 39000 40565 42130 43695 45260 46825 48390 49955 51520 53085 54650

Station (ft) Figure 10. Region III Classification Sheet

2/15/08 21 Rd lta K P De r 4 a o S a Rd Rd e gi 7 ck lith P s n Bu e n a m 7 a e w A z R D Planview of Region III d l 5 t y e t d a e R i v n arle v r S i i s d s l R R o l e M rc d e Rd ie R n ks P o d ro d i B R d d B R R R nd G ille B d la la v a d h e l oc u e e Fr n K 6 W y s d R a e d 7 g R a id n Br R 5 d y R l le B d e d d i R R d Ba a t d n r rty o Ke a d R cc d C o Rd d M R rte u o t t 0 t Lap s S r d is S 5 le R e l M R ce W i n H Di + a d L p n v le R F d 3 t t e t R o o os F o 3 n s n a Fr r s D m r i e r u o 2 r d r 230+00o C c c O d s r n d l s R t d h h e r l o e r d d d D a a r e R e o G R d y KLo 240+00 i R d c ot R R i r H k p t i F c t l a v u s z r B o R d i k G r G n F e R Sa d g R d r in R d aw ker R R 250+00 d d ma Rd Scho d

4 7 260+00

R LM o W g

e e

r b 270+00 s s Stations R t d e r

Ln R dise d Para 280+00 Reach Boundary ck Rd R Bu 290+00 o

MN c k 2006 Channel Boundary 300+00 w G e d l l R l e ke D u a Lad 310+00 r n Streets e

M R i d dl an 320+00 d Rd NO 330+00 C Rd 340+00 a Sarle r OP t 350+00 e r

d R R d ise Rive 360+00 W r Rd PQ

370+00

380+00 D 390+00 e QR lw RS o o 400+00 d D 410+00 r r D d n la d Ct h ott R non ig Sc Ver 420+00 H

T O h r a r

y R 430+00 e S d Rd m le ST r ar S R 440+00 i t d h TU

W r o t i s n W C P s r 450+00 d D i l n i e tia H T l i la w d n a g i n P m a D o e g t l

r Dr l P R W a rs e i r b r e v B d a 3 d n n l a a e l S r a e e r W u a P n d 4 n r l 460+00 y s P l l e t n a - d T s S S m y S h r e c L t t e l t D S h r i r UV t n r 470+00 d D 2 R g ge n Rid g n gto er Kin d n W p hi is s 6 0 1,000 2,000 Feet h a 5 W S W t a 480+00 t h t y d h R S Chu n S rch S to t t s Rd ing t rook sh t B a ch S WVW St hur 7 t Rd C t St cot M rk h yers S e a 1 M o P S s t W R l t l TM

i L S e v 490+00 t n t S e ck g eelo r Wh n c O e r C t e r t s L a o 500+00 t n r l S C r

S t D t t ld R ie Dr o rf ey o owl ANN ARBOR TECHNICAL SERVICES, INC. d c P R T o d k WX e

t n a N M l c

S e a M

e r u e

r g t F 510+00 b e Rid

s t i n r e s e e u d e r s a l

r r G s k r D y c h e M Drawn By: ICJ Date: Feb. 21, 2008 r D D R m Dr r i or r h r d d T a Th l F ornberry a Checked By: PS Edited By: n Dr ICJ ust L 520+00 n Aug d

S R c d h River Region Planview r e

i b e XY Tittabawassee River Classification r

R 530+00 d G

l e ® a d rce R n 540+00 Pie GeoMorph Site Characterization e

Rd R nson d Wilki YZ 550+00 d Midland, Michigan ce R Pier R 0 iv ET Project Number: 91803 +5 e 46 r 5 R 560+00 ET Map File Location: d T-River Regions Figures.mxd 2008 Ann Arbor Technical Services, Inc. ZAA All Rights Reserved. Patent Pending. Region IV

General Observations/Significant Features

Region IV is located between the stations of 546+50 and 678+00, and includes River Reaches Z through DD. The downstream station limit of this region is defined by the crossing of Tittibawassee Rd. Region IV is characterized by a decrease in overall valley/floodplain width from Region III, but with a marked increase in observed beltwidth. Unlike Region III, the meanders of this Region stretch laterally to meet the sheer valley walls. From aerial photography, the floodplain appears to be a mixture of forest and cropland, with Midland Rd. and N. River Rd. defining the floodplain boundaries on the sides of the valley. The channel itself contains 3 significantly long pools, located not on the meander bends, but rather in the straight sections of the river, which is the reverse of what is normally observed in a natural river system. The meander bends themselves are comprised of relatively long point bars, lateral bars and transverse bars. According to geomorphic surface data, the channel is bordered by historic natural levees (Pre-Industrial Age Levee).

