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Traditional Drugs Sold by Herbal Healers in Haridwar, India

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Traditional Drugs Sold by Herbal Healers in Haridwar, India Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 13(3), July 2014, pp. 600-605 Traditional drugs sold by herbal healers in Haridwar, India Kumar Avinash Bharati*1 & Mukesh Kumar2 1Raw Materials Herbarium and Museum Delhi (RHMD), CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources, New Delhi-110012, India 2Sahu Jain Post-Graduate College, Najibabad-246763, India E-mail: [email protected] Received 09.07.13, revised 31.01.2014 The herbal healers are descendants of ancient medicine men. They sell raw herbal drugs used against various common ailments at road side. A total of 22 herbal raw samples were purchased from these healers. The information on therapeutic properties, price, dosage and duration of treatment has been documented. Out of them, 13 plant species have been identified and their medicinal properties were compared with the Indian Materia Medica. It has been observed that medicinal systems of the herbal healers are independent (only 22.22% similarities) from Indian Materia Medica. Keywords: Crude drug, Vendor, Medicinal plant, Haridwar, Traditional medicine, Herbal healer IPC Int. Cl.8: A61K 36/00 As per the WHO report about 80% of the world They have acquired therapeutic knowledge from population is dependent on traditional medicines for their forefathers and give herbal drugs for many primary healthcare. In developing countries, it is human ailments especially the common ones. Usually commonly prevalent due to cultural acceptability, low poor people purchase medicines from these herbal cost, easy availability, and faith in system and lesser healers. side effects1. In addition, traditional medicines Identification of herbal drugs sold in local market provide “socio-economic security” to millions of is necessary to: (1) identify the species in commercial people against unemployment2. Consequently, in demand; (2) document and conserve traditional recent past, the use of herbal medicines has been knowledge; (3) identify species may require special increased all over the world. In India, it is about one conservation efforts; (4) understand and access billion US $ industry and export of plant based crude demand of species before preparation of successful drugs is around $ 80 million1. conservation strategy for flagship species. Haridwar is an important pilgrimage of Hindus. On market survey of crude drugs only few It is situated on the bank of river Ganges on the publications are available from India4-15. The geographical coordinates of 29° 58' 0" N, 78° 10' 0" identities of herbal crude drugs sold by herbal healers E in Uttarakhand, India. Every millions of pilgrims of Haridwar have not been studied so far. Therefore, and tourists take holy bath in river Ganges. Since, the the present study was undertaken with the following city is flooded with pilgrims and tourist throughout objectives: the year, road side herbal healers are commonly seen 1. to determine the identify of crude drugs sold by near center places like Har-ki-Pauri, railway station, herbal healers etc. (Fig. 1). The herbal healers are frequently seen 2. to identify the species in trade selling crude drugs on the busy streets. They come on 3. to document and conserve traditional knowledge busy streets around 8.00 AM and remain there till 4. to access the total number of plants species sold in evening. The healers are descendants of ancient local market by herbal healers nomadic medicine men. Now-a-days they wonder from cities to cities and sell crude drugs on road side3. Methodology —————— The drugs were purchased from the herbal healers *Corresponding author during April-May, 2012 in Haridwar by the first BHARATI & KUMAR: TRADITIONAL DRUGS SOLD BY HERBAL HEALERS IN HARIDWAR, INDIA 601 Fig. 1—A, Hari ki pauri; B, a vendor; C – F, vendors are selling crude drugs near Har ki pauri and railway station author to determine the identities of species. Prior were updated according to the plant list consent was taken and information about name of the (www.plantlist.org). The specimens have been drug, plant parts, and methods of remedy preparation, deposited at Raw Materials Herbarium and Museum dosages and duration of treatment were recorded. (RHMD), New Delhi. A comparative assessment with In Haridwar, areas near Har-ki-pauri and railway Indian Materia Medica was done to find out their station were selected because road side healers are correlation with existing information. common at these places. A total of 14 herbal healers were consulted and crude drugs were purchased. Results All the healers were male, aged between 22 - 37 yrs. Products of 22 species of plants were seen in road Their ancestry is from Rajasthan and following the side market of Haridwar, these were being sold by traditional family occupation. The healers collect herbal healers, of these 13 species have been plant part from wild and sell in road side market. identified (Table 1; Figs. 2 & 3) and nine species The specimens of crude drugs were collected for remain unidentified. The root is most frequently used identification. The specimens were identified with the plant parts (10 species), followed by stem (6 species), help of relevant literatures16 and by morphological fruit (3 species), stem bark (2 species) and seed and microscopic studies. Further, the specimens were (1 species). It has been observed that most of healers match with authentic specimens preserved in Raw have treatment for 4 broad groups of ailments: Materials Herbarium and Museum (RHMD), New (a) digestive system, (b) sex power, (c) cold, cough & Delhi. The botanical names of the plant specimens fever and (d) dermatological. 