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Riqueza Y Patrones De Distribución De Los Pteridobiontes De La Región De Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, México

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Riqueza Y Patrones De Distribución De Los Pteridobiontes De La Región De Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, México UNIVERSIDAD VERACRUZANA CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES TROPICALES RIQUEZA Y PATRONES DE DISTRIBUCIÓN DE LOS PTERIDOBIONTES DE LA REGIÓN DE LOS TUXTLAS, VERACRUZ, MÉXICO TESIS QUE PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE DOCTORA EN ECOLOGÍA TROPICAL PRESENTA AMPARO ROCÍO ACEBEY DAVALOS Comité tutorial Dr. Santiago Mario Vázquez Torres Dr. Juan Carlos López Acosta Dr. José Daniel Tejero Díez XALAPA, VERACRUZ Abril de 2015 i DECLARATORIA El contenido del trabajo de tesis titulado “Riqueza y patrones de distribución de los pteridobiontes de la región de Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, México” fue realizado por la M. en C. Amparo Rocío Acebey Dávalos, como parte de sus estudios de doctorado en el Posgrado en Ecología Tropical, del Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales de la Universidad Veracruzana (CITRO-UV), bajo la dirección del Dr. Santiago Mario Vázquez Torres. Para tal efecto contó con el apoyo de una beca otorgada por el Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), mediante su Programa Nacional de Posgrados de Calidad (PNPC), con el número de becario (249766) y CVU (376742). Los resultados presentados en esta tesis son originales, por lo que no se han utilizado con anterioridad para obtener grado académico alguno, ni deberán ser utilizados en el futuro con este fin. Candidata Director de tesis __________________________________ _____________________________ M. en C. Amparo Rocío Acebey Dávalos Dr. Santiago Mario Vázquez Torres Derechos de autor ii ACTA DE APROBACIÓN DE TESIS El presente documento “Riqueza y patrones de distribución de los pteridobiontes de la región de Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, México” realizado por Amparo Rocío Acebey Dávalos, ha sido aprobado y aceptado como requisito para obtener el grado de Doctor en Ecología Tropical. COMITÉ TUTORIAL FIRMA Dr. Santiago Mario Vázquez Torres Dr. Juan Carlos López Acosta Dr. José Daniel Tejero Díez JURADO Dr. Gonzalo Castillo Campos Dr. Klaus Mehltreter Dr. Odilón Sánchez Sánchez iii AGRADECIMIENTOS A los miembros de mi comité tutorial al Dr. Mario Vázquez, Dr. Juan Carlos Acosta y Dr. Daniel Tejero por su apoyo, su paciencia y sus valiosos comentarios. A los miembros del jurado Dr. Klaus Mehltreter, Dr. Gonzalo Castillo y Dr. Odilón Sanchez por sus comentarios que enriquecieron el documento y su buena disposición por aclarar dudas. Al personal del Herbario XAL, en especial al Dr. Sergio Avendaño y Carlos Durán por su apoyo institucional para la revisión de las colecciones botánicas. A los especialistas Dr. Alan Smith, Dr. Robbin Moran y Dr. John Mickel por confirmar la identidad de las especies, en especial al Dr. Smith por su generosidad y buena voluntad. Al Dr. Martín Ricker y Rosamond Coates por su apoyo institucional en la Estación de Biología Los Tuxtlas, al ejido Ruiz Cortines especialmente al grupo Los Clarines (especialmente a Don David y Don Nico). A Samaria Armenta por la elaboración de los mapas, a César Carvajal por sus comentarios y revisiones del manuscrito y a Valeria Guzmán por su ayuda logística. A cada una de las personas que aunque no sean nombradas colaboraron de alguna manera en este proceso. Este trabajo se lo dedico a mi familia, a mis hijos Ana y Bruno, a mi esposo Thorsten Krömer por su apoyo incesante durante este proceso. A mis padres y hermanos porque siempre senti su aliento y confianza a pesar de la distancia. Al posgrado CITRO y su personal. Al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología por la beca otorgada (# 249766) para la realización de los estudios de doctorado. iv ÍNDICE CAPÍTULO I. Introducción general…………………………………………………… 1 1. Pteridobiontes.............................................................................................................. 1 2. Antecedentes………………………………………………………………………… 3 2.1. Patrones de riqueza de especies y factores relacionados………………………….. 3 2.2. Listados florísticos y estudios previos locales…………………………………….. 4 2.3. La Sierra de Los Tuxtlas…………………………………………………………... 5 2.3.1. Características biofísicas………………………………………………………... 5 2.3.2. Características de la flora……………………………………………………….. 7 2.3.3. Conservación y problemática de la región de Los Tuxtlas……………………… 9 3. Justificación…………………………………………………………………………. 10 4. Hipótesis…………………………………………………………………………….. 10 5. Objetivos…………………………………………………………………………….. 11 6. Literatura citada…………………………………………………………………….. 11 CAPÍTULO II. Helechos y Licófitos de la Reserva de la Biosfera Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, México……………………………………………………………………… 16 Resumen……………………………………………………………………………….. 16 Abstract………………………………………………………………………………… 17 Introducción……………………………………………………………………………. 17 Materiales y métodos………………………………………………………………….. 