Dimension

One riffle, one pool and one glide were selected from River transect data and used to develop average ratings for bankfull width, depth, and cross-sectional area. Generally, the bankfull width is approximately 700 feet along this Region, with a depth of only approximately 2.9 feet. The cross-sectional area is approximately 2032 square feet, and was checked against Ohio region curves, with which it corresponds closely. Most relevant to the Level I classification, however, is the measurement of width depth ratio of 55.7, which indicates that the river is very overwidened. Also relevant is the entrenchment ratio of 1.9, which qualifies the river as “Moderately entrenched”, and corresponds with the overall decrease in valley width along this Region.

Pattern

Region IV possesses a sinuosity of 1.14, which, while still classifying as “Low” according to the Classification methodology, is in the mid-range of sinuosity values for all of the Regions. While belt width was not measured for this level of classification, observed belt width appears to be higher than the channel in Region III.

Profile

The average water surface slope of Region IV is very low, at only 0.00006 ft/ft. According to the “median water surface elevation” data, the water surface elevation drops by less than a foot over more than 13,000 feet. Notwithstanding this, several relatively short, steep areas of water surface slope, at Sta. 54+800 and 590+00, may indicate short riffle features in a Region otherwise dominated by flat water surface slope. The thalweg profile also reflects this trend, and shows the presence of several later bars, and one very significant transverse bar running approximately from Sta. 650+00 to Sta. 676+00. Here, it appears that the flow turns at an almost 90 degree angle towards the bank as it flows perpendicular to the transverse bar.

Classification

Region IV classifies as a “C5c-” channel. The very low slope puts the channel in the realms of a “C” channel with a slope modifier of “c-“, but the entrenchment ratio is not low enough to

2/15/08 23 classify it as entrenched and thereby place it in an “F” classification, as with Region I. The bed material is composed primarily of sand, thus giving it a materials classification of “5”.

2/15/08 24 Figure 12. Region IV Profile

610

TW 605

600 WS

595 BKF

590

Elevation (ft) 1 YR

585

2 YR

580

8 YR

575

100 YR

570 54650 55308 55965 56623 57280 57938 58595 59253 59910 60568 61225 61883 62540 63198 63855 64513 65170 65828 66485 67143 67800

Station (ft) Figure 13. Region IV Classification Sheet

2/15/08 26 d lta R K P De r 4 a o S a Rd Rd e gi 7 ck ith P s n Bu el n aw m 7 a e A z R D Planview of Region IV d l 5 t y e t d a e R i v n arle v r S i i s d R s l R o l e M rc d e Rd ie R n ks P oo d r Rd id B B R R Rd nd G ille d la la v a d h 0 e l oc 5 re e K 6 + F n y 6 a 4 550+00 d 7 5 n R R 5 B e d Rd R d a t d y n r rt Ke a d R c d c d M o rte R u Lapo s St t r d is S R e R ce W H Di d n R F d e st R o a o Fro F r s m r u o i d M C r c O d s r n R t h l s u h e o e r d d d D a i a o r e R R r d G y t c h R o R i r H p t i t l s z ra v R e o d i r k G n F e R d a r d R R d d ker R R d d ma ho d D Sc

r 560+00

Stations Reach Boundary

ZAA 2006 Channel Boundary 570+00 Streets

580+00

590+00 600+00 e Rd hvill AABB Koc 610+00

620+00

M id la n G d a Rd R r old d f as 630+00 i V e - l d

d BBCC 0 500 1,000 Feet

TM 640+00 Ri ve r Rd

ANN ARBOR TE CHNICAL SERVICES , INC.

Drawn By: ICJ Date: Feb. 21, 2008 T 650+00 h o m Checked By: PS Edited By: ICJ a

R d River Region Planview CCDD Tittabawassee River Classification 660+00 GeoMorph® Site Characterization

670+00 Midland, Michigan

General Observations/Significant Features

Region V is a somewhat unique section of the Tittibawassee becuse of the occurrence of an oxbow lake, a wide flood proned area and because the channel possesses relatively high sinuosity. This Region is approximately 10,500 ft in length and corresponds with all or part of Reaches EE, FF, GG, and HH. Region V is bounded on the upstream end by Tittibawassee Road and on the lower end by significant contraction in the flood prone width. The reach was delineated within these bounds primarily due to the increasing valley width along this Region, the occurrence of the oxbow lake and the change in pattern as observed in plan view.

