DOCSLIB.ORG

International Journal of African Development, Vol. 5, Issue 2

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
International Journal of African Development, Vol. 5, Issue 2 International Journal of African Development Volume 5 Issue 2 Spring 2019 Article 1 June 2019 International Journal of African Development, Vol. 5, Issue 2 Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/ijad Part of the African Studies Commons, Growth and Development Commons, and the International Economics Commons Recommended Citation (2019) "International Journal of African Development, Vol. 5, Issue 2," International Journal of African Development: Vol. 5 : Iss. 2 , Article 1. Available at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/ijad/vol5/iss2/1 This Complete Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for African Development Policy Research at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Journal of African Development by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact wmu- [email protected]. International Journal of African Development Volume 5, Issue 2, Spring 2019 IJAD International Journal of African Development Vol. 5 Issue 2, Spring 2019 Western Michigan University College of Arts & Sciences Department of Economics and Center for African Development Policy Research (CADPR) Editorial Management Team 2019 Chief Editor, Sisay Asefa, PhD, Distinguished Service Professor of Economics and Director of the Center for African Development Policy Research, Western Michigan University Managing Editor, Amos Aduroja, PhD, MPH, FASHA, Associate Professor, School of Interdisciplinary Health Programs, Western Michigan University Copy Editor, Gari Voss, Center for English Language and Culture for International Students, Haenicke Institute. Western Michigan University Associate Editors Soji Adelaja, PhD, John Hanna Distinguished Professor of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University Wei-Chiao Huang, PhD, Professor of Economics and Director of Timothy Light Chinese Studies Center, Haenicke Institute, Western Michigan University Menelik Geremew, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Business and Economics, Kalamazoo College Mariam Konate, PhD, Associate Professor, Gender and Women Studies, Western Michigan University Susan Pozo, Distinguished Professor of Economics and Director Global and International Studies Program, Western Michigan University Lisa Whittaker, MA, Associate Professor, Aviation, Western Michigan University Student Assistant Editors BezawitTeshomeAgiro, PhD Graduate Alumni in Applied Economics, WMU Nardos Moges Beyene, PhD Graduate Alumni in Applied Economics, WMU Daniel Abraham Mengistu, PhD Candidate in Applied Economics, WMU Meskerem Degefa Tolossa, Undergraduate Honors Student in Biomedical Sciences, WMU ScholarWorks Consultants Maira Bundza, M.L.S, University Libraries, Western Michigan University Anna Holowicki, Graduate Assistant, University Libraries, Western Michigan University International Journal of African Development Volume 5, Issue 2, Spring 2019 Contents Editorial Note 4 Sisay Asefa Understanding Remittances in Eritrea: An Exploratory Study 5 Fikrejesus Amahazion Nutriton and Trade Liberalization in Africa 24 Ismaelline Eba Nguema Listen to the Voices of Maasai Women in Kenya: Ensuring The Well-Being of their Families through Collective Actions 37 Taeko Takayanagi Opportunities and Challenges for Community Based Ecotourism Development: The Case of Alatish National Park; Northwest Ethiopia 53 Kassegn Berhanu Intergovernmental Authority on Development & East African Community: Viability of Merger 68 Andualem Zewdie Effect of Oil Price Shocks on Monetary Policy in Nigeria: A Vector Autoregressive Analysis 82 Ama Agyeiwaa Abrokwah Book Review of How Sub-Saharan Africa Can Achieve Food Security and Ascend Its Economy to the Initial Stages of Light Industrialization. 91 Firkejesus Amahazion Editorial Note This issue of IJAD features six papers and one book review for our African and global readers. The papers include various efforts that humans make to improve lives. The lingering theme often focuses on the ability of African countries to find ways to collaborate in ways that can improve life for all African people. There is an attempt to understand financial remittances in Eritrea, where people, especially the youth, leave their land in droves due to “push factors.” In the future, Ethiopia and Eritrea can benefit from regional economic integration that allows the free movement of people, goods and services to expand their markets and contribute to peaceful relations. In addition, researchers