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Skull Joints Svintsytska N.L. Hryn V.H. Kovalchuk O.І. MORPHOFUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTIC OF THE SKULL WITH A CLINICAL ASPECT Study guide Poltava 2020 MINISTRY OF PUBLIC HEALTH OF UKRAINE UKRANIAN MEDICAL STOMATOLOGICAL ACADEMY Nataliya L. Svintsytska, Volodymyr H. Hryn, Oleksandr I. Kovalchuk MORPHOFUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTIC OF THE SKULL WITH A CLINICAL ASPECT Study guide Poltava 2020 2 UDC 616.714:612 "Recommended by the Academic Council of the Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy as a study guide for foreign students receiving higher master's degrees, studying in the specialties 221"Stomatology", 222" Medicine "in higher educational institutions of of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine." Minutes of the meeting of the Academic Council of the Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy from 11.03.2020 №8. Composed by: Svintsytska N.L., Associate Professor at the Department of Human Anatomy of Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy, PhD in Medicine, Associate Professor Hryn V.H., Associate Professor at the Department of Human Anatomy of Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy, PhD in Medicine, Associate Professor Kovalchuk O.І., Head of the Department of Аnatomy and Pathological Physiology of Educational and Scientific Center "Institute of Biology and Medicine" of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor Study guide for foreign students of higher medical educational institutions оf Ukraine in Specialties – 222 «Medicine» та 221 «Stomatology». Morphofunctional characteristic of the skull with a clinical aspect. – Poltava, 2020 – 205 р. This guide is intended for undergraduate, postgraduate students and continuing education of health care professionals in a variety of clinical disciplines (medicine, pediatrics, dentistry) as it includes the basic concepts of human anatomy of the skull in adults and newborns. Rewiewed by: Maievskyi O.Ye., Head of the Department of Clinical Medicine of Educational and Scientific Center "Institute of Biology and Medicine" of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor Lukyantseva G.V., Professor of the Department of Medical and Biological Disciplines of the National University of Physical Education and Sports of Ukraine, Doctor of Biological Sciences Bilash S.M., Head of the Department of Clinical Anatomy and Operative Surgery of Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy, Professor Lysanets Yu.V., Associate Professor of the Department of Foreign Languages with Latin Language and Medical Terminology of Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy, Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor 3 CONTENTS Preface...................................................................................................................6 Bones of the neurocranium...................................................................................7 The occipital bone..............................................................................................7 The parietal bone..............................................................................................12 The frontal bone...............................................................................................14 The sphenoid bone............................................................................................18 The ethmoid bone.............................................................................................25 The temporal bone............................................................................................30 Bones of visceral skeleton...................................................................................43 The mandible....................................................................................................44 The maxilla.......................................................................................................51 The palatine bone.............................................................................................61 The nasal bone..................................................................................................63 The lacrimal bone.............................................................................................63 The zygomatic bone.........................................................................................64 The hyoid bone.................................................................................................66 The inferior nasal concha, vomer.....................................................................68 The orbit...........................................................................................................68 The nasal cavity...................................................................................................72 The accessory nasal sinuses, their clinical aspects……………………………..81 Skull joints...........................................................................................................87 Norma verticalis...............................................................................................90 Norma occipitalis..............................................................................................92 Norma frontalis.................................................................................................95 Norma lateralis...............................................................................................102 Norma basalis.................................................................................................109 Structure passing through foramina...................................................................117 Interior of the skull............................................................................................121 4 Anterior cranial fossa....................................................................................123 Middle cranial fossa.......................................................................................125 Posterior cranial fossa.....................................................................................129 Foetal skull........................................................................................................135 Postnatal growth of skull...................................................................................139 Sex differences in the skull................................................................................141 The temporomandibular joint…………………………………………………144 Development of the skull................................................................................147 Ossification of cranial bones………………………………………………….154 Clinical anatomy………………………………………………………………156 Eponymes and eponymic syndromes оf the skull…………………………….159 Control questions...............................................................................................174 Situation problems.............................................................................................177 Literature...........................................................................................................186 For self-preparing..............................................................................................191 5 PREFACE Modern craniology successfully solves the fundamental problem of medicine, namely, the study of regularitis of structure of a human skull and clarifying the morphological and functional features of various forms. Due to the complexity of its structure, the skull is the placesora large number of anatomic variations, anomalies and dysplasias. Facial bones are an important architectural part of the face, ensuring the perfection of its design fundamentals and uniqua individuality. Besides, they provide mechanical strength of the skull. By participating in the formation of cavities (orbit, nasal and oral), they are used for protection and normal functioning of the primary divisions of digestive, respiratory systems and sensory organs (sight, smell, taste). Fissures, foramens and channels which the cranial cavities have, allow the passage of the neurovascular bundles for the innervation of these organs. The structure of the maxilla and mandible and palatine bones represents the most pronounced signs of the evolution of the skull, characteristic of the skull of Homo sapiens and associated with the development of articulate speech, the development of the brain, the consumption of processed food. The study of the skull bones, their connections and relationships with blood vessels and nerves is necessary to understand the features of rendering proper medical care in case of disruption of their normal functioning. Skull lodges the brain, teeth and special senses like cochlear and vestibular apparatus, retina, olfactory mucous membrane, and taste buds. The weight of the brain is not felt as it is floating in the cerebrospinal fluid. Our personality, power of speech, attention, concentration, judgement, and intellect are because of the brain that we possess and its proper use, for our own good and for the good of the society as well. The skeleton of the head is called the skull. It consists of several bones that are joined together to form the cranium. The term skull also includes the 6 mandible or lower jaw, which is a separate bone. However, the two terms skull and cranium, are often used synonymously. The skullcap is formed by frontal, parietal, squamous temporal and a part of occipital bones, develop by intramembranous ossification, being a quicker one-stage process. The base of the skull in contrast
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