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Tuta Absoluta - Prédateur Omnivore Macrolphus Pygmaeus" a Été Utilisé Dans Des Conditions De Laboratoire Et En Serre En France

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Tuta Absoluta - Prédateur Omnivore Macrolphus Pygmaeus Thèse de doctorat l’Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis Mention : Biologie des Interactions et Ecologie Ecole Doctorale Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé Pour l’obtention du grade de Docteur de l’Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis Présenté par Peng HAN Effets bottom-up et top-down des variations de fertilisation et d'irrigation sur des réseaux tri-trophiques en agroécosystèmes Soutenue le 23 Septembre 2014 Devant le jury composé de: Dr. Eric Wajnberg, Directeur de Thèse Dr. Nicolas Desneux, co-Directeur de Thèse Dr. Anne-Violette Lavoir, co-Directeur de Thèse Prof. Philippe Giordanengo, Rapporteur Dr. Yvan Rahbé, Rapporteur Dr. Christine Cousteau, Examinateur Dr. Claire Lavigne, Examinateur Cette thèse a été effectuée au sein de l’INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), de l’équipe TEAPEA (Ecologie théorique et appliquée aux agrosystèmes semi-confinés). Institut Sophia Agrobiotech 400 Route des Chappes 06903 Sophia-Antipolis France 2 Acknowledgments This PhD thesis was supported by a fellowship from the Chinese government and funds from the French National Institute for Agricultural Research. I would like to thank all the persons who have contributed to the development of my project: Dr. Nicolas Desneux, Dr. Anne-Violette Lavoir (INRA, Sophia-Antipolis) and Dr. Eric Wajnberg (INRA, Sophia-Antipolis). This project would not have been a success without the collective efforts. I first would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Nicolas Desneux, researcher at INRA Sophia-Antipolis, who initiated and supervised this thesis, who has been my tutor since 2009 when I was a Master student in China. He has encouraged and helped my work with enthusiasm. During these past years, he brought me the scientific support and made me benefit from his experience. I would like also thanking Dr. Anne-Violette Lavoir who helped me during the course of the PhD, both for the experiments and the writing of the thesis; I greatly benefited from her logic thinking in writing manuscripts. I also thank Dr. Eric Wajnberg for agreeing to be the director of my PhD, for his time and for his valuable advices on data analyses. Finally, I thank Dr. Jacques Le Bot for his help during the process of the experiments, and Dr. Adamowicz Stéphane (INRA, Avignon) who helped me during the revisions of the PhD manuscript. I thank Dr. Claire Lavigne (INRA Avignon), Dr. Christine Cousteau (CNRA Sophia Antipolis), Prof. Philippe Giordanengo (Université de Picardie Jules Verne) and Dr. Yvan Rahbé (INRA Lyon) for agreeing to be the members of my PhD thesis jury. Especially, Philippe Giordanengo and Yvan Rahbé who agreed to evaluate this work as Rapporteurs. I am especially grateful to them. I thank all those who participated in the experiments. Big thanks to Philippe Bearez, Edwige Amiens-Desneux, Lionel Salvy, Sylvain Nuée for their technical support, encouragement and good humor. Also, I would thank some other colleagues: Dr. Antonio Biondi (University of Catane, Italy), Yongcheng Dong and Zhijian Wang (Huazhong Agricultural Univeristiy) who have been actively involved in my experiments. I also thank my former tutor, Dr. Changying Niu, who helped and encouraged me to study abroad, and to Anaïs, Yuxiang, Anthony, Laura, Luciana, Cylla and all the other colleagues and friends for the general good ambience of the working environment. Finally, I thank my parents and other family members who encouraged me to pursue this higher education abroad. Big thanks to my partner who has supported and helped me during the stress of my PhD! I love all of you more than you can ever imagine. Thanks to all! Sophia-Antipolis, France 3 Résumé Le système 'plante-ravageur-ennemi naturel' fournit un modèle de base idéal pour comprendre comment les communautés d'arthropodes sont structurées et comment les interactions (directes et indirectes) entre les différents acteurs contribuent à façonner la structure des communauté. Dans les agro-écosystèmes, les forces "top-down" correspondent aux effets de contrôle que les organismes arthropodes des niveaux trophiques supérieurs (par exemple, les prédateurs) ont sur les espèces des niveaux inférieurs (par exemple, leurs proies). Les communautés d'arthropodes peuvent également être influencées par des forces "bottom-up" induites par des variations dans les régimes de fertilisation ou d'irrigation ou par des variations de certains traits des plantes (résistance aux herbivores ou adaptations aux stress environnementaux). De plus, les forces "bottom-up" peuvent affecter l'impact "top-down" des ennemies naturels sur les herbivores soit directement (par exemple, les effets sur prédateur omnivore) ou médiées