602 INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL 13, NO. 3, JULY 2014 Table 1—List of identified crude drugs sold by herbal healers in Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India S. No Herbs sold as [name Parts used: Uses Botanical names [family] field No. Mode of Cost in `* (US $) in Devnagari script] application 1. Satavar Root: lactation Asparagus curillus Buch.-Ham. ex Oral; about @ ` 200-300 [सतावर, सावर] Roxb. [Asparagaceae] KAB 14 100 gm powder ($ 3.63-5.45) Note: according to Ayurveda Satavar is with milk at per Kg. Asparagus racemosus Willd. morning, 1×1 2. Saymal ki Jar Root: increase sex Bombax ceiba L. [Malvaceae] KAB 15 Oral; about @ ` 50- 60 ($ 0.90- [सेमल की जड़] power 100 gm powder 1.09) per 20 pieces with sugar, 1×1 for 2 weeks 3. Nagar gutta Seed: stomach-ache Caesalpinia crista L. [Fabaceae] KAB 12 Oral; one seed @ ` 20 ($ 0.36) [नागर गटा] in children rubbed on stone per 5-6 pieces given with mother’s milk, 2×1 4. Kali haldi Rhizome: cough and Curcuma caesia Roxb. [Zingiberaceae] Oral; about @ ` 10 ($ 0.18) [काली हदी] cold in children 20 gm powder per 10 pieces with luke warm milk, 2×1 5. Kali musli Rhizome: tonic Delphinium denudatum Wall. ex Oral; about @ ` 20 ($ 0.36) [काली मूसली] Hook.f. & Thomson [Ranunculaceae] 50 gm with milk, per 5-8 pieces KAB 31 2×1 Note: according to Ayurveda Kali Musli is Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. [Hypoxidaceae] 6. Putay Jari [पुटे जड़ी] Root: indigestion, Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav.; syn. Oral; about 20 @ ` 10 ($ 0.18) anorexia, flatulence Eruca sativa Mill. [Brassicaceae] gm powder, 2×1 each pieces KAB 22 7. Jangli Bargad Stem bark: Ficus tinctoria subsp. gibbosa (Blume) Oral; about @ ` 20 ($ 0.36) [जंगली बरगद] diarrhoea Corner; syn. Ficus gibbosa Blume 20gm powder, per 100 gm [Moraceae] KAB 18 4×1 8. Ganwayl ki jar, Root: increase Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F.Muell. Oral; about 50 @ ` 50 ($ 0.90) Ratan purush [गनवे semen, erectile [Violaceae] KAB 16 gm powder with per 10 pieces dysfunction milk; 1×1 for की जड़, रतन पुष] one month 9. Balam kheera Fruit: flatulence, Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth.; Oral; about 50 @ ` 70-100 [बालम खीरा] indigestion syn. Kigelia pinnata (Jacq.) DC. gm powder, 2×1 ($ 1.27-1.81) each [Bignoniaceae] KAB 04 10. Arjun ki chaal Stem bark: Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Oral; decoction, @ ` 20 ($ 0.36) [अजुxन की छाल] furunculus/boil Wight & Arn. [Combretaceae] KAB 27 one glass (250 per 100 gm ml), 1×1 for 2 weeks 11. Bahayra [बहेड़ा] Fruit: piles, Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Oral; about @ ` 10 ($ 0.18) anorexia, diarrhoea, [Combretaceae] KAB 23 50 powder, 2×1 per 5 pieces sore throat 12. Harad [हरड़] Fruit: constipation, Terminalia chebula Retz. Oral; about @ ` 10 ($ 0.18) anorexia [Combretaceae] KAB 19 50gm powder, per 5 pieces 2×1 13. Geeloay [िगलोय़] Stem: fever, Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers Oral; about @ ` 10 ($ 0.18) jaundice [Menispermaceae] KAB 09 50 gm powder, per 5-8 pieces 3×1for one month Abbreviations: ` Indian currency; US $ 1 = ca 55 Indian rupees. *The prices are average vary with healer to healer. BHARATI & KUMAR: TRADITIONAL DRUGS SOLD BY HERBAL HEALERS IN HARIDWAR, INDIA 603 Fig. 2—A, Asparagus curillus Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.; B, Bombax ceiba L.; C, Caesalpinia crista L.; D, Curcuma caesia Roxb.; E, Delphinium denudatum Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson; F, Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav.; G, Ficus tinctoria subsp. gibbosa (Blume) Corner H, Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F.Muell.; I-J, Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth; K-L, Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn.; M, Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.; N, Terminalia chebula Retz.; O, Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers Discussion Samples of 22 plant species were purchased from herbal healers. The healers sell remedies for common ailments like stomachache, cough, cold, indigestion, anorexia, flatulence, diarrhoea, dysentery, erectile dysfunction, piles, constipation, fever, weakness, joint pain, skin itching, etc. The plant parts were cutted in small pieces and most of them were coloured in dark red, yellow and green colour and tagged in thread Fig. 3—Reported frequency of sell by herbal healers of 13 plant (Figs. 3 & 4). It makes identification of crude drugs species; Abbreviations: ano, anorexia; cc, cough & cold; con, more difficult.
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