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Towards Context Aware Opportunistic Forwarding in Social Towards Context Aware Opportunistic Forwarding in Social Pervasive Systems By Soumaia Ahmed Al Ayyat Department of Computer Science The American University in Cairo Thesis Dissertation In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of Doctor of Philosophy in Applied Sciences Thesis Advisors: Dr. Sherif G. Aly and Dr. Khaled A. Harras September 2016 Acknowledgement Praise be to Allah the Almighty all the time and everywhere. I would like to acknowledge a lot of those who gave me support and encouragement to complete the mission successfully. First of all, I have to pay deep gratitude to Mr. Youssef Jameel who offered me his generous PhD fellowship sponsorship without which I would not have been able to accomplish this significant milestone in my academic path. Next, I would like to bow down to my parents who endorsed me and believed in my intellectual capabilities since my early years. They always pushed me to continue and gain more knowledge and acquire higher level of education. I owe them all the success I have reached so far and will always be. May God bless them and reward them both in life and in heaven. Furthermore, I definitely express my sincere gratitude to my advisors for their close and continuous support and precious advice in every step of my research. They have taught me morals in addition to academic research skills. No words can reward them for their great deeds. I would also like to extend my warm appreciation to my husband and sons for bearing with me all this duration, and for understanding my ups and downs in mood, and for encouraging me to continue till the end. Not to mention my deep sense of obligation towards my dear sister for her continuous support and time in discussing my work and reviewing the conference papers I submitted. I wish her all the success and happiness in her career and studies. I am also quite thankful to my dearest professor, director and friend Dr. Mona Kaddah for her continuous support and push to accomplish the mission at its best level. May God reward her for all her good deeds. On another aspect, I would like to acknowledge Dr. Hasan Zaki, Dr. Ramadan and Eng. Amr AbdelLatif from the Social Research Center for their time in providing me with advice on the statistical methods that suit my research work. Also, many thanks to Dr. Ali Hadi and Dr. Noha Youssef from the Mathematics Department for their time in providing me with advice on the statistical methods that suit my research work. Special thanks to Dr. Hatem El Ayat who dedicated several consultation sessions to discuss the case of my statistical analysis and generously provided me with many advice. Last but not least, I would like to pay gratitude to Dr. Fikry Botros from the Writing Center for his i time and support in revising the style and linguistics of my journal paper. I also highly acknowledge Dr. Iman Hamam's long dedicated time to support me in revising the linguistics of this dissertation. She has been very supportive in enriching me with positive energy and self confidence. She is a blessing. Finally, I need to mention an endless list of people who supported me emotionally and professionally, and encouraged me to continue giving me self confidence and believing in my capabilities. I am grateful to everyone of them and whatever I say will not pay them their deserved reward. I need to specifically mention Dr. Hassanein Amer and Dr. Awad Khalil who have always been encouraging me to start my PhD studies. I owe them both a lot. May God reward them for their deeds. ii Abstract Towards Context Aware Opportunistic Forwarding in Social Pervasive Systems By Soumaia Ahmed Al Ayyat Thesis Advisors: Dr. Sherif G. Aly and Dr. Khaled A. Harras Recent advances in mobile device sensor technology, coupled with a wealth of structured and accessible data from social networks, have together formed a data-rich ecosystem. Such an ecosystem is very wealthy in a bi-directional context that can flow between the mobile and social worlds in order to promote the creation of an elitist breed of pervasive services and applications. We label the breed resulting from the merger as Social Pervasive Systems (SPS). We review literature of the domains of social networks and mobile pervasive systems to study prior research attempts to merge both domains as detailed in Chapter 2. We begin by presenting our observations in a timeline that illustrates the progress of the merger attempts. From this study, we are able to identify a collection of services and application families that can rise as a byproduct of the merger. We also identify a set of challenges that deter the formation of systems of this kind and propose solutions for them. Although the internet access is pervasive and ubiquitous in the developed countries, it is scarce in the developing and the undeveloped economies. With the current setup in the developing countries where users own