DOCSLIB.ORG

Pharaoh's Nine Bows, by Dr. Glenn Carnagey

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

CTSJ 3:1 (Summer 1997) p. 1 Pharaoh’s Nine Bows — Dr. Glenn Carnagey * Chafer Theological Seminary [*Editor’s note: Dr. Carnagey earned his B.A. at the University of Houston, Th.M. at Dallas Theological Seminary, and Ph.D. at the University of Tulsa. Glenn has done extensive archaeological work in the Near East and editorial work for a major archaeological journal, as well as presenting scholarly papers at meetings of the Evangelical Theological Society. Dr. Carnagey has also pastored churches in Texas, Oklahoma, and Minnesota. He is a member of Chafer Seminary’s National Board of Advisors, is a contributing editor to the CTS Journal, and was instrumental in the formation of CTS.] Introduction In the year 1210 B.C., Merneptah, 13th son of the mighty Pharaoh Ramses II (already an old man), assumed the throne of Egypt. Almost immediately in his third year he had to fight one nation after another along the long borders of Egypt. Breasted describes the menacing armies like this: [W]ith the Libyans on the one hand and the peoples of remoter Asia Minor on the other, they broke in wave on wave upon the borders of the Pharaoh’s empire. Egypt was inevitably thrown on the defensive, her day passed for conquest and aggression, and for six hundred years the empire made no serious effort to extend her borders.1 According to his account of the results of his battles (never totally reliable in Egyptian history) on the Merneptah Stele: “Israel is laid waste, his seed is not.”2 This is indeed a strange comment in such an important document. How did Israel come to be reckoned among the most dangerous nine enemies of Egypt by the year 1210 B.C.? Furthermore, Merneptah had to go north and east into the interior of Palestine to find and fight the Israelites. Why would he do this if Israel had just recently arrived in Palestine and had no real army of substance to be a threat? More to the point, if the Liberal late-date theories are even partially true, why 1 Breasted, J. H. A History of Egypt (New York: Bantam Books, 1905/1964); 390. 2 Breasted, 395. would Merneptah even bother with Israel, since Israel at this time would not have even partially left Egypt, if indeed it existed at all? Toward a Biblical Answer The answer, of course, is found in the biblical chronological framework of the Exodus, Conquest, and Settlement of Palestine. If we accept the literal numbers of 2 Kings 6:1, then the period of time between the Conquest and the time when Merneptah noted his victory over Israel is about 190 years (about 1400 B.C. to 1210 B.C.). Allowing approximately 30 years per generation, there would have been roughly six generations for Israel to grow as a nation and spread out through the central hill country of Palestine. With a population of around 600,000 men at the Exodus, six additional generations would have given Israel a formidable army of men indeed. We should note that there is no mention of a Jewish defeat by Egypt recorded during the entire period of the judges, nor for that matter any mention of Egypt in Judges at all. In fact, the main threat to Israel seems to come directly from the Amalekites (at the time of the Exodus) or from Philistines (during the latter part of the period of the Judges). Now it is possible that the Holy Spirit may have omitted to record such a battle for spiritual reasons, but this is certainly not the case in later periods when Sheshonq invaded during Rehoboam’s reign or Zerah during the early years of Asa’s reign. In fact, the Amalekites may have been the original reason for the Northeastward venture of the army of Egypt. They were perhaps the remnants of the Hyksos and were certainly every bit as cruel and rapacious and as much of a problem to the Israelites. Such contact as Merneptah may have had with Israel could only have been a glancing blow as Merneptah pacified his Syrian province. In keeping with the Philistine period, Ashkelon was his most dangerous enemy, and Merneptah adopted the tutelary “Binder of Ashkelon” from this campaign onward. Egyptian battle tactics were ill-suited to mountainous terrain, and the route of his campaign suggests that only peripheral Israelite sites were affected, as was also the case for the Hittites, who had been intimately involved in stirring up rebellion in the north. So what can we conclude from the two sources for this period? If Merneptah did fight the Israelites, the battle was either a draw, or possibly even repulsion, or real defeat for Merneptah. We know from many other Egyptian sources that Egyptian Pharaohs were