This Region is bounded on the east by a broad flood plain with a classic oxbow lake formation within the floodplain. High, medium, and low terraces occur on the left bank floodplain in respective order moving away from the channel. The oxbow lake provides evidence of the historical changes in the River’s pattern in response to the increased flood prone width. Region V is bounded on the west by the varying widths of floodplain to the extent of a lack of floodplain where the channel strikes the valley wall (glacial till) at a fairly sharp, left meander bend. A levee is present along the right bank as the channel approaches the valley wall and the left meander bend. This left meander, located in Reach GG, is unique in pattern as compared to the rest of the river and likely indicates changing planform. The bathymetric data shows a contraction in the vicinity of this meander and supports observations of changing planform for this Region.

Dimension

One pool and one riffle cross-section were selected from River transect data. There were no obvious bankfull indicators in the cross section view, so bankfull was taken as the elevation of the bankfull water surface from the profile. Using this elevation as bankfull, the bankfull area of the cross-section is approximately 1,955 square feet. This is one of the lower cross sectional areas of the river and indicates the need for field surveyed bankfull elevations. The cross sectional area is comparable to values from the Ohio regional curves.

A transect was selected at station 710+00 as a representative riffle for this Region. Here, the thalweg is on the left side of the channel and represents a typical pattern for this Region, with the thalweg occurring on the outside bank following a meander. The width to depth ratio at this cross section is approximately 20.6 ft/ft, and the Region-wide average is 22.6 ft/ft. Most significantly, the average entrenchment ratio on these cross-sections is 19.06, which is significantly higher than the Region I entrenchment ratio of 1.22, and indicates that the river is less entrenched, and therefore less vertically and laterally confined.

Pattern

The sinuosity of Region V, which was calculated by finding the ratio of the length of the river to the length of the valley, is approximately 1.16. This represents one of the highest sinuosity values measured in the analysis of River Regions of the Tittibawassee.

Profile

2/15/08 28 The median water surface elevation profile along this Region shows a relatively flat water surface, with little changes in slope where features such as riffles and pools are apparent from bathymetric data. The average water surface slope for Region V is approximately 0.00022 ft/ft.

Classification

Based on the preliminary measurements of entrenchment ratio, width/depth ratio, sinuosity and water surface slope, Region V classifies as a C5 channel. The channel met this classification in all parameters and represents a more traditional “C” channel when compared with other Regions of the Tittibawassee.

2/15/08 29 Figure 15. Region V Profile

610

TW 605

600 WS

595 BKF

590

Elevation (ft) 1 YR

585

2 YR

580

8 YR

575

100 YR

570 67800 68325 68850 69375 69900 70425 70950 71475 72000 72525 73050 73575 74100 74625 75150 75675 76200 76725 77250 77775 78300

Station (ft) Figure 16. Region V Classification Sheet

2/15/08 31 d lta R K P De r 4 a o S a Rd Rd e gi 7 ck ith P s n Bu el n aw m 7 a e A z R D Planview of Region V d l 5 t y e t d a e R i v n arle v r S i i s d R s l R o l e M rc d e Rd ie R n ks P oo d r Rd id B B R R Rd nd G ille d la la v a d h e l oc e e Fr n K 6 y a d 7 L n e R R 5 B e d L c Rd R d a t d y e n r t ki r Ke a c d R c e d c d M k o R rte i L e u po St t n a s r L is S DDEE d e L R R ce W n H Di 680+00 d n R F d e st R o a o Fro F r s m r u o i d C r d c O s r R n d d R t e h l s R h e e s ie o e r d a as ck d d D w Le a o r e R R d G a R c y ot b R i r H p t i a t l itt s z ra v T o R d i r k G n F e R d r R d R d ker R R d d ma Scho d 00 678+

Ri ca Dr R ech d 690+00 e Be Whit Stations Reach Boundary

EEFF Ln 2006 Channel Boundary am H be a Horn c

k t e Streets C t t

e R r i d

h s

e l 700+00

R i ve

r G R ro v d e C t

M id la n 710+00 d R d

i l 720+00 l a

Rd G arty - re Mcc

n FFGG 0 500 1,000 Feet

730+00 TM

ANN ARBOR TE CHNICAL SERVICES , INC.

0 Feb. 21, 2008 0 Drawn By: ICJ Date: + 3 740+00 8 Checked By: PS Edited By: ICJ 7

Fair Ln GGHH River Region Planview e Rd Dic M Tittabawassee River Classification

d o ® w

GeoMorph Site Characterization R 750+00

Midland, Michigan

T h

o m 760+00 ET Project Number: 91803 a s 780+00

General Observations/Significant Features

Region VI is located between station 783+00 and 872+50, and is a relatively short section of only 8,950 linear feet. The first 2000 feet exhibits a classic meandering pattern with clearly identified pools and riffles that is characteristic of a “C-type” stream. However, the rest of this Region is almost straight, and the river has become over widened which has caused sediment to begin to deposit in a long riffle. The particle analysis supports this observation, as the D50 particle size has increased from 0.19 mm to 2.1 mm compared to the previous Region (Region V).