smart devices and demand access to the internet, but suffer from the poor network infrastructure, there rises the need for alternative network connectivity such as delay tolerant networks (DTNs) and opportunistic networks. Alternative technologies have been used to compensate for the scarceness of the network infrastructure and the network disconnection. In this research, we focus on a subset of the SPS applications; namely, the social-based opportunistic forwarding algorithms that are highly recommended in the domain of areas with challenged network infrastructure coinciding with pervasive mobile usage and high demand for internet access and connectivity. We focus on the challenges facing such algorithms and the drawbacks in performance as relates to efficiency, effectiveness, power awareness, and utilization fairness. From there, we propose and experiment with solutions to improve iii the performance of opportunistic forwarding algorithms that are much needed in environments which lack network infrastructure or those that are vulnerable to frequent disruptions. These solutions employ bi-directional context from the mobile and social worlds pertaining to user mobility, social interest, power awareness, and contact durations. Four major contributions are proposed in this research. The first and second contributions demon- strate an improvement over existing popular opportunistic forwarding algorithms, such as the People Rank algorithm, the Socialcast algorithm, and the Sensor Context-Aware Routing protocol (SCAR) by integrating interest awareness and power awareness into these algorithms. We propose the PI-SOFA framework as a framework for integrating interest and power awareness into social-aware opportunistic forwarding algorithms as detailed in Chapter 3; PI-SOFA integration implemented versions are described in detail in Chapter 5. We question the accuracy of Space syntax metrics in defining the attraction points in a given urban area and argue that this negatively affects the performance and the accuracy of for- warding decisions. This is the third proposed contribution which is presented in Section 3.2 and its proposed implemented versions are described in detail in Chapter 6. The fourth proposed contribution is proposing dynamic adaptive ranking that dynamically changes the weight of the factors controlling the node's rank based on the current context. Details of the dynamic adaptive ranking are illustrated in Section 3.3, and its implemented versions are described in Chapter 7. All our contributions are empirically evaluated via our proposed simulator SAROS, our fifth contribu- tion, which is presented in detail in Chapter 4. Throughout our research, the simulations conducted with SAROS utilize imported datasets that include both realistic and synthesized mobility traces, social pro- files, social relationships, power consumption models, as well as data that are generated by the simulator itself. Detailed description of the used or generated datasets is presented in Section 4.2. The evaluation metrics that are used in the conducted experiments, along with the utilized scientific methodology are also provided. Finally, statistical analysis is conducted to produce the recommended regression model of the six main performance metrics of the dynamic adaptive ranking approach which is detailed in Section 7.7. iv Contents Acknowledgement ii Abstract iii 1 INTRODUCTION 3 1.1 Vision . 3 1.2 Scope and Domain . 5 1.2.1 Social-based Opportunistic Forwarding Approaches . 6 1.3 Challenges . 7 1.4 Contributions . 11 1.4.1 Integrating Interest Awareness with Social-aware Opportunistic Forwarding Algo- rithms . 11 1.4.2 Leveraging Power Awareness in Social-aware Opportunistic Forwarding Algorithms 13 1.4.3 Space Syntax-based Forwarding Approaches . 14 1.4.4 Dynamic Adaptive Ranking . 15 1.5 Roadmap . 16 1.6 Our Published Work . 17 2 Background 19 2.1 Context-Aware systems and Social Networks . 20 2.1.1 Context-Aware Systems . 21 2.1.2 Social Networks . 25 2.2 Social Pervasive Systems . 29 2.2.1 Enabling Technology . 29 2.2.2 Evolution of SPS . 30 2.2.3 Definition and Features of Social Pervasive Systems . 32 2.2.4 Applications . 33 2.2.5 Challenges . 36 v 2.3 Opportunistic Networks . 38 2.4 Social-Aware Opportunistic Forwarding Algorithms . 39 2.4.1 Power-oblivious, Social-Aware Opportunistic Forwarding Algorithms . 39 2.4.2 Social-oblivious, Power-Aware, and Energy-efficient Routing Algorithms . 40 2.4.3 Social-oblivious, Power and Context-Aware Opportunistic Forwarding Algorithms 41 2.5 Space-Syntax-based Forwarding Algorithms . 42 2.5.1 What is Space Syntax? . 42 2.5.2 Related Work . 42 2.6 Proposed Solutions . 45 2.7 Conclusion . 46 3 Proposed Frameworks 47 3.1 The PI-SOFA Framework . 48 3.1.1 Interest Awareness Integration . 49 3.1.2 Power Awareness Integration . 51 3.1.3 Threshold-based Opportunistic Selection Integration . 54 3.2 Space Syntax Framework . 55 3.2.1 Space Syntax Metrics .
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