1 TsunamiTeacher Table of Contents 77 Section Number Topic Names Page No 01 Introduction 06 02 Getting Started 10 03 Training Modules 20 3.1 Media 20 3.1.1 Introduction 20 3.1.1.1 Overview 20 3.1.1.2 Tsunamis – The media’s roles 21 3.1.1.3 Aims and Objectives 23 3.1.1.4 Intended kit outcomes 24 3.1.2 The Great Waves 25 3.1.2.1 Tsunamis: A snapshot 25 3.1.2.2 Causes of tsunamis 36 3.1.3 Tsunamis down the years 47 3.1.3.1 A short history. 47 3.1.3.2 Amazing tsunamis 57 3.1.3.3 The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami 71 3.1.4 Dealing with tsunamis 105 3.1.4.1 Surviving tsunamis 105 3.1.4.2 Detection and early warning 119 3.1.4.3 Planning for tsunamis 138 3.2 Schools 160 3.2.1 Introduction 160 3.2.1.1 Overview 160 2 TsunamiTeacher Table of Contents Section Number Topic Names Page No 3.2.1.2 Target Audiences 161 3.2.1.3 Aims and Objectives 162 3.2.1.4 Intended Outcomes 163 3.2.1.5 Tsunamis – education is key 165 3.2.2 Teacher Guide 172 3.2.2.1 Module Overview 172 3.2.2.2 Tips & Suggestions 176 3.2.2.3 TsunamiTeacher-background resources 179 3.2.3 Tsunami Lessons 183 3.2.3.1 Tsunami curriculum sets 184 3.2.3.2 Tsunami curricula on the internet 192 3.2.4 Classroom Support Materials 197 3.2.4.1 Overview 167 3.2.4.2 Classroom Activity Materials 202 3.2.4.3 Internet Classroom Materials 212 3.3 Public and Private Sectors 219 3.3.1 Introduction 219 3.3.1.1 Overview 219 3.3.1.2 Being Prepared 223 3.3.1.3 Aims & Objectives 226 3.3.1.4 Intended Outcomes 228 3.1.1.5 User Guide 230 3.3.2 Tsunamis – Key Challenges 232 3.3.2.1 Tsunamis – Key Challenges 232 3 TsunamiTeacher Table of Contents Section Number Topic Names Page No 3.3.3 Tsunami science and history 237 3.3.3.1 Tsunami science and history 237 3.3.4 Strategies to reduce risk 244 3.3.4.1 Managing Risk 244 3.3.4.2 Legislative Frameworks 252 3.3.5 Tsunami Warning systems 258 3.3.5.1 TWS - Overview 258 3.3.5.2 Existing Warning Systems 260 3.3.5.3 New Warning Systems 276 3.3.5.4 Developing Warning Systems 283 3.3.5.5 Guiding Principles for Developing New Systems 292 3.3.6 Tsunami Mitigation 295 3.3.6.1 Tsunami Mitigation Overview 295 3.3.6.2 Meeting Preparedness Challenges 298 3.3.6.3 Community preparedness 301 3.3.6.4 Tsunami Notification Procedures 307 3.3.6.5 Tsunami hazard and risk mapping 332 3.3.6.6 Mitigating the tsunami hazard 354 3.3.6.7 Environmental and engineering considerations 336 3.3.6.8 Guidance for businesses 381 3.3.6.9 Public awareness and education 386 4 TsunamiTeacher Table of Contents Section Number Topic Names Page No 04 Workshops and Evaluation 403 4.1 Introduction 403 4.2 Trainer Notes 410 4.3 Evaluation Guide 426 05 Glossary 428 06 Acronyms 467 07 Resource Collection 484 08 Links and Contacts 503 09 Acknowledgements 534 5 Introduction “Tsunami disasters pose a major threat to the coastal populations of the Pacific and other world oceans and seas. They have been responsible for the loss of thousands of lives and great damage to property.” “Although understanding of the tsunami phenomenon has increased in the past four decades and early warning systems have been established, these ad- vances have been partially offset by population growth and extensive development of coastal zones.” “Therefore the tsunami risk and vulnerability of people living in coastal areas will continue to increase in the future.” – Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO Listen to the BBC’s Audio gallery: Tsunami disaster for a reminder of the shocking events of 26 December 2004: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4156329.stm 6 Introduction The Indian Ocean tsunami of 26 December 2004 claimed the lives of 231,452 people, the highest toll in recorded history. In just a few hours, stunning the world with its destructive power, the tsunami struck every country in the Indian Ocean, wreaking massive damage along coasts and causing deaths in 11 countries. Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and southeast India were the worst hit. The tsunami was largely to blame for a surge in the death toll from natural disasters in 2004, to 250,000 globally – three times higher than in 2003, 10 times more than in 2002 and three times the annual aver- age for the decade 1994 to 2003 – according to the World Disasters Report 2005 of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. A tsunami is an unstoppable natural hazard, but the 2004 event made it tragically clear that countries were poorly prepared for the phenomenon. The goals now are to raise the ability of people to recognize an approaching tsunami, to grow the capacity of nations to respond rapidly and effectively to tsunami warn- ings when they are issued, and to mitigate the impacts when tsunamis occur. Map of affected areas, courtesy United Nations