Dimension

Two representative cross-sections, one pool and one riffle, were selected for this Region from river transect data. The pool at Sta. 807+00 has a depositional feature on the left bank (looking downstream) that appears to be similar to a bankfull indicator that might be identified in a field survey.

A transect was selected at station 854+50 as a representative riffle for this Region. Here, the thalweg is in the right center of the channel, as is typical for riffle cross-sections, and the water surface slope is relatively steep over this feature. A levee or berm feature is apparent on the left and right banks of the channel. The width to depth ratio at this cross-section is approximately 45.4 ft/ft. The entrenchment ratio on this cross-section is 5.34, which indicates slight entrenchment and also indicates the river can readily access its floodplain and is less vertically constrained. This representative cross-section has a bankfull cross-sectional area of 3174 square feet, which is comparable both with other cross-sectional area values along the river and the Ohio regional curves.

Pattern

The overall sinuosity of Region VI is 1.09, and the overall pattern shows a marked reduction in belt width from Region V. The channel in this Region is composed essentially of two meanders and two straight riffle sections. One of the riffle sections has characteristics of a naturally formed channel while the long riffle channel shows signs of straightening and widening.

Profile

The thalweg profile of this Region, within the first 2000 feet, features two deep pools with a short riffle section between them. However, after an initial variability in the thalweg depths, the thalweg elevation varies little between stations 818+00 through station 855+00. This corresponds to the long straight riffle as shown in the plan view of the Region. A long, straight riffle usually indicates areas of high shear stresses because of higher velocities along the banks due to the over widening of the stream and the excess deposition of aggregates along the center of the channel. The overall water surface slope through this Region is 0.0001 ft/ft (0.01%). See Figure 18 for detail.

2/15/08 33

Classification

Based on the preliminary measurements of entrenchment ratio, width/depth ratio, sinuosity and water surface slope, Region VI classifies as a C4c- channel. The channel met this classification based upon high entrenchment ratio and the very low average water slope. The bed material, comprised primarily of small gravel with a somewhat smaller contribution of sand, and the high width to depth ratio of 27.6 ft/ft associated with this Region, are characteristics that identify this as a C4c-.

2/15/08 34 Figure 18. Region VI Profile Sheet

600

TW 595

590 WS

585 BKF

580

Elevation (ft) 1 YR

575

2 YR

570

8 YR

565

100 YR

560 78300 78748 79195 79643 80090 80538 80985 81433 81880 82328 82775 83223 83670 84118 84565 85013 85460 85908 86355 86803 87250

Station (ft) Figure 19. Region VI Classification Sheet

2/15/08 36 d lta R K P De r 4 a o S a Rd Rd e gi 7 ck ith P s n Bu el n aw m 7 a e A z R D Planview of Region VI d l 5 t y e t d a e R i v n arle v r S i i s d R s l R o l e M rc d e Rd ie R n ks P oo d r Rd id B B R R Rd nd G ille d la la v a d h e l oc e e Fr n K 6 y a d 7

n R R 5 B e d Rd R d a t d y n r rt Ke a d R c d c d M o rte R u Lapo s St t r d is S R e R ce W H Di d n S l R F d r e t R a T s o F o k a Fro e r s w e m r r u o i C d r H ll C c O s m i d r n m R t a h l s w o h e a e r d a i d d D S a r M c l o e R R l d G y t c R o R i r H k p t i i B t l d s z ra v l e o k R d a l i r G e v n F n R d t r d t d R d R d R R R R ker d d d oma d Sch d 780+00 0 0 + 3 8 7 Stations Reach Boundary

790+00 2006 Channel Boundary Streets

Rd tuck Shat

S h

t t u

k v

i l l e

800+00 R

810+00

IIJJ 820+00 -

t Rd Fros R 830+00 ive 0 500 1,000 Feet r Rd

840+00 TM

850+00 JJKK ANN ARBOR TE CHNICAL SERVICES , INC. 860+00

Drawn By: Feb. 21, 2008 ICJ Date: Checked By: PS Edited By: ICJ

River Region Planview 870+00 Tittabawassee River Classification

® KKLL GeoMorph Site Characterization

i l l e

d Midland, Michigan 0 t Rd 5 rfeld + me 2 Sum D ET Project Number: 91803 u 7 r 8 h ET Map File Location: a m T-River Regions Figures.mxd