address the improvement of nutrition and food security by liberalizing regional trade across Africa. The goal should be to redistribute economic growth so people have access to good health and a nutritious diet. There is also the ethnographic study into women leaders who should be valued and supported because the empowerment of marginalized women can raise self-confidence and pride that can contribute to harmonious, peaceful and vibrant communities. By examining the opportunities and challenges regarding key historical and cultural attractions to create employment in local communities, the author addresses the responsibility of local and regional governments to provide infrastructure such as roads, electricity, housing including hotels, and education that make these areas attractive to tourists. The role of regional collaboration between East African countries through regional organization, which would create Pan African integrated communities, leads to suggestions for combining the regional organizations of the IGAD and EAC by merging them into Regional Economic Communities (RECs) in eastern African and the Horn of African. But, integration requires strong political will and good governance to reduce regional conflict and move toward sustainable progress of all people in the region. The improvement of governance and leadership is important in reducing oil price shocks due to several global factors and internal mismanagement of oil revenues. The book review of How Sub-Saharan Africa Can Achieve Food Security and Ascend Its Economy to the Initial Stages of Light Industrialization by Woldezion Mesghinna investigates how Sub-Saharan Africa can achieve food security, and believes this transformation can only be done with good governance and leadership that minimize corruption, conflict and repression in every state. Strengthening a diversified economy and enhancing human capital could move the countries in Sub-Saharan Africa toward regional collaboration as well as economic unity. We hope these articles lead to discussion, reflection and positive action that can benefit the people of Africa. Sisay Asefa, Chief Editor 4 https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/ijad Understanding Remittances in Eritrea: An Exploratory Study Fikrejesus Amahazion, College of Arts and Social Sciences, Adi Keih, Eritrea Abstract Migration has been characterized as a fundamental component of the human experience, and today there are several hundred million international migrants around the world. Although migrants leave their home country, they maintain links, particularly through remittances. Economic remittances supplement the domestic incomes of millions of poor families and are vital for many developing countries. This paper explores economic remittances into Eritrea, examining the particular trends, amounts received, and how remittances are generally consumed. Additionally, the paper explores general perceptions about remittances and their impact upon society in Eritrea. Based on interviews and focus group discussions with individuals and households across Eritrea, as well as discussions with government sources, this paper presents important findings that help to clarify understandings of remittances in Eritrea. For Eritrea, a low-income, developing country, remittances constitute an important part of the economy and source of foreign exchange. Furthermore, they are a key source of income for many individuals and households. Remittances to Eritrea are mainly sent to family and relatives, and although they may be transferred via several different mechanisms, informal channels are predominantly used. Results also suggest that recipients do not tend to utilize remittances for productive investment expenditures. Generally, perceptions and views toward remittances are mixed, with both positive and negative perceptions being held and expressed. Keywords: remittances, migration, development, finance, poverty, Eritrea, Africa, Diaspora Introduction Migration has long been characterized as a fundamental component of the human experience and today there are several hundred million international migrants around the world (King, 2012; McNeill & Adams, 1978). Although migration is often solely seen as a process that uproots persons from their home country and reintegrates them into a new society and culture, many migrants develop and maintain links with their country of origin and communities, particularly through remittances (Markley, 2011; Portes, 1999, 2010). Economic remittances supplement the domestic incomes of millions of poor families and are vital for many developing countries (Mohamoud & Fréchaut, 2006; Omer & El Koury, 2005). They represent the second largest source of external finance and constitute a significant percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) for many countries. In 2015, global economic remittances to developing countries reached approximately 432 billion US dollars (Lubambu, 2014; Ratha, 2005; World Bank, 2016), but exact figures on remittances are difficult to ascertain since many transfers take place through unofficial, unrecorded informal
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Legislative Regulation of Traditional Medicinal Knowledge in Eritrea
    Law Environment and Development JournalLEAD LEGISLATIVE REGULATION OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL KNOWLEDGE IN ERITREA VIS-À-VIS ERITREA’S COMMITMENTS UNDER THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY: ISSUES AND ALTERNATIVES Senai W. Andemariam ARTICLE VOLUME 6/2 LEAD Journal (Law, Environment and Development Journal) is a peer-reviewed academic publication based in New Delhi and London and jointly managed by the School of Law, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) - University of London and the International Environmental Law Research Centre (IELRC). LEAD is published at www.lead-journal.org ISSN 1746-5893 The Managing Editor, LEAD Journal, c/o International Environmental Law Research Centre (IELRC), International Environment House II, 1F, 7 Chemin de Balexert, 1219 Châtelaine-Geneva, Switzerland, Tel/fax: + 41 (0)22 79 72 623, [email protected] ARTICLE LEGISLATIVE REGULATION OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL KNOWLEDGE IN ERITREA VIS-À-VIS ERITREA’S COMMITMENTS UNDER THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY: ISSUES AND ALTERNATIVES Senai W. Andemariam This document can be cited as Senai W. Andemariam, ‘Legislative Regulation of Traditional Medicinal Knowledge in Eritrea vis-à-vis Eritrea’s Commitments under the Convention on Biological Diversity: Issues and Alternatives’ 6/2 Law, Environment and Development Journal (2010), p. 130, available at http://www.lead-journal.org/content/10130.pdf Senai W. Andemariam, Lecturer of Law, Department of Law, College of Arts and Social Sciences, P. O. Box 601 Asmara, Eritrea, Tel. +291-7-166605, email: [email protected] Published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.0 License TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Global Developments on Protection and Development of Traditional Medicinal Knowledge 133 1.1 Introduction 133 1.2 Interests Involved in Harnessing Traditional knowledge/Traditional Medicine 133 1.2.1 Sociological or Belief Interest 134 1.2.2 Economic Interest 134 1.2.3 Environmental Interest 134 1.2.4 Intellectual Property Interest 134 1.3 International Efforts to Protect and Harness Traditional Medicine 135 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Unfpa Annual Report
    2007 unfpa annual report The Mission of UNFPA UNFPA, the United Nations Population Fund, is an international development agency that promotes the right of every woman, man and child to enjoy a life of health and equal United Nations Population Fund opportunity. Information and External Relations Division UNFPA supports countries in using population 220 East 42nd Street, 23rd floor New York, NY 10017 U.S.A. data for policies and programmes to reduce Tel: +1 (212) 297-5020 poverty and to ensure that every pregnancy is wanted, every birth is safe, every young www.unfpa.org person is free of HIV/AIDS, and every girl and woman is treated with dignity and respect. UNFPA—because everyone counts. Contents ii Foreword Photos: by Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General of the United Nations Cover: © Live Images/UNFPA A mother and child at an AIDS Day celebration in San José, Costa Rica. iii Overview Foreword: © Mark Garten/United Nations by Thoraya Ahmed Obaid, Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General of the United Nations Executive Director of UNFPA Overview: © Eskinder Debebe/United Nations Thoraya Ahmed Obaid, Executive Director, UNFPA 01 I Reproductive Health and Safe Motherhood Reproductive Health and Safe Motherhood: © Carina Wint for 07 II Culture, Gender and Human Rights UNFPA A UNFPA-supported maternity clinic on the outskirts of Portoviejo, 11 III Helping in Emergencies Ecuador. Culture, Gender and Human Rights: © Don Hinrichsen/UNFPA 15 IV Poverty, Population and Development Women in front of a UNFPA-supported women’s centre and shelter run by the Mauritanian Association for Mother and Child Health in 19 V Building Support Nouakchott, Mauritania.
    [Show full text]
  • Eritrea's Story: Progress in Health in Eritrea
    ERITREA'S STORY: Progress in health in Eritrea: Cost-effective inter- sectoral interventions and a long-term perspective Romina Rodríguez Pose and Fiona Samuels Development Progress Development Progress Development Progress Development Progress Development Progress Progress in health in Eritrea: Cost-effective inter-sectoral interventions and a long-term perspective Key messages 1. Despite profound poverty, Eritrea is expected to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in health in general and in child health in particular. Areas of achievement include: infant and child mortality rates; immunisation coverage; malaria mortality and morbidity; and HIV prevalence. 2. Eritreans’ commitment, both at home and abroad, to the development of health and education is led by the government, which at the same time retains tight control of programmes and policies. 3. Out of necessity, Eritreans’ experience in adapting to adverse circumstances has given them the capacity to develop innovative multi-sectoral approaches to health. In addition, community involvement has enabled improved health-seeking behaviours as well as widespread buy-in. Development Progress stories “Eritrea is one of the few countries expected to achieve the MDGs in health, in child health in particular.” Summary What has been achieved? Two-thirds of Eritrea’s population lives below the national Eritrea is a country facing significant development poverty line, and the vast majority in rural areas. The rugged challenges. Its political system remains largely closed topography and harsh climate, coupled with the 30-year and basic human freedoms are by no means secure.1 war of independence, have led to widespread economic Eritrea has, nevertheless, achieved remarkable progress in hardship and food insecurity.
    [Show full text]
  • An Exploration of Skin Lightening in Eritrea
    “Tsada Getzu, Tsada Libu (White Face, White Heart)”: An Exploration of Skin Lightening in Eritrea by Fikrejesus Amahazion, Ph.D. [email protected] Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology and Social Work, Department of Political Science and International Relations, National College of Arts and Social Sciences Adi Keih, Eritrea Abstract This paper represents an analysis of skin lightening through interviews, focus group discussions, and survey questionnaires with informants in Eritrea. Findings suggest that skin lightening is increasingly popular with many individuals, particularly females, and that those engaging in skin lightening primarily use creams, lotions, soaps, and homemade mixes consisting of natural ingredients. As with many other countries, skin lightening in Eritrea is associated with a number of different factors. It is recommended that national policymakers consider enacting legislation or developing guidelines to regulate skin lightening products and its ingredients, while public awareness of the significant health risks associated with the use of lightening products is also advocated. Introduction A centuries old practice, skin lightening is the use of injections, topical ointments, creams, lotions, gels, soaps, oral formulations, and household chemicals to de-pigment or lighten skin complexion, produce an even skin tone, and remove blemishes, freckles, or scars (de Souza 2008: 28; Jablonski 2012; Street, Gaska, Lewis, and Wilson 2014: 53).1 Today, skin lightening is a multi-billion dollar, globalized industry, and over the past several decades it has emerged as an increasingly popular practice in many parts of the world (Charles 2003; Coopernov 2016; Glenn 2008). 236 Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies, vol.11, no.1, December 2017 Skin lightening is often driven by an array of factors, including the structural and societal elevation of light skin, as well as dermatological issues.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Country Assessment (CCA)
    Click here for CCA Indicators Summary Common Country Assessment (CCA) ERITREA Poverty Reduction Governance Economic Growth Food Emergency & Security Recovery HIV/AIDS Nutrition Gender Capacity Equity Communication Special needs Environment Data & Energy Educatio Shelter, Water & Health Sanitation Volume 1 March 2001 United Nations Table of contents Page Foreword 1. Introduction 1 2. Country Overview 2 Historical context 2 Basic facts 3 The state of human development 4 The national policy framework and UN System cooperation 6 3. Key Development Issues for Poverty Reduction 8 3.1 Governance 10 Focus box 1: HIV/AIDS & STDs 13 3.2 Economic growth and development 14 Focus box 2: Nutrition 17 3.3 Food security 18 Focus box 3: Gender in development 21 3.4 Education 22 Focus box 4: Capacity development 25 3.5 Health 26 Focus box 5: Issues of equity 29 3.6 Water, shelter and sanitation 30 Focus box 6: Communication for development 33 3.7 Environment and Energy 34 Focus box 7: Population groups with special needs 37 3.8 Emergency, recovery, reintegration and rehabilitation 38 Focus box 8: Data for development 41 4. Conclusions and the way forward 42 Annexes 46 1. From assessment to collaborative programming: potential areas for UN System support 47 2. Eritrea CCA Terms of reference 57 3. United Nations Country Team & Members of the Steering Committee 63 4. List of Theme Group Members 64 5. List of resource persons consulted and/or attended Theme Group Meetings 67 6. List of focus people responsible for sections in the CCA document 70 7. Process and Methodology 71 8.
    [Show full text]
  • Mid-Term Review of the Health Sector Strategic Development Plan 2012-2016
    ERITREA HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT PLAN (HSSDP 2012 – 2016) Mid-Term Review 3rd November – 19th November 2014 Final Report Harare, 18.12.2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................... IV ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ..................................................................................................... V ESSENTIAL INDICATORS: RESULTS AND TARGETS HSSDP 2012 - 2016 ............................................... VIII MAP OF ERITREA ............................................................................................................................. XII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... XIII Achievements ..................................................................................................................................................... xiii Challenges .......................................................................................................................................................... xiv Recommendations ............................................................................................................................................... xv 1. INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................1 1.1. Background to the 2014 Mid Term Review (MTR) of HSSDP ...........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Innovations in Service Delivery International Experience in Low-Density Countries
    6/11/13 Report Innovations in service delivery International experience in low-density countries Victoria Chambers, Leni Wild and Marta Foresti Delivering services in areas of low population density, particularly where there has been conflict or insecurity, and with diverse and nomadic populations, can pose significant challenges. One obstacle to overcome is the prevalence of hard-to-reach populations living in physically remote areas; more fundamentally, the state may be seen as absent or remote, reinforcing a lack of trust and undermining state–community relations. To explore these issues, and to inform programming in Mali and the Sahel region, this report reviews international experience across a range of sectors, to identify innovations in the delivery of services. It finds that innovative approaches often involve some key features, namely: greater mobility of providers and service points, greater connectivity between providers and users, take the form of practical hybrids, and allow space for conflict resolution and mediation. These services can be delivered through a diverse set of governance arrangements, and not necessarily through the government or through decentralised structures. Shaping policy for development odi.org Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Asbjorn Wee, Julia Lendorfer, Charlotte Yaiche and Alexandre Marc at the World Bank for their support and useful inputs for this report. We would also like to thank Andy Norton, Francesca Bastagli, Bryn Welham, Rebecca Simpson, Sara Pantuliano, Richard Mallet and other colleagues at ODI for their suggestions and comments to inform earlier versions of this report, and to Deborah Eade for her copy-editing of the text. All errors and omissions, however, are the responsibility of the authors.
    [Show full text]
  • Country of Origin Information Report Eritrea June 2010
    COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT ERITREA 8 JUNE 2010 UK Border Agency COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION SERVICE ERITREA 8 JUNE 2010 Contents Preface Paragraphs Background Information 1. GEOGRAPHY ......................................................................................... 1.01 Maps .............................................................................................. 1.06 2. ECONOMY ............................................................................................. 2.01 3. HISTORY ............................................................................................... 3.01 Independence and Transitional Government 1991-1993 .......... 3.02 The People’s Front for Democracy and Justice and constitutional developments 1994-2001 .................................... 3.04 Border conflict with Ethiopia 1998-2000 .................................... 3.07 Border tensions with neighbouring countries, 2005-2009 ....... 3.09 Domestic political developments from September 2001 to August 2009 .................................................................................. 3.15 4. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS (DECEMBER 2009 - JUNE 2010) ...................... 4.01 Useful sources for further information...................................... 4.05 5. CONSTITUTION ...................................................................................... 5.01 6. POLITICAL SYSTEM ................................................................................ 6.01 Human Rights 7. INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Women and Post-Conflict Reconstruction: Issues and Sources
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Sørensen, Birgitte Working Paper Women and post-conflict reconstruction: Issues and sources WSP Occasional Paper, No. 3 Provided in Cooperation with: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD), Geneva Suggested Citation: Sørensen, Birgitte (1998) : Women and post-conflict reconstruction: Issues and sources, WSP Occasional Paper, No. 3, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD), Geneva This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/148841 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially
    [Show full text]
  • Mental Health in Eritrea
    Electronic supplementary material: The online version of this article contains supplementary material. © 2021 THE AUTHOR(S) Cite as: Amahazion F. Mental health in Eritrea: A brief overview JOGH © 2021 ISGH and possible steps forward. J Glob Health 2021;11:03018. Mental health in Eritrea: A brief overview and possible steps forward VIEWPOINTS Fikrejesus Amahazion College of Arts and Social Sciences, Adi Keih, Eritrea ental health is an integral component of health. Recently, the global burden of mental disorders has grown, with significant impacts on health and major social, human rights, and economic consequenc- Mes [1,2]. Despite its significance, however, mental health has historically been neglected on Africa’s health and development policy agenda, while there has been little research into mental health problems [3]. Across Africa, health systems have not adequately responded to the burden of mental disorders, and a large treatment gap prevails [4-6]. There is also widespread ignorance about the extent of mental health problems and a prevalence of stigma and discrimination toward those with mental illness [7,8]. In Eritrea, a developing country located in Northeast Africa, mental health is a rising problem (Table 1). Since winning independence in 1991, Eritrea There is a rising frequency of mental has made considerable progress within the health sector, including in life ex- health problems in Eritrea, and men- pectancy, maternal, infant, and child mortality, immunization, and control tal illnesses are among the leading of major diseases [9-12]. However, the country also faces significant chal- causes of disability, comorbidity, and lenges, including regional conflict, poverty, socio-political challenges, erratic rainfall and potential for drought, food security, and shortage of skilled la- mortality.
    [Show full text]
  • National Health Policy
    national health policy the state of eritrea ministry of health HEALTH FOR ALL M IN I S TR Y O F H E A LT H , E R IT R E A March 2010 NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY Page NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY Page FORWARD Although the Eritrean health system has enormously grown since independence in 1991, it has become necessary to review our policies and strategies to allow consolidation and future sustainability. After independence, the government was faced with the challenge of poor health status of the population, attributable to war-related devastation of essential infrastructures and services. The severity of the problem was evident from high morbidity and mortality rates due to preventable causes, especially among children and women. The government’s priority in the past phase of development since independence therefore, was development of skilled human resource for health, reconstruction of the health infrastructure, instituting health systems and intensive PHC based programme interventions for communicable diseases. The long protracted war provided health workers a deep understanding of what the country needed in terms of health care services which formed the basis for a rapid response and systematic establishment of a health system. By means of this policy the health sector will contribute to the aspiration of the Health Sector Strategic Development Plan 2010-2014 “for developing a dynamic economy and better quality of life of all citizens” and subsequent other development plans. In order to attain the overall national development goals of the government, the health sector will strengthen community based health services, gradually restructure facility-based health services in order to make them more responsive to the people closest to their homes especially in the rural areas, strengthen decentralised health governance structures, improve efficiency and the quality of care provided by hospitals and strengthen health sector coordination at all levels to enable better participation of all players, whether public or private.
    [Show full text]
  • An Exploration of National Policies and Effective Practices for Electronic and Mobile Learning for Nursing and Midwifery Education
    An Exploration of National Policies and Effective Practices for Electronic and Mobile Learning for Nursing and Midwifery Education Patricia A. Abbott, Kathleen Omollo, Sue Anne Bell, Gurpreet K. Rana, Nancy Hammond, Massy Mutumba, Yun Jiang, and Rama Mwenesi University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, Michigan. USA This work was funded by the World Health Organization; N020433-00 University of Michigan On Campus Research Contract (PI: Abbott, P). 2015-2016. 2016 January 10 Page 1 of 87 To Cite This Work: Abbott, PA; Omollo, K., Bell, S., Rana, G., Hammond, N., Mutumba, M., Jiang, Y., & Mwenesi, R. (2016). An Exploration of National Policies and Effective Practices for Electronic and Mobile Learning for Nursing and Midwifery Education. WHO Commissioned Peer-Reviewed Monograph #N020433- 00. January, 2016. Page 2 of 87 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................... 3 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................. 5 CONTRIBUTORS ................................................................................................................................. 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................... 8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... 9
    [Show full text]