accustomed to claiming victory and rulership over nations and peoples that they most certainly did not control. It is significant that Merneptah does not claim to have brought back any captives to assign to the Temple Corps in Egypt. The above discussion revolves around the single occurrence of the name “Israel’ in Egyptian historical documents. The reference deserves clarification by those of us who hold to the inerrancy of God’s Word. The remainder of this paper will be devoted to doing just that. I will survey the evolution of the term “The Nine Bows” throughout Egyptian history. Also I will seek to show that at the time of Merneptah and those pharaohs who were his intermediate predecessors, as well as those who immediately followed him, the historical situation was such that Egypt had to adjust to a defensive posture against its enemies of the Nine Bows. This continued to be the case throughout the reign of his son, Ramses III. Egypt makes no impression upon the Israelites for over three centuries after the events of the late XIXth and early XXth Dynasty. Not until the reign of Sheshonq I, first Pharaoh of the XXIInd Dynasty did Egypt return to Israel, and then only as a divine “Whip Nation” to punish Rehoboam for his rebellious nature, and in the manner of pirates looting a city. They appointed no officials and left no permanent provincial government. Except for the vast amount of loot Sheshonq took back to Egypt and the record he left in Egypt of the Nine Bows and the Palestinian cities he defeated and looted, his passage left little impression on CTSJ 3:1 (Summer 1997) p. 17 the politics of Judah and Israel.3 His campaign was followed by a lengthy hiatus after which Zerah the Libyan attacked Judah during the reign of Asa, was totally routed, and his army looted and sent packing back to Egypt (I Kings 11:40; 14:25; 2 Chronicles 12:2–9). These events bring us well down towards the middle history of the Divided Monarchy. The Nine Bows During the Old Kingdom Returning, then, to the matter of the Nine Bows and their significance and evolution, we must begin where mention of them begins, in the Old Kingdom of Egypt. For much that follows I am deeply indebted to E. Uphill, whose magnificent article in 1967 remains the starting point for anyone who would investigate the Nine Bows. He collected the data; I have only brought it to bear upon a different context in which the single contact between Egypt and Israel is recorded in the historical records of Egypt. The individual nations or peoples who made up the Nine Bows during the Predynastic Period (Dynasties I and II) and the Old Kingdom (Dynasties III through VI) are not mentioned by name during this period. However, they are present on preserved decorated artifacts from the first recorded king of Egypt even before Dynasty I (the Scorpion King) through the Pyramid Texts at the end of Dynasties V and VI. One of the Mace Heads found at Hierakonpolis shows the Scorpion King performing a ceremony of some sort with a hoe in the presence of the Nome leaders with their standards.4 Ranging from the Nome standards is a representation of a scene with Rekhyt birds (symbolic of the Egyptians) on one side and opposed by the Bows on the other side. There seems to be room to 3 Breasted, 442–430. 4 Uphill, F. The Nine Bows. Jaarbericht van het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genoorshap. Ex Oriente Lux 19 (1965~66), pages 393–420, especially 393. restore all nine of the nine bows in this scene. It is, however, such an early representation that it may merely stand for the archers of Egypt as part of the Scorpion King’s armed forces. Nevertheless, since the bows are separated from the Rekhyt Birds, the scene is more likely to be showing defeated enemies of the Egyptians rather than extolling Egyptian archers. Added to this example are the numerous slate palettes currently in museums that represent the various peoples who lived in the regions along the Nile not directly under the King’s authority. The “Hunter’s Palette” found in Petrie’s Ceremonial Slate Palettes (Plate A.3) is an excellent example of this motif.5 These are very likely the first peoples to whom the Egyptians applied the concept of the Nine Bows. The first time the Nine Bows definitely appear beneath the feet of the king occurs during the rule of Djoser, first king of Dynasty III.6 A statue of this king was discovered near the south-eastern corner of the Step Pyramid enclosure, and upon it was engraved a scene much like that on the Mace Head of the Scorpion King as described above, with Rekhyt Birds opposed by the Nine Bows.
Recommended publications
  • Canaan Or Gaza?

    Canaan Or Gaza?

    Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections Pa-Canaan in the Egyptian New Kingdom: Canaan or Gaza? Michael G. Hasel Institute of Archaeology, Southern Adventist University A&564%'6 e identification of the geographical name “Canaan” continues to be widely debated in the scholarly literature. Cuneiform sources om Mari, Amarna, Ugarit, Aššur, and Hattusha have been discussed, as have Egyptian sources. Renewed excavations in North Sinai along the “Ways of Horus” have, along with recent scholarly reconstructions, refocused attention on the toponyms leading toward and culminating in the arrival to Canaan. is has led to two interpretations of the Egyptian name Pa-Canaan: it is either identified as the territory of Canaan or the city of Gaza. is article offers a renewed analysis of the terms Canaan, Pa-Canaan, and Canaanite in key documents of the New Kingdom, with limited attention to parallels of other geographical names, including Kharu, Retenu, and Djahy. It is suggested that the name Pa-Canaan in Egyptian New Kingdom sources consistently refers to the larger geographical territory occupied by the Egyptians in Asia. y the 1960s, a general consensus had emerged regarding of Canaan varied: that it was a territory in Asia, that its bound - the extent of the land of Canaan, its boundaries and aries were fluid, and that it also referred to Gaza itself. 11 He Bgeographical area. 1 The primary sources for the recon - concludes, “No wonder that Lemche’s review of the evidence struction of this area include: (1) the Mari letters, (2) the uncovered so many difficulties and finally led him to conclude Amarna letters, (3) Ugaritic texts, (4) texts from Aššur and that Canaan was a vague term.” 12 Hattusha, and (5) Egyptian texts and reliefs.
  • The Karnak Hypostyle Hall Project Field Report 2004-2005 by Peter J

    The Karnak Hypostyle Hall Project Field Report 2004-2005 by Peter J

    The Karnak Hypostyle Hall Project Field Report 2004-2005 By Peter J. Brand Introduction Collation of Facsimile Drawings of the Battle Reliefs of Ramesses II on the South Wall with Our field work was authorized by Egypt’s Su- Palimpsest of the Battle of Kadesh. preme Council of Antiquities and functioned with the cooperation of the Centre Franco-égyptien pour l’étude The main objective of the season was to com- des Temples de Karnak. We extend our thanks to our plete collation of war scenes on the south exterior wall other Egyptian and French colleagues: Dr. Zahi Hawas, of the Hypostyle Hall in order to produce facsimile President of the SCA, along with the entire Perma- drawings of these reliefs. Initial drawings of these war nent Committee which authorized our work. In Luxor, scenes were first made in 1995. We began collation of we are grateful to Mr. Ibrahim Sulliman, the Director the drawings in 1999 under the Project’s late director, of Karnak and Mr. Fawzy (our inspector); along with professor William J. Murnane. Our collation of the in- Nicolas Grimal and Emanuelle Laroche (scientific and scriptions on this wall was made more difficult by their field directors of the Centre). The expedition staff for poor state of preservation and the fact that part of the this season’s work included two epigraphists: the field wall is a palimpsest in stone with two sets of hieroglyph- director, Dr. Peter Brand of the University of Memphis, ic texts superimposed one atop the other. Tennessee and Dr. Suzanne Onstine from the Univer- sity of Arizona.
  • Was the Function of the Earliest Writing in Egypt Utilitarian Or Ceremonial? Does the Surviving Evidence Reflect the Reality?”

    Was the Function of the Earliest Writing in Egypt Utilitarian Or Ceremonial? Does the Surviving Evidence Reflect the Reality?”

    “Was the function of the earliest writing in Egypt utilitarian or ceremonial? Does the surviving evidence reflect the reality?” Article written by Marsia Sfakianou Chronology of Predynastic period, Thinite period and Old Kingdom..........................2 How writing began.........................................................................................................4 Scopes of early Egyptian writing...................................................................................6 Ceremonial or utilitarian? ..............................................................................................7 The surviving evidence of early Egyptian writing.........................................................9 Bibliography/ references..............................................................................................23 Links ............................................................................................................................23 Album of web illustrations...........................................................................................24 1 Map of Egypt. Late Predynastic Period-Early Dynastic (Grimal, 1994) Chronology of Predynastic period, Thinite period and Old Kingdom (from the appendix of Grimal’s book, 1994, p 389) 4500-3150 BC Predynastic period. 4500-4000 BC Badarian period 4000-3500 BC Naqada I (Amratian) 3500-3300 BC Naqada II (Gerzean A) 3300-3150 BC Naqada III (Gerzean B) 3150-2700 BC Thinite period 3150-2925 BC Dynasty 1 3150-2925 BC Narmer, Menes 3125-3100 BC Aha 3100-3055 BC
  • Patterns of Evidence: Exodus Lesson 1 – Timeline Watch First 20 Minutes

    Patterns of Evidence: Exodus Lesson 1 – Timeline Watch First 20 Minutes

    Patterns of Evidence: Exodus Lesson 1 – Timeline Watch first 20 minutes on Right Now media Exodus Story – Biblical Summary ◦ Joseph moved his family to Egypt during the 7-year famine ◦ Israelites lived in the land of Goshen ◦ Years after Joseph died, a new pharaoh became fearful of the large numbers of Israelites. ◦ Israelites became slaves ◦ Moses was 80 when God sent him to Egypt to free the Israelites ◦ After Passover, the Israelites wandered in the desert for 40 years ◦ Israelites conquered the Promised Land An Overview of Egyptian History Problems with Egyptian History ◦ Historians began with multiple lists of Pharaoh’s names carved on temple walls ◦ These lists are incomplete, sometimes skipping Pharaohs ◦ Once a “standard” list had been made, then they looked at other known histories and inserted the list ◦ These dates then became the accepted timeline Evidence for the Late Date – 1250 BC • Genesis 47:11-12 • Exodus 18-14 • Earliest archaeological recording of the Israelites dates to 1210 BC on the Merneptah Stele o Must be before that time o Merneptah was the son of Ramses II • Ten Commandments and Prince of Egypt Movies take the Late Date with Ramses II Evidence for the Early Date – 1440 BC • “From Abraham to Paul: A Biblical Chronology” by Andrew Steinmann • 1 Kings 6:1 – Solomon began building temple 480 years after the Exodus o Solomon’s reign began 971 BC and began building temple in 967 BC o Puts Exodus date at 1447 BC • 1 Chronicles 6 lists 19 generations from Exodus to Solomon o Assume 25 years per generation – Exodus occurred
  • The Origin of the Word Amen: Ancient Knowledge the Bible Has Never Told

    The Origin of the Word Amen: Ancient Knowledge the Bible Has Never Told

    Ghana Journal of Linguistics 9.1: 72-96 (2020) ______________________________________________________________________________ http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjl.v9i1.4 EDITORIAL BOOK CRITIQUE: THE ORIGIN OF THE WORD AMEN: ANCIENT KNOWLEDGE THE BIBLE HAS NEVER TOLD Ọbádélé Bakari Kambon Editor-in-Chief Abstract: The Origin of the Word Amen: Ancient Knowledge the Bible has Never Told is a book that promises to pique the interest of any reader interested in classical Kmt ‘Black Nation/Land of the Blacks’, mdw nTr ‘Hieroglyphs,’ the Akan language, and historical-linguistic connections between the three. Specifically, the book promises to deliver information about how the word imn ‘Amen,’ as attested in classical Kmt ‘Black Nation/Land of the Blacks,’ persists in the contemporary Akan language. While under a steady hand this should be a simple enough thesis to substantiate, unfortunately, the authors’ obvious lack of grounding in historical linguistics, their lack of knowledge of mdw nTr ‘Hieroglyphs’ as well as their lack of understanding the morphology (word structure) of the Akan language all mar the analyses presented in the book. Keywords: Amen, Heru Narmer, historical linguistics, folk etymology Osei, O. K., Issa, J., & Faraji, S. (2020). The Origin of the Word Amen: Ancient Knowledge the Bible has Never Told. Long Beach, CA: Amen-Ra Theological Seminary Press. 1. Introduction In The Origin of the Word Amen: Ancient Knowledge the Bible has Never Told, what should be an open-and-shut case is saddled with a plethora of spurious look-alikes and folk etymologies prompted by attempts to analyze one language with another without actually having studying the language to be analyzed itself.
  • ROYAL STATUES Including Sphinxes

    ROYAL STATUES Including Sphinxes

    ROYAL STATUES Including sphinxes EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD Dynasties I-II Including later commemorative statues Ninutjer 800-150-900 Statuette of Ninuter seated wearing heb-sed cloak, calcite(?), formerly in G. Michaelidis colln., then in J. L. Boele van Hensbroek colln. in 1962. Simpson, W. K. in JEA 42 (1956), 45-9 figs. 1, 2 pl. iv. Send 800-160-900 Statuette of Send kneeling with vases, bronze, probably made during Dyn. XXVI, formerly in G. Posno colln. and in Paris, Hôtel Drouot, in 1883, now in Berlin, Ägyptisches Museum, 8433. Abubakr, Abd el Monem J. Untersuchungen über die ägyptischen Kronen (1937), 27 Taf. 7; Roeder, Äg. Bronzefiguren 292 [355, e] Abb. 373 Taf. 44 [f]; Wildung, Die Rolle ägyptischer Könige im Bewußtsein ihrer Nachwelt i, 51 [Dok. xiii. 60] Abb. iv [1]. Name, Gauthier, Livre des Rois i, 22 [vi]. See Antiquités égyptiennes ... Collection de M. Gustave Posno (1874), No. 53; Hôtel Drouot Sale Cat. May 22-6, 1883, No. 53; Stern in Zeitschrift für die gebildete Welt 3 (1883), 287; Ausf. Verz. 303; von Bissing in 2 Mitteilungen des Kaiserlich Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung xxxviii (1913), 259 n. 2 (suggests from Memphis). Not identified by texts 800-195-000 Head of royal statue, perhaps early Dyn. I, in London, Petrie Museum, 15989. Petrie in Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland xxxvi (1906), 200 pl. xix; id. Arts and Crafts 31 figs. 19, 20; id. The Revolutions of Civilisation 15 fig. 7; id. in Anc. Eg. (1915), 168 view 4; id. in Hammerton, J. A.
  • Ancient Egyptian Chronology.Pdf

    Ancient Egyptian Chronology.Pdf

    Ancient Egyptian Chronology HANDBOOK OF ORIENTAL STUDIES SECTION ONE THE NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST Ancient Near East Editor-in-Chief W. H. van Soldt Editors G. Beckman • C. Leitz • B. A. Levine P. Michalowski • P. Miglus Middle East R. S. O’Fahey • C. H. M. Versteegh VOLUME EIGHTY-THREE Ancient Egyptian Chronology Edited by Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, and David A. Warburton BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2006 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ancient Egyptian chronology / edited by Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, and David A. Warburton; with the assistance of Marianne Eaton-Krauss. p. cm. — (Handbook of Oriental studies. Section 1, The Near and Middle East ; v. 83) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-90-04-11385-5 ISBN-10: 90-04-11385-1 1. Egypt—History—To 332 B.C.—Chronology. 2. Chronology, Egyptian. 3. Egypt—Antiquities. I. Hornung, Erik. II. Krauss, Rolf. III. Warburton, David. IV. Eaton-Krauss, Marianne. DT83.A6564 2006 932.002'02—dc22 2006049915 ISSN 0169-9423 ISBN-10 90 04 11385 1 ISBN-13 978 90 04 11385 5 © Copyright 2006 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA.
  • Press Release Sahure