Region VII

General Observations/Significant Features

Region VII is bounded by River Stations 872+50 and 1014+50. This Region is characterized by an increase in floodplain and valley width, which continues to widen downstream of this reach into Regions VIII and IX. The floodplain in this Region is defined by the presence of sheer valley walls, on top of which is a greater degree of residential and commercial development than upstream, while the floodplain itself is comprised of cropland and forested areas. The floodplain in this Region is also encroached by State Rd., which cuts across the Region near Sta. 927+00. The channel possesses a historic natural levee along its length. Perhaps the most significant aspect of this Region is that it has the steepest water surface slope of any of the river Regions, and possesses several relatively long and steep riffles.

Dimension

The regionwide average bankfull width along Region VII is approximately 400 feet, the average bankfull depth is approximately 8.96 feet, and the average bankfull cross-sectional area is approximately 3585 square feet. With the widened valley of the river, the floodprone width is approximately 2,070 feet. The width to depth ratio is thus approximately 44.6 ft/ft and the entrenchment ratio is approximately 5.2 ft/ft.

Pattern

The pattern of Region VII exhibits the highest sinuosity of all the river Regions, at approximately 1.2. The increase in valley width is likely a factor in this high sinuosity, but it is also likely due to a significantly low valley slope of 0.00008 ft/ft. Valley slope measurements were difficult to obtain due to the anthropogenic influences on most of the Tittibawassee River, but the measured valley slope for this Region appears to be the lowest along the entire study area. A low valley slope will cause a decrease in water surface slope, and a concomitant increase in sinuosity, as overall velocity decreases and the boundary of the river is able to resist avulsion and other down- valley migration processes.

Profile

Notwithstanding the low valley slope and high sinuosity, Region VII possesses the steepest average water surface slope amongst the river Regions. This apparent contradiction may likely be due to presence of what appear to be two relatively long, but steep, riffles. These riffles are present from Sta. 893+00 to 905+00 and Sta. 942+00 to 970+00. These two apparent riffles are interposed with areas of relatively flat water surface on the “Median Water Surface Elevation” profile, and deep areas on the thalweg profile, indicating the presence of pools. Bathymetric data also exhibits this trend.

Classification

Region IV classifies as a “C5c-” channel. The “C” rating is due to the channels high sinuosity, and low entrenchment ratio, indicating that the river has ready access to the surrounding

2/15/08 38 floodplain. Despite having the steepest water surface slope amongst the river Regions, the slope is still so low as to classify the Region with a slope modifier of “c-“. Finally, the bed material is still primarily composed of sand, with a D50 of 1.8 mm, thus giving the channel a materials classification of “5”.

2/15/08 39 Figure 24. Region VII Profile

600

TW 595

590 WS

585 BKF

580

Elevation (ft) 1 YR

575

2 YR

570

8 YR

565

100 YR

560 87250 87960 88670 89380 90090 90800 91510 92220 92930 93640 94350 95060 95770 96480 97190 97900 98610 99320 100030 100740 101450

Station (ft) Figure 22. Region VII Classification Sheet

2/15/08 41 Rd lta K P De r 4 a o S a Rd Rd e gi 7 ck lith P s na Bu e n w m 7 a e A z R D Planview of Region VII d l 5 t y e t d a e R i v n arle v r S i i s d s l R R o l e M rc d e Rd ie R n ks P o d ro d i B R d d B JJKK R R R 860+00 nd G l ille d la a v a d h e l oc e e Fr n K 6 y a K d 7

e n R R 5 B B a d e d R R d Pl a t d y e n r t nt r e r o n W K a 910+00 r elm d R cc 900+00 k B e o d d M i R s e e y rt h u po t t n La s S i D r is S r d e R e e l R e W 870+00 r P ic LLMM k H D le d n D l e a P d R F d on se e t R t s o r s o o o F an R R a Fr Cr r s m r u o i d d 890+00 C r St c O s r n d KKLL e l R t t h s T a o h e t e r d a S d d D w a r e R Pl o G R s d c y ot s R R i i r H r p t i i K t l a v n s z r o R d i k G r M n F e R 920+00 i O d d R d r l R d 880+00 a R R n a ker d d d oma k ch d R V S d s a B n l v

