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A4351 - Pena #D.Vp Monday, July 01, 2002 2:52:58 PM Color Profile: Disabled Composite 150 Lpi at 45 Degrees Color profile: Disabled Composite 150 lpi at 45 degrees Tropical Fruit Pests and Pollinators Biology, Economic Importance, Natural Enemies and Control 1 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4285 - Pena\A4351 - Pena #D.vp Monday, July 01, 2002 2:52:58 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite 150 lpi at 45 degrees Dedication To my nieces, Dalia Lucia and Carmen Yomaira, and nephews, Jario Alberto and Jorge Eduardo and to my adopted children Christina and Matthew. To Luz-Stella Cobo-Martinez for encouraging me to become an entomologist. Acknowledgements Extensive thanks to my co-editors, authors and co-authors for their willingness to participate in this endeavour. Dr Richard E. Litz for encouraging me to edit this book. Drs Richard Jones and William Brown for their support. Ms Elvia Esparza for the superb art work on the book cover. Ms Rita E. Duncan and Dr Diviina Amalin for their help. To the different reviewers of the book chapters. J.E. Peña 2 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4285 - Pena\A4351 - Pena #D.vp Monday, July 01, 2002 2:52:58 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite 150 lpi at 45 degrees Tropical Fruit Pests and Pollinators Biology, Economic Importance, Natural Enemies and Control Edited by J.E. Peña Tropical Research and Education Center University of Florida, Florida USA J.L. Sharp USDA-ARS, Miami, Florida USA and M. Wysoki ARO, The Volcani Center Bet Dagan Israel CABI Publishing 3 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4285 - Pena\A4351 - Pena #D.vp Monday, July 01, 2002 2:52:58 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite 150 lpi at 45 degrees CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 10 E 40th Street Wallingford Suite 3203 Oxon OX10 8DE New York, NY 10016 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 212 481 7018 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 212 686 7993 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.cabi-publishing.org ©CAB International 2002. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Tropical fruit pests and pollinators : biology, economic importance, natural enemies, and control / edited by J.E. Peña, J.L. Sharp, and M. Wysoki. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 0-85199-434-2 (alk. paper) 1. Tropical fruit--Diseases and pests. 2. Tropical fruit--Diseases and pests--Control. 3. Insect pollinators--Control. I. Peña, Jorge E., 1948-II. Sharp, Jennifer L. III. Wysoki, M. SB608.F8 T75 2002 634′.6--dc21 2002001303 ISBN 0 85199 434 2 Typeset by AMA DataSet Ltd, UK Printed and bound in the UK by Cromwell Press, Trowbridge 4 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4285 - Pena\A4351 - Pena #D.vp Monday, July 01, 2002 2:52:58 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite 150 lpi at 45 degrees Contents Contributors vii 1 Introduction 1 J.E. Peña 2 Pests of Banana 13 C.S. Gold, B. Pinese and J.E. Peña 3 Tropical Citrus Pests 57 D. Smith and J.E. Peña 4Pests and Pollinators of Mango 103 G.K. Waite 5 Pests of Papaya 131 A. Pantoja, P.A. Follett and J.A. Villanueva-Jiménez 6 Pests of Pineapple 157 G.J. Petty, G.R. Stirling and D.P. Bartholomew 7 Pollinators and Pests of Annona Species 197 J.E. Peña, H. Nadel, M. Barbosa-Pereira and D. Smith 8 Pests and Pollinators of Avocado 223 M. Wysoki, M.A. van den Berg, G. Ish-Am, S. Gazit, J.E. Peña and G.K. Waite 9 Pests of Guava 295 W.P. Gould and A. Raga 10 Pests of Minor Tropical Fruits 315 P.A.C. Ooi, A. Winotai and J.E. Peña v 5 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4285 - Pena\A4351 - Pena #D.vp Monday, July 01, 2002 2:52:58 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite 150 lpi at 45 degrees vi Contents 11 Pests of Litchi and Longan 331 G.K. Waite and J.S. Hwang 12 Passion Fruit 361 E.L. Aguiar-Menezes, E.B. Menezes, P.C.R. Cassino and M.A. Soares 13 Quarantine Treatments for Pests of Tropical Fruits 391 J.L. Sharp and N.W. Heather Index 407 The colour plates can be found following p. 56 6 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4285 - Pena\A4351 - Pena #D.vp Monday, July 08, 2002 1:09:48 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite 150 lpi at 45 degrees Contributors E.L. Aguiar-Menezes, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Agrobiologia, BR 465, Km 7, Caixa Postal 74505, Seropedica, RJ 23890-000 Brazil. M. Barbosa-Pereira, Department of Entomology, ESALQ-USP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. D.P. Bartholomew, Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1910 East-West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA. P.C.R. Cassino, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Centro Integrado de Manejo de Pragas, ‘Cincinnato Rory Goncalves’, BR 465, Km 7, Seropedica, RJ 23890-000 Brazil. P.A. Follett, USDA-ARS, Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, PO