    Press Release Sahure

    PRESS RELEASE Belgian Archaeological Mission to Elkab discovers important fragment of unique Old Kingdom royal statue Since 2009, the Belgian Archaeological Mission to Elkab, directed by Dr. Dirk Huyge of the Royal Museums of Art and History in Brussels, has focused its research on the settlement area of Elkab. Excavation campaigns in 2009, 2010 and 2012 have revealed the presence of a vast habitation area, situated within the Late Period Great Walls, immediately north and west of the temple zone. The oldest occupation phase dates back to the prehistoric Badarian culture (ca. 4200 BC); the most recent one concerns the early Old Kingdom (ca. 2700-2500 BC). The finds at Elkab demonstrate a continuous occupation of the site during almost two millennia. They bear witness to the on-the-spot gradual transition from a prehistoric (Neolithic/Predynastic) village lifestyle to a fully-developed Old Kingdom urban society. The latest test trenches executed at the site in February-March 2015 have allowed the mission to better document both the important 2 nd Dynasty habitation layers, including substantial rectangular buildings with large walls and stone foundations, as well as the late Predynastic (Naqada III period) occupation. The most exceptional find of the 2015 campaign, however, was that of a fragment (base and lower part of legs) of an Old Kingdom royal statue. The preserved height is 21.7 cm. The inscriptions on the fragment have been independently verified and read by Egyptologists Prof. John Coleman Darnell (Yale University, New Haven, US) and Dr. Luc Delvaux (Royal Museums of Art and History, Brussels, Belgium).
  • The Battle of Kadesh: Identifying New Kingdom Polities, Places, And

    The Battle of Kadesh: Identifying New Kingdom Polities, Places, And

    5IF#BUUMFPG,BEFTI*EFOUJGZJOH/FX,JOHEPN 1PMJUJFT 1MBDFT BOE1FPQMFTJOCanaan and Syria1 Michael G. Hasel Institute of Archaeology, Southern Adventist University Abstract ary Record,” “Bulletin,” and “Reliefs” indi- cates that the Egyptians were remarkably In 1950 J.A. Wilson published a footnote consistent in their designation of these for- citing the “notorious carelessness” of Egyp- eign entities. Further suggestions are given tian scribal convention in assigning deter- on establishing the Egyptian perspective of minatives to foreign names in the standard foreign names through textual analysis in reference work Ancient Near Eastern Texts. comparison with archaeological data. This note influenced numerous scholars outside the field of Egyptology without Introduction any careful study of the evidence. This brief study readdresses the issue of scribal con- Ever since the first documenta- vention in writing foreign names from the perspective of the most widely published tion of Egyptian monuments by event during the Egyptian New Kingdom: Napoleon’s Commission for the the Battle of Kadesh. A statistical analysis of Arts and Sciences, Egypt’s contacts foreign names in the copies of the “Liter- with foreign polities, places, and peoples have captivated Egyptolo- 1 This study was conducted while the gists and historians of the ancient author was a Fulbright Senior Scholar Near East. The military campaigns at the Cyprus Archaeological Research of Egypt against surrounding areas Institute (CAARI), Nicosia, Cyprus (2005). Special thanks are extended to produced vivid depictions of their 2 Thomas Davis, director of CAARI and exploits. Here was a source of staff; Daniel Hadjitoffi, director of the new information that could elu- Cyprus Fulbright Commission and staff; cidate these ancient peoples from the library staff of the Cyprus Department an Egyptian perspective.
  • Who's Who in Ancient Egypt

    Who's Who in Ancient Egypt

    Who’s Who IN ANCIENT EGYPT Available from Routledge worldwide: Who’s Who in Ancient Egypt Michael Rice Who’s Who in the Ancient Near East Gwendolyn Leick Who’s Who in Classical Mythology Michael Grant and John Hazel Who’s Who in World Politics Alan Palmer Who’s Who in Dickens Donald Hawes Who’s Who in Jewish History Joan Comay, new edition revised by Lavinia Cohn-Sherbok Who’s Who in Military History John Keegan and Andrew Wheatcroft Who’s Who in Nazi Germany Robert S.Wistrich Who’s Who in the New Testament Ronald Brownrigg Who’s Who in Non-Classical Mythology Egerton Sykes, new edition revised by Alan Kendall Who’s Who in the Old Testament Joan Comay Who’s Who in Russia since 1900 Martin McCauley Who’s Who in Shakespeare Peter Quennell and Hamish Johnson Who’s Who in World War Two Edited by John Keegan Who’s Who IN ANCIENT EGYPT Michael Rice 0 London and New York First published 1999 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004. © 1999 Michael Rice The right of Michael Rice to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
  • The Ancient Egyptian Books of the Earth Wilbour Studies in Egypt and Ancient Western Asia

