DOCSLIB.ORG

Croton-To-Highlands Biodiversity Plan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Croton-To-Highlands Biodiversity Plan $8.00 Croton-to-Highlands Biodiversity Plan Balancing Development and the Environment in the Hudson River Estuary Catchment Metropolitan Conservation Alliance a program of MCA Technical Paper Series: No. 7 Croton-to-Highlands Biodiversity Plan Balancing Development and the Environment in the Hudson River Estuary Catchment by Nicholas A. Miller, M.S. and Michael W. Klemens, Ph.D. Metropolitan Conservation Alliance Wildlife Conservation Society Bronx, NY Cover photograph: Hunter Brook, Yorktown, NY. ©WCS/MCA, Kevin J. Ryan Suggested citation: Miller, N. A. and M. W. Klemens. 2004. Croton-to-Highlands Biodiversity Plan: Balancing development and the environment in the Hudson River Estuary Catchment. MCA Technical Paper No. 7, Metropolitan Conservation Alliance, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York. Additional copies of this document can be obtained from: Metropolitan Conservation Alliance Wildlife Conservation Society 68 Purchase Street, 3rd Floor Rye, New York 10580 (914) 925-9175 [email protected] ISBN 0-9724810-2-8 ISSN 1542-8133 Printed on partially recycled paper ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project would not have been possible without the enthusiastic collaboration and support of our key partners: the towns of Cortlandt, New Castle, Putