Trading Places 140

Arizona Market Brcˇko, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2006

Trading Places

Trading Places revenues and relocating the market by June 2001 to a new site that would offer offer would that site anew to 2001 June by market the relocating and revenues tax and licences of issue the regulating on focused measures These activities. illegal such of Market Arizona purge to designed measures of apackage announced SFOR) and UNMIBH OSCE, (OHR, community international the 2000, October 26 On next. the to owner bar one from cattle like resold and streets the on up rounded were they reports, to According Europe. Eastern from in brought being were who girls and women with beings: human in trafficking and prostitution through made was money real the Market, Arizona at For economy. market the on based peace of story success the – level international an at – sell to difficult increasingly it made that trade of aform accommodate to started houses and huts these in operating motels and bars by, more ever went time As site. the on process urbanization ized self-organ of a emergence the presaging arose, soon houses first the sales, mobile and facilities market simple the Supplementing enemies. wartime former between structures community and communications of development sustained the promoting for amodel as extolled were area trade grey this of self-organization the and site the at activities economic of convergence the followed, that years the In forces. armed the of support the with fields open the on arose it markets, informal other most unlike that, fact the was Market Arizona of development continued the for Decisive lorries. the from directly acquired be could goods cheapest The there. prices favourable at purchased be all could CDs and accessories car cosmetics, materials, building products, electronic food, Textiles, goods. name brand- of versions bootleg and goods smuggled stalls, improvised huts, wooden with checkpoint: the to road the of side opposite the on arose Europe Southern in goods for 141 market informal largest the time, no to next In materials. building supplied and mines the cleared farmland, of hectares several levelled soldiers SFOR peace. consolidating of aim the zone’, with a‘free-trade establishing by communities ethnic different the of members between encounters initial encourage to decided commander local the side, road the at served was coffee and traded were cattle and cigarettes where place ing - meet informal an into evolved had groupings ethnic three the between interface the at up set Brcˇko. checkpoint of the after District 1996, In Special the by occupied area the beyond far extends importance whose itself established has hub economic an troops, IFOR/SFOR the by named thus part), eastern an and awestern into Republic Serbian the divides which Croatia, and Bosnia between link north-south (the Corridor Arizona so-called the Along Herzegovina. and Bosnia for states of community national inter the of (OHR) Representative High the of Office the from supervisor aspecial of supervision direct the under placed was It status. special granted was process, tion arbitra international an in decided Brcˇko, of be to town was the around future whose territory disputed the Bosnia-Herzegovina, of Federation the and Republic Serbian the i.e. 1995, November of Accords Peace Dayton the in out set entities the 1991. Besides in Yugoslavia of state federal the left had Bosnia-Herzegovina after position strategic its of because units Muslim Bosnian and Croatian Serbian, by over fought fiercely was that zone war the of apart is Market Arizona present the by occupied land of strip The all the necessary facilities and safety features. safety and facilities necessary the all Trading Places Arizon In called Arizona Market one is referring to. to. referring is one Market Arizona called commonly is what of transformations and stages numerous the of which upon depend perspective in differences The earth. on hell as it experience others still while Balkans, the in mall shopping open-air largest the is it others for munity, com amulti-ethnic of amodel is it some, For considerably. differ can these and interests, and perspectives participants’ on depends market the distinguishes what statistics, these from Apart people. 100,000 estimated an indirectly or directly employs and ayear visitors 3million receives hectares, 40 covering area an on stalls 2,500 has It Market. Arizona Europe: south-eastern in marketplaces notorious most the Brcˇko of town Bosnian of one north lies the from far Not t er- Et a M hnic arke C oll t :

a bor at 1

ionin B r C ˇ

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- Donald S. Hays, on 11 November 2004 11 on Hays, November S. Donald Ambassador, US the Representative, High Deputy Principal the of presence the in centre shopping anew of opening ceremonial the in culminated ultimately which – Market Arizona over control regain to strategy this about thing striking most The existing market. existing the of closure the ordered supervisor the 2001, February In space. public privatizing in co-operated investor international an and control, politico-territorial exercised which was to be established, which would include multiplex cinemas, hotels, casinos and and casinos hotels, cinemas, multiplex include would which established, be to was area European southern entire the for base trade and economic structured complexly a development, of phase alater In meters. square 60,000 comprising initially area an on infrastructure trade amodern develop to (EU), EUFOR the of supervision the under euro, 120 million investing envisaged project The infrastructure. the developing for return in years seventeen of aperiod for income rental the of cent per 100 retain to right the it granted that administration district the with agreement leasing a 20-year signed consortium The market. anew operate and establish to atender won sortium, 142 takes that aesthetics of –akind architecture’ ‘turbo as describes Weiss Jovanovic Srdjan which use spatial of aesthetics the enhanced has forms organizational regulated formally and informally between tension the Here, practices. and claims cultural of existence parallel proliferating the to led has systems two the of gence conver the market, the of segment this In market. black the of dynamics the control to planners official of struggle the reflects form remarkable site’s The investments. strategic of structures large-scale the of inhabitation individual of advent the signal decoration of forms other and balustrades apertures, window extensions, roof of variety wide the time, same the At models. urban by inspired floors, sales arranged clearly two above polymorphously evolved has settlement Aresidential aesthetics. individual through appropriated being are structures module whose plan master the of plots partitioned newly the and developments ‘rampant’ former the of remains the of composed is which here emerging is structure local of type Anew trade. and live can people where town self-organized embryonic an of images up conjure also –but frontier economic and social –arudimentary town West aWild like look it make only not verandas wooden and roads gravel whose entity urban ahybrid 2, Arizona and Italproject by operated halls market the contains Market Arizona present The work. started bulldozers the when earlier, adecade moment, that of reminder uncanny an – fields fallow levelled-off afew were cleared been had site the after left was that All bazaar. metal-roofed and atarpaulin around standing huts wooden of thousands its 1) with (Arizona Market Arizona original the of sign little was there 2006, summer In guards. security private and hours opening fixed by regulated now was cultures diverse of together coming The spaces. parking fee-charging enclosed by replaced was huts and transporters by surrounded market informal an of shape the in space apublic-urban of evolution ‘spontaneous’ The systems. informal and formal between translating of limits the revealing point, turning acritical signalled vitality, economic its preserve time, same the at and, activities illegal prevent to intended was which centre, ashopping into market informal the of transformation The tural style and invents new typologies from a combination of diffuse repertoires repertoires diffuse of a combination from typologies new invents and style tural architec and rules tradition, national about truths self-made from orientation its 3 In December that year, Italproject, an Italian-Bosnian-Serbian con Italian-Bosnian-Serbian an year, Italproject, that December In ments concluded with Italproject. with concluded ments Brcˇko of agree the with administration complied trict dis the that ensure to interest public the in was it that argument the with justified was response This sions. disposses compulsory with met was takeover total this to traders and landowners by Resistance rooms. module-like in stalls buy or rent to opportunity the existing offered Italproject centre. a conference arbitrary allocation of economic options. options. economic of allocation arbitrary an as seen was what of result as a conflict ethnic an fomenting to close dangerously came measures economic taking by reconciliation achieving of maxim the cause, their assert to groups nationalist of support the sought who Croatians were affected landowners the of most As police. the by cleared were site old the of demolition the oppose to staged blockades road 2 – was the way the international community, community, international the way the –was 4 Demonstrations and Demonstrations

traders traders -

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Arizona Market Gate of the Trade City of China Brcˇko, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2006

Trading Places

Arizona Market Brcˇko, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2001 30,000 peacekeepers in BiH. in peacekeepers 30,000 over of presence the things, other among to, – women in trafficking and prostitution in increase dramatic the – crisis the attributes UNHCHR The suggest. to seemed fields afew bulldoze to gesture generous formerly that than force defence international the of presence the with up tied extensively more far were development and existence whose arose amarket when dashed were town aself-organized for amodel become might Market Arizona that Hopes territory. apost-metropolitan become now has post guard border amere once was What consumption. ubiquitous of acentre into survival bare of aspace from transformed been has Market Arizona 10 years, only In when states of emergency present themselves. present emergency of states when operation into go counterparts, market they, their like because processes, economic triggering at government elected democratically a than efficient more are argue, they forces, armed The economies. capitalist launching for aprecondition necessarily not is democracy that concluded have instance, for economists, School Business Harvard Market, Arizona the on study their In conceptions. of avariety by surrounded also is enterprises, diverse these of vortex the in up caught being Arizona, relations. trade China Tradeof the City then project, town-establishment amarket-oriented of amodel as Arizona takes one If hoardings. advertising of shadows the in stands that salesroom avacant in abunkhouse in staying are who workers Chinese of hundreds by possible made being is future splendid This Brcˇko in retailers. and them resell wholesalers to and China from directly goods their import that businesses 100 over accommodate to designed centre shopping atheme is China Tradeof The City Road. Arizona of side other the on China Tradeof the City developing is Italproject that fact the in expression official their find contacts trade far-reaching The prosperity. Market’s Arizona to made have markets labour invisible that contribution vital the to point Road Arizona of side other the on developments facades, these of all to contrast In hyper-identifiables. and hyper-materialism success, and invulnerability of gestures powerful with policies instable of scape aland to respond models house ‘Balkanized’ plots, allotted on developments new the and settlement grown the between interface the at Market, Arizona at Indeed, Market. Arizona new the for envisaged design the counterbalances it sense this In plan. master the of rules laid-down firmly the of antithesis the is it reactions; local and misunderstandings half-truths, of acombination through manoeuvring skilfully by operation of field own its out marking niche aself-created is Turbo architecture have continually reshaped the market without destroying its original character.’ original its destroying without market the reshaped continually have would ones new create to conditions existing the Using ensue. that changes political and economic the with terms to come intuitively to possibility the provides conflict a of case the in asituation of reorganization ‘A fundamental Akšamija: To Azra cite enues and ignorance about the potential that self-regulating structures contain have have contain structures self-regulating that potential the about ignorance and enues rev tax to attention in shift This below. from area the urbanize to opportunity alost as process transformation the condemn others structure, state market-oriented a perfect for amodel as self-organization economic and framework amilitary of combination advisers financed by USAID (US Agency Agency (US USAID by financed advisers legal of help Brcˇko the with district the in system legal the of formation trans the by fostered was interest’), ‘public the of name the in expropriation large- permitting thus and area the 1960s (declaring a district a problem in US the in developed renewal’ ‘urban development. urban sustainable of models forward-looking of hopes any extinguished system’. political astable on nor market astable on neither depends production architectural that ‘proof is It market. black the of results unrestrainable and cealable uncon the of one is Turbo architecture standards. and materials colours, forms, of 143 of model the on based ‘solution’, The corruption. and smuggling from accruing profits the of share their had also allegedly but customers, only not were troops SFOR The trafficking. of victims women for tion for International Development). International for is Arizona’s Chinatown, and its decorated prefabricated hall a sign of changing changing of asign hall prefabricated decorated its and Chinatown, Arizona’s is 8 Bosnia was not so much a transit country as adestina as country atransit much so not was Bosnia scale scale

6 Where the Harvard study praises the the praises study Harvard the Where 7 5

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144

Arizona Market After the redevelopment by Italproject Brcˇko, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Trading Places

Informal market along the Byzantine city walls and Londra Asfaltı, an arterial road to the west, Istanbul Topkapı, 2005 if this only means purchasing a cheap T-shirt. T-shirt. acheap purchasing means only this if even ends, own their to market the exploit to opportunity an everyone promise which Market, Arizona at finds one that situations trade countless the created have exchange of levels different many these All controls. to subject yet not is that anything seizing –by other the at relations international to scale, the of end one at survive, to need the from –ranging control of form some gain to motivation all-pervading an in lies tion attrac Its be. to used it than ‘rampant’ less no is now there prevails that capitalism of form the yet phase, anew entered now have may Market Arizona at goods and money international of flows convoluted The floors. several occupying penthouses’ ‘turbo in invest only, but stall one rent to content not are who brothel-owners former with struck being deals of allegations to criminals, war suspected of employment the and associations paramilitary of veterans organized by made being deals lucrative of assertions from range Rumours purchases. their make to need they money the obtain properties market new of buyers the where ask to refuses Italproject hand, other the on and, named not persistently are lenders Italian Italproject’s example, for hand, one the on affair: nebulous extremely an been has controls centralized of means by market the of purging the market, the of regulation the in massively intervened has community international –the because –or Although other. each to related ultimately are that things two by characterized is Market Arizona Nowadays, 145 constructed newly to next and motorways city of terraces beneath realized, being are plans renewal urban where sites building alongside right themselves establish that markets street informal provisional, of network a vast of composed is It bazaar. of type different avery lies attention international escaping and centres tourist the Outside planners. town and architects from responses quick by saved be will it that hope its and megacity expanding arapidly by posed challenge socio-spatial the transfigure – unfulfilled desires no leaves that bazaar oriental legendary – the ence refer of point its as well as congress the of motto allegorical The cities. global of set reappear elsewhere. This bazaar is not so much a location for trading goods as as goods trading for a location much so not is bazaar This elsewhere. reappear to only materialize, they as quickly as disappear markets These lines. tramway design presented their models their presented design harmony. in together live to way a find people help to aresource but atrocities, and animosity of asource not are differences cultural which in world istic aplural of idea utopian the was congress the of theme central The architectureS’. of bazaar ‘Grand motto the under Istanbul in held was – Architecture of Congress World 22nd –the architecture international for forums ing lead the of one 2005, July In Tr I participate in the exclusive exclusive the in participate to intent of declarations of protocol a well-orchestrated of part formed heritage tural cul and planning sustainable engineering achievements, Outstanding city. politan acosmo as recognition for struggle Istanbul’s of context the in them discussed and in contemporary architectural sta a nsien nbul Tonbul

10 The leading lights lights leading The t

t p r k affic apı : :

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impoverishment of Istanbul and the stronghold of true Turkish values. Turkish true of stronghold the and Istanbul of impoverishment the both symbolize to come had fortifications the bordering areas wretched the in conditions living the and decline continual their literature, nationalist In condition. original their in there reinstated been have fortifications city Byzantine 1,500-year-old the hand, other the On urbanism. US modernist of style the in there created been has motorways urban of network atraffic hand, one the On converge. 1980s the in city the up tidying of job the on took that enterprises main the of two of sites building the where Topkapı, of district the in wall city Byzantine the of gates the before 2005 in arose these of One Istanbul. in spaces hybrid countless created has economy informal the and agents planning state of circulation the with production urban of merging The such as Taksim Square or I or Taksim Square as such activity public-political of hubs urban the alone let Bosphorus, the as far as it made never have periphery undersupplied the in residents of millions the that myth spread awidely is there example, for Istanbul, In networks. global of loops the outside from from dirty, the and rural the of influx an been has There there. buildings all of cent per 65 to up for account and metropolis multi-million the of outskirts the on relationships, local on based villages, countless up make They ‘over night’. built Gecekondus in dwellings, built illegally in accommodation found primarily have Anatolia Eastern from migrants domestic of millions These 2005. in million 15 estimated an to finally and 1995 in 9million to 1950 in 1million from rise residents of number the seen has growth explosive Istanbul’s channels. planning regular the outside developed having its from stems largely present Its now. to up proceeded has development spatial entire Istanbul’s modern way the of symptomatic are space produces it which in manner schizophrenic the and ‘bazaar’ the of form ambivalent the Both city. planned the of axes development the along wastelands the infrastructure) planned newly the of user intermediary the (as uses temporarily and site to site from city the through way its winds which space threatened and athreatening is It negotiation. under a space city. generic increasingly an in face-to-face meet which elites, global the of lifestyles the on centred processes global for but environment, alocal for cater not does infrastructure This spaces. infrastructural usable globally of core asmall confronts city ‘invisible’ and large increasingly An city. globalized the of century. twentieth the during reality urban own its of sight losing more and more Istanbul in resulted has development this that believes Esen Orhan a conspicuous shrinking process has occurred that is typical typical is that occurred has process shrinking a conspicuous risen, has areas developed and residents of number the as decades, two past the Over abject. the and worthless the failure, the of those in than terms other any in itself upon reflect to unable acity words: other in alanguage, without acity is result The decline. to doomed is and represented be cannot that agglomerate an as portrayed frequently is Istanbul where point the to come has It withdraw. to atendency and denial aged encour and shame to way given has city this with debate open city, contemporary the on discourse from suppression its as well as culture, Gecekondu of typical ment environ self-built collectively, and autonomously the of rejection the in And here. failed has intervention, planned on based one modernity, of city the of model ceptual however, it is also moving in the shadows of official town planning, which it tempo it which planning, town official of shadows the in moving also is it however, Topkapı, of case the In routes. trading and transport of junction the at centre trading as organically arises that acity of model archaic an evokes market informal The Istanbul. new the of site tion construc this negotiating seen been can people thousand several strength, in out turn visitors when days On computers. and furniture of pieces refrigerators, sets, TV new with ground bare on up mixed are fabrics and goods second-hand of Piles metres. kilo several covering market black a fills mass aswarm-like motorways, 8-lane and stone crushed of heaps impassable materials, building unused and delivered newly

146 12 As the city shrinks, it increasingly isolates all that lies lies that all isolates increasingly it shrinks, city the As which the pro-Western middle class feels increasingly overrun. Urban researcher researcher Urban overrun. increasingly feels class middle pro-Western the which finished building structures in a way that has less to do with their intended uses uses intended their with do to less has that way in a structures building finished semi- the of use makes market This informality. serving avehicle into turns rarily ˙ stiklal Caddesi in Beyog˘ in Caddesi stiklal lu.

11 The dominant con dominant The 13 Between Between - - - -

Informal market, Istanbul Topkapı, 2005

Trading Places

Transient Traffic Informal market along the Byzantine city walls and Londra Asfaltı, an arterial road to the west, Istanbul Topkapı 147 Moscow’s Cherkizovsky Market on 21 August 2006. The dead included six Tajiks, three Tajiks, three six included dead The 2006. 21 on August Market Cherkizovsky Moscow’s at exploded that bomb the of result the is this wounded: badly 53 and dead Thirteen shape that is continuing to develop through a plurality of acts of democratization. of acts of aplurality through develop to continuing is that shape taking is praxis political of amodel modernity, of narrations great the in out sketched structures operational and society ademocratic of foundation radical the to counter Running system. control or monitoring superordinate no is there because made be to have that decisions at arrive to strive and struggle we that is however, counts, What us. facing task impossible the above rise to unable are but origins impossible and Moscow metre Russian Court, the pseudo-historical wooden exhibition complex at Vernizash Vernizash at complex exhibition wooden pseudo-historical the Court, Russian metre 10,000-square- the 2005, March 26 on Earlier, past. the in markets Moscow on attacks arson and explosions repeated of case the in assumed been had as traders, local of associations criminal between disputes internal to related was it that convinced still was Prosecutor Public Moscow the attack, the after Immediately hatred’. national of out committed persons more or two of murder ‘premeditated of accused are who heads, skin Russian young three are suspects The Vietnamese. and Chinese many were wounded badly the Among Chinese. one and Russian White one Russians, two Uzbekis, myth for search we unexpectedly, started has that aperformance of middle the in bricoleurs as We live late. too arrive always we which –at Laclau Ernesto by ametaphor as –used performance the echoes stands, Istanbul of bustle and hustle the amidst situated market informal the which for processes, socio-spatial in participation Hence, it. inside are we once stop to going is really down it waving by stop to try we minibus the that know We only systems. the between exchange an for basis operational an as serve could that rules binding of set any there –is importantly –more nor line dividing distinct no absolutely is there that is here point essential The course. of amatter considered once mediatization the or shields spatial the without –yet World First the of those encounter cycles World Third which with energy ing increas the demonstrates clearly like Topkapı market street A conflicts. further trigger this very moment, according to Laclau, that we find the key to (acts of) emancipation: emancipation: of) (acts to key the find we that Laclau, to according moment, very this in is It them. retracing by transform and co-determine we rules whose systems fect utilization and the economic situation of the rural population that has migrated to to migrated has that population rural the of situation economic the and utilization unplanned with than planning urban modern of images or conceptions any with or 148 simultaneously that schemes also but growth, enormous city’s the with linked lems prob to solutions find to endeavours simply not are Istanbul in projects planning modern logic, this from Proceeding schemes. planning urban by eradicated be must that developments undesirable are economies these To authorities, time. the same the at them with up tied inextricably being while planning official of goals the defy poor Istanbul’s of economies self-organized The modernity. of hope great once the as planning of status current the about question central the raise observations These networks. of amesh as geography prevailing the in themselves embed and space of separation functional the circumvent which evolving are structures spatial small and large forms, economic based territorially the to contrast In issue. a relevant longer no is aterritory over control full which in economy, world new the by dictated structure acity of evolution the in moments typical are territories cultural of gration disinte accelerated the and space urban of appropriation rampant the structures, informal and official of perviousness growing The forces. diverse of clash coincidental a just than more represents Topkapı trading, informal and market third its work, ized author legally of intricacies the of display visual rich activities, market arising eously spontan renaissance, anational of sites symbolic its systems, transport modern of combination bizarre its With ranges. shooting hoc ad and entertainment cultural of forms attendant the selling, livestock suppliers, middlemen, kitchens, street buses, shuttle as such systems services emerging the all with ramifications, far-reaching its in also but size, sheer its in only not evident is economy informal this of power innovatory The process. this to alternatives realize to instead seeks but realized, been have plans the after look will things how on based not is approach This ners. plan the bypassing basis, improvised an on here occupied been has Land city. the souvenir market, had also been the target of one such ‘explosive’ conflict. conflict. ‘explosive’ such one of target the been also had market, souvenir I z ma ilovo: V isi t ing Sta lin in a world of imper of aworld in

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Trading Places

Vernisazh Mock Russian village with arts and crafts market catering for international tourists Moscow Izmailovo, 2006 verted into one of the largest informal trading centres in the Russian Federation. Federation. Russian the in centres trading informal largest the of one into verted con was site RGUFK the when rapidity greater ever with imitated were that policies sustain to helped these as such Events system. this preserving for structures building embedded strategically as important as just are events Cultural gestures. pensatory com and deceptions of system greater afar of part been always have Izmailovo in events sports Consequently, Urals. the in away kilometres 1,000 Samara, to evacuated be to have Command Soviet the and Moscow on attack asurprise launch should Hitler case in point stop-over intermediary an as designed was stadium the beneath bunker a Kremlin, the of east the to 17 kilometres Situated Union. Soviet entire the covering infrastructure military avast of part as conceived also was It east. the to ground parade the from unhindered stadium the into roll could tanks of columns the which at parades military grandiose hold to designed form asymmetrical peculiar its and Stadium, Olympic Berlin’s than bigger be to intended stadium the was only Not tions. considera sporting purely than more by inspired was stadium the of construction the Army, I.V. Red the of Ultimately, Stalin’. Commander-in-Chief Supreme the of Centre Command ‘Reserve the camouflage to served also it completed, Never spectators. 120,000 accommodate to Stalin by planned Union’ Soviet the of Stadium ‘Central envisaged the of afragment is It 1930s. the during built was grounds, the of middle the in stands which itself, stadium The beds. 8,000 with complex hotel afour-tower of form the in constructed was village Olympic the station, underground Park Izmailovo to next site, the of end southern the At erected. was Palace, Sports Izmailovo the arena, indoor anew events, weight-lifting the For Games. Moscow the of locations the of one as served site RGUFK the 1980, in Games Summer Olympic XXII the During potential? its of use aparasitical aby-product, simply it isn’t Or plans? original the to justice do really events sports for avenue as use its Does turing? restruc global of age an in especially aspace, of use ‘proper’ the determine to sible pos it is how But culture. physical to themselves devote could people where a space as use, proper its to returned be to site the allow would said, was it 2007. of This, end the by remainder 2007, the and 1July by down taken be would (RGUFK) Education Physical of University State Russian the of site the on places trading the of most that announced Moscow of Market Consumer the of Department the of head the later, weeks Afew 2006. of end the at closing be would market the that announced Council City Moscow of vice-speaker the bombing, the after month one 2006, September In market. the from metres hundred few a than more go to dare never them of many aresult, As thugs. young of gangs and behaviour police arbitrary of also but employers, exploitative of mercy the at only not are they slavery, modern of state this In stadium. the of cellars the in or market) the of periphery the on or stalls the (above containers storage metal the in sleep They week. a days seven tea-sellers and carriers stall-minders, as market the at work seek to come have who Asia, Southeast extended an and China Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, from migrants of thousands are there scale, market-economy new the of end lower the At oligarchs. new Moscow’s of one as media the in him established dollars 1 million arumoured for Lopez Jennifer by sung song Abirthday Market. Cherkizovsky from taken rent annual in dollars US abillion half estimated an with developers) largest Russia’s of (one group AST the developed instance, Telman for Ismailov, millionaires. new Russia’s among are ‘owners’ market’s The palace. wooden Tsarof Alexander’s areconstruction and crafts, and arts of sale the tourists, for erected specially was 149 pro initiatives individual of politics the of aproduct was Market Cherkizovsky moted by perestroika. Under its banner, members of the state sports sports state the of members banner, its Under perestroika. by moted Izmailovo Kremlin (with a Vodka Museum), which which Museum), aVodka (with Kremlin Izmailovo the to markets Eurasia from attractions: of sorts all includes and Stadium Izmailovo surrounds pletely com that structure bazaar growing arampantly form areas trading 15 specialized Moscow, in Kremlin the by occupied that of size the times three area an On beyond. and Federation Russian the of parts all to connections with city, the in markets informal largest the of one is Moscow, of northeast the in Market) Izmailovo as to referred (often Market Cherkizovsky

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Visiting Stalin The sprawling Cherkizovsky Market around the former Stalinets Stadium Moscow Izmailovo

Trading Places

Trading Places scenery of an old Russian village with a fort-like Wild West touch. The Vernisazh tourist Vernisazh The touch. West Wild afort-like with village Russian old an of scenery folklorist the amidst dolls, Matroschka and hats fur as such souvenirs Soviet alongside sold is crafts and arts Russian of amixture Here, metres. square 20,000 covering area an on architecture Russian from pieces set and imitations countless accommodates Disneyland, unlike not which, Complex, Vernisazh the construct to started He RGUFK. the from stadium the of south the to site flea-market the over took Ushakov trainer. a sports became he before wrestler, sambo combat active an was He Education. Physical of University State the of amember also was site, the on operating pany com another Izmailovo, in Vernizash of Director General Ushakov,the Alexander ‘Stalin’. at adinner plus areas, leisure and recreational and study Stalin’s to as well Army, as Red the of Command Supreme the of hall conference reconstructed the to avisit includes price The dollars. US 100 over alittle for tour abunker book now can –one anticipated originally function the performed never stadium the as –just himself Stalin by used never apparently was bunker the though Even Orchestra. Korniyenko Sergei Prince the by performances for used people) 200 (holding hall aconcert as well as Stalin, Visiting called restaurant aGeorgian-style operates FOP rooms, bunker the to Adjacent 1999. 1September on abranch as opened and Forces Armed the of Museum Central the from over taken was which exhibition amuseum organize to helped club Division Iron the 1994, In bunker. old Stalin’s of ‘rediscovery’ the in role avital played FOP Furthermore, artist-healer. acosmic by run is which Man, of Development Spiritual the for School (Transformation) Preobrazheniye the and standard’) ‘European to (up Salon Beauty Alain the Sauna, Lux the bars, various Club, Fitness Aero the range, shooting arbalest an as diverse as enterprises operates it 1995), in founded Izmailovo, (NIC Izmailovo Centre Cultural Historical New the with conjunction in Nowadays, vative. inno extremely be to proved 1989, in founded Enterprise Health FOP,cially. Sports the commer used be can stands, the beneath those like spaces, remaining The Century’). 21st the in Russia Healthy and aUnited (‘For 2000 Spartakiade as such events for available be to are fields sports the and stands spectators the contract, the of terms the Under buildings. stadium the leased enthusiasts’ of a‘collective and Korniyenko Sergei 1989, June In commercially. buildings and grounds the use to began institute 151 led have mayor the and government the with contacts good owners’ the Whereas all. at Jews are they whether doubt some while enough, orthodox not are they some to ‘blacks’, are To they some, identity. cultural over tug-of-war aglobal of targets into transformed and marginalized both are they, too, market, the with up tied inextricably are existences whose people of thousands of hundreds the of majority the Like asynagogue. as –serves stands stadium the of caverns the in toilets women’s and sportsmen’s the and storerooms shoe the between located and carpets with out –laid room a20-square-metre whom for Caucasus, the from Jews Mountain 3,000 the for one the like negotiations, cultural micro- for spaces unforeseen of number alarge generated has niches of tiniest the even of commercialization progressive The migration-economy. aglobalized of ities real complex the encounter identity national aRussian reconstruct to attempts where identities cultural of scene contested the become has Market Cherkizovsky the life, of necessities sheer the for place trading acentral As alive. organism trading rough this keep to halls kilometres-long its of labyrinth endless the around out swarm tea-sellers and carriers of thousands Instead, Market. Eurasia the beneath disappeared has which ground, parade the on march armies patriotic or roll tanks revolutionary do longer No moved. now have globalization of ants the which of cracks the into city-within-a-city a Babylonian of emptiness inner the to testifying site archaeological the become now has it Union, Soviet the of order political the of superiority the demonstrating ances perform mass for arena an provide to supposed originally was stadium the Whereas East. the in societies transformation lated deregu the in systems market new the by created economy informal the with tions expecta these confronts Market Cherkizovsky of part greater far The market. Western the on placed expectations great the highlights perestroika, under initiated market, to restrict the share of foreign workers at markets to 40 per cent, which came came which cent, per 40 to markets at workers foreign of share the restrict to aruling markets, the close to plans the implementing in delays repeated to

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M Russia. in immigrants illegal million five estimated an of existence(s) the actions, their with affected, also but others, 53 wound and people thirteen kill only not did ultimately market’, the at Asians many ‘too were there that felt who 2006, 12 of August bombers the Consequently, attacks. inspired racially in increase the to response motivated atactically as seen frequently are Putin, by propagated are which Russians), the for (Russia policies These markets. these at available products cheap the on dependent are who population Russian the of impoverished those all also but market, the at working immigrants affected only not has This completely. collapsing markets of reports are there Vladivostok, to Moscow From impact. awidespread have did 2007, really 1April on effect into markets are able to survive for a short while as platforms platforms as while ashort for survive to able are markets These 1989. in Wall opened the time the around Berlin in Platz Potsdamer near market Polish the of removal the and Warsaw in Stadium Dziesięciolecia the at Europa Jarmark the of dismantlement slow the of pattern the example, for following, markets, informal other of that to similar is trade self-organized of junctions three these of fate The for an experimental urbanity at the micro-level of everyday of micro-level the at urbanity experimental an for (Moscow), demolished being now are markets three These zone. war a Bosnian in troops international by controlled checkpoint at a and Istanbul; in fortifications historical the and systems transport rapid constructed newly the between Market; Cherkizovsky Moscow’s of area stadium the in complexes: military and facilities, and buildings traffic centres, training and sports planning: urban modern of typologies important strategically with dialogue aclose in and planning, and informality between meandering situation, ahybrid in expanded and arose markets three All Moscow. in importance national of site acultural of Brcˇko transformation never-ending the and of district the in economy an of establishment the Istanbul, in wall city Byzantine the along areas trading informal the between similarities are there converge, processes micro- local and developments historical which in ways different very the Despite orders. social new establishing of aesthetics the to relates process this how and exchange, collective of forms new generates that force adynamic as function the rampant agglomerations of temporary grey and black markets that are provi are that markets black and grey temporary of agglomerations rampant the as well as trade, kiosk the of networks border-crossing and mobile the and traders’ ‘suitcase European East the as such areas, large over operating enterprises travelling deregulation and related migration patterns, and new working and production situ production and working new and patterns, migration related and deregulation economic global upheavals, political of product the usually are economy informal the of nodes distributed globally The everywhere. plots vacated occupying sionally transformed into legal structures (Brcˇko) or forced to move to new locations (Istanbul). locations (Brcˇko) new to move to forced or structures legal into transformed similar activities are regulated.’ are activities similar which in environment social and alegal in society, of institutions the by ‘unregulated is generation whose incomes to applies term the level, economic the At mations. transfor economic and political to tied generally are they though even character, in greatly differ materialization spatial of forms and dynamics whose phenomena trading scattered widely to referring noun acollective is market’ ‘informal term The levels. global the and local the between links new and situations urban new for openings create they icies, pol spatial and infrastructures technologies, improvised their with And worlds. different between values and ideas images, transport They city. the of fabric the on mark their leave they earth, the of face the from disappear repeatedly structures experimental these Although else. somewhere reappear they later, urbanity; normative of form some restore to supposed is which order, architectural a new create to pressure political the to way give then they life; The complex transformations of the three sites dealt with here reveal how how reveal here with dealt sites three the of transformations complex The a

152 rke states to a globally oriented, neo-liberal, control society, in which the state state the which in society, control neo-liberal, oriented, aglobally to states nation from transition the marking interface the at arise they Nowadays, ations. t

Co uni mm t ies 15 Informal markets refer to uncontrolled activities by by activities uncontrolled to refer markets Informal

markets markets sections sections - - or or

Cherkizovsky Market Moscow, 2006

Trading Places

Castle Market Sheffield, UK, 2006 contain a new zone characterized by the development of self-organized, small-scale small-scale self-organized, of development the by characterized zone anew contain knowledge, unspoken and culture ashared trust, capital, social with operate people where archipelago, the in interstices countless The associations. bottom-up of work - net dynamic by a challenged repeatedly itself finds production of homogenization of geo-cultural fragmentation and expanded reproduction. They serve as models for for models as serve They reproduction. expanded and fragmentation geo-cultural of process asimultaneous of part are markets way, this In informal structures. trading informal in participate networks meshed finely where localities and towns smaller of number alarge across spreading individualized, increasingly becomes commodities and goods of transport the precarious, increasingly become conditions labour As text. con this in instrument important an are transported are commodities and goods which through channels refined increasingly The phenomena. extra-economic and caused ly economical economic, of interweaving increasing and extensive the encourages deals extent. acertain to standardized be only can actors, of distribution spatial specific the to due which, processes, co-ordination and communications its of quality the from but labour, of division the of forms specific from stem not does economy archipelago an of efficiency the Fordism, unlike imperatives: spatial ponding corres with emerging is efficiency of type anew power, economic of distribution development. endogenous in rich relations social economy archipelago the of model his in shows Veltz Pierre economist the As surroundings. immediate their against out stand that created being are development economic of poles intersections whose at structures network spatial spawning currently are processes economic logic, centre-periphery against Operating capital. little or much own and informal, or formal global, or local are they whether matter no groups, interest diverse by seized are that zones intermediate are structures spatial These model. centre-periphery old the from different very configurations physical extreme and novel opportunities, local from created, have that being into come have types market informal flight, and migration tourism, of movements unequal the by about brought spaces transnational of expansion the and mobility social of imperatives new by Driven arrangements. a less is in everyday life. The smooth transition from social exchange to profitable business business profitable to exchange social from transition smooth The life. everyday in assistance reciprocal and services of exchange the to contacts party and deals market black- from nature: in informal and long-term, dynamic, are relationships ‘Blat’ capital. finance into social transforming of form asimilar for stands ‘blat’ term Russian The 153 mobilize. to easy are and agreements formal beyond extend –that contacts personal on –based structures exchange people: different between (relationships) ‘quanxi’ as communities Chinese transnational cohesive among known is what determine ments agree personal and favours loyalties, trust, of Relationships qualities. special with connections network on rely to having means structures market informal extensive such in Operating China. with all, above and, Europe outside markets with relations ingly increas the been has Union Soviet the of collapse the since decades two past the over Europe in markets informal in boom the of features striking most the of One alively create transactions the direct and markets informal of self-organization the stimulate that processes The rules. of systems unwieldy of framework the outside things connect spontaneously can processes these that so needed are structures ship rapid development of external networks. This process has intensified exchange exchange intensified has process This networks. external of development rapid associations from which new structures of civil-societal cohesion emerge. emerge. cohesion civil-societal of structures new which from associations and regions cultures, strata, social of order spatial anew of materialization the disciplinary organ than an expedient instrument for regulating ‘informal’ ‘informal’ regulating for instrument expedient an than organ disciplinary of the informal market. market. informal the of turnover the maximizes and dynamics vigorous the generates that other each to worlds different many of up opening inconspicuous and generous more afar –but suspended partially is things of commodification the and occur to allowed are overflows where –points points leakage of constitution the not is It own. their from different worlds from benefit can they where environment an in together come people that relationships new of development the and lives people’s in twists unexpected as well as suppliers, to debts and liabilities dependencies, friendships, of because and markets, other at items sell to opportunity the and sale a quick of prospects the ties, family of because is It actors. of imbroglio 16 Within this archipelago-like overall overall archipelago-like this Within , the globally oriented 17 Informal relation Informal - - 18 - - -

neo-liberal market, the battle – initiated within the extended field of art and archi and art of field extended the within –initiated battle the market, neo-liberal the of boundaries extended the with Faced process. the in profitable become to and economies, with the sole difference that, at the lower end of the scale, the risks and and risks the scale, the of end lower the at that, difference sole the with economies, urban advanced of suppliers the as foremost, and first serve, and deregulation global of equivalent low-cost the are markets informal Sassen, Saskia to According ence. refer of frames profit-oriented and controls central both outside organized be can experience cultural of horizons new which in economies alternative of models upon reflecting for departure of point as a things, all of markets, informal take to sight, first at wrong, seems it abstraction, of sensualization the by senses the of abstraction the and control of critiques of control the appropriation’, of forms of ‘appropriation liberal neo- the by marked a climate In itself. of parody acommissioned into degenerating of danger in now is life and art fusing by culture radicalize –to 1990s the in tecture Both the global art market and the ever-growing market of the creative industries industries creative the of market ever-growing the and market art global the Both defined. be to yet is outline whose expression of modes for space generates that away in organized be can experience cultural how of tion ques the up take –to point starting encumbered amultiply to led has practices critical ‘ mere as seen often themselves are and stays brief for places as hand, one the and the latter’s ability to capture a development in its totality. The concept of transi of concept The totality. its in adevelopment capture to ability latter’s the and plan order-generating an both of existence the change, controls that intention central a of existence the assumes It start. very the from certain –is measures of aseries of on serve, They one. than ways more in transition of places are markets Informal C ate perpetu to able are resistance of aesthetics the which through patterns the determine competitiveness.’ global of dictate the under economies local and national global, between relationship the in transformations structural of ‘an as expression understood be it that demand and programmes, assistance and state welfare the of framework the outside globalization’ of absorber ‘shock the as informality describe they when this to attention draw Mahnkopf Brigitte and Altvater Elmar interests. shared these behind lies link structural which ascertain to necessary therefore, is, It markets. black of organization the for are they as markets capital liberal neo- of functioning the for attractive as just are accumulation fleeting and Mobile tion. individua emancipated of expression an as serve that informality of myths expedient related the overlook one can nor South Global the in strategies survival co-opting are policies neo-liberal way the ignore cannot one scenarios, these examining When transformed. are experiences cultural and basis atrans-territorial on generated are spaces speeds, asynchronous and greater ever at formed are networks which in process acontradictory create to globalization neo-liberal of dynamics the with combine markets of self-organization the and space of self-appropriation of traditions The evident. become globalization of paradoxes cultural the Here micro-locations. heterogeneous culturally of production paradoxical its by all, above characterized, is globalization neo-liberal of forces ing homogeniz the to relationship whose system, shadow aflexible markets: capital global liberalized of feature another creating globalization, of forces the with directly interact encounter of places designated the outside cultures which through channels are They cultures. and individuals of affiliation ideological and territorial of matrix the in appear not do that places vulnerable and unstable are markets informal considered, Thus possible. are subjectivities of organization novel and transformation the where places formed ambiguously characterizes level, spatial the at Transition, signification. of practices and symbols conflicting of asurfeit with saturated is markets, informal of case the in which, space accelerated an generates still it so, Even physical. not is transition this Initially, later. itself reveals only form spatial whose state, unknown yet as adifferent, to atransition process this in sees here to referring are we that tion perspective views transition as a foreseeable process whose conclusion – as the result result the –as conclusion whose process aforeseeable as transition views perspective as the spread of the market mentality market the of spread the as well as self-organization, of forms and techniques government neo-liberal between transitional effects’: as adapters between unregulated relationships and order. order. and relationships unregulated between adapters as effects’: transitional o themselves intentionally, as it were, in a spectacularized world of consumption consumption of world aspectacularized in were, it as intentionally, themselves 154 mp (2006), (2006), Slums of in Planet who, Davis, Mike as boat same the in herself finds costs have to be borne by the actors themselves. actors the by borne be to have costs t lici ies 20 to the organization of creative processes and and processes creative of organization the to 21 With her argumentation, she she argumentation, her With 19 This complex relationship relationship complex This This This -

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Cherkizovsky Market Large Eurasian market in the northeast of Moscow, 2006 155 marginal role within global capitalism. global within role marginal assigned the accept to refusal amilitant of framework the within solidarity worldwide on based acommunity reviving least, not but last and, parties political radical and structures union trade strengthening involves informality of version neo-liberal the to acounter-offensive of notion Davis’s violence. urban and poor the of exploitation increased to as well as differentiation, ethno-religious greater to led 1980s the in informal the in began that boom the mobility, upward greater of promise the demonstrate how the forces of change are not appropriated or passed on in the same same the in on passed or appropriated not are change of forces the how demonstrate to and exchange, self-organized of spaces these in work co-ordination local making of ways show to help that experiences and images impressions, ideas, –for societies transitional and mobility social economy, chaos culture, slum as such concepts hackneyed of world the –beyond search to therefore, is, architecturally thinking and Hernando de Soto, of an ‘invisible revolution’ of informal capital. informal of revolution’ ‘invisible an of Soto, de Hernando economist Peruvian the as such advocates, the by held beliefs erroneous the all lists Davis sector, informal the within competition increasing of aresult as capital social of diminution the to etc.) schemes, pyramid (gambling, money acquiring of ways magic quasi- with obsession fanatic the to seduction and exploitation of forms concealed of myriad the From organization. informal of ideology the of nature strategic the expose to order in informality on fallacies epistemological of ensemble an presents 156 seized and redirected. be can it that means which them, through flows Power power. exercise and power to submit people arrangement: of akind is Power power. of relays 1975-1976,in the France de Collège the at lectures his in argues Foucault Michel as but, power, exercise who those of targets consenting the merely not are people networks, such in lates circu power Although overlooked. often are organizations informal of networks by offered change for potential the and formation habitable of type the Hence, situation. overall the knowing by determined be cannot that behaviour of modes co-ordinated spontaneously and actors of number alarge by changed are spaces local which in way the ignore usually totality the of standpoint the from activities informal explain to Attempts order. social re-structuring for a space creates therefore which and alone economy the of workings the through controlled be cannot that space apolitical as with differentiated structures. structures. differentiated with networks through directed instead, are, but commodities, and property as way 24 Hence, one of the ways of carrying out artistic interventions interventions artistic out carrying of ways the of one Hence, 23

manifestation of the boundary boundary the of manifestation the sees one regime, economic the by world the on imposed ies boundar the beyond looks one If control? exercises apparatus this which within boundaries the outside experiences social for space create can that comings - –short criticized just have we that control economic global of apparatus the in shortcomings of series entire an at alook take and amoment for logic this accept to refuse we if what But develop. to formations social alternative allow can –they function they way the –through how imagine to dated consoli and allocated clearly too be to seem power of roles The oppression. and exploitation erty, pov of dynamics the on material well-documented on draw can that –acondemnation informality of state the of a condemnation demand to seem presented, been have that diagrams and maps statistics, the all as well as dence, evi and arguments of wealth The 22 Instead of fulfilling fulfilling of Instead sector sector - - - -

Car boot sale in Holloway, North London, December 2005

Trading Places

Trading Places dient ‘interface between government and individual’. and government between ‘interface dient expe an is it sense, this In life. social of practice the with conflicts of risk no is there which in domains those to power governmental limit to serves that nucleus utopian a as only considered be can oeconomicus homo of role the economics, neo-liberal In resistance. negotiating and normalization social exposing for settings as serve can way, this In markets up. open to self-constitution for avenues new allowing thereby categories, old block and resistance involve that activities permit they then, sense, this In categories. designated the outside experiences social gain to people allow which instance, for markets, establish they because government, the of goals the against directed be might which intentionally, misdemeanours mit com to and deviate, to will, own their with in accordance act to subjects the allow also oeconomicus homo of role the play exclusively never people to how, in such a situation, economic calculation divorces social behaviour from its its from behaviour social divorces calculation economic asituation, how, such in to as question The merge. structures network social and requirements economic ever when multiply areas conflict production, cultural of spheres remote most the of out capital make to endeavour that structures knowledge accepted socially of dominance the and nowadays organization social on knowledge economic of influence greater ted to maximizing his or her personal gain. personal her or his maximizing to ted oeconomicus homo is product whose activities, governmental of naturalization and extension the is level social the of economization the of aspect important One test’. the ‘market pass Foucault, to according first, must structure, this within space some seize to wants that collectives and individuals manage and control direct, to aiming measure each words, other in measure’, ‘governmental Each ontological. the of economy aliberalized on works thus Governmentality subject. the and world the between relationships new created has governmentality, neo-liberal of principle main the as characterized Foucault which life, of areas all to techniques market of spread the realities, market global Within accumulation. short-term and mobile parameter: one on dependent particularly are that emerge constellations power saturated unequally with geographies temporary change, cohesion of forms As markets. and networks of mentalities the to attuned increasingly is that regulation and governing of forms of ensemble an to state nation the on centred governance from transition the been has times recent in conflict of sites virulent most the of One B ‘trans-localities’. of anetwork of growth the trigger that changes tional organi small and scenes spontaneous signs, physical allusions, visual scattered in strip, by strip recorded, are actors countless of movements dynamic the which on terrain the is space local The considered. themselves are exchange, informal of teristic charac are which atomization, and aggregation convergence, of flows fleeting many the which from perspectives those examining with concerned mainly is situations local of complexity the in interest Our place. takes trade informal which in spaces the of atypology or markets informal of typology acomprehensive with concerned we are Nor trade’. informal of of ‘sites geography a represents and location aspecific to activity aspecific assigns that amap of production the not certainly is commitment of kind this with associate we What experiences. these organize that modalities and zons hori the also but themselves, experiences concrete only not affects which resistance of logic that enhance will –that properties visual and physical their and activities market informal of spaces emerging spontaneously the –with possible is involvement alternative how in words, other in interested, are we these, as such scenes exploring In activity. and perception social of field the extend that effects trigger and forms, new into crystallize root, take they where place the application: of field specific their with up connect realities market informal when occur transformations which at point the in interested particularly We are praxis. social of expression an but space, of a concept not are They accessibility. behind principles the explaining without accesses of terrain aconflict-ridden create markets Informal level. adifferent at realize to help can they what ascertaining of but achieve, to supposed are or themselves in represent markets the what establishing of aquestion not is it markets, informal of analyses these In 157 ound Bruno Latour, Michel Callon and John Law in the 1990s. In Actor Network Theory Network Actor In 1990s. the in Law John and Callon Michel Latour, Bruno by developed (ANT) Theory Actor-Network the behind lies networks and context a ry E cono m ies 25 Foucault also points out, however, that that however, out, points also Foucault 26 As a result of both the ever ever the both of aresult As . The arts of government government of arts . The - commit actor : asocial za

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‘weak ties’, social networks represent the milieu that configures markets, configures that milieu the represent networks ties’, social ‘weak anonymity processes, processes, anonymity Overflowing is also a procedure used by contemporary contemporary by used procedure a also is Overflowing them. implement to refusing by rules the changes sidelines business in involvement collective this by generated A network trade. informal by produced overflow vast the absorb can that economies boundary efficient highly form function, to is market informal an if essential are which networks, These necessary. is middlemen and marketeers, black mediators, informers, of anetwork structure, trade this maintain to order In degree. certain to a them on rely only can it rules, official the obey cannot market informal the As annulled. is agreements of aseries which in exchange of kind adifferent create to grow will pressure rules, the from excluded are who people more ever affects market regulated the cheat to drive neo-liberal the If are thus established which are able are which established thus are frames and fixations communication, flowing and vague radically the all Amidst est. inter market asuperior of favour in patterns relationship old of destabilization the on and anetwork, of parts affecting dissolution and separation disentanglement, of processes on based is theory) Callon’s (in achieved thus calculability The ponents. com individual its into assemblage unregulated an of constituents the down breaks that arena an creating by and transactions of framework the within calculability for believes that it is pre is it that believes spheres of competence. of spheres – The Market Test’ Market – The ing explor for frame the manipulate to architects and artists who who actors calculating produce to unable be would they continues, argument the case, the not were this If trade. generate to intensities and flows their use they when even worlds’. social intersecting across coherence maintaining and developing to key the is objects boundary of management and creation The translation. of means recognizable them make to world one than more to enough common is structure their but worlds social different in meanings ‘different have They worlds. other to amarket up open to hand, other the on and, environment market ashared in activities stabilize to hand, one the on serve, objects Boundary elements. these for objects’ ‘boundary term the coined Griesemer James and Star Leigh Susan locally. processes calculated tune fine- to used be can externalities the which with needed also are elements reason, this For actors. central the of control the escape that sidelines business words, other in produces, market the on concluded transaction Each externalities. new produce also but degree, acertain to internalized be can that externalities as frame: calculated a in appear not do that created are Relationships overflows. with deal to needed are strategies everything, equilibrate to impossible is it As calculation. economic of aid the with equilibrated are that interests different of amultiplicity by advanced is process This life. of horizons communicative and psychological social, the of tion crea the to parallel in configurations and frames of range awide generates ANT), to (according based is market the which on alienation, of process necessary This calculation. and transparent co-ordination economic for basis a create to relationships fluid of afabric on placed are frames not, in in not, hidden phenomena, to sketch out alternative forms forms alternative out sketch to phenomena, hidden explore to or congregating, for space’ a‘third facture manu to be it whether perception: our in frames the change practises political and aesthetic networking, of acts Through capital. and goods beings, human of flows with contact into enter and perceive, we which against horizons sensory the with agame play they projects, different of avariety in Working connections. of exchange or to discuss the use of a certain space. space. acertain of use the discuss to or exchange of geo-cultural processes in order to establish new new establish to order in processes geo-cultural

158 Homo oeconomicus prices. fixing by conflicts settle other by-products, a different set of encounters encounters of set a different by-products, other generates way this in altered place A trading Callon’s view, opposing forces, but individual actors with perfectly stable stable perfectly with actors individual but forces, opposing view, Callon’s 30 They facilitate the production of space for overflows. for space of production the facilitate They 27 Callon argues that markets are not embedded in networks – not –not networks in embedded not are markets that argues Callon cisely those establishments and elements (catalogues of goods, goods, of (catalogues elements and establishments those cisely financial controls, etc.) which reject networks and create space space create and networks reject which etc.) controls, financial 28 Whereas in Mark Granovetter’s much-cited theory of of theory much-cited Granovetter’s Mark in Whereas

to act at a distance to weak social bonds. In brief: brief: In bonds. social weak to adistance at act to

- and are are sociologicus homo 29 Callon Callon

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Trading Places

Arizona Market After the redevelopment by Italproject Brcˇko, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2006 i polit existing outside operating on centres discussion this in moment Akey subjectivities? our of ganization reor aself-determined –i.e. shares of redistribution the for allow it does or profits one-sided in result flow over Does differences? all of end violent the signify it does or terrain shared and afruitful of emergence the permit frames such of establishment the Does ence. - coexist our of realities and forms the shapes conflict this negotiate to help can overflows trade by produced compensations the which in way The another. one with conflict into come also another, one with informally linked are that economies migratory the ways, different in sociality their exclude to pressure the to Owing vive. sur to order in need globalization of victims the those from frames different with operates system economic the because order social official the with conflict into come markets Informal arena. mobile contested and apotent as battleground, afragmented as subject the creating themselves, within entanglement their rework but entangled remain They worlds. conflicting between contacts of anexus become resettlement and ment displace migration, of flows current the in emerging ties subjectivi new the terms, political in or social in Whether deployment. their of politics the brief: In frames. using of that but such, as frames of question the not is production network creative and controls economic between action structures).’ constitutive those on intervention and self-reflection of processes engaging (by displacements provoke time same the at and parameters) unique with structures relational constituting (by groups productive around boundaries set which decisions framing are art new the in stake at is ‘What writes: Holmes unpredictable. and alive seem them makes variability This changeable. and incomplete remain always they as nature their in variable and instable highly are They frames. institutional and technological of sphere a within objects epistemic as act They constructs. ledge know as described be can markets how out pointed has Holmes Brian Cetina, Knorr Karin and Bruegger Urs gists sociolo Swiss the by analyses on Drawing knowledge. of distribution and production joint the in example, for as, co-operation, co-ordinating and structures relationship out staking for are frames useful how just demonstrate ties activi architectural and artistic experimental in processes network-generating The goals. rigid down laying without horizons controlling and ensembles creating of means as overflowing and framing of moments the employs that shadows and figures vague of play reciprocal a continual as but sides, two of opposition clear the as or movements, opposing as not forces existing view start, very the from should, we opposition, polar of amodel To espousing avoid trade? and activity of centres new spawn may activities whose mergers creative of network aloose create to or configured, are relations market dominant way the adjust finely to easier it make this Does another. one to relation in operate forces two the how of arises question the then niches, regulating for control of instrument an and destabilization artistic of means a both is points overflow of creation the If conventions. customary the outside of market activities are based on a conception of network structures as spatially linked linked spatially as structures network of aconception on based are activities market of 159 dynamics the gauge to employed taxonomies traditional the of Many taxonomies. cal sider, say, the spatial reality of global network migration, where abrupt mobility, abrupt where migration, network global of reality spatial say,sider, the con we when however, applies, opposite exact The goals. clear with phenomena 31 The point of this discussion on the inter the on discussion this of point The -

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- sible for a great deal of those activities that define not only informal trade, but also also but trade, informal only not define that activities those of deal agreat for sible respon – is knowledge of suppression active the and out blacking displacement, –the production knowledge of aspect this Precisely undiscovered. go to supposed are transactions risky and contacts dubious segments, murky while intelligible, remain market the on activities the of some only that so knowledge, filters Informality places. trading of dimensions epistemological the veils informality sense, acertain In 160 sphere? informal the in circulating frames of value cognitive and ‘market’ the is What sphere. this within activities calculate to possible is it prognoses, reliable and stable of absence how, the in to as question the raises also This structure. economic and social of kind this of parameters defining the are openness radical and uncertainty extreme informal market is an instrument of concealed trade. In this sense, then, there is is there then, sense, this In trade. concealed of instrument an is market informal The markets. informal of reconstitution and dissolution appearance, spatial the

Pacific Mall Toronto, 2006

Trading Places

Trading Places once at the ‘right’ place. The process of becoming of this particular place is rooted in in rooted is place particular this of becoming of process The place. ‘right’ the at once unloaded being of instead afield further ever transported are Objects microstructures. global these of image dominant the is transfers endless of movement The taxonomy. familiar a assigned be or form tangible a having as identified be cannot they that so mobile, and provisional always are frames their known, become will organization of types such that concern of Out itself. organization informal of nature very the in rooted is markets informal to comes it when completed never are processes framing that construct combinations that are always singular, contingent and not totalizing.’ not and contingent singular, always are that combinations construct that disjunctions and junctions ‘inventing by relatedness mutual their assert but totality, a on converge don’t beings and things where movements diasporic of universe’ ‘mosaic the characterize that appear Irregularities planning. urban of framework conceptual the outside exist always that places as but co-habitation, cultural of form arich consider would planning modernist what constitute not do that arise cities tent and trucks trailers, stalls, of arrangements informal Scattered situation’. speech ‘ideal an in resound not does it that fact the despite audience social own its finds which accents and voices sounds, of acacophony creates bustling, and hustling its all with market, The disentanglement. and calculation transparent clarity, of prerequisites ket mar formal the outside encounters cultural of potential the consider to us allow They anything. almost for used be can that objects strange of abundance the hybridities, cultural with filled spaces devalued the constellations, of mutability the places, trading improvised the descriptions, trade false the tags, price of lack the markets: informal of re-aggregation and dispersal emergence, spatial the for as well as trade informal define that activities the of many for account composition archival of fragmentation active and obfuscation deferral, the production, transient and mobile of sites These endless. is transport of process the Consequently, themselves. movement of paths the do.’ to possible considered is what remake so, doing of process the in and, another one from diverge and/or converge radically, or incrementally either to positions different in residents different enable that practices and engagements, interpretations, perspectives, of acoincidence words, other In contingency. of nation recombi as a seen be can rather but participants the by shared logic aspecific by not proceeds assembling of process ‘This writes: He comparison. and scrutiny eye, public the from themselves shield to able be to need economy informal the of shadows the in arising sociality urban of forms that argues Simone AbdouMaliq transactions, ther fur attract to are they If calculation. rational of dictates the to subject being of instead reciprocity of principles the obeys continually that one opportunities, to geared fabric –asocial mechanism operating acontingent only but structure, operational logical no 161 them. from emerging subject the and structures global informal between passes which knowledge of body avolatile producing themselves, disentangling of instead multiply They forms. ian amphib become they novel: something into themselves transform structures these entanglement this of because but despite, not is It change. and expansion disguise, operation, spontaneous of mode a but side-effects, not are overflows which in ments entangle never-ending through but frames creating of process astrict through not spreads systems exchange formal and informal between alliance The another. one use and dependent mutually are that synchronicities of amalgam an in systems ing multiply of process conflict-ridden and slow the but another, to system one from transition the represent not does destabilization This time. some quite for granted for taken been have that ecologies non-institutional and institutional larger within occurring processes may, destabilize however, They solidarity. worldwide of bonds new and projects community open economies, alternative sustainable for blueprints ideal not are markets informal of principles organizing the that argue could One 32 One reason why why reason One - - - 33 - - -

162 4 3 2 1 5 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6

Special Representative (EUSR) in Bosnia and ofOffice the High Representative(OHR) and EU brcko/bc-so/default.asp?content_id=5323 http://www.ohr.int/ohr-offices/ Online: 2001). (17 Release February Press Market’, Arizona in Land of Use the on Order ‘Supervisory Herzegovina, Special Representative (EUSR) in Bosnia and ofOffice the High Representative(OHR) and EU default.asp?content_id=33492 Online: http://www.ohr.int/ohr-dept/presso/pressb/ 2004). (10 November Release Press Market’, Arizona govina, ‘PDHR to attend the formal opening of the Special Representative (EUSR) in Bosnia and Herze ofOffice the High Representative(OHR) and EU pressr/default.asp?content_id=4092 Online: http://www.ohr.int/ohr-dept/presso/ 2000). October (26 Brcˇ Release Market, ko’, Press Arizona the at trade up clean to Community ‘International Herzegovina, Special Representative (EUSR) in Bosnia and ofOffice the High Representative(OHR) and EU Almost Almost Architecture in Architecture?’, Srdjan Jovanovic Weiss, ‘What Was Turbo presssp/default.asp?content_id=2753 http://www.ohr.int/ohr-dept/presso/ Online: 2002). July (25 conference in Brcˇko on 25 July 2002’, on land expropriation in Arizona Market at a press of Remarks ‘Opening Herzegovina, New York: Verso, 1996), 79-82. 1996), Verso, York: New Emancipation(s) Laclau, Ernesto 245f. 2005), Knopf, Alfred York: (New City the and Memories Istanbul. Pamuk, Orhan 4f. 2001), Critique of Information Lash, Scott 33. 2005), b_books, (Berlin: Lanz Stephan Istanbul City: Service Self in Diskurses’, des MaterielleIstanbul: Produktion und Produktion Stadt –Die Istanbul from ‘Learning Esen, Orhan cbj2002/ee/ba/168-031.html FY 2002’. Online: http://www.usaid.gov/pubs/ DATA SHEET. ACTIVITY Herzegovina. and ‘Bosnia US Agency for International Development (USAID), http://www.odihpn.org/report.asp?id=1054 Online: 1999). 14 (June no. Magazine, Exchange Humanitarian Prostitution’, Forced and Migration ‘Markets, Sarajevo), (UNHCR Rees Madeleine 74. 2002), König, Walther Buchhandlung der Verlag Cologne: and Sabine Breitwieser, Generali Foundation (Vienna World Real the for Designs Welt. wirkliche die für Designs in Road’, ‘Arizona Akšamija, Azra globalpoverty.html Online: http://www.hbs.edu/socialenterprise/ 2005). December (1-3 Market’ Arizona the and at the Harvard Business School conference ‘Brcˇko Business Solutions and Approaches’, paper given Poverty: ‘Global Nash, William and Scott Bruce 28. 2006), merz&solitude, kuda.nao, edition Architecture’, President of the 22nd UIA, World Congress of Suha Özkan, ‘The welcoming speech of the Programme

(Istanbul: UIA 2005), 10f. 2005), UIA (Istanbul: (London and and (London (London: Sage, Sage, (London: ˇko k cˇ r B Press Release Press (Stutt 6 Supervisor Supervisor , ed. , ed. gart: gart:

, ed. , ed.

Arizona Market First signs of urbanization: so-called Arizona 2 Brcˇko, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2001

Trading Places 19 18 17 16 15 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

Nemes (Kunsthalle Budapest, 2006), 20. 2006), Budapest, (Kunsthalle Nemes Architectures Migrating Re:Orient. in community’, Chinese transnational the in relations personal of net Asafety ‘Guanxi: Pozna, Anita industriel Le nouveau idem, also monde See 2004). 19 April Economics, of School (London City’ Resurgent to the Leverhulme International Symposium ‘The Pierre Veltz, ‘The resurgent city’, paper delivered de France, 1996). France, de L’Économie d’Archipel Territoires. et Villes Mondialisation, Veltz, Pierre (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2005). 2nd edition, eds. N. Smelser and R. Swedberg Swedberg R. and Smelser N. eds. edition, 2nd Sociology, Economic of Handbook in Economy’, Informal ‘The Haller, William and Portes Alejandro 163 index.html http://ut.yt.t0.or.at/site/ 2006) Tangente, (Université Meteors Online: speech’. collective of articulation –Or, the Device Artistic ‘The Holmes, Brian 503-524. [1989]), 1999 Routledge, London: and ed. M. Reader, Biagioli (New Studies York Science Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907-39’, in Berkeley’s in professionals and Amateurs objects: ‘Institutional ecology, “translations” and boundary Griesemer, R. James and Star Leigh Susan 1360-1380. Sociology of Journal American Ties’, Weak of Strength ‘The Granovetter, S. Mark 181–195. 1999), Blackwell, (Oxford: Hassard John and Law after and Theory Network Actor in Test’, Market –The Theory ‘Actor-Network Callon‚ Michel governance. liberal of test market Foucault’s to areference is essay the of Title 355. Ibid., 349-354. [1977]), 2007 Macmillan, Palgrave (Basingstoke: 1977-78 France de Collège the at – Lectures Security, Territory, Foucault, Michel Population (London: Penguin Books, 2004 [1975]), 29. 1975-76 France de Collège the at Lectures Society Must Be Defended – Foucault, Michel 202. lbid., 178-185. 2006), Verso, York: New and (London Slums of Planet Davis, Mike di Venezia (Venice: Marsilio Editori, 47-48. 2006), vol.1, Society, and ed. La Biennale Architecture Cities. in Matter’, Cities ‘Why Sassen, Saskia 1968)]. Anchor, Doubleday NY: City, (Garden ed. G. Polanyi, Karl Dalton of Essays Economies: Modern and Archaic Primitive, in [reprinted Commentary, Civilization must find aNew Thought Pattern’, Mentality: Market Obsolete ‘Our Polanyi, Karl 24-25. 2003), NGBK, (Berlin: al. et Becker Jochen Organisation informelle Zivilgesellschaft, der Phantasmen Welt, von -Städte from* Learning Informalisierung des urbanen Raums’, in Elmar Altvater and Birgit Mahnkopf, ‘Die (Paris: Gallimard, 2000). Gallimard, (Paris: vol. 3 1947),(February 109-117 (Paris: Presses universitaires , vol. 78, 6 (1973), 6(1973), 78, , vol. , ed. Attila Attila , ed. , ed. John

The , ed. , ed.

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Franke (Barcelona: Actar, 2006), 296. 2006), Actar, (Barcelona: Franke Beyond and Europe Becoming B-Zone: in Image’, the of A Micropolitics Maurizio Lazzarato, ‘To See and Be Seen: 14. 2004), Press, University Duke London: and NC (Durham, Cities African Four in Life Changing Come. Yet to City the For Simone, AbdouMaliq , ed. Anselm Anselm , ed.

164 Arizona Market B r cˇ k o

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Arizona Market After the redevelopment by Italproject Brcˇko, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2006 166

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Arizona Market Brcˇko, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2006 168

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Arizona Market Brcˇko, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2006 170

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Mobile CD selling along the road to Arizona Market CD shop and car wash along the road to Arizona Market Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2006 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2006 172

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Arizona Market First phase of the market: so-called Arizona 1, now demolished Brcˇko, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2001 PM/HM: Can you describe how you situations in quite a pragmatic way. But we’ve been really interested in finding ing projects from that context to the 174 work together as B+B and how this we are trying to think about how artists examples that are emerging in different UK, we were saying that these artists B collaborative curatorial practice has and curators can connect up beyond contexts. By demonstrating to audi- are doing this not with a governmental

+ developed its particular approach? their own contexts by creating meeting ences here that it’s not just about New or cultural policy baggage, so how can points beyond the safety of their own Labour, that this practice has a long we access that here, and how can we B Sarah Carrington: We were interested back yards. legacy, and there are lots of people learn from that approach here, and in looking at how you could present working around the world in different how could we also not simplify every projects that were investigating ways, and with different motivations, single socially engaged project to be people, or were using people, or were but they need to be given space. We’re merely a response to funding? working with people, and how you trying to inform audiences and open It’s also the crisis of the left more could support the point of encounter up ideas of what socially engaged widely. In the Real Estate exhibition more effectively. And also to try and practice might be – because I think we had in the ICA (London, 2005), we create more of a terminology around it’s such a loaded term here, now. presented a project by Lorraine Leeson that practice, because it felt like a lot of For example, with Trading Places, the and Peter Dunn, which took place it was being simplified or dismissed or exhibition we did at the Pump House from the ’80s to early ’90s called The confused with community art legacies, Gallery (London, 2004), we were Docklands Community Poster Project. so we were trying to look more closely bringing together examples of artists Lorraine said herself that she would at those distinctions. who were working with migration as an issue or working with migrants or Sophie Hope: It feels like now there refugee communities – and in Britain are a lot of conferences, papers and those projects are perceived as coming symposia which investigate socially from a particular kind of government engaged art practice, and that’s some- line, that ‘you must include those who thing that we felt has changed a lot are socially excluded’ and artists must since we’ve been working over the five make people’s lives better and give years. But also something that’s been PM/HM: Part of your work closely voice to communities. And then we really key to our practices is the UK follows creative practices and cultural went to Vienna and found people say- context; it’s our starting point. We’ve networks in southeastern Europe; what ing, ‘I want to give voices to migrants had a New Labour government since kind of insights do you gain from this in my work’, so we were interested in we’ve been working together and the research in relation to working in Great where was that coming from, was that impact on cultural policy has been so Britain? to do with some sort of trend, or was it massive. It’s interesting for us to find to do with a genuine social conscience, out how it’s affected practice and how Sarah Carrington: There’s such a and if it was, what do they really want artists are really dealing with this is- preconceived idea about what socially to change and how do they think the sue of art being used to change social engaged practice might be here, and art is going to change it? So by bring-

Advanced Science of Morphology Real Estate Nada Prlja, Novi Zagreb, 2006 Billboard poster from the Docklands Community Poster Reunion, meeting points between critical art practices Project, Peter Dunn and Loraine Leeson, 1981-1991 from southeast Europe and the UK

Trading Places Interview

Wild Places Lisl Ponger, 2000 Trading Places, migration, representation, collaboration and activism in contemporary art, 2004

never use that approach now because about how angry we are, and how can of ‘public space’; it is not judging Sarah Carrington: In Reunion, we have 175 it was so specific to that moment; it I help you do that?’, rather than kind of people’s motivations for getting this structure in which the partners that was so anti-Thatcher and based in the having a brief from an agency that was involved. For example, in the pro we’re working with will help to decide ideals of the left at that time, that that’s about to affect communities’ lives in a cess of raising awareness of shared, on how best Reunion will operate, so impossible now, because that sort of detrimental way. communal space the art project might we haven’t set down a structure. I think figure is no longer there, and there enable people instead to find a way by inviting people we already know isn’t the distinction at all. It’s neolib- Sophie Hope: Yesterday I went to to protect the value of their private we have common interests with, and eral policies in action now, and that’s see a project a friend is working on property. The artists/ initiators have who know about us as well, it’s more where culture is very useful as a kind in Farnborough, as part of Slough to ask themselves if they are happy like we’re actually learning from each of outlet, somehow. Estates’ big development project of the to facilitate such a process – how other, and again, that we can look at We were just so interested in that old Ministry of Defence airfields there does it fit with their own politics how we maybe don’t need to rely on history and the way that Lorraine and and turning it into a big business and and is this important? institutions so much; how can we Peter worked so precisely with com- leisure park. Amy Plant is the artist and use a union structure – maybe just munity groups, and their relationships she set up a Friends scheme of local to pretend – to strengthen our work to the local council. But it was so much residents to decide what to do with a as independent organizations or as directly initiated by the community certain so-called ‘public’ patch of land self-organizing groups; how can we with them, rather than by an agency within this development. I was talking use that as a model, and potentially or by a council inviting them in (which to one of the local residents who was then impact on infrastructure in south is how such projects might happen on that Friends scheme that she set eastern Europe as well. today), and so we just wanted to use up, and his motivation for being on it is that as a really important example of because he’s worried about his house Sophie Hope: Our networking, through asking, when something isn’t funded, price; he’s worried that his house price Reunion for example, or attending or official in that capacity, what the will go down because of the business conferences and symposia, is really potential of it is. park, so being involved in the Friends floating on and supported by the Nowadays, the project would be scheme is a way of him having a say things that we’re trying to constantly funded by the docklands corporation on the proposed development. This shift, change and subvert or whatever. (the development body the commu- raises the question, how is an artist We’re being paid to network, subvert nity activists were working against), implicated in sup porting values, and critique. The only reason we’re so that would be the difference. And politics or principles they might not PM/HM: Your Reunion project is very here and we’re doing what we’re doing they would claim that culture was necessarily endorse or that could fittingly positioned in this context, is because there’s a capitalist system really contributing to the change, that even be at odds with the point of trying to appropriate the space of insti- that keeps it afloat. So that is our big it was improving the residents’ lives – the project. A platform such as the tutional boundaries that such projects question: how can we sink it – but then whereas Lorraine was using her role Friends scheme is a mechanism for are usually exposed to. How do you do we go down with it? to say, ‘look: these people are really people with different views and con - structure this networking process and angry; we need to let everyone know cerns to make decisions about a patch how do you keep it political? PM/HM: In 1997 you initiated the that Iasi began losing influence and profit institution that now organizes to examine the conditions under which 176 Periferic – International Biennial for power, and Bucharest began growing. the biennial, runs a non-commercial art can be regarded as a gift, and what Matei B Matei Contemporary Art in Iasi. Given this Romania didn’t undergo industrial gallery and publishes Vector Magazine. speculative components influence its programmatic name for a biennial, development until the late nineteenth With its sixth and seventh editions, realization and social value. how can one approach ‘peripheries’ century. Bucharest became a large Periferic became a visible international in the context of globalized art city, while Iasi remained a small patri- art event in a place that was almost PM/HM: As an institution the Vector production? archal and archaic place. Nowadays unknown. Now, we’re trying to decide Association plays an important role it’s an interesting town with its own dy- whether we should keep a biennial for the local scene, while Periferic namics and different layers of culture format in the future or not. There are connects Iasi with the international art

ejenaru – but it obviously didn’t have the same so many biennials everywhere... circuit. Given the remoteness of Iasi chance to develop and modernize itself in terms of the art world, how has it as Bucharest did. In my opinion, real been possible to develop such a multi- modernization began with commu- layered structure? nism. Iasi is somewhat isolated and provincial, but not to the point that Matei Bejenaru: I think it has devel- people want to leave. oped gradually. First we established I studied art in Iasi in the first half links with artists within Romania; then of the 1990s, and after graduation we slowly expanded by inviting artists other young artists from the city from eastern Europe: from Hungary, Matei Bejenaru: Iasi is in northeastern and I ‘invented’ a small independent Poland, Ukraine, Moldavia, Bulgaria Romania and has about 400,000 performance festival, called Periferic. and Turkey. After three or four edi- people. It has its own history, which From the very beginning it was a tions, we’d established a network, but might be seen from one perspective platform where we could affirm our that network was based on personal as a sad history, because the city lost artistic identity. In the first editions of relationships. Since 2002, I think this everything it once had. It used to be the event we organized performances, network has grown due to the Vector the capital of Moldavia. The kingdom as well as round tables and discus- Association. For example, you didn’t of Moldavia came into being in the sions about the status of art in our come here because we knew each Middle Ages and, with the advent of post-communist context. We tried to other but because you’d heard about modern times, slowly disappeared. In understand the potential of the place the project, about the fact that there the mid-nineteenth century, Iasi was by relating our artistic practices to the We’re currently preparing Periferic 8, was an institution where you could still more emancipated than Bucharest. local situation. Periferic grew more which will be held in October 2008. The meet people and get information. The idea to build a modern Romanian and more and was transformed from curator is Dora Hegyi from Budapest, Since 2002, the event has a certain state was born in Iasi, and when it a local festival to an international bien- initiator of the Free School of Art level of international visibility, and happened in the 1860s, the capital nial of contemporary art. In 2001, we Theory and Practice. The main topic this attracts people, especially people was moved to Bucharest. It was then founded the Vector Association, a non- will be ‘Art as a Gift’. Periferic 8 intends from the art world and professionals

About art and the ways we look at the world 02 H.arta, 2006 Why Children Periferic 7 – Focussing Ias¸i, International Biennial for Curated by Attila Tordai Contemporary Art, Ias¸i, Romania, 12-30 May 2006 Periferic 7, Sports Hall of the Arts University, Ias¸i, May 2006

Trading Places Interview

Periferic 6 – prophetic corners Everything / Synchronisation 02 Opening, Palace of Culture, May 2003 Laura Horelli, 2006 Periferic 7, Ias¸i, May 2006

who are interested in Romania. If to develop projects. We have our own doing, they know we’re enhancing the 177 you Google ‘Romania’ in combination network in Romania and abroad. We’re city’s image and bringing in a lot of with ‘contemporary art’, ‘Vector’ and connected to different structures and sophisticated people who are writing ‘Periferic’ will appear. And if you take different projects. It isn’t easy, because about Iasi. a look at our website, you’ll quickly we’re in a transitional phase at the see the event has been around for moment. Until now we’ve received a PM/HM: How do you think this will about 10 years now. lot of money from abroad. We under- change in light of Romania joining the I think we’re the most organized struc- stand that for future development, for EU; in other words, what impact will ture in Iasi to promote and debate con- a medium- and long-term strategy, EU spatial policies have on your work temporary art. There are some other we need to find local resources. The in Iasi? independent young groups of artists Romanian economy is growing; there’s – which is very good – but they don’t more money available, even if it’s not Matei Bejenaru: I don’t think there’ll be have enough power to exist as institu- earmarked for contemporary art, and another EU enlargement towards the tions or to attract enough resources we have to fight to attract sponsors. east in the next ten years. And I don’t think it will be easy to integrate the We want to continue developing Republic of Moldavia, on Romania’s educational programmes, for this is eastern border, just 20 kilometres from what we’ve been doing for a few years here. It will also be hard for Ukraine, now. The idea is to stimulate an inter- which is another big neighbour. But est, a dialogue, and create an edu- Iasi might become a place of exchange cated audience who needs this kind of for different structures and groups culture. This will also encourage more of artists from these neighbouring Unfortunately, at present, we don’t sophisticated artistic production. This countries. More money will become know much about each other. is important at the moment, because available, and this will lead to the Romanians know very little about after we join the European Union in development of institutions and pro- Macedonians, Bosnians know almost January 2007, we won’t be receiving grammes related to regional cultural nothing about Romanians, and the the same funds as we are now, though collabouration. Serbs have probably never travelled to the transition will take a year or two. In 2006, we started a system of resi- Romania before. Both the Bulgarians We need to understand exactly the dencies, called Backyard Residency, and the Romanians are focusing too kinds of money we’re going to have to a project with Novi Sad, Belgrade, much on Brussels – they’re now in a raise. Probably local money, from the Istanbul and Iasi. The aim is to encour- hurry to learn how to eat at the same municipality or from local sponsors... age regional mobility and enable the table and follow the same rules of The City Council of Iasi has to support exchange of ideas, because it’s impor- etiquette as Europe. us – they can’t really ignore us. Even tant for us to establish a stronger art if they don’t understand what we’re network in the region. PM/HM: As an artist and curator who than people do in France or Germany. also exposes the role of intimacy in 178 has been living and working in Rio People in the favelas use electricity networking processes. What do you H de Janeiro for many years, how do from the system without paying. expect from these kinds of encounters?

elmut B elmut you feel about the current interest in There’s something like an unconscious Brazilian favelas in terms of social system of wealth distribution: rich Helmut Batista: I’m interested in build- and political self-organization? people pay large amounts to cover ing up networks. I think the only way services to almost everyone else; poor for changes to happen in places like Rio Helmut Batista: For me the favelas people have to siphon off electricity de Janeiro is by establishing exchanges are just another part of the city, like and water just for the sake of surviving. between international artists. I started Copacabana Beach. But unfortunately They also don’t pay any kind of taxes, the ROAD project with this intention in they are not in fact really a part of it. for instance property taxes. mind. Each time I make a trip I invite an

atista You won’t find them on maps, even This has a big influence on certain artist. Am I a curator? Actually, I don’t today, in 2007. I think most people who aspects of the favelas and how they’re know what I am. I invite people whose are living in these places nowadays built. If you don’t pay for electricity, work I like and with whom I can im don’t think of themselves as living you build your house just with a hole agine having a good personal relation- in a favela but feel they live in a com- for the air conditioner. So most of munity. There are 600 favelas in Rio these places are very dark and the alone. There are ‘bad’ and ‘good’ streets are very narrow, because they favelas; some even have banks and don’t really need daylight. What’s McDonalds. Some have no violence more, if you have an air conditioner, at all and others are really violent. everybody pays a couple of reais per you want to keep everything closed. The police can’t go into many of them; month for a variety of services, for So the fact that electricity is ‘free’ there are only a few where they can. example, to have the post delivered to makes the architecture completely dif- So there’s a wide range of concepts their homes. Often there are no street ferent. The buildings are very close to for communities and small towns that names, so the postman has to take the each other and often have no windows organize themselves. post to the main community headquar- or natural ventilation. If people sud- The favela ‘Rio das Pedras’ is one of the ters and from there people have to denly had to pay for electricity, most best examples of self-organization. And distribute it themselves. And although favelas would turn into uninhabitable ship. These trips are very intimate and yet the body that keeps it under control this system is very cheap, it reverses places – they’d be too hot to live in. we often stay longer than a month to- are militia made up of ex-policemen, the concept of everything. It’s a very gether, night and day. We start the trip and they’ve taken justice into their ambiguous way of thinking of the city. PM/HM: In one of your recent with the intention of doing something own hands. They’re now building You’re part and you’re not part of it. curatorial projects you invite other that might seem like work; this does themselves up into a sort of paramili - Then there are things like electricity: artists to travel with you across South not necessarily mean that we’ll end up tary force like in Colombia, though in the public electricity company charges America. Your car becomes a place working. Then we go from one place to a very different format. In these places a lot in Brazil; I’ve read we pay more of art production. Apart from that, it the next and see what happens.

ROAD project Célula Urbana do Jacarezinho Mobile residency, ongoing Rio de Janeiro, 2004

Trading Places Interview

Célula Urbana do Jacarezinho Opening of a media and information centre in Jacarezinho, initiated by Bauhaus Dessau Foundation and the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, 2004

But it’s not only about geographical of struggling with Peruvian authorities, repairs. So I guess it will just rust two of the artists have actually done 179 dislocation. It’s also about how we I received notice that there was noth- away in some depot in Peru. a piece: João Modé, whose worked react to new situations. It’s about dis- ing to be done and my car was now Since beginning in 2004, we’ve been we showed at the Rio Film Festival in cussions you don’t usually have during property of the Peruvian government. to Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Peru 2006, and during the last trip (Peru to your normal life and working time. It’s It’s funny and stupid at the same time. and Ecuador. I always leave my car Medellin) we finished up a project with not about holding meetings for two It was a FIAT, but there are no FIATs in wherever we stop and then just fly Julia Rometti. I’m not interested in hours in a coffee bar with a curator. Peru, and the car was in urgent need of back with the artist. Until now only having an agenda. It’s more about the We are together 24 hours a day and share all our experiences. Meeting different people while travelling is surely a big part of it all and makes everything more possible and un controllable. It’s this uncontrollable aspect that motivates us to carry out this project. You just don’t know what you’ll find and whom you’ll talk to. So creating a network is just a side effect that happens pretty naturally. An important part of these trips is the desire to build up a South American residency programme and network for research. Though not just for visual art, but for research in general. So far we have made six trips. My car was confiscated on my fifth trip with Gabriel Lester, at the border between Peru and Ecuador. Paper problems and corrupt police made me lose the car, and from that moment on I had to rethink everything. The last project, Peru to Medellin, was done with the help of MED 07 (encuentros de Medellin) with artists Julia Rometti and Victor Costales and a rented car. In May 2007, a year after the confiscation and a year just putting together shows. Primarily The question now is: 180 I’m interested in getting to know Who’s going to pay for my lost car? the right people in a personal sense. No foundation will do that, I guess. If the work is also nice, we have a perfect blend. Coming back to the institutional level: I guess I have to define myself as a curator. Though this is just termin ology. For me the question here is the challenge to produce something in different contexts. I invite somebody to do this and then we write all these bureaucratic papers to foundations so that they’ll pay for it or at least help us. The art system just enables you to meet the right people and raise some money. Things move very fast nowadays. Artists and curators hop from one exhibition to the other in a matter of a few days, even hours. What we are doing here is pretty much the op- experience we have together. There’s PM/HM: The networks you develop posite. There’s so much time for real no concept for an exhibition at the end. are critically informed by the creativity experience. This is a luxury compared I just do a lot of kilometres and take of personal friendships, while at the to the way things are done in the a look at what’s happening at these same time linking up with institutional institutional world of galleries and places and try to build up connec- settings and their demands. How do museums. After realizing six projects tions. We have already succeeded in you manage to negotiate the tension in three years, I think it’s all coming bringing some Argentineans, Chileans between these different ends? together to form something that might and Colombians to Rio. Now some be called one project, something that Peruvians are coming. So it’s a long, Helmut Batista: In Rio things have to stands on its own. Doing this is also a steady and gentle work-in-progress. be organic. Nothing happens here if political gesture, and the gesture itself I call it the mobile residency pro- you don’t establish friendly connec- is part of the dislocation and develop- gramme, actually. tions. Actually, that’s how I do things, ment of networks that is so important. too. On these trips I’m not interested in

Célula Urbana do Jacarezinho Rio de Janeiro, 2004

Trading Places Interview

Proekt Fabrika Global Photo Project A contemporary arts complex occupying disused parts Ivar Sviestins, 16-26 June 2006 of a technical paper factory in eastern Moscow, 2006

PM/HM: PROEKT_FABRIKA is one own gallery, E.K. ArtBureau, to come the spaces we had. In Soviet times, for to grow all by itself – we just selected 181 of the most exceptional contempor take a look at the space. She said, ‘Yes, instance, it was common practice for people with similar ideas, similar Asya Asya ary art spaces in Moscow. Can you it would be fine for exhibitions.’ So we every plant and every factory to have preferences, and so on. tell us about your involvement in its opened in January 2005, while the first a club for workers, so-called Palaces Then, last summer the Ford Foun formation? Moscow Biennale of Contemporary of Culture. So we also had this Palace dation invited us to New York. We Art was taking place. We started with of Culture, and one day I invited Elena went there and took part in a workshop Asya Filippova: Well, I’m the direc- a special project called No Comment, Tupyseva over – she’s the director of called ‘Sustainable Art Spaces’, and

F tor of the factory, and this factory is a the contemporary dance company that’s when I understood that we were

ilippova bit different from other art spaces in Tsekh, a well-known agency in Russia, probably a sustainable art space, too. Moscow. Most such factories are no In the first year, maybe a hundred longer functioning production sites, people came to see the exhibition and but our factory still produces technical about ten people rang me up from time paper. It’s still in operation, though to time to ask about my plans, but by of course it’s very different from in no means did everybody in Moscow Soviet times, because back then the know about us. And then suddenly a factory was quite huge and massive, few months ago, I realized I was being and supplied paper to all of Eastern literally inundated with offers, ques- Europe – Poland, Czechoslovakia, tions and ideas, which may mean this Yugoslavia and other socialist coun- is the right moment to move on to the tries. Nowadays we produce very spe- next level. cial kinds of paper and only for Russia. Anyway, production was reduced, PM/HM: How is PROEKT_FABRIKA and many spaces, mainly industrial connected to places outside Moscow ? workshops, became vacant. And then there was the fact that, besides being Asya Filippova: Well, usually every- the director of the factory, I’ve lots thing is concentrated in Moscow of friends among artists and gallery itself. There aren’t so many con owners. So one day I realized I might temporary artists living in, I don’t be able to offer a space for cultural an exhibition of young Russian artists. know... Saratov or Voronezh. Many projects like exhibitions. Initially, to be And then the project actually started artists came here quite some time honest with you, my idea was quite to develop and grow on its own. Not sponsored by the Ford Foundation. I ago and are now working here in modest. I just intended to open a space that I planned it that way; it was not showed her this space, our Palace of Moscow, which means we mostly where my friends could have private my strategy to invite theatre people Culture, and she decided to renovate deal with people from Moscow and exhibitions of contemporary art. I or musicians or architects. But people it and turn it into a venue for contem- St. Petersburg. Though sometimes we invited Elena Kuprina, who runs her began coming and were interested in porary dance and concerts. It started have joint projects with the National Institute of Contemporary Art and the At the moment our premises include and rent a space, but of course I prefer and another for commercial offices 182 National Centre of Contemporary Art. three different kinds of areas: one area to deal with people who are connected and spaces for lease – for all those They arrange yearly festivals of young is production itself; the second area with creative industries – art, adver- who enjoy being around people who artists and engage artists from all consists of so-called cultural spaces; tising, photography, cinema. In the are different than they are, people who over Russia, because they have some and the third, offices for rent – this is past few months a lot of people have dance, sing and make installations. departments and representatives in the commercial sector. In the future, asked about spaces for film studios, other towns and regions of Russia. In I think production will be relocated for example, maybe this will be a new PM/HM: Is there a network of collab other words, they’re in a position to away from here, while the so-called branch. Though there will always be orations or do the different kinds of set up such a network, and it enables cultural sector will grow and develop. two parts, one for cultural activities, people who have ideas for certain us to collaborate with people from Nevertheless, there will still be enough projects compete with one another? outside Moscow. Regarding foreign space rented out to pay the bills, space artists, well, it’s absolutely absurd and for anybody who wants to come here Asya Filippova: I wouldn’t say they strange, but it’s easier for us to deal and wishes to rent some offices for compete all that much, not really. with artists from Germany, Holland their business... or for other commer- I was afraid it would be competitive, or Sweden than with artists from cial purposes. Anybody can come here but I don’t think that’s the case at other parts of Russia, because the the moment. I don’t know about the rest of Russia is completely different future, but I’ve heard some say there from Moscow – actually Russia has isn’t enough contemporary art and two completely separate parts. In culture in Moscow, not enough for the June 2007, I was at the Trans Europe number of spaces, but I don’t know. Halles meeting in Vilnius, and I’m now Competition doesn’t exist yet, because thinking about joining this network of people from, let’s say, Winzavod or independent culture centres. ARTStrelka come by, too, and we communicate and exchange ideas. And PM/HM: Given the economic boom of if an artist from ARTStrelka needs a business developments in central loca- space for a studio, then his or her man- tions in Moscow, do such experimental ager or gallery owner sends the artist and hybrid spaces have a future? to me, which means artists come here and if I can offer them something then Asya Filippova: Well, I don’t think I do. I would not call this a network, but we’ll be able to continue producing it’s about contact, though then again, technical papers for another 20 years. a very limited number of people is I don’t think that has a future, because involved. Everybody knows everybody it’s pure madness to try to produce else, every gallery owner knows all the anything in the centre of Moscow. others, and every cultural manager in

Former Palace of Culture (workers’ club), now used by the contemporary dance company Tsekh, 2006 Proekt Fabrika, Moscow, 2006

Trading Places Interview

Proekt Fabrika, Moscow, 2006 Printing office of the paper factory which houses Proekt Fabrika, Moscow, 2006

Moscow knows most of the others, Asya Filippova: Well, of course, I hope 183 too. We communicate and collaborate, people are interested in our site. But more or less. I should also mention I also know lots of people come and that our factory is different from other take a look at our buildings, and are art centres – from the start it was not either shocked or lost – so I have mixed conceived as a commercial enterprise. feelings about it all. Though I myself Maybe it would be better to be as well like things how they are. I like the ap- planned and commercial as some of peal of this site and the people who the other spaces, but we are just com- work and live here, and they like it too, pletely different. though sometimes, they come and ask me: ‘Well, Asya, aren’t you planning to renovate the buildings after all? When is it going to happen?’ So, yes, there’s a special atmosphere, I know this and they know it as well, but it doesn’t mean it will always remain this way. Of course we will renovate some things, but I hope the original architecture will not be ruined by plastic siding, business-centre architecture, and the spirit will remain the same.

PM/HM: Do you think that the aesthetics of this complex play a role in how artists feel when they come to your place, or are you thinking of renovating the building to enhance the cultural appeal of the location? PM/HM: Your work as an artist focuses economies and alternative societies. concepts have also been included, these concepts. People walk around 184 strongly on economic issues and, Some are historical ones, such as the such as ‘Participatory Economics’ by the exhibition space and choose videos O in particular, on forms of alternative workers’ collectives during the Spanish Michael Albert, and concepts for a new according to their interests. If they are

liver R economics. How do you feel about Civil War or the Paris Commune organizational structure for society especially interested in a concept they the relation between such an artistic or workers’ self-management in as a whole, for instance ‘Inclusive may go to the author’s website or buy practice and political activism? Yugoslavia during the 1960s and Democracy’ by Takis Fotopoulos or the book. I think the project Alternative 1970s. Very elaborate new economic ‘Libertarian Municipalism’, which is Economics, Alternative Societies pro- Oliver Ressler: In 1999 I produced an presented within my project by Chaia vides a helpful structure to generate installation called The Global 500. It fo- Heller. I have also included interviews discussion and make some of these cused on the 500 largest transnational that focus more on certain methods concepts more accessible, and lots essler corporations and how they related to and aspects, ones that might be of of activists have used it as a tool in a discourse on economic globalization. interest when considering alternative the twenty-one cities in which it was The exhibition was presented for the economies or societies. For example, realized over the last four years. first time some months before protests the concept of ‘Free Cooperation’ by against the World Trade Organization Christoph Spehr or an interview with PM/HM: Your video works are available in Seattle. I was extremely interested John Holloway on changing the world for purchase on your own website, in what was happening there, and without taking power. The idea of my which yields a concept different to produced two films related to the anti- project is to present a variety of dif- traditional ways of distributing art; it globalization movement in 2001/2002. ferent projects, concepts and models. creates a link between your work and The movement also demonstrated Some of them come from a more anar- broader audiences outside the gallery how Margaret Thatcher’s well-known chist background, others from a more system. slogan ‘There is no alternative!’ can’t socialist background, but all of them be true. At the time I had some know aim to contribute ideas for organizing Oliver Ressler: I try to keep the prices ledge about alternative models, though society differently and fighting for of my videos low so that many indi- not much. So I started to investigate such alternatives – that’s why I think viduals, libraries and universities can and through some books I got further all these authors can be considered afford to buy them. I work together information about different concepts activists to some extent. with some distributors and the DVDs and models for a system that would Within the scope of this travelling are sold for between 15 and 35 euros. no longer be capitalistic. The project exhibition and the 16 video interviews So it’s possible to buy a DVD just like Alternative Economics, Alternative I conducted, I have tried to give a a book. It’s important for me not to Societies, which I started in 2003, is condensed view of those aspects of limit the videos or my art production the largest I have ever worked on, and the concepts that I regard as most in general to a very small group, but I continue to do so today. At present important. The videos are between to make them accessible to a broader it consists of 16 videos on different 20 and 37 minutes long, and give the audience. Especially since the videos models and concepts for alternative audience an opportunity to access are often related to social movements

Venezuela from Below Oliver Ressler & Dario Azzellini, video, 67 min., 2004, stills

Trading Places Interview

Alternative Economics, Alternative Societies Exhibition project, 2003-ongoing

or resistance groups. I work on these conducted the interviews. They came PM/HM: How do these documenta- 185 issues because I would like to support to Caracas even though some of the tions of existing social and political the groups and their struggles, and factories were in cities 15 hours away. movements introduce a notion of I think the best form of support I can The workers made this effort because implicatedness which extends the offer is by doing this work and making they were, on the one hand, proud that given forms of political agency? it available not only to people who they or their colleagues had appeared see exhibitions or visit film festivals, in the film and, on the other hand, they Oliver Ressler: I think it’s clear that but also to activists, who are usu- were extremely interested in finding I’m very dissatisfied with the existing ally very interested in learning about out what workers in other factories capitalist society. So the main focus other activists’ strategies and experi- in the country had to say about their of my work over the last 10 years has ences, ones that might affect their own struggles and how they organized their been on how to get rid of this society strategies. factories. and contribute to the creation of a new one. Some projects are more on the I worked together with Dario Azzellini Since my work relies on the time and level of analysis and critique of social on two films about Venezuela. Our con- collaboration of others, I’m interested reality; others focus on forms of resist- cepts were in both cases so clear and in sharing and returning the work to ance; still others – such as the two accessible that even people who didn’t them in exchange. Many artworks projects on Venezuela or Alternative have knowledge about contemporary by the very activists without whom it I have produced are available com- Economics, Alternative Societies – art understood and valued them. Many would not have been possible to make pletely free. In 2001 I did a magazine concentrate on ideas that might be of supporters of the Bolivarian process them. For example, the film Venezuela together with Martin Krenn that was importance when considering how to use our films for education and mo- from Below, our first collaborative related to the Border Crossing Services achieve a new society. I share many bilization in their communities, and film on Venezuela from 2004, is now project; it was distributed via direct ideas with activists, and may be con- for me it is an important aspect that also being distributed on the black mail to 12,000 households in the sidered an activist myself, so that on the films I’ve realized are being used market in Caracas. You can buy the border region between Austria and certain occasions my position is one DVD there for less than a euro. For Slovenia. It presented what migrant of a participating, involved observer. someone who wants to see the film organizations and anti-racist organiza- Sometimes the work provides a kind in Venezuela, it is probably easiest to tions in Austria and Germany have to of platform for existing ideas, at other buy it on the black market – that is, for say about crossing borders, illegali- times it creates ideas that do not come those who missed the broadcasts of zation, migration and the European directly from activist practices but may the film on TV. When we presented politics of exclusion. It helped to reveal still be of great importance for activ- the film 5 Factories – Worker Control in their viewpoints to the rural area be- ists. So for me there’s no formula for Venezuela, which we finished in 2006, tween Austria and Slovenia, which was how my work functions; there are dif- 300 people came to the first presenta- a highly militarized Schengen border ferent strategies and different focuses tion in Caracas, many of whom were at the time. from project to project. workers from the factories where we 186 Transient Traffic Istanbul Topkapı

187 188

189

Informal market along the construction sites of transport projects, Istanbul Topkapı, 2005 190

191

Informal market along the Byzantine city walls and Londra Asfaltı, an arterial road to the west, Istanbul Topkapı, 2005 192 Visiting Stalin Moscow Izmailovo

193

Vernisazh, Moscow, 2006

Cherkizovsky Market, Moscow, 2006 Vernisazh Mock Russian village with arts and crafts market catering for international tourists, Olympic Village of the 1980 Summer Games in the background, Moscow, 2006 194

195

Cherkizovsky Market Large Eurasian market surrounding the former Stalinets Stadium in the northeast of Moscow, 2006 196

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Vernisazh, Moscow, 2006 Cherkizovsky Market, Moscow, 2006 198

Vernisazh, Moscow, 2006

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Cherkizovsky Market, Moscow, 2006 200

Cherkizovsky Market, Moscow, 2006 201

FOP Stadium The former Stalinets Stadium built above Stalin’s secret bunker in the 1930s, Moscow, 2006 L happens to the idea, the practice and and practice the idea, the to happens What urbanization? about assumptions core redefine spaces urban networked and heterogeneous increasingly of experience lived actual the does How ance, cities encompass areas where the the where areas encompass cities ance, govern and regulation of domains the In spaces. fractured largely are Cities deal’. ‘the of notion the on focuses it Thus, change. or development of tories trajec clear unequivocally no are there where and entangled, thoroughly are vulnerabilities and possibilities where – life urban by generated ambivalence intensifying the with deal to able politics urban an conceptualize to begin to is here objective The references? of set a shared constitute and ‘citizens’ among laboration col concretize to possible it is how can, they opportunities what grabbing are actors of kinds different where a place becomes city the As forces? disparate of adisjunction but forces, productive of convergence aplanned as not South, Global the of much across case the is as appears, it when city the of limits the In iving on on iving t 202 roduc exchange and financial management management financial and exchange production, of practices prevailing

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ures ‘cityness’ and a world of deals

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the exception. mark to emergency) of (state period poral tem or area); use special zone, processing (export designation economic (offshore), position geographical aspecific either using applied, be otherwise would that regulations and law the from exempt are tially converted into something else than than else something into converted tially poten is to connected financially or tially spa and for used be can they what where fungibles, of acalculus in ensconced are developments these Additionally, value. of considerations symbolic or ephemeral more with interwoven are outputs and volumes sales rates, occupancy as cularly parti viable, economically considered be could zones entertainment and centres development and research complexes, commercial and residential large of implantation the which through terms the assess to difficult is It disposition. ic econom certain no has them to culated arti districts residential the and districts commercial warehouses, stations, rail ports, areas, industrial located centrally of Asia Southeast across redevelopment massive the outset, the at example, For environments. social and built into tions interven unmonitored and speculative ly high often are what masking for a veneer as serve practices these words, other In regulation. and planning simulated is regulation and planning urban Much assign the diversity of activities taking taking activities of diversity the assign to power economic and political the lack institutions civil and administrations state designated actors. designated clearly of responsibility the or operation, of rules and spaces bounded specific – to etc. residing, fabricating, importing, ing, steal dissembling, collecting, exchanging, selling, buying, –i.e. cities within place and taxation schemes will become inevit become will schemes taxation and politics urban management, of conditions new which from investments of forms and trajectories shifting and instruments cial finan varied estate, real together bundle that packages larger of facets valuable increasingly become to aspire they as in any foreseeable future. foreseeable any in for used be could infrastructure and land surrounding what constrains symbolically and practically also but finance, and gies technolo construction new of conjoining the reflects only not developments some of size massive the time, same the At able. themselves for ‘exist much so don’t ments develop these such As intent. original the and land development are being used as as used being are development land and infrastructure architecture, words, other In 1 There are also areas where where areas also are There 2

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Trading Places The politics of ‘cityness’ and a world of deals

Trading Places The politics of ‘cityness’ and a world of deals of the centre compel new logics of urban urban of logics new compel centre the of to be defined and risks assessed. risks and defined be to are responsibilities financial how cities, in do to useful or possible as viewed is what made, get decisions how from relations, social and institutional urban new extort, say might some compel, to instruments is subjected to coherent forms of articu of forms coherent to subjected is longer no that asociality of overwhelmed, been has that fabric urban an of terms in about thought usually are megacities so-called many South, Global the In run. long the in redevelopments these to vulnerability of measure alarge introduces actors, urban of categories different as well as areas, urban peripheral and central between disjuncture resultant additionally the then control, limited exercises city ual individ any which upon dynamics on dependence heightened with cities, and economies exterior to connections tial substan more produce areas central the within operative motivations economic resultant the If predict. and understand to difficult increasingly are dynamics social whose aperiphery and core the between relationships manage and understand to attempting of process difficult ingly increas an imply also they regulation, core. this for future uncertain an poses settlements, low-income formal and informal omies, econ rural –persistent developments centres, shopping factories, from of states various in new the of those and projects old of remains tered - scat the of intersection its with periphery, the city, the of core the Surrounding 203 place. opaque often an it renders occupations, of pursuit their in least at residents, low-income of inflow an stopping necessarily not while ery, periph the to push the them, among rities complementa various elaborating not if city, the in operated and in themselves implanted each how of witnessing mutual of akind enabled cities of areas central the within residents heterogeneous of presence the Where locations. centralized more by prohibited ways in big build to aspirations the with those by acquired is land cheap as speculation of objects become themselves grids portation trans major to connected and serviced once which city, the of peripheries the to pushed are residents middle-income many as well as low-income instances, tutions that no longer are capable capable are longer no that tutions insti of and aspiration, and lation 6 If the massive redevelopments redevelopments massive the If 7 5 completion – – completion housing housing 4 In most most In - - -

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unproductive. and illicit as dismissed or prehensible com and visible weakly either often are that infrastructure and places materials, with relationships organize they which in ways particular the from populations gle disentan to attempting time and money their of much too spend will interventions administrative and political economic, formal of bulk the operation, in nisms mecha social of plurality the engaging of capable more ways in attempted are relationships working these unless But relationships more complicated. more relationships working makes turn in that –agame to attention pay and talk they whom of field the expand to people requires on going is what just out figure to trying of then, cess, pro The time. given any at through) ing - (operat wearing be may group or actor any hat what just clear crystal never is it activities, family and business across alli covert and overt memberships, shifting and multiple through But tions. associa civic or parties political groups, expert technical authorities, religious for between, boundaries no are don’t exist, nor does it mean that there there that mean it does nor exist, don’t women’ ‘big or men’ ‘big that mean not does This sectors. or groups interest row nar of hands the in fixed being power off wards still process this world, urban the re consistent and stable any in held not are that livelihood and services housing, land, between connections troublesome incessantly out work to attempt tricts dis or quarters communities, share who actors different where prevail, regulation everyday of politics municipal Complex line’. ‘in city the keep can regulation of form no that standing under the with start first must one thing, abad as seen commonly is regulation of absence the While them. regulate to attempt any exceed that ways in interact to things and activities spaces, people, different its for capacity the is life city of interchange. social and appropriation resource use, tial spa operation, of trajectories demarcated clearly by channelled weakly, most at or not, are that inhabitation of practices and positions diverse of intensity and speed the of virtue by making the in things are cities all which in ways the of terms in capacity urban of thinking instead by productively be might view al convention this But space. and materials of use the over authority exercising of lationship with each other. In much of of much In other. each with lationship 8 In other words, at the heart heart the at words, other In tempered tempered example, example, 9

ances ances - ------sciously know it or not are acting in con in acting are not or it know sciously con they whether of regardless people – where action collective of form invisible almost an as exist still but all, at izations’ ‘organ as discernible barely sometimes are platforms such fact, In membership. of identifications do nor exists, seldom procedures and rules upon agreed of set Awritten organizations. based munity com or associations voluntary parties, political like organizations frequently even or necessarily not are platforms and even illicit financial schemes. financial illicit even and relations public showmanship, lization, mobi guerrilla recreation, carnival, ity, religios of aspects melded that initiatives local peculiar highly often from emanated sustained be to mixtures such for order in needed resources and networks, tions, occupa different among articulations necessary the districts, urban mixed ally cultur and economically ethnically, most Europe’s of many in that clear is it Still, interest. common alarger, generating of bilities possi the from life everyday of aspects more and more de-link actively can ities informal these realm, public the within creatively and decisively act to come a way as operating of Instead times. different at them into fit to opportunities find and sub-categories multiple in categories conventional the split to attempt will people woman, or man worker, and artisan follower, 204 and leader client, and patron as such categories overturning of Instead sible. pos as them of many as across selves them ‘distribute’ to try simply residents –and sectors and occupations ritories, ter identities, of definitions prevailing the of salience the reiterate sometimes manoeuvres defensive these laboration, col of forms new together put to trying spent being residents of time and ligence intel energies, the of instead But once. at ‘roles’ ‘places’ and different many through livelihood taking or themselves, knowing operating, already are individuals if up tripped be can disorder Such resources. and opportunities space, to access gain legitimately to are residents urban how and where, who, on mandates specific impose they because disorder increases rules and regulations policies, laws, new of application the which in ways for themselves preparing time much too spend then residents Additionally, happen. There is no one one no is There happen. something make to others with cert individuals individuals identifiable identifiable 10 Such Such

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Trading Places The politics of ‘cityness’ and a world of deals

205 them leave also grant normally would couple the in individual each rights the as suspicion in held especially are partners Sexual times. certain at ments - apart their in be not may who about thieves to information give also can each for out look might otherwise who residents Fellow deception. to able vulner more the all are residents meet, ends make to order in upon relied often is dependency. such Because dependency mutual of relationships solid of forging the as well as deception and trickery of environments are cities For nerabilities. vul own their upon preying incessant an with cope to have residents Increasingly, virtuous. necessarily not –is action and bodies, affect, of densities sheer – its life urban of materials’ ‘raw the with engagements thickening such course Of direction. another in something move to as so powerfully but slightly so ever events of flow the interrupting of to proximity strategic yet invisible almost an securing of aconversation, ing overhear of gaze, indiscernible a barely applying from ensue could that all with engagement of sense aheightened tain main to is life urban of job the So radar’. the under ‘slip people let conversely, or attention, pay not would otherwise who those of attentions the draw that ways in intersected, interrupted and redirected be could potentially which of all ment, move and talk gazes, gestures, ments, senti of aworld is ‘cityness’ all, After opportunity. small any of scavengers become They spaces. urban discrepant across themselves disperse instead and stability, of asense consolidating for prospects any of go’ ‘let people Here, ‘cityness’. its in city the is left are dents resi which to ‘bareness’ the disappear, and meaning collaboration visioning, pro of sources predictable to residents urban connecting of capable mediations effective where circumstances in ly. But tenacious it onto hold and operation of territory apredictable secure to attempt populations marginalized so-called which in way the or exterior, the at refuse of midst the in maintained ly meticulous is shack squatter’s cardboard aone-room of inside the which in way the example, For them. surround that conditions insecure or unhealthy the with deal better can they which from order or security of islands small together put als tage of. Residents may be conscious conscious be may Residents of. tage advan taken being to vulnerable overflowing overflowing others, others, other other

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well-defined, with stable participants participants stable with well-defined, both be can groupings Entrepreneurial nationalities. divergent and same the of others with arrangements syndicated of forms different in working often actors African of range awide by appropriated is environment built and services urban of infrastructure functioning still yet rated adeterio (Dubai), Deira and (Bangkok) Sukhumvit-Petchaburi districts mercial com historical the in example, For tions? aspira and actors different to available and open spaces urban keep to intersect power of relations and materials different from produced capacities and practices networks, informatics, which in ways there Are conceptualized? be virtuality urban of forms disparate surface, the on are, what between relationships inter possible or actual should How little possibility of direct negotiation. direct of possibility little have they which over and behaviour legitimate constitutes what about codes institutionalized to subject are people –where consumption normative of asense enforce turn, in which, services and places particular of uses mented frag to applied controls institutional atomizing and impersonal of works re These surveillance. and modelling to privilege new forms of of forms new privilege to atendency is there consideration, of scales larger across well-being their to As cities must manage the events relevant them? for just secure more city the make to elite economic various by efforts the circumventing for proficiencies important acquiring vulnerabilities these through living for tactics new with up come to have always who residents those are extent what to following: the becomes question the calculation, of regimes comprehensive and complex more under placed are systems urban Yet, as singular. intensely are that calculations with or calculation of means areliable of availability the without taken be must Chances culpable. somehow as person that hold to decide way some in harmed have to perceived are or money owe may associates these whom to others that event the in relationships, significant having as construed be cannot aperson associates, or neighbours with relationships cursory in Even with. seen are they company the and travel, they routes wear, the they what themselves, about say they what watch continuously and weakness, any displaying about inforce the notion of cities as patch as cities of notion the inforce calculation, calculation,

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- sectors and territory. territory. and sectors across cut that services other and finance labour, mobilize to ‘operators’ particular of capacities the from stem that effects synergistic potentially of tion appropria the and short-cuts procedural requires frequently cycles budgetary and administrations specific of works frame temporal the within done things get to and exigencies economic and ical polit to respond to ability Yet, the bases. data and proficiencies technical nisms, mecha participatory of range awide of themselves avail do systems planning and regulations Municipal them. stretch often procedures, planning normative and rules the countervailing directly not if that, deals of purview the are kinds all of regulations to exceptions and rights construction vertical roads, service and grids of extensions water, and power of yields under-priced land, to Access The An The markets. and goods of kinds different across opportunistically move and radar the under operate transactions these of most established, been have companies and associations commercial structured While exchange. of trajectories specific along people and services goods, move to necessary transactions the support to order in officials local and brokers mercial com agents, transportation landlords, retailers, local with relationships mentary comple often but competitive forging spaces, commercial dense in operating of re constantly being trade and boration colla of forms different with malleable, and fluid highly also and sectors, and what they do has to be applied to many many to applied be to has do they what For standardization. through responses of replication efficient the emphasize to tend structures Organizational vention. inter of site aparticular to abilities their apply and together work entities these way the to pertaining scheduling and administratively complex negotiations require often times various at entities of kinds different many of application the require that programs and projects Therefore, do. to available and entitled is company or organization agency, given any what to limits clear entail that ways in institutionalized and demarcated often are jurisdictions and Competencies 206 ways out work to has Each negotiated. a situ and clients of kinds different tions. So those who can offer, for for offer, can who those So tions. at o m y of of y t he he D e a l

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- forms of stability and interchange. The The interchange. and stability of forms the reworks It else. everything with has re continuously that volatility a productive produce all goods and people of flows - out and inflows the for openings the to next delegations official of receptions the to next tea over conversations quiet of recesses the to next grounds trading ket mar of frenzy The actualized. been have yet never may but along all present are that knowledge and scenarios different produce to capacity the is sites urban ent differ in embedded that so arrangements, physical of kinds different many produce can –then points’ ‘topological labelled has Deleuze –what possibilities energetic different intersect that Points receptivity. and stillness agitation, of compositions specific as emerge attention and work of applications its and association of forms and densities different in assembled are people where venues different of organization its movement, of channels configured variously its publicities, and enclosures its city, the of terrain the So things done. getting expedite to knowledge local sufficient have not may they ciencies, effi unrivalled deliver to coverage and size the have may developers property and contractors technicians, firms, consultant multinational as such players big While territories. other across out spread and ground of alot cover to begin associations civic and journeyman als, financiers,leaders, gangsters, profession religious example, for connect, can who those that So together. work to expected be wouldn’t usually that domains and functions, identities, social of intersection the –i.e. relations incommensurable on capitalize that bourhoods neigh or sectors specific within tions posi intensive yet localized highly from emerge operations such Yet frequently, enables. scale that effects networked the manipulate to able are that operations those in incumbent usually is city the of heterogeneity the in inherent alities potenti certain mobilize to ability This norms. and rules prevailing within accommodate to difficult often are that ways in rewarded be to have and administrations municipal to vital are –seamless surface the –on one in spin media and connections political finance, supplementary overtime, cut-rate removal, waste cartage, crews, struction con together put to ability the example, opens the relationships that everything everything that relationships the opens apparently apparently package package

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Trading Places The politics of ‘cityness’ and a world of deals

