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Fearn Wind Energy Project Technical Description and Environmental Studies July 2010 Final Report Fearn Wind Energy Project July 2010 Fearn Wind Energy Project Technical Description and Environmental Studies Report OSE/2871 July 2010 Project Developer: David S Sutherland Tullich Farm Fearn Ross-shire IV20 1XW Project Design and Planning: Richard Gauld IEng MInstMC BSc(Hons) Dip. GeoSci Dip. DesInn Orkney Sustainable Energy Ltd 6 North End Road Stromness Orkney KW16 3AG Telephone 01856 850054 Facsimile 01856 851239 Email [email protected] Richard Gauld is Honours qualified in Earth Sciences and Design and is registered as a Professional Engineer with the Engineering Council of Great Britain through the Institute of Measurement and Control. OSE/2871 1 Final Report Fearn Wind Energy Project July 2010 Fearn Wind Energy Project Report OSE/2871 Technical Description and Environmental Studies This report is presented in two volumes; Volume 1 contains the non-technical summary, the project description, the wind turbine technical description, an ecology assessment, reports on archaeology, transport impacts, electromagnetic Interference and theoretical noise and shadow flicker impact. Volume 2 contains the Site Drawings, Maps and Photomontage Images. Section 1 Non-technical Summary and Project Description Section 2 Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment Section 3 Ecology Section 4 Archaeology Survey Section 5 Noise and Shadow effects Section 6 Geomorphology and Hydrology Volume 2: Site Drawings, Maps and Photomontage Images OSE/2871 2 Final Report Fearn Wind Energy Project July 2010 Section 1 Non-Technical Summary and Project Description OSE/2871 3 Final Report Fearn Wind Energy Project July 2010 SECTION 1 CONTENTS SUMMARY 5 1 INTRODUCTION 6 2 DEVELOPMENT DESCRIPTION 8 2.1 PROPOSED LOCATION 8 2.2 WIND ASSESSMENT 12 2.3 CARBON EMISSION AVOIDANCE 12 2.4 DETERMINING THE LOCATION 13 2.5 PROJECT DESIGN STATEMENT 15 2.6 WIND TURBINE SELECTION 16 2.7 EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATION 17 2.8 TRANSPORTATION 18 2.9 ROADS AND FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION SUMMARY 19 2.10 WIND TURBINE CONSTRUCTION PROGRAMME 19 2.11 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 20 2.12 DECOMMISSIONING 20 3 ECONOMIC AND PLANNING ISSUES 21 3.1 LOCAL OWNERSHIP OF RENEWABLE ENERGY 21 3.2 FARM DIVERSIFICATION AND COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT 21 3.3 NATIONAL PLANNING CONTEXT 22 3.4 HIGHLAND COUNCIL STRUCTURE PLAN 23 3.5 HIGHLAND RENEWABLE ENERGY STRATEGY 24 3.6 ROSS AND CROMARTY EAST LOCAL PLAN 25 3.7 SOCIO -ECONOMIC BENEFITS 27 4 SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 28 4.1 VISUAL IMPACT UPON THE LANDSCAPE 28 4.2 ECOLOGY 37 4.3 POTENTIAL DISTURBANCE TO ARCHAEOLOGY 47 4.4 IMPACT UPON GEOLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL FEATURES 49 4.5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT DURING CONSTRUCTION 51 4.6 POLLUTION IMPACT DURING CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE 51 4.7 POTENTIAL DISTURBANCE FROM NOISE 51 4.8 POTENTIAL DISTURBANCE FROM SHADOW FLICKER 53 4.9 POTENTIAL RADIOCOMMUNICATIONS INTERFERENCE 54 5 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND PROPOSED MITIGATION 55 5.1 VISUAL IMPACT MITIGATION 55 5.2 ECOLOGICAL IMPACT MITIGATION 56 5.3 ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPACT MITIGATION 58 5.4 POLLUTION AVOIDANCE 58 5.5 MITIGATION OF NOISE DISTURBANCE AND SHADOW FLICKER NUISANCE 59 5.6 CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSPORTATION IMPACT MITIGATION 59 6 CONCLUSIONS 60 7 REFERENCES AND SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 61 OSE/2871 4 Final Report Fearn Wind Energy Project July 2010 Summary The Fearn Wind Energy Project is a community windfarm being developed as a local investment project, with the land-owners establishing a development which will provide significant economic return to the area, while at the same time regenerating a derelict and disused brownfield site. The project has been developed by Mr David Sutherland of Tullich Farm near Hill of Fearn, with Orkney Sustainable Energy Ltd contracted to complete the project design and planning. It is proposed that up to three wind turbines will be installed on land at the disused Fearn Aerodrome, south-east of Tain in Ross-shire. The turbine identified for the development is either the Enercon E82 or the RE-Power MM82, and although the turbine model may change, subject to availability, for the purposes of this report the E82 has been used to show a typical machine for the development. The electricity generated will be traded to meet the requirements of the Renewables Order (Scotland) 2002. The concept of a locally owned wind energy development was initiated by the farming landowner, with extensive planning and research completed into the siting of this project. As a result of the various studies, the project has been designed around three 120m tall turbines to give a maximum output of 6MW, with the project designed to be appropriate for the setting. Visual impact studies have been completed, and it has been determined that the turbines present a simple, clear relationship to the land, and