W d Broc kwa a L y R g a d o w n

n Ct e d a nd r

a ie MMNN Hac D Stations l e r D

u R

r d h 930+00 a n Dr M m 0 mo Reach Boundary 5 nge a Sa D + n r D F c 2 r e h 7 o K 8 e m e i n 2006 Channel Boundary s r g m t T e Dr n r s le l r t G D Rd x o D te Fo r ta F n r S o D A Streets x

w r l l e o Ct d n o oo xw d d Fo B a r D 940+00 i l a d e r R r a n D s ato o D r t n C re D llshi L Hi a r y Dr w rmand No n C d T r B a h M a r u y l n a e n n b i d t S r l M o a t e o n a r b k d w

i W r D D r d P r P i r e a D 950+00 Dr l n l a r o nd ma e m A k r e i D r n d D oo ave o R ww k r d ro ulg Ar roo M D r wb S D llo r tle r i h is D W Th hirst M o Dew r i t l l M e R

r d i R d

d l r H a k D oo B o n br w a r illo s d W r e b T h s R e h 960+00 r u a D o d ld fie C n u n e le d G r T D a C e h r n r d i s R o b r de b d r i e r G n r d o a o D p k p r r D D l in d e ov l R nr de r u ei L D S n - NNOO

M r 970+00 o c A s 0 1,000 2,000 Feet t r d n D D a i irr v g h r Sc i e t t l a C

G t D r Dr r i s rd ffo B s ta o S r a m r le D e TM a b r C Krisd 980+00 k D u ar t n P r rgree OOPP n ve E Ln D ie r Laur 990+00 R

i v e

r ANN ARBOR TECHNICAL SERVICES, INC. ie St R Ell d t Dr Chale Drawn By: Feb. 21, 2008 y Dr ICJ Date: onn B r ny D S lo Checked By: Edited By: B o PS ICJ Dr u 1000+00 C a r re e i A a t S S r e lin t H P ade o M i l l p Dr L River Region Planview n l n allio a ed r M St D Una Tittabawassee River Classification r dia St Rd Ly R h a Birc r m n D t do ® b n C Lo C

l h i GeoMorph Site Characterization n e e g u r S y D 1010+00 l r S t Dr Rd S ce t a t Rd alla atio ot W r i St g G n Sybil cclig M t Midland, Michigan A St n nn L P a i d Lu s l PPQQ a a t s C r ET Project Number: 91803 i ld e n S hie t H S f t w i C B ET Map File Location: e be a b r l s d A i r a r i T-River Regions Figures.mxd R s A C r o H d d n n t L le i p l a 1020+00 a l D M L m 2008 Ann Arbor Technical Services, Inc. r r s D n ield 50 s Sh 4+ 01 S All Rights Reserved. Patent Pending. 1 t

Region VIII

General Observations/Significant Features

Region VIII extends from Sta. 1014+50 to 1145+50, a distance of 2.5 river miles. Region VIII begins at the bridge at Gratiot Road and continues downstream to the South Center Road bridge, and corresponds with Reaches QQ through UU. The valley is relatively wide through this Region extending in some locations for over a mile. Adjacent land use within the valley varies from undeveloped woodland to pastureland to developed residential and commercial areas. Both the roads along with a railroad towards the midpoint of this Region provide a constriction within the valley. While a small levee appears to be present adjacent to the river banks there are numerous breaks, and it likely does not restrict access to the floodplain as much as in other Regions.

Dimension The absence of topographic survey data for this Region did not allow for the development of a detailed cross-sectional analysis. Region VIII has a bankfull width of around 337 feet, a mean bankfull depth of just less than 12 feet to produce a bankfull cross-sectional area of 3986 square feet.

Pattern Region VIII is comprised of 1.5 meander bends and has a sinuosity of 1.16 and is one of the more sinuous River Regions of the Tittibawassee.

Profile

The profile of Region VIII shows a very flat water surface slope of only 0.00005 ft/ft. Bathymetric data indicates a large pool is located on the outside of the first meander bend, as is typical in a natural river. A second small pool is present at an inflection point in the river where the railroad crosses, and may be a result of the railroad bridge. Downstream of the railroad bridge is a long straight run of the river with no consistent pattern of riffles, runs, or pools. Several mid-channel bars appear to be forming around Sta. 1096+00 to 1103+00.

Classification

Based on the preliminary measurements of entrenchment ratio, width/depth ratio, sinuosity and water surface slope, Region VIII classifies as a C5c- channel. The entrenchment ratio of the stream ranges from around 8 to 18 depending upon the valley width.