Box 4459, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA. S. Gazit, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel. C.S. Gold, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, ESARC, PO Box 7878, Kampala, Uganda. W.P. Gould, USDA-ARS, Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, 13601 Old Cutler Road, Miami, FL 33158, USA. N.W. Heather, School of Land and Food, The University of Queensland, Gatton College, Queensland 4345, Australia. J.S. Hwang, Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, 189 Chung-Cheng Road, Wufeng, Taichung Hsien, Taiwan 413, Republic of China. G. Ish-Am, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel. E.B. Menezes, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Centro Integrado de Manejo de Pragas, ‘Cincinnato Rory Goncalves’, BR 465, Km 7, Seropedica, RJ 23890-000 Brazil. H. Nadel, International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), PO Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya. A. Pantoja, Department of Crop Protection University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus, PO Box 9030 Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00681-9030. J.E. Peña, Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 18905 SW 280 Street, Homestead, FL 33031, USA. G.J. Petty, Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X1, Bathurst 6166, Republic of South Africa. B. Pinese, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, PO Box 1054, Mareeba, Queensland 4880, Australia. P.A.C. Ooi, FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 39 Phra Atit Road, Bangkok 1022, Thailand. A. Raga, Instituto Biologico, Caixa Postal 70, 13.001-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil. vii 7 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4285 - Pena\A4351 - Pena #D.vp Monday, July 01, 2002 2:52:59 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite 150 lpi at 45 degrees viii Contributors J.L. Sharp, USDA-ARS, 13601 Old Cutler Road, Miami, FL 33158, USA. D. Smith, Department of Primary Industries, Maroochy Horticultural Research Station, Nambour, Queensland 4560, Australia. M.A. Soares, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Centro Integrado de Manejo de Pragas, ‘Cincinnato Rory Goncalves’, BR 465, Km 7, Seropedica, RJ 23890-000 Brazil. G.R. Stirling, Biological Crop Protection (Pty) Ltd, 3601 Moggill Road, Moggil, Queensland 4070, Australia. M.A. van den Berg, Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops, Private Bag X11208, Nelspruit 1200, South Africa. J.A. Villanueva-Jiménez, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Veracruz, Apartado Postal 421, CP 91700 Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico. G.K. Waite, Queensland Horticulture Institute, Maroochy Research Station, PO Box 5083, SCMC, Nambour, Queensland 4560, Australia. A. Winotai, Biological Control Group, Division of Entomology and Zoology, Department of Agri- culture, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. M. Wysoki, Department of Entomology, ARO, Institute of Plant Protection, The Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel. 8 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4285 - Pena\A4351 - Pena #D.vp Monday, July 01, 2002 2:52:59 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite 150 lpi at 45 degrees 1 Introduction Jorge E. Peña Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 18905 SW 280 Street, Homestead, FL 33031, USA Tropical Fruit have modifying effects on these crops. Tree phenology (flushing, quiescence, flowering, Tropical fruit form a large and diverse com- fruiting and leaf fall) is much more dramatic in modity group, that ranges from perennial the tropics than at high latitudes, where win- to herbaceous species (Alexander and ter confines growth and development largely Possingham, 1984; Akora, 1998). The herba- to one season each year (Verheij and Coronel, ceous group comprises important crop plants 1992). Day length in the tropics varies too such as banana, pineapple, and papaya while little to noticeably affect the annual course of the woody or perennial plants may include radiation or temperature. Thus, most climatic tree species, shrubs, and vines (Verheij cues of plant development are not as firmly and Coronel, 1992). In this book we have tied to calendar months as is the case at higher attempted to record and summarize what latitudes. The phenological cycle in the tropics is known regarding pests and pollinators may shift a few months from one year to the of tropical fruit from the major tropical fruit next. This complicates phenological studies, producing areas: South and South-East Asia, but should make it easier to detect which Australia, Africa, South and Central America environmental factor (e.g. dry season) triggers and the Caribbean region. We have focused a certain growth and development response on tropical citrus, avocado, mango, pine- (e.g.
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