Trading Places The politics of ‘cityness’ and a world of deals specific kinds of changes in the city. the in changes of kinds specific engineering of capable deliberation of styles and recognition of forms acting, of ways configure –i.e. stage the to come will or to come residents of constellations varying which through ones political the not are actors urban of identities the and life of ways specific understand to use we categories social the For segregated. more become have that city the of spaces among transactions and economies of increasingly complicated entanglements with working to insufficient remain them by accomplished are that ports sup and guarantees whatever futures, urban viable to critical remain residents urban all for livelihood and shelter to rights concrete for struggles the While location. or circumstance given any in interact can what and who limit that richness combinatorial of spaces in contractions produced often have deal the domesticate to Yet attempts making. deal of nature the tame and regulate curtail, to capacity the by signalled is systems political urban of maturity purported the and kinds, all of deals of evidence the of full is history urban course Of affects. and rhythms reactions, speeds, different – its life urban of intensities intersecting the by transformed and produced continuously dispositions and scenarios different the together brings that catalyst the or tissue connecting the is deal The deal. the of that is element intercalary the politics urban in that is here emphasize to Iwant point the sciences, social the and chemistry ics, phys of languages different the across ed Although these can dynamics be elaborat elite, and so forth, while designating real real designating while forth, so and elite, class, poor, middle the of notions Thus, natorial richness’ a‘combi constitute ports and stations, parks, plazas, halls, entertainment roads, warehouses, offices, resi of relations and contiguities 207 connected. be to elements these enable that entities intercalary by together held be –can encounter energetic of lization crystal aparticular as ensues that ment arrange spatial concrete –each element emergent Each fluidity. unpredictable or chaos not is aframe such of absence The frame. organizational an of imposition the being exceed that scenarios and effects various ties, are insufficient to charting out out charting to insufficient are ties, capaci and interests in differences 14 capable of generating generating of capable factories, factories, dences, dences,

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- - an also shifting set of external players, players, external of set shifting also an to relations their and brokers power local of constellations shifting between arrangements provisional more much in place takes increasingly relationships, institutional stable from de-centred governance’, urban ‘Real territories. and organizations of position com the about is it as much –as course’ their ‘take things letting and vening inter delay, of and delay, seize and erate accel down, slow and up speed to – how rhythms of choreography the about be to has politics Urban when. and possible be could what about evidence generating of amethod is It other. each with do can they work what see to challenged are parties all where improvisations, small and ous continu in but attitude, once-and-for-all adefinitive, with –not arenas public corporations, projects, housing schools, engage continuously to ways finding of attunements, fine and small of a matter is This other. each from away and toward move actors different as relations, urban of rhythms the following time, opportune an finding of amatter just is it transacted; or intersected be can Anything action. inter of prohibitive are differences no that assumes it since timing, of a matter largely is This consideration. ‘proper’ their to life urban of swathes apprehended under- previously large, up open to but majority, the of resilience and capacities the overestimate to not is this Again, systems. monitoring sophisticated most the with equipped those than dynamics its and city the of knowledge broader amuch have can developments industrial and complexes shopping communities, of number increasing an of out kept are that Those livelihoods. pos hedging at aproficiency by also desperate by driven only not are poor the economies; service larger to relationship in information of tive flows effec for suited assemblages cutting-edge and detritus social of exemplary both are Slums spaces. different in and times ent differ at residents of kinds different to actors of kinds different be to try ously continu residents which in ways the to speak and lacks of avariety up making for or inclusiveness for appeals facile often its beyond go must politics urban Thus, incessantly try to bring about. about. bring to try incessantly themselves city, the in footholds secure without residents, that positions and ties identi agendas, of entanglements the opportunism but but opportunism apparently apparently political political sible sible gated gated

------could make use of each other. other. each of use make could peoples and locales different which in ways numerous consideration of out take to tend they words, other In city. In terms of spatial allocations and distri and allocations spatial of terms In partnerships. and policies multicultural forging and threats particular pose who those or needs special with those geting tar doing, are they what for accounting activities, and populations urban specific representing of processes with familiar quite We are concern. of matters urgent become other, each through and toward contexts and peoples diverse of section inter the steer to how as well as context, given any in capacity with act and exist co- can aspirations and localities actors, between differences how Therefore, advance. in innocence their prove stantly con must poor the said, has Massiah Gustav As scrutiny. such of basis the on simply action any of advance in guilty be to calculated are populations when and viewed, and scrutinized be to order in ‘delayed’ and up’ ‘held increasingly are populations when time apolitical is This made. –are security or viability profitability, –of assessments which on basis the alter that durations various of interventions multiple to subject be can and are nevertheless they dents, resi urban of majority the of inputs the beyond be may operations their of nature the While times. different at ways various in intersect that networks transnational and regional local, oscillating own its has domains these of Each building’. acity ‘cap and relations public provisioning, resource urban security, management, dealing in corporate intelligence, intelligence, corporate in dealing agencies management of ahost among exist also relationships Critical dicates. corpor transnational both example, for including, are too often perceived as matters of engin of matters as perceived often too are these Again, efficacy. and justice of questions critical about ments senti popular and practices institutional collaboration, of forms new generate to be could transmission, media inter as well as exchange, of circuits globalized increasingly along circulations cultural the planning, cross-sectoral of the movements, diasporic of expansive the Theoretically, pos certain of exclusion or dismissal the re to tend practices these butions,

208 the in being of ways and sibilities considerations of how the duration duration the how of considerations than rather mosaics, spatial eered ations and more mafia-type syn mafia-type more and ations considerations considerations intelligences intelligences experiences experiences mobilized mobilized strategic strategic inforce inforce active active

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selves are not given the necessary time time necessary the given not are selves them remake to and house feed, to dents resi by undertaken projects provisional the of many Africa, in cities regulate and stabilize to rush the in Particularly calm. and volatility timing, of amatter also but composition and scale of a matter just not is way collaborative and certed acon in operate to made and together brought be can What intervention. of ters - mat critical be can viewed are things how of up speeding or down slowing the and contingency of prolonging the memory, of intensity the impacts, of work in and through different times. different through and in work at be may processes these though even time, same the at creativity and justice politics, ethics, efficacy, on reflections combine to have interventions such, As time. the all –not times different at work all resistance and seduction compulsion, inducement, persuasion, words, other In demonstrated. long have shaping ioural behav and manipulation media of results sense common the –as times different at invisible, and visible things, doing of ways different requires happen, thing some making of situations, and events affecting of act the For debated. publicly the to incipient and invisible almost the –from consideration of registers ferent dif creating for and happen, things make could work’, ‘do its could setting ticular par any ways different many are There prohibited. or blocked explicitly not time, same the at are, and used not are that ties capaci and intelligences of range wide a harbours each and sites, these of all among pathways complicated are There forth. so and agencies, regulatory with connect to have streets the streets, the of sentiments the with connect to have engineers media engineers, media with connect to have firms consulting firms, consulting with connect to have localities localities, with connect to have Schools work. might synergies what see to other, each with connect and unfold to

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Trading Places The politics of ‘cityness’ and a world of deals

Trading Places The politics of ‘cityness’ and a world of deals 7 8 6 5 4 3 2 1

Global Networks/Linked Cities Networks/Linked Global Sassen, Saskia B. Yuen (Hunt, UK: Ashgate, 2002). Matthew Gandy, ‘Cyborg Urbanization: Complexity Complexity Urbanization: ‘Cyborg Gandy, Matthew 2002). Routledge, London: and York (New Management in East Asia East in Management Enhancing in Urban Corridor’, Hangzhou-Ningbo urban Growth in East Asia: The Case of China’s Peri- of Challenges ‘The Muller, L. and Webster D. 283-303; (1999): 23 Research Regional and Urban Region’,Metropolitan Dynamics of Development in Manila’s Extended Social The Urbanization: F. ‘Everyday Kelly, Philip 9-15. (2004): Text22 Social Chaos’, of Laws the and Mike Davis, ‘The Urbanization of Empire: Megacities 543-77. Antipode Policy’, Urban New the and Europe: UrbanLarge-Scale Development Projects and A. Rodriguez, ‘Neoliberal Urbanization in F. Moulaert, Swyngedouw, E. 349–379; (2002): 34 Antipode neoliberalism,’ existing actually of raphies geog the and ‘Cities Theodore, Nik and Brenner Neil 1002-1033. (2003): 46 Scientist comparison’, cross-national P. Kantor, ‘Urban strategies for a global era: A and London: Spon H. Press, 2000); Savitch and Forms, Global in CityRegion’, Regions: Their Emerging 2002 Center, Stanford Institute for International Studies, Research Pacific Asian the of Paper Working Asia’, Economies, Urban Regions, and Government in ‘Cosmopolitan Cities and nation Open States: York and London: Spon Press, 2002); T. Rohlen, (New Rim Pacific Asia the in Projects Urban Global Emerging Urbanity: Marshall, R. 320-340; (2002): 92 Geographers American of Association the of Annals World’, Less-Developed the in Cities of Geography Corporate the and ‘Globalization Nijman, J. and (Oxford: mega-projects Rim Pacific and culture, capital, Globalization and urban Olds, change: K. 331-41; 2000), Blackwell, (Oxford: Watson S. and Bridge City the to ACompanion in cities’, global and industrial and occupational restructuring in C. Hamnett, ‘Gentrification,postindustrialism, 1-90; 51 (1999): Planning in Taiwan’, Progress and Singapore, Kong, Hong of study A comparative Planning: Urban and Economy ‘Political Ng, M.K. 1997). Press, University Indiana IN: (Bloomington, 1890-1990 area Nairobi the in trade and men women, way: the showed Trouble Robertson, Claire 2004); Press, University Duke London: and NC (Durham, Bolivia Urban in Performance and Violence City: Spectacular The Goldstein, Daniel 53-72; (1997): 18 Quarterly World Third people”’, “informal Asef Bayat, ‘Uncivil theSociety: politics of the 209 2004). Blackwell, (Oxford: Present Colonial The Gregory, Derek 2003); Press, University Cornell NY: (Ithaca, Millionaires Nomad and Places, Virtual Markets, Sovereign World: Offshore The Palen, Rolan International Journal of Urban and Regional Regional and Urban of Journal International City’, Contemporary the in Monstrosity and ; U. Kaothien and D. Webster, ‘The Bangkok eds. R. Simmonds and G. Hack (New York York (New Hack G. and Simmonds R. eds.

Oxford University Press, 2001); R. Grant Grant R. 2001); Press, University Oxford International Journal of , eds. American Behavioral M. Freire and 34 (2002): (2002): 34 , eds. G. G. , eds.

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9

Quarterly South man’, of Atlantic rights the of subject the is ‘Who Rancière Jacque Commissioners; & the Architects) Greek of (Association SADAS-PEA of Architecture, Venice Biennale, 2002. Athens: Exhibition International 8th the in participation Greek the for Catalogue Architects. Greek of ed. Hellenic Ministry of Culture, Association para-urbanism’, in and city-planning ‘Official Philippides, Dmitri Philosophy Virtual and Science Intensive DeLanda, Manuel term. DeLanda’s Manuel To use 2002). Verso, Zero Ground Virilio, Paul 2003). Karthala, (Paris: Igué J. and Damon J. eds. possible, atouts Quels mondial. compétition la L’Afrique in publics’, de espaces l’Ouestdes dans ‘Modes de régulation politique et reconfiguration Richard Banégas and Ruth Marshall-Fratani, Ruth and Banégas Richard 2005). IUED, societies Socialin practices and empowerment in urban changes’, spatial and practices ‘Social Kaufmann, Vincent and Bolay Jean-Claude Pedrazzini, Yves 2006). Barcelona, of Culture Contemporary for Centre (Barcelona: Barcelona Central in Transformation Social and Culture Raval: the to From Rius, the Xino Joaquim and Subirats Joan 1999). Press, Copperbelt Zambian the on Life Urban of Meanings and Myths James Ferguson, Research , ed. NCCR North-South, IP5 (Lausanne: (Lausanne: IP5 North-South, NCCR , ed. 29 (2005): 26-49. 26-49. (2005): 29 103 (2004): 297-310. (2004): 103 (Berkeley, CA: University of California (London: Continuum, 2002). Continuum, (London: Expectations of Modernity: Modernity: of Expectations Athens 2002 Absolute Realism, Realism, Absolute 2002 Athens (New York and London: London: and York (New

210 Thank You USA Prishtina

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Prishtina, Kosovo, 2006 212

Hillary boutique on Bill Clinton Boulevard, Prishtina, 2006

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Post-war businesses, Prishtina, 2006

Centre of Prishtina during the ‘Thanksgiving Days for USA’, 20-23 November 2006 214

215

Serbian Orthodox Church next to the National and University Library, begun during the 1990s by the Miloševic´ regime; the building project was abandoned but the shell still remains Phristina, 2006 216

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The National and University Library, designed by Andrija Mutnjakovic and completed in 1981; during the 1999 Kosovo war the building served as headquarters for the Serb military Prishtina, 2006 218

Centre of Prishtina during the ‘Thanksgiving Days for USA’, 20-23 November 2006

Trading Places Interview

Forest Rising Rural school in the Brazilian state of Acre Prishtina, 2006 Marjetica Potrc The Curve, Barbican Art Gallery, London, 2007

PM/HM: In your exhibition work to the world community. They propose example, take Xapuri: Rural School, 219 Temporary Building Strategies you a small-scale economy as a workable which I showed at the Sao Paulo Marjetica Potrc Marjetica trace moments of eruptions of new alternative in an age beyond the ideolo- Biennial in 2006. This is a case study spatial realities in locations as distant gies of communism or capitalism. of a primary school that has been built from each other as Latin America in a remote area of the Amazonian and the Western Balkans. What is My practice is focused on on-site forest in the Brazilian state of Acre. your interest in pursuing this kind projects as well as on exhibition-based Typically, such a school is equipped of fieldwork? works. These latter are case studies. with extensive solar panelling and a I started to exhibit case studies as a satellite dish, in other words a source way of pointing to building practices of energy and a means for communica- across the world that are about self- tion with the world. The school stands sustainable architecture and are, typi- for knowledge, the solar panels stand cally, small in scale, which means they for power, and the satellite dish stands represent bottom-up initiatives. As an for communication. The Acreans call such schools ‘power kits’.

I believe that architecture is a living language. You can read it. By read- ing architecture you can understand the value systems of the people who Marjetica Potrc : I am interested in build it. The case study of the Prishtina bottom-up initiatives and, yes, you House is a good example. I showed it We say that in Prishtina a citizen can say that when I do this I am also twice, once at the Portikus in Frankfurt is the smallest state. Prishtina House tracing the dissolution of top-down and a second time at the Kunstverein also points to successful survival initiatives, such as the modernist in Hamburg. Its decorative façade in conditions where the state infra project. The modernist state is or and the way it demarcates its territory structure has broken down. At times ganized top-down and is large-scale. point to the celebration of existence by when there are electricity outages I believe that the future will be on a the mostly rural population who have and the street lighting doesn’t work, smaller scale, and that it will depend landed in Prishtina in recent years. the Prishtina House provides the more and more on individuals who Prishtina is the capital city of Kosovo, street light, which is powered from are socially conscious. For instance, where currently you have three differ- the house itself. the people in the Amazonian state of ent governments; this means that no Acre, in Brazil, who manage extraction government really functions properly PM/HM: Talking about spatial devel- reserves, which are small-scale terri - and the people themselves are con- opments in Prishtina and those new tories, are aware of their contributions structing the city from the bottom up. hybrid structures that are emerging in many other cities in this region, there really obvious which struck me deeply: of some 15 families. Today, the extent traditional communities such as rubber 220 is a lack of terminology to describe the the shrinking of the ideal residential of people’s desired co-existence is tappers and Indians. I call such frag- new aggregations of people and com- unit in the region. In the 1980s, you small in scale. Note that 15 years ago, mentation a happy fragmentation. It is munities. Are they a side effect of glob would have residential neighbour- modernist architecture, as well the also a great example of collaboration alized economies, a kind of globalized hoods with maybe 10,000 residents. modernist state, defined the main- between the state of Acre and local language aligned with more peripheral Today in the Western Balkans, there are stream way of life both in the Western communities. The self-dissolution of cultural connections? new architectural typologies of resi- Balkans and in the former Western the state territory came about because dential architecture that are dramati- Europe. The new typologies I’m talking both local communities and the state Marjetica Potrc: When I travelled cally smaller: the Urban Village and about are entering the architectural recognized the failure of large-scale through the region of the Western the Urban Villa. The Urban Village is a language of the European Union only modernist projects in Acre in the past Balkans with Kyong Park in 2005, we community of about 2,000 people, slowly and timidly. You can say that in (such as the large-scale extraction of found there was one thing that was while the Urban Villa is a community this regard the Western Balkans is a timber, the large-scale extraction of faster region and the European Union rubber, the clearing of the forest for is a slower region. cattle pasture, and of course infra

PM/HM: You articulate a strong belief in local governance rather than hier archically organized forms of power, and the question then is how can we take care that these collaborations and forms of co-existence are played out in a sustainable and non-oppres- sive way?

Marjetica Potrc: I come from the former Yugoslavia, where the fragmentation of territories over the last 15 years was traumatic and terrible because of the wars in the 1990s. All the social structures collapsed. During this same period, in Brazil’s western state of Acre, more than half the state territory was given to small-scale communities for self-management. These are extraction reserves populated by

Prishtina, 2006 Prishtina, 2006

Trading Places Interview

House in the Peyton area of Prishtina Prishtina House Marjetica Potrc This Place is My Place – Begehrte Orte, Kunstverein in Hamburg, 2006

structural projects such as the railway in Belgrade and Tirana actually allowed In Brazil, you see it if you look at Hélio rethought. It used to be a negative 221 and highway). But another reason was these cities to survive. Informality also Oiticica, who talks in ‘Mundo Abrigo’ term, describing the dissolution of that they recognized a possible future: expressed the need to redefine the (‘world shelter’) about the individual a unity. These days, it is recognized successful territories such as extrac- social contract. One must understand who is socially conscious, who under- as a force for democracy. It’s about tion reserves are self-sustainable and that eventually every kind of informal- stands himself or herself as a part of families, clans, communities, group small in scale. It is also about survival. ity desires to become formalized in a the world but also as contributing to identities, bottom-up initiatives, new The communities in the Acrean forest new social contract. it. In the 1960s, this was packaged citizenships and self-rule, all building say, ‘If we survive in the forest, the for- as a kind of utopia. Note that the up to a larger society. est will survive, and this is good for all.’ Existence and co-existence are givens, term Balkanization has been recently In the Western Balkans, informality but how you practice them is not a took off in the 1990s (with the infor- given. In my work, I point to the power mal city, the informal economy, the individuals have when they try to build informal construction industry, etc.) their lives, and in so doing re-formulate because the state was non-existent. co-existence and existence. At some point, the informal economy I used to be uncomfortable when talking about the future, until I got involved with the Europe Lost and Found project and the Lost Highway Expedition. I always thought it was utopian to ask, ‘What is the future?’ I realize that I am using the word more and more. I am particularly interested in the future of territorialization. I am talking about acceleration into a fragmentation of territories, but I am also talking about individuals. When individuals are socially conscious, they are aware of, and can pursue, the common good. I am now talking about a concept called singularité . The term has been with us since the 1970s, if you think about theories of Yona Friedman and Constant’s New Babylon, the Mobile City, and so on. There are many successful and 222 articulate bottom-up initiatives today. There must be a reason for this. One typical example that comes to mind is ‘Barefoot College’ in India, a project that started 30 years ago because of the failure of the state there. Today the group is successful not only because they can manage their own little settlement, but also because their strength actually comes from the fact that they collaborate with other rural communities across the world – in Kenya, Eritrea, Afghanistan, southern India, Nepal and so on. The network they produced is cross-national and a very good example of the strength of a network.