2/15/08 43 Figure 21. RegionVIII Profile

600

TW 595

590 WS

585 BKF

580

Elevation (ft) 1 YR

575

2 YR

570

8 YR

565

100 YR

560 101450 102105 102760 103415 104070 104725 105380 106035 106690 107345 108000 108655 109310 109965 110620 111275 111930 112585 113240 113895 114550

Station (ft) Figure 25. Region VIII Classification Sheet

2/15/08 45 Rd lta K P De r 4 a o S a Rd Rd e gi 7 ck lith P s na Bu e n w m 7 a e A z R D Planview of Region VIII d l 5 t y e t d a e R i v n arle v r S i i s d s l R R o l e M rc d e Rd ie R n ks P o d o d i S r B R d d B R R G R S o nd l ille t d la a v a 1010+00 m d h o e l c H o e e Fr n K 6 y a n e a d 7 e r r n r s R 5 o h R e B e d d R d a R w a t d y d t en r rt R m K a t d io R R cc t L a o d d M r d R n 0 G R rte +5 u po St t 4 d La s 01 r d is S 1 R e F R ice W a H F d D n r i R F Rd o r r e st F o D a o ro a O F s lar r s PPQQ C m r i t u o d a C r D c O d s r n k l s R t h h e r o e r d s d d D a a r e R o R d y G t D c o R R i r H p t i t l a v s z r r o R d i k G r r n F e f D R d clif n R d r Ke R d ker R R d d ma Scho d C

1020+00 e

S t e a r i n R t d

A Stations r n St D unie rn d Cl ste e r W e S w h e Reach Boundary e Dr s o r h r n Iva f R i e

d l I d vanh o e Ca D 2006 Channel Boundary Ln melo t Dr r 1030+00 r un D nt R Dr Streets QQRR easa bark Ph Shag

Ct A ine l lent d a e V r D r st hcre D c r Bir r D

m I o u t t a e O r meg P a o

l L b r 1040+00 e n A

w r D r 1 o D D 1 a o t y s 4 d k s

R e 5 a r D d o + O r F 5 e r 0 iv e F iv R 1050+00

RRSS

1060+00 Ave 1070+00 igan Mich O

1080+00 c o

SSTT R 1090+00 d -

1100+00 0 500 1,000 Feet

n 1110+00 t r e ter D r TM Strie R

TTUU 1120+00 ANN ARBOR TECHNICAL SERVICES, INC. Rd utch D L 1130+00 a Drawn By: ICJ Date: Feb. 21, 2008 v

n a Checked By: PS Edited By: ICJ

D r 1140+00 UUVV River Region Planview R

i v

e r Tittabawassee River Classification

R n St d Hele GeoMorph® Site Characterization

St roeb el Rd W

i g Midland, Michigan l

General Observations/Significant Features

Region IX is comprised of the lowest section of the Tittibawassee River before its confluence with the Saginaw River. This region is approximately 13,450 ft in length and corresponds with all or part of Reaches UU, WW, XX, YY. Region IX is bounded on the upstream end by North Center Rd and on the lower end by the confluence with the Saginaw River. The reach was delineated within these bounds primarily due to the increasing valley width along this region and the perceived backwater effects from the Saginaw River.

This region is bounded on the east by a broad floodplain that is predominately made up of low terrace features. Natural levies exist on both banks of the river in this Region. The River is bounded on the west by a broad floodplain to the extent of the Saginaw River. Levies are intermittently present along both banks and on several inside meanders. The bathymetric data shows a consistent pattern of riffles, pools, and classic point bar formation.

Dimension

One pool and two riffle cross-section were selected from river transect data. There were no obvious bankfull indicators in the cross section view, so bankfull was taken as the elevation of the bankfull water surface from the profile. Using this elevation as bankfull, the bankfull area of the cross-section is approximately 4,299 square feet. This cross sectional area is comparable to the cross sectional areas that were estimated for other River Regions and is also comparable to values from the Ohio regional curves.

A transect was selected at station1206+00 as a representative riffle for this Region. The thalweg is located at approximately mid-channel at this cross section, and is representative of the transition of the thalweg from one outside meander bend. The width to depth ratio at this cross section is approximately 39.21 ft/ft, and the region wide average is 22.6 ft/ft. The dimension of this region is most likely being affected by the confluence with the Saginaw and the associated backwater affect. The entrenchment ratio of approximately 2.9 ft/ft is an indicator that the channel has become deeper, relative to its floodplain width. Again, this is fairly typical of a channel that is converging with another significantly larger channel. This value of entrenchment ratio indicates that the River has ample floodplain for meander development and is not considered to be confined vertically or laterally.

Pattern

The sinuosity of Region IX , which was calculated by finding the ratio of the length of the river to the length of the valley, is approximately 1.08. This is a relatively low sinuosity and demonstrates some of the unique characteristics of this river, in that the entrenchment ratio suggests that it could support a substantially higher sinuosity. Normally, rivers with more lateral confinement would have a sinuosity similar to Region IX.

