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Swr2-Musikstunde-20111207.Pdf __________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2 John Culshaw (3) Der Herr der Klänge: John Culshaw – Pionier der Stereo - Aufnahmetechnik. Die gestrige Musikstunde ging mit dem Don Juan von Richard Strauss zu Ende, in der 1956 von John Culshaw produzierten und von Fritz Reiner dirigierten Aufnahme mit den Wiener Philharmonikern … heute Morgen möchte ich gleich an einen weiteren in Wien entstandenen Schallplatten-Klassiker aus dem Jahre 1960 anknüpfen. Auch hier hatte Culshaw die Fäden in der Hand, und noch einmal stand Fritz Reiner am Pult. Bei einem Dirigenten, der 1888 in Budapest geboren und 1963 gestorben ist, der zudem die letzten vier Jahrzehnte seines Lebens überwiegend in den Vereinigten Staaten gearbeitet hat, mag bei einem jüngerem Publikum die Frage aufkommen: Wer bitteschön war Fritz Reiner ??? Der amerikanische Kritikerpapst Harold Schonberg hat einmal folgende Kurzcharakteristik gewagt: „Ein kleinwüchsiger Mann - mit großem Taktstock ...und einem klitzekleinen Schlag. Aufgrund seines musikalischen Intellekts, seiner überragenden musikalischen Fähigkeiten und seines beispiellosen Gehörs nahm er im Musikleben und - denken des 2o. Jahrhunderts eine einzigartige Rolle ein.“ Soweit Harold Schonberg. Reiner genoss zu Lebzeiten (und genießt in Kennerkreisen noch heute) größte Wertschätzung, er war ein Orchestererzieher par excellence...so verdankt ihm das Chicago Symphony Orchestra den Aufstieg zur Weltklasse, bevor Georg Solti es übernahm. Präzision und Detailgenauigkeit galten ihm als oberstes Gesetz. Gefürchtet war er bei den Musikern aber nicht nur wegen seines Perfektionismus und seines unfehlbaren Gehörs, sondern vor allem wegen seiner angsteinflößenden und für die Orchestermusiker oft erniedrigenden Ausbrüche. Wie eines seiner Chicagoer Opfer lakonisch anmerkte: Jeden Tag, an dem er nicht ausrastete, war er zu krank, um dirigieren zu können. Er forderte von seinen Musikern alles, führte sie an ihre Grenzen (und darüber hinaus), erzielte aber unter drakonischen Bedingungen künstlerische Ergebnisse, die bis heute nur selten erreicht oder gar überboten wurden. 2 3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CD Decca 467 119 2 Disc 1, track 6 4’14 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Rex tremendae majestatis aus Giuseppe Verdis Messa da Requiem mit Leontyne Price, Rosalind Elias, Jussi Björling und Giorgio Tozzi, dem Singverein der Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde Wien und den Wiener Philharmonikern. Der Tyrann am Pult: Fritz Reiner. Im Solistenquartett dieser Aufnahme befinden sich zwei überragende Künstler: Leontyne Price als Anfangsdreißigerin, nur wenige Monate trennten sie vom MET – Debut als Leonore in Verdis Troubadour, eine Rolle, mit der sie ihren Ruf als führende Verdi – Interpretin für die nächsten eineinhalb Jahrzehnte begründete. Und Jussi Björling, den man gerne den Caruso des Nordens genannt hat, mit einer der schönsten Tenorstimmen des 20. Jahrhunderts in einer Aufnahme, die nur wenige Monate vor seinem Tod entstanden ist. Wie wir inzwischen aus den ungeschönten Berichten in seiner Biographie wissen,( seine Witwe hat sie gemeinsam mit Andrew Farkas verfasst), litt Björling schon seit langem unter massiven, chronischen Alkoholproblemen, die auch das nächste mit Decca und der Culshaw – Mannschaft vereinbarte Projekt zu Fall bringen sollten: eine Studioproduktion von Verdis Maskenball in Rom. Bei der Aufnahme des Wiener Requiems unter Fritz Reiner gelang es dem jüngeren Produzenten - Kollegen Culshaws im Decca – Team: gelang es Erik Smith, Sohn des deutschen Dirigenten Hans Schmidt – Isserstedt, glücklicherweise den Tenor auf dem Weg zur Aufnahme davon abzuhalten, in ein Wiener Beisl auf ein Bierchen einzukehren, wobei es erfahrungsgemäß nie blieb. Und so erleben wir hier die Tenorarie Ingemisco als einen der strahlenden Höhepunkte dieses Requiems. Mit einem Sänger in Hochform, der hier noch einmal das ganze Spektrum seiner Jahrhundertstimme ausbreitet. Geradezu erschütternd zu hören, wie die Stimme, die vier Monate später für immer verstummen sollte, noch völlig intakt klingt: das jugendlich – silbrige Timbre verströmt sich ungebrochen, er demonstriert exemplarische Atemkontrolle und sensible Phrasierung ebenso wie feinfühligen Gebrauch der Tonfarben, ideale Balance von Innigkeit und Intensität, er 3 4 spannt weite Legatobögen und fasziniert wie immer durch berührende Ehrlichkeit. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CD Decca 467 119 2 track 1, track 8 (Blende) 4‘10 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eine Aufnahme, die die Sammlung jedes Verdi – Liebhabers ziert: Die Tenorarie Ingemisco aus Giuseppe Verdis Requiem mit Jussi Björling und den Wiener Philharmonikern mit Fritz Reiner am Pult, aufgenommen im Juni 1960. Was beim Requiem in Hinblick auf Jussi Björling gerade noch mal gut ging, endete bei dem unmittelbar anschließenden römischen Maskenball unter Solti in der Katastrophe. Obwohl Culshaw auch für Karajans gleichzeitig angesetzte Wiener Luxus – Fledermaus verantwortlich war, entschied er sich, erst einmal in Rom nach dem Rechten zu sehen, sein Instinkt sagte ihm wohl, dass hier die Dinge im Argen liegen könnten. Er vermutete richtig. Denn es hatte sich herumgesprochen, dass Björling bei seinen jüngsten Auftritten im Londoner Covent Garden mehrfach stark alkoholisiert auf der Bühne erschienen war. Aber abgesehen von den Widrigkeiten, die sich dadurch ergaben, dass die Bediensteten der Accademia di Santa Cecilia angesichts der in Rom um diese Jahreszeit herrschenden bestialischen Hitze für die noch so kleinste Handreichung fast erpresserisch ein exorbitantes Schmiergeld forderten…. abgesehen davon, schien es zunächst keine weiteren Schwierigkeiten zu geben… Bis Culshaws Ko – Produzent Erik Smith eines Abends Björlings Tochter zum Abendessen einlud. Niemand hätte vermutet, dass daraus ein Problem entstehen könnte , Smith war ein Freund der Familie Björling, die Verabredung war kein Geheimnis, aber irgendwann in den frühen Morgenstunden, zwischen drei und vier, tauchte ein sturzbetrunkener Jussi Björling an Culshaws Bettende auf, um lallend zu fragen, wo seine Tochter abgeblieben sei. Culshaw hatte natürlich keine Ahnung, und versuchte Björling mit einem weiteren Drink zu besänftigen. Das misslang, denn in der Minibar des Hotelzimmers war nichts Alkoholisches aufzutreiben. Culshaw schreibt: Björling schien entschlossen, alles kurz und klein zu hauen, aber Gottseidank tauchte in diesem Moment seine Entourage auf und brachte ihn ins Bett. Am nächsten Morgen erinnerte er sich an nichts 4 5 mehr. Nun, wir haben alle mal kleinere oder größere Ausraster, kein Grund zur Panik. Wäre es dabei geblieben, hätte man diesen Abend auch in der Rubrik Blöd gelaufen abheften können. Und Schwamm drüber. Aber als es zu den Proben kam bzw. nicht kam, war schnell Schluss mit lustig. Denn natürlich war Solti klar, dass alle Beteiligten (im Klartext: Birgit Nilsson, Giulietta Simionato, Cornell MacNeill und Jussi Björling) ihre Rollen bestens kannten, aber gerade bei so hochkarätigen Artisten kam es ihm darauf an, dass die Klangbalance der Stimmen ausgeglichen war. Björling verweigerte sich gnadenlos. Zuerst ließ er sich mit Indisposition entschuldigen, dann mit hitzebedingter Atemnot, kein Grund war fadenscheinig genug, um nicht zur Probe zu erscheinen. Dann tauchte er im Studio auf, als alle anderen Solisten, Chor und Orchestermitglieder für die Aufnahmen der großen Ensembleszenen angetreten waren und verlangte, dass ohne Probe und in einem Rutsch alle Partien aufgenommen werden sollten, an denen er beteiligt war. Das konnten und wollten Culshaw und Solti nicht akzeptieren. Sie gaben zu verstehen, man müsse dann wohl nach einem andern Tenor Umschau halten. „Ihr findet keinen, und schon gar nicht so schnell“, konterte Björling. „Und außerdem gibt es keinen andern Tenor, den Ihr so gut vermarkten könnt wie mich.“ Da alle andern an diesem römischen Maskenball beteiligten Sänger in Kürze ihre Engagements an verschiedenen europäischen Bühen antreten mussten, brachen Solti und Culshaw verzweifelt die Produktion ab, um sie vielleicht irgendwann zu Ende zu bringen. Die bisherige wochenlange Arbeit war aber erst einmal umsonst gewesen. Zwei Monate danach starb Björling im Alter von 49 Jahren, und das alte Team traf sich im darauffolgenden Sommer 1961 mit Culshaw in Rom, um die Aufnahme abzuschließen. Diesesmal mit Carlo Bergonzi als Riccardo. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CD Decca 443 959 2 track 6 7’20 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Non sai tu che sei l’anima mia – das große Liebesduett Riccardo - Amelia am Beginn des 2. Aktes von Giuseppe Verdis Maskenball mit Carlo Bergonzi, Birgit Nilsson und dem Orchester der römischen Accademia di Santa Cecilia Rom. Am Pult Georg Solti. 5 6 Auch der amerikanische Pianist Julius Katchen, in unserer schnell- lebigen Zeit heute wahrscheinlich nur noch in Klavier - Fachkreisen ein Begriff …auch Katchen zählte während der 1950er und 1960 er Jahre zu den Starsolisten der Decca. Er spielte 1949 die erste Klaviersolo LP dieses Labels überhaupt ein, mit Klaviermusik von Brahms. In Katchens Pianistenkarriere spielte besonders der Kampf um die Aneignung und Verbreitung des Werkes
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