have largely Low to Moderate significance. Ecological impacts have been fully assessed, including a habitat survey, a mammal survey, a breeding bird survey, and an assessment of any protected species near the site. Assessment on the archaeology of the site and surrounding area has been completed and includes geological and hydrogeological surveys, description of the wind turbines, and extensive mapping, analysis and photomontage modelling of the development. A moderate-scaled wind energy project is feasible for this part of Ross-shire, with low impacts upon ecology and the local community. Strong social and economic benefits can be achieved by constructing the Fearn project, along with the associated climate change benefits resulting from renewable energy production. OSE/2871 5 Final Report Fearn Wind Energy Project July 2010 1 Introduction The Highlands of Scotland is an important area for renewable energy development, with a number of projects proposed and constructed in the area, primarily as large scale windfarms on hilltop and moorland locations. The Fearn project is an alternative to this pattern of development, and has been designed as a locally-owned cluster of wind turbines which has avoided remote and natural landscapes, while providing strong economic benefits. Environmental, planning and social impact studies have been completed, resulting in the design and development of a three wind turbine project. The site landowners at Fearn have been leading the development, and the project has been discussed with the local community council. The Fearn project has been designed around the Enercon 2MW wind turbine, however the actual turbine model may alter nearer the time of construction; the site layout and all modelling has used a 78m turbine tower height and a maximum of 41m blade length. The nearest 33 kV electricity transmission line is located at a small substation adjacent to the A9 west of the development site, with underground cabling proposed throughout. The wind speed on the Fearn site is predicted to be around 7 metres per second (ms -1), compared with 9 ms -1 predicted at the summits of nearby hills; Fearn is a Class 2 site, requiring comparatively tall towers. Based on the manufacturers predictions, three 2MW wind turbines on this site will produce around 10 GWh of electricity per annum, equivalent to the annual requirements of 2000 households (DUKES) . Electricity produced from renewable resources avoids the emission of pollution, and the production of 10,000 MWh is projected to avert the production of around 1200 tonnes of carbon per annum (Carbon Trust). When considering the number of people living around the site, the Fearn project provides a very good contribution towards the Scottish Government annual targets, per head of population: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Environment/Climate-Change/ . Section 1 of this report is the Non-Technical Summary and includes a summary of planning constraints and grid issues, Section 2 is the landscape and visual impact assessment, Section 3 is the ecology survey, Section 4 contains an assessment of archaeology impacts, Section 5 considers noise and shadow effects and Section 6 is an examination of historic landuse, geomorphology and hydrology. Volume 2 of the report contains plans, maps, wireframe images and photomontages. OSE/2871 6 Final Report Fearn Wind Energy Project July 2010 Reproduced from Ordnance Survey Data, Crown Copyright Reserved. License No. 0100031673 Figure 1 – Project location ` OSE/2871 7 Final Report Fearn Wind Energy Project March 2010 2 Development description This part of the report identifies the site for the wind turbine development and the activities involved in delivering and constructing a wind energy project at Fearn. The assessment includes planning constraints, a description of the site and identification of the grid connection. The aspects considered include site design, transport constraints, installation of the wind turbines, operation and maintenance of the project and eventual decommissioning of the turbines. 2.1 Proposed location The site for the development is within the boundary of Fearn Aerodrome, a flat area of disused land within open farmed slopes on the Tarbat peninsula, roughly 9km south-east of Tain, Figures 2.1 and 2.2. The project consists of three turbines that are likely to have a maximum tower height of 78m and a rotor diameter of around 82m, Figure 2.3, positioned on an area of raised seabed. The grid references are as listed below, Table 2.1, with a note of the base elevation and overall height above sea level, including maximum wind turbine blade tip height. There will be a requirement for an external switchgear housing located at the site, with final connection at a small substation next to the A9, west of Fearn. The set of overhead wires travelling through the Tarbat peninsula are mainly 11kV, with a higher voltage system running alongside the A9; the project requires an extension of this 33kV system. It is proposed that any new cabling should be located underground between the SSE substation and Fearn Aerodrome, and between the turbines on site. The site switchgear house will be designed to resemble an agricultural building appropriate for the location.