par les insectes herbivores intermédiaires. Dans ce contexte, les objectifs de cette thèse ont été de comprendre comment les variations de l'apport des ressources dans les agro-ecoécosytsèmes (disponibilité en azote et en eau) peuvent influencer les interactions entre les plantes, les herbivores et les ennemis naturels. Cette question a été étudiée aussi bien à l'échelle individuelle (traits d'histoire de vie des insectes) que populationnelle (dynamique des populations). Les études ont été réalisées sur deux agro-ecosystèmes basés sur les cultures de la tomate et du coton. Sur tomate, le système "Solanum lycopersicum L - mineuse Tuta absoluta - prédateur omnivore Macrolphus pygmaeus" a été utilisé dans des conditions de laboratoire et en serre en France. Nous avons démontré des effets "bottom-up" des intrants d'azote et/ou d'eau sur les herbivores et leur prédateur omnivore. La préférence alimentaire du prédateur a été également fortement influencée par la disponibilité en l'eau apporté à la plante. Les études sur le coton (Gossypium arboretum L) ont été réalisées dans des conditions de terrain en Chine centrale. Nous avons identifié les principales forces de régulation "top-down", notamment via des coccinelles prédatrices (Propylaea japonica) et des parasitoïdes de pucerons, sur le puceron Aphis gossypii Glover. Dans une seconde étude sur le coton transgénique Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis), nous avons démontré qu'une fertilisation azotée moindre diminue les populations du puceron A. gossypii, sans pour autant compromettre l'effet "top-down" issu de la guilde des ennemis naturels. Enfin, cette thèse souligne l'importance de la manipulation de ces différentes forces dans les stratégies de gestion des espèces nuisibles dans le cadre de la lutte intégrée. 4 Abstract The “Plant-herbivorous insect-natural enemy” system provides an ideal basic model to understand how the plant-inhabiting arthropod communities are structured and how various mechanisms (i.e. direct and indirect interactions) contribute to shape the community structure. In agro-ecosystems, top-down forces encompass the controlling effects that arthropod organisms of the higher trophic level (e.g., predators) have on species at the next lower level (e.g., prey). Arthropod communities may also be influenced by bottom-up forces induced by environmental variations (e.g. fertilization or irrigation regimes) or plant traits (plant insect-resistance or plant-adaptive traits). Furthermore, bottom-up forces may affect top-down forces on herbivores either directly (e.g., effects on omnivorous predator) or mediated by the intermediate herbivorous insects. In this context, the aims of the PhD study were to disentangle how variations in resource inputs (i.e. nitrogen and water availability) affect interactions among plant, herbivores and their natural enemies at both the individual (life-history traits) and population (population dynamic) levels. The studies were carried out on two agrosystems based on tomato and cotton. On tomato, the system 'Solanum lycopersicum L - leafminer Tuta absoluta - omnivorous predator Macrolphis pygmaeus' was used under laboratory and greenhouse conditions in France. We found strong evidence of bottom-up effects of nitrogen and/or water inputs on the herbivore and the omnivorous predator. Feeding ecology of the predator was also strongly influenced by water availability. Studies on cotton (Gossypium arboretum L) were carried out under field conditions in central China. We identified the key top-down regulation forces from ladybirds Propylaea japonica and aphid parasitoid Aphidiines on cotton aphid Aphis gossypii Glover. In another study in transgenic Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) cotton, we found that a lower nitrogen fertilization may support lower A. gossypii populations, but not compromise top-down regulation since its key natural enemy guild was generally not affected. Moreover, this work highlights how the manipulation of these forces could favor the management of a given pest species in the framework of Integrated Pest Management. 5 Résumé de la thèse en français Dans la nature, les plantes couvrent la plupart des surfaces terrestres. Dans la plupart des écosystèmes terrestres, ce sont des producteurs primaires et forment ainsi la base des réseaux trophiques de ces écosystèmes. Le groupe des consommateurs primaires, organismes hétérotrophes consommant les plantes, est largement dominé par les insectes (appartenant au taxon des arthropodes). Plantes et Arthropodes sont les deux taxons d'organismes vivants les plus importants, à la fois en termes d'abondance des espèces et de quantité de biomasse (Schoonhoven et al. 2005). Ainsi, les relations entre les insectes et les plantes sont d'une importance cruciale. L'étude des interactions plantes-insectes dans les écosystèmes terrestres a été particulièrement développé. Notamment, le système 'plante-ravageur-ennemi
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