Visionaries of the ‘60s Meet Doers of 2006 II Tirana, 2006 Marjetica Potrc

Trading Places Interview

VOID: A View from Acropolis An xurban collective installation project at Platform Garanti Contemporary Art, Istanbul, 2006

PM/HM: On the website of xurban_ that – in collaboration with Google – 223 collective, there’s a manifesto with 11 the government can track search words xurban points, and in one of these you men- and prosecute people who are surfing tion that as long as English continues certain networks and websites, etc. to be the common language, the Of course, for us the situation is differ- internet will remain the last and ent. We get invited to do exhibitions only transnational territory... abroad and can travel more easily. But that’s no indication of the situation. Guven Incirlioglu: This relates to global Let me, for example, talk about the restrictions imposed upon the circula- proposal we handed in for the Istanbul tion of bodies. Some of our projects Biennial in 2005 when it had a second involve a kind of transfer, and this is venue in Eindhoven and it exhibited a topic now high on our agenda. What works from Istanbul there. For this is being globalized is capital and its space we formulated a proposal circulation, as well as commodities. that proceeded from the idea of the Yet at the same time, we increasingly European Union and the Turkish bid for see people locked up within their own EU membership. We came up with a territories and not free to travel at all. kind of allegory of matrimony between Interestingly enough, in Turkey, which our country and the EU. Actually, we is getting closer to becoming part of don’t know if this ‘wedding’ is ever Europe – at least in negotiations – it is going to happen, though either way ever more difficult for Turkish citizens one of the fears of European conser and taking it to Eindhoven to be put on Guven Incirlioglu: I think we’ve more to get visas, especially Schengen visas. vatives and national leftists is contami- display there, and then doing similar to do with the idea of ‘art’ than politics. On the one hand, Istanbul receives nation. This has to do with the Turkish research in the neighbourhood, as the Of course politics plays a very big more and more people from abroad, population living in Europe, with their brothels in Istanbul were also very close role. In any case we try to come up especially from Western Europe; on the not being integrated or refusing to to the venues of the Biennial. The idea with specific content and deal with other hand, people from Turkey aren’t be naturalized. So in the European had to do with transferring materials specific issues. But in the end, what nearly as free to travel as they were subconscious there’s always this from Turkey and dealing with this trans- we’re producing is art, a work of art. It before the Schengen Agreement. So stereotype about the Turkish Muslim. fer across transnational borders. always has something very particular, this idea of the ‘transnational’ actu- This has to do with the situation in and a lot of times it can be very poetic. ally relates more to the web, though Europe right now as well as history. PM/HM: In light of your experiences It’s not just about writing or about there’s also a lot of news about how For the exhibition, we suggested taking with xurban’s proposal for the 9th manifesting something, nor is it just the internet might not, in fact, be totally this idea of contamination and using Istanbul Biennial, how do you perceive about commenting. A photograph or a accessible to everybody either. Recent it to provoke. We proposed picking up the current possibilities and perils of video is something complete in itself, news from China, for example, reports the garbage from brothels in Istanbul political art? and although it might have a political agenda, it’s also an entity of its own PM/HM: Do you think that by working 224 – and this is important for us. with these parameters there’s a risk of I’ve always thought the turning point producing colonial gestures in which was probably in the 1990s. Until then, one simply avails oneself of political many artists were internalizing issues or social realities in search of ‘artistic’ from their experiences. In the 1990s, it feedstock? seems – at least with some exhibitions – that the idea of engaging oneself in Guven Incirlioglu: Yes and, now that political issues and trying to get the you mention the colonial, maybe local community involved or working I should go back to the context of with it was part of the agenda. Even a Turkey, or Istanbul specifically. For look at the main theme of the Istanbul example, Edward Said was for a long Biennial reveals that the issues shifted time very welcome in Turkey, in schol- in the 1990s. The Biennial in 2001 was arly circles, and what he wrote in his entitled Egofugal, ‘Escape from the book Orientalism was very relevant, Ego’, which sure made sense! In any or at least it seemed to be relevant for case, that’s what was needed. So, this Turkey at the time. As you know, there trend started in the 1990s. Though in are also many indications of this coun- certain ways I see what’s happening trie s ‘Orientalization’, despite its being now to be something like a decline in a former empire and much prouder (!) art; at the same time there’s a rise in of its past than other colonial or post- politics and dissidence, and a siding colonial countries. with global resistance. Now time has passed, and today For example, this decline in art was I think the idea of colonization is not very apparent in the Istanbul Biennial very relevant at all. I don’t consider 2005. Not that works have to be per- in Africa and Asia for many years; an artist who comes to Istanbul and fectly crafted and exhibited, but I think they have organized local communities works in Istanbul a neo-Orientalist. the political content of many artworks to achieve certain ends and improve That’s not how things work anymore: doesn’t get across due to the poor people’s lives, and so on. This is a form people are more mobile, and a lot of execution of the photographs, videos of voluntary activism, but at no time their experiences have become very and/or materials used. The other have these individuals claimed they are ephemeral. Many of us Turks are problem has to do with confusing mis- doing art. In any case, what we see in tourists, too: we can do similar things sionary or social work with art. These a lot of artworks is a growing tendency when we go to Berlin, that is, stay for a are completely different fields: people to blend social activism with art, which couple of weeks, do stuff and exhibit. have been working in the Third World is also problematic, I suppose. In this context, I see this as normal.

VOID: A View from Acropolis VOID: A View from Acropolis Installation view Detail

Trading Places Interview

VOID: A View from Acropolis VOID: A View from Acropolis xurban collective has researched, observed and Detail An xurban collective installation project at Platform Garanti investigated the framework of dialogues between the Contemporary Art, Istanbul, 2006 two neighbouring sites of Bergama and the area’s gold mines. In their inquiry the idea of ‘a dig’ has been applied literally and conceptually to extract and collect evidence of spaces between the archaeological formation and Admittedly, experiences are often the contextual framework that the site rests on. Earth 225 taken from the area of Bergama and transported to more superficial, but this is true on Istanbul rests in a mound in the window of Platform all sides. What’s more, the view is no Garanti as a symbol of digging, transferral and void. Large format photographs depict in minute detail the longer unidirectional, from the West plants that blanket the archaeological ruins in a pro to the East, from colonizer to the tective layer. colony. The phenomenon of superficial experience is global. Yet I wouldn’t say I see some kind of conspiracy behind this, in terms of neo-colonization. If anything, the conspiracy is broader; for instance you have the US, the military industrial complex and multi nationals involved in a country. The conspiracy is not on the level of ideas or views of a certain place. It’s more about how, for example, the micro- economy of Istanbul is changing very fast, a lot of shops are closing, and a great deal of local production and exchange is giving way to global brands, multinationals and their subsidiaries. PM/HM: You work with a variety of agendas. Or you realize that certain the University of Arts in Berlin. We very important to discuss in this city. 226 very different formats in the field of questions come up in the process of a founded an open group of 15 or 20 Especially our being critical of what Jesko F architecture: you are part of the collec- project, and then you occupy yourself people called Freies Fach – it was a was happening in Berlin architecturally tive behind Pro qm bookshop, you are with the issue, you read a book about kind of self-training course on political became too narrow or too boring or co-editor of An Architektur magazine it, or you meet some people. On the and economic questions in the field was not connected to questions that as well as a practising architect. How other hand, of course, there are the fi- of architecture and urban design. It we found important. And we thought it do all these different formats interact nancial dynamics behind all this, which was also an activist group against would be interesting to have a format with one another? means you have to have a job to make the revanchist redesign of Berlin in a like a magazine that claims to be a real money for the next half year. Such a neo-traditional manner that empha- architecture magazine and claims to

ezer Jesko Fezer: I think it is quite impos- job, for example, a job in the academic sized economic, budgetary matters. have a real audience – a broad audi- sible to practice architecture without context, where I have had different We had a lot of seminars, readings, ence, or let’s say a broad audience for talking about politics and it is impos- teaching positions, can enable you to discussions and regular demonstra- architecture. In a way, we continued on sible to work as in the cultural sphere develop a project. On the other hand, tions and public actions in Berlin. Just with the same understanding of archi- without reflecting on the social dyna the idea of the bookshop developed when we stopped working as Freies tecture as we had had in Freies Fach, mics of urban life. It is also impossible in the context of doing project-based Fach, we were invited to the exhibition but not on the level of activism but of to think about these things without work over several years, like exhibi- Violence is at the Margin of All Things discourse. With this exhibition, we had relating to other people working in tions or other cultural spaces for polit organized by Andreas Siekmann and a budget to research the issue of secu- the field and without trying to build a ical discourses. It evolved out of the Alice Creischer. We took the occasion rity and its impact on architecture, so relationship with the public, no matter dilemma that you need, for instance, to rethink our work, though not solely we thought: let’s start up a magazine how such a public might be. So the a bar or club that is working well in in a Berlin-based context, because with that money and continue on. formats – for example, doing a maga - order to make your film. I thought it this was becoming in many ways too zine, having a bookshop, working as would be easier to create that kind of confined for us: all the issues of its dull PM/HM: Many of the things you are an architect or as an artist – always basic economic structure with a book- conservative architecture, the ongoing involved in have to do with education have to do with the question of audi - shop. So, in a way, it has been a very privatization of the public realm and or self-education, such as the Camp for ence and users, with the question of autobiographical development, and it the racist discrimination that are still Oppositional Architecture. Why did you discipline and self-reflection in terms would be difficult for me to find a more develop this particular approach and of a political understanding of what general line in this process. what were your experiences? cultural production means. For me this has always been a step- PM/HM: How did An Architektur Jesko Fezer: The question of educa- by-step thing: you work on a certain enter the equation? tion is very interesting, though I had project and then you realize that you never thought about it in the way you need a certain format to fulfil what Jesko Fezer: The magazine An just used it – as an underlying concept; you want to do or say, and you need Architektur was a continuation of but I can relate to it as something that to cooperate with certain people, and an architecture student project we is about the distribution of information find out about therire interests and established in the mid-1990s at and knowledge. If we define education

An Architektur 16 Material on David Harvey Flexible Akkumulation durch Urbanisierung, cover, 2006

Trading Places Interview

Camp for Oppositional Architecture ‘Hier entsteht’ Sleeping accommodations, Berlin, 2004 Jesko Fezer & Mathias Heyden, Volksbühne am Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz and ErsatzStadt, Berlin, 2003

as not being just about information, related to the idea of the platform and This can only be achieved by step- 227 but also about legitimizing information, its social dimensions, the creation of ping actively and consciously into or empowering information, I think knowledge, or the projective dimen- the flexible realms of the economic ‘education’ might be able to stand sion of such a meeting. It was not easy sphere, and the stable hierarchies and in a quite abstract sense for a very at all to figure out what our common discourse of the political. As a rule this powerful social process of knowledge position in relation to mainstream archi has been undertaken either as a neo distribution. There is a kind of group tecture might be. So to give it as We liberal project that uses and reduces or context, a big or small audience or ere quitepeople the call and were even the state and thus politics in order to public sphere where this information interested in .Twhere lot of .The mere let the economy unfold its powers, is shared, and where it has a certain idea of this camp generated meaning: or as a more or less socialist project one underscoring the existence of a that tries to restrain the economy by kind of oppositional architecture. This strengthening the state. Unfortunately might sound strange, because such this was what architects did through- architecture is regarded as impossible, out the last century – they brought in a but that was exactly the point. After the bit more state and a bit more economy second Oppositional Camp in Utrecht than they had originally intended. But last year, and preparing one in Vienna/ how about a concept of politics that Bratislava and in Istanbul, this seems is not in need of a nation state and to have been a good starting point omy and the political system modify its regulations, one that gets rid of for diverse theoretical and practical themselves all the time, but how they neoliberal considerations entirely? discussions. relate to the built environment is still Yet to think about this and how it would very problematic, and it is of course allow architects to position social life PM/HM: How would you describe the extremely important to think about in space, to reorganize the economy in relationship between your working how architecture might redefine its space and to open political discourses methods and the political and econom- relation to the political and economic in space, would be an interesting ic realities of Berlin today, where there sphere. What is its role in the dominant opportunity to start redefining such is not much official work for architects, conceptsin under people On the other considerations. Of course, in moments yet an abundance of experimental hand, architecture has to discuss the of shifts in power, be it in the concep - projects on interstitial spaces? role economies play in the formation of the self, the economy or the plausibility, or is legitimized in the tion of a city or even a local space. political sphere, the ensuing confusion process of sharing it. Of course, our Jesko Fezer: There are new restrictions The only chance we have, as I under- is – to put it optimistically – always a Camp for Oppositional Architecture and new political concepts of inclusion, stand it, is to invent certain spaces of great chance. was primarily about building up a but the question of how architecture freedom away from overwhelming social basis for sharing information. works in the field of political economy economic pressures and political There is a certain offensive naivety is in a way still the same. The econ- institutionalization. PM/HM: P.A.R.A.S.I.T.E. Museum is sessed, transmitted, and used? ance, and power in everyday life, art In 1999 we initiated the project 228 a virtual museum and was initiated Another, closely related issue was that and society. We remix, appropriate, CODE:RED as an ongoing collab Tadej Pogacˇar in 1993, at a time when physical sites of social visibility: we question what redirect and confound recent states orative, interdisciplinary platform for in the Balkans were highly contested. we see and what we fail to see, what and orders. Some interventions have discussion and research into models You proposed something that happens we consider ‘natural’ and what we questioned the order and hierarchy of of self-organization of urban minor without proper physicality. What was find disturbing. We’ve intervened in institutions; others, their ideologies ities, global sex work, and human the concept behind this move? art museums, permanent and private and the hidden logic of their collec- trafficking. This platform uses both real collections as well as history and tions. An example: in a cultural institu- and virtual spaces, and takes the form Tadej Pogacˇar: We can describe natural history museums, etc. tion in Ljubljana (which was temporary of an open dialogue between artists, P.A.R.A.S.I.T.E. Museum as a notional, declared a P.A.R.A.S.I.T.E. Museum sex workers and the public in selected parallel art institution, a mobile spirit site) we prepared – in addition to an urban environments. CODE:RED em- ual entity that establishes specific exhibition – an official meeting with ploys various forms of public action, interrelationships among a variety the entire staff in order to introduce me activism and subversions in media. It of subjects, societies, institutions, as their new director. They were also is clear that contemporary society still social groups and symbolic net- informed that for the next month they draws a sharp line between the groups works. The P.A.R.A.S.I.T.E. Museum would have to follow new rules and it sees as inside society and those it of Contemporary Art doesn’t have orders, for they were now employees views as outside. In order to survive, its own premises or staff, but rather of P.A.R.A.S.I.T.E. Museum. Of course those excluded are forced to organ- adopts territories, chooses different they found this confusing... ize themselves and how they do so is spaces and feeds on the juices of other radically different from those whose institutions. As a ‘parallel art institu- PM/HM: You have produced a series identity is part of a ‘legitimate’ social tion’ it serves as a critical model for of works on human trafficking and sex analysing the systems and the institu- work in which you collaborate with far tions within it, and as a framework for less institutionalized groups. How did the introduction of alternative forms of this engagement with marginalized communication and the establishment communities come about? of new connections. Its operations are not based primarily on the produc- Tadej Pogacˇar: In the mid-1990s tion of objects, but on the creation Over the years we have evolved our our interest shifted more to the city, of situations and the cultivation of own operational strategy, called ‘new especially to urban minorities and relationships. parasitism’. It can be described as a public space: uncoded spaces, Our early interventions in museums subtle deconstruction of the horizons non-spaces, appropriation of public raised questions about order and of the everyday and a relentless chal- space, etc. We introduced collabora- knowledge: How are they produced lenging of the social systems used to tive ways of working based on equal and structured? How are they pos- establish centralizing forces, domin partnerships.

CODE:RED Bangkok monApoly – A Human Trade Game Lecture by Ana Lopes, Sparwasser HQ, Berlin, 2005 Edition of 50 signed and numbered games, 2004

Trading Places Interview

CODE:RED USA CODE:RED Venice Street media, New York, 2002 Red Umbrellas March, Venice, 2001

structure. Urban minority sex workers ades found themselves in a dilemma: health, documentation, communica- national net art community. Yet reality 229 are among those excluded. They have due to the changed conditions of the tion and culture. In 2005 it established once again caught up with us: we no basic civil or human rights. In many new global economy, their legislation a fashion brand called Daspu. In less were being too idealistic when we countries their work is not recognized turned out to be outdated and useless than a year this fashion brand became ignored the basic rules of geography as work at all. They are stigmatized, – a situation that brought on a new famous, nationally and internationally. and politics underlying such locations. victimized and brutalized. They must state of chaos. Beside prostitutes, young designers The art market is hungry and needs to organize and raise their voices if they The World Congress of Sex Workers and internationally renowned models rediscover Russia, China, Finland and want to survive. and New Parasitism in 2001 was joined to collaborate on the project. even the Balkans. Without exception, the first public manifestation of the This is a true success story. Since then recent shows from the Balkans have CODE:RED project. This project we have done projects with different reflected Western stereotypes and emerged as a consequence of our groups from New York, Tirana, Madrid, prejudices; they do not give a proper co-operation with Comitato per i Diritti Graz, Pordenone, Berlin, etc. picture of cultural production in the Civili delle Prostitute from Pordenone, Balkan region. Yet there are still small, one of the leading organizations for PM/HM: How do you feel about the individual and self-organized initiatives the protection of sex workers in Italy. strange blend of optimistic interest in in South America, the United States, It took place within the framework of transitional spaces that are character- Eastern Europe, Asia... They have the 49th Venice Biennale in a public ized by self-organized networks on the not forgotten what notions like co space, a tent, at Giardini and was called one hand, and the resurgent obsession operation, the past or solidarity mean. Prostitute Pavilion (Padiglione delle with specific geographies on the other? What is more, they work locally and Prostitute). The congress was con- this makes it possible to change and ceived as a creative platform for con- improve local conditions. Once more nections, exchange and information. I’d like to emphasize: for us strategies The list of the participating groups and of mobility and adoptability are very organizations included group activists important – like parasites in nature, and individuals from Taiwan, Thailand, we have to be small and clever to Cambodia, Vietnam, Italy, Germany, recognize hidden channels and paths the US and Australia. Another recent through diverse territories. interesting joint project is CODE:RED After the fall of the Berlin Wall, we Brazil, Daspu, initiated in collaboration experienced a massive flow of migrant with Davida. Davida is a non-profit prostitution into Western Europe. The organization founded in Rio de Janeiro Western countries were not prepared in 1992 to promote the inclusion of Tadej Pogacˇar: In the heroic age of the for this new situation. Countries that prostitutes as citizens. The main tools of Internet, optimism surged. ljudmila had developed an advanced policy to- the Davida group are actions and inter (lubljana digital media lab) in Ljubljana wards sex work over the previous dec- ventions into the fields of education, was an important place for the inter