Profile

Region IX demonstrates a classic and repeated riffle pool sequence of bed formations. Bathymetric data clearly indicates the occurrence of deep pools, bounded by point bars on the inside meander. The profile plot shows that average water surface elevations continue to flatten

2/15/08 47 up to the confluence with the Saginaw River. An average water surface slope of approximately 0.0001 was measured for this Region.

Classification

Based on the preliminary measurements of entrenchment ratio, width/depth ratio, sinuosity and water surface slope, Region IX classifies as a C5 channel. The channel met this classification mostly due to the moderate entrenchment ratio, and bankfull water surface slope. The bed material is comprised primarily of sand. The high width to depth ratio is at the limit of a “C” channel, however, the entrenchment ratio does not support calling Region IX an “F” channel.

2/15/08 48 Figure 27. Region IX Profile

600

CH 595

590 WS

585 BKF

580

Elevation (ft) P1

575

570

565

560 114550 115223 115895 116568 117240 117913 118585 119258 119930 120603 121275 121948 122620 123293 123965 124638 125310 125983 126655 127328 128000

Station (ft) Figure 28. Region IX Classification Sheet

2/15/08 50 Rd lta K P De r 4 a o S a Rd Rd e gi 7 ck lith P s na Bu e n w m 7 a e A z R D Planview of Region IX d l 5 t y e t d a e R i v n arle v r S i i s d s l R R o l e M rc d e Rd ie R n ks P o d o d i S r B R d d B R R d G R o n l ille St d la a hv a m F e d c l er v e l o o nt A re e n K 6 re Ce ss F y e t n He a d 7 s S c r e w t n R s rro t S 5 S S t t B R e Bu n d e d a t S R R R d r rd S a t d y t D o ck n n r rt J ri H i e th t d v K a o n d R R ou S en o o S cc m en K t d y e t o o d d M d r e t a r t S t lv St e R G r D S t il a n rt a n a u po St t P S S rtm La s e t O r is S m t d R e R ce W m a H i d D n H t o R F Rd k S r e st ic o o F o er St e t a Fr s r m ng S m r i E i J u o R d C r S G c O s r a t n d R t t r h l s S u S o h e k t M t r e r d A c S S d d D a ri e a e a a r e R L d p m a or o G R n a g d c y ot n m R R e e h d g l i r H i p R n t i K n e t l r G a v u n s z e u r l d B b S a i W t o R d i k G i t i r a y n F e K R d r S S r t N i r e c R d V i t R d o R w er R ke R k i d d ma n St cho d r u S od A c o s t S W s S A p ie v e s lun t e l a C e n b t S l t lin r l t s e S o J k J o t t S S am W s s S s S r G l P h in e D n t t n m o t ur S Hol im a B h r t r N S o t c e S t ne e u usti e g P l t u l e St A l i S y u i le n D r t S Sta s t S t S M o d S o t Stations o u W a t Cam g elo p t D T St R r rt l i l e a m b i e l S Gi v s J N a e s o o S r i l D t a t r S rk s t Reach Boundary t S S a h t gb e slin g S a t h y L Jo t S p W a e h S o r e a t S s S t t c S t t S Z t S 2006 Channel Boundary h r ley u a d ve e St Bra D A p u rt s an t lbe e i hig e e G m ic l r r M i u L o S St t r n t hu r rt t Streets e A C r S ide t s o w Willo b Dr r n eaco A B Dr serve al Re Nav

1290+00

1190+00 1200+00 1180+00 1280+00 YY 1210+00 1170+00 VVWW 1160+00 d e Blv 1 - id WWXX 1220+00 ivers 2 1150+00 R 1270+00 8 0 UUVV + 0 0 0 500 1,000 Feet 1230+00 1260+00 1240+00 1250+00 XXYY TM

el Rd Stroeb

ANN ARBOR TECHNICAL SERVICES, INC.

Drawn By: Feb. 21, 2008 ICJ Date: Checked By: PS Edited By: ICJ

River Region Planview

C Tittabawassee River Classification e

t e r ®

R d GeoMorph Site Characterization

1 1

5 0 Midland, Michigan

REFERENCES

Kondolf, G.M. 1997. Hungry water: Effects of dams and gravel mining on river channels. Environmental Management 21(4):533-551.

Rosgen, D. 1996. Applied River Morphology. Wildlife Hydology, Pagosa Springs, CO.

Rosgen. D. 2006. Watershed Assessment of River Stability and Sediment Supply. Wildland Hydrology, Fort Collins, Colorado.

Sherwood, James and Huitger, Carrie. 2005. Bankfull Characteristics of Ohio Streams and Their Relation to Peak Streamflows. USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2005–5153.

2/15/08 52