    The Ancient Egyptian Books of the Earth Wilbour Studies in Egypt and Ancient Western Asia

    THE ANCIEN THE Collections of scenes and texts designated variously as the “Book of the Earth,” “Creation of the Solar Disc,” and “Book of Aker” were inscribed on the walls of royal sarcophagus chambers throughout Egypt’s Ramesside period (Dynasties 19–20). This material illustrated discrete episodes from the The Ancient Egyptian nocturnal voyage of the sun god, which functioned as a model for the resurrection of the deceased T king. These earliest “Books of the Earth” employed mostly ad hoc arrangements of scenes, united E by shared elements of iconography, an overarching, bipartite symmetry of composition, and their GYP Books of the Earth frequent pairing with representations of the double sky overhead. From the Twenty-First Dynasty and later, selections of programmatic tableaux were adapted for use in private mortuary contexts, T I often in conjunction with innovative or previously unattested annotations. The present study collects A and analyzes all currently known Book of the Earth material, including discussions of iconography, BOOKSN OF by Joshua Aaron Roberson grammar, orthography, and architectural setting. Joshua Aaron Roberson is an Assistant Professor in the Department of History, Camden County College. Blackwood, NJ. He has worked as an epigrapher and sigillographer with the University of Pennsylvania expeditions to Saqqara and Abydos and as a sigillographer for the French-Egyptian expedition to the Opet temple at Karnak. He earned his PhD in Egyptology from the University of Pennsylvania. T HE HE EA R T H Joshua Aaron Aaron Joshua Wilbour Studies R o berson Brown University Wilbour Studies in Egypt and Ancient Western Asia, 1 Department of Egyptology and Ancient Western Asian Studies LOCKWOOD PRESS www.lockwoodpress.com LOCKWOOD PRESS Wilbour_cover_template.indd 1 1/27/12 10:24 AM The Ancient Egyptian Books of the Earth Wilbour Studies in Egypt and Ancient Western Asia Series Editors James P.
  • The Inscriptions and Paintings of Egyptian Victories

    The Inscriptions and Paintings of Egyptian Victories

    International Journal of Academic Multidisciplinary Research (IJAMR) ISSN: 2643-9670 Vol. 3 Issue 6, June – 2019, Pages: 4-18 The Inscriptions and paintings of Egyptian victories (The reign of Ceti I, Merneptah and Ramesses III) Nancy Hossam Mahmoud Researcher in Egyptology Faculty of Arts, Minia University, Egypt [email protected] Abstract: This study deals with the Inscriptions and paintings of Egyptian victories of Ceti 1, Merneptah and Ramses III against the Libyans and the sea peoples, in the light of the historical sequence of their wars. The research is divided into three chapters as follows: The first chapter deals with the wars against the Libyans and the monuments of (Seti I), this campaign was mentioned in the inscriptions of the outer wall of the pillar base of the Amon temple in Karnak in Thebes. These are the largest groups of engravings in Egypt. They occupy the entire outer part of the northern wall of the large columns in Karnak. East to the corner on the eastern façade of the eastern hall, and inscriptions arranged in three rows, one above the other. (Merneptah) defeated the Libyans and the sea peoples in several battles, he Immortalize these victories in the Inscriptions triumphs over the temples of Karnak Temple, Temple of Western 'Amara of King Ramses II, Inscriptions of Column in the rain, the Victory painting of Merneptah, Atrib painting. Ramesses III defeated the Libyans and the sea peoples in several battles, he immortalize his victories in the Inscriptions of victories in the temple of Habu. Keywords: Egyptian victories, Ceti 1, Merneptah, Ramses III, the Libyans, the sea peoples, Amon temple in Karnak, temple of Western 'Amara, Atrib painting, temple of Habu.