19 Resultados……………………………………………………………………………… 24 Discusión………………………………………………………………………………. 29 Literatura citada………………………………………………………………………... 35 CAPÍTULO III. Riqueza y distribución vertical de helechos y licófitos a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal en Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, México…………………………… 42 Resumen……………………………………………………………………………….. 42 Introducción.................................................................................................................... 43 Materiales y métodos…………………………………………………………………... 45 Resultados……………………………………………………………………………… 49 Discusión………………………………………………………………………………. 55 Literatura citada.............................................................................................................. 63 CAPÍTULO IV. Comparación de la riqueza y composición de helechos y licófitos en tres áreas de bosque mesófilo en Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz……………………………… 68 Resumen……………………………………………………………………………….. 69 Introducción……………………………………………………………………………. 69 Materiales y métodos…………………………………………………………………... 70 Resultados……………………………………………………………………………… 76 Discusión………………………………………………………………………………. 84 Literatura citada.............................................................................................................. 93 CAPÍTULO V. Discusión general…………………………………………………….. 98 Conclusiones generales………………………………………………………………... 105 Literatura citada.............................................................................................................. 106 v LISTA DE FIGURAS CAPÍTULO I. Figura 1. Ubicación geográfica de la región de Los Tuxtlas y la Reserva de la Biosfera………………………………………………………………………………… 6 CAPÍTULO II. Figura 1. Mapa de la región de Los Tuxtlas, ubicado en el sureste del estado de Veracruz, México, resaltando la delimitación de la Reserva de la Biosfera (línea negra), los tres principales volcanes y la Estación de Biología Tropical Los Tuxtlas (EBT)…………………………………………………………………………………... 20 Figura 2. Distribución del número de familias, géneros y especies de helechos y licófitos por intervalos altitudinales de 150 m en la Reserva de Biosfera Los Tuxtlas.………………………………………………………………………………… 26 Figura 3. Distribución de las familias de helechos y licófitos por tipo de vegetación…………....................................................................................................... 27 Figura 4. Dendrograma de similitud de los tipos de vegetación por presencia de las especies………………………………………………………………………………… 27 Figura 5. Categorías en relación al sustrato de los helechos y por tipo de vegetación……………………………………………………………………………… 28 CAPÍTULO III. Figura 1. Mapa de la región de Los Tuxtlas mostrando el área de estudio (rectángulo lineado) en la ladera noreste del volcán San Martín Tuxtla, Veracruz, México…………………………………………………………………………………. 46 Figura 2. Curvas de rarefacción y estimadores de riqueza no paramétricos Chao2 e ICE en tres tipos de vegetación………………………………………………………... 50 Figura 3. Riqueza de especies de helechos y licófitos por familia de acuerdo a la zonación vertical……………………………………………………………………….. 52 Figura 4. Porcentaje de las especies de helechos y licófitos epífitas de acuerdo a la preferencia de hábitat: generalista (gen-registrado en tres o más zonas), hemiepífitas (hemi), epífitas de tronco (registradas > 80% sobre las zonas del tronco), y epífitas del dosel (registradas > 80% sobre las zonas del dosel) en tres tipos de vegetación en Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, México………………………………………………………... 55 CAPÍTULO IV. Figura 1. Mapa de la región de Los Tuxtlas mostrando el área de estudio (rectángulos lineados): SME: ladera noreste San Martín Tuxtla y SMS: ladera suroeste Santa Marta, Veracruz, México………………………………………………………………. 72 Figura 2. Curvas de rarefacción para las tres áreas de estudio incluyendo los intervalos de confianza del 95%). SME: ladera noreste San Martín Tuxtla, SMO: ladera suroeste San Martín Tuxtla y SMS: ladera suroeste Santa Marta……………… 78 Figura 3. Índice de Wilson-Shmida (recambio de especies) a lo largo de las tres áreas de estudio en relación al intervalo altitudinal. a) SME: ladera noreste San Martín Tuxtla, b) SMO: ladera suroeste San Martín Tuxtla y c) SMS: ladera suroeste Santa Marta…………………………………………………………………………………… 79 Figura 4. Ordenación de las parcelas en el NMDS proyectado con el primer y vi segundo eje para las tres áreas de estudio…………………………………………….. 80 Figura 5. Diagrama de Venn del porcentaje de especies compartidas entre áreas. SME: ladera noreste San Martín Tuxtla, SMO: ladera suroeste San Martín Tuxtla y SMS: ladera suroeste Santa Marta…………………………………………………….. 82 vii LISTA DE CUADROS CAPÍTULO II. Cuadro 1. Familias y géneros de helechos y licófitos con mayor riqueza de especies (> 10) en la Reserva de la Biosfera Los Tuxtlas…………………………………………... 24 Cuadro 2. Comparación de los números de especies de helechos y licófitos y el índice de biodiversidad taxonómica (IB) de la Reserva de la Biosfera Los Tuxtlas (RBLT) y otras regiones mexicanas y neotropicales……………………………………………….
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