World Food Programme, Preparedness and Response Unit. 7 Introduction In the aftermath of the 2004 tsunami, national authori- ties across the Indian Ocean region were charged, among other things, with developing tsunami informa- tion, awareness, education and resource materials for the media, schools, decision-makers and the public. A wealth of information on tsunamis already exists, gathered down the decades on individual events and responses to them, and enriched by research and scientific advances. Many organizations and countries have also produced, or are developing, locally and regionally relevant materials on tsunamis. But until now there has been no single, reliable and verified resource that has pulled these materials to- gether at the global level and made them widely acces- sible to people, groups and governments around the world who might learn and benefit from them. That is the task of UNESCO’s TsunamiTeacher, an A Tsunami Awareness Kit, developed for Pacific information and training kit that also aims to build island countries, is one of many hazard awareness global capacity to respond to and mitigate tsunamis. efforts currently underway in the global community The kit is supported by a website – to help protect lives and property from future www.tsunamiteacher.org – that will be updated with catastrophes. (Source: Pacific Disaster Center) new tsunami materials as they are developed. 8 Introduction TsunamiTeacher content The content of TsunamiTeacher is divided into four main sections. It is recommended that all users read carefully through “2 – Getting Started” before proceeding to the training module relevant to them in “3 - Training Modules”. The “2 - Getting Started” and “4 - Workshops and Evaluation” are common to all users and can be ac- cessed at any point by clicking on the appropriate link button. Training modules for different TsunamiTeacher audiences are in “3 - Training Modules”. There are three other sections, always readily accessible as buttons on the screen – “Glossary”, “Re- source Collection” and “Links and Contacts”. 9 2. Getting Started Aims and Outcomes Aims The overall aim of TsunamiTeacher is to help build the capacity of people and governments to respond effectively to tsunamis and mitigate their impacts, especially in regions most vulnerable to the natural hazard but also among all coastal communities. Access to a consolidated global source of quality tsunami awareness and response information, as well as training modules aimed at stakeholder groups affected by or responsible for mitigating the multiple impacts of tsunamis, could greatly support ongoing capacity-building efforts at all levels across all regions. Outcomes The intended outcomes of TsunamiTeacher are to have enabled people, groups and governments in at- risk regions to: Share the valuable body of information gathered, and research and good practice undertaken on, tsunamis. Adapt high quality generic materials appropriately to local contexts. Grow stakeholder and public awareness of and preparedness for tsunamis. Develop responses that have the potential to save lives and mitigate the impacts of tsunamis. Tsunamis should be addressed in a “multi-hazard” framework. Despite potentially disastrous conse- quences, because they occur infrequently tsunamis tend to drop off the public agenda. Effective responses to tsunamis are therefore only likely to be sustainable if they are plugged into national disaster frameworks. TsunamiTeacher will help to keep tsunamis in the public eye, and will encourage authorities to integrate tsunami responses into broader national disaster strategies. Visit the United Nations News Centre’s tsunami website: http://www.un.org/apps/news/infocusRel.asp?infocusID=102&Body=tsunami&Body1 10 2. Getting Started The publishers TsunamiTeacher is a product of UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (UNESCO- IOC) based in Paris, France, and its International Tsunami Information Centre (IOC-ITIC) in Honolulu, Hawaii. The kit draws extensively on IOC and ITIC resources, and on materials produced and made available by many governments, organizations and international agencies. The TsunamiTeacher website is hosted and administered by the IOC’s International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange project office in Oostende, Belgium. Logos Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (UNESCO-IOC) UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission is a United Nations mechanism for promoting global coop- eration between Member States in ocean study. It helps countries to resolve their own and mutual oceanographic and coastal problems through the sharing of knowledge, data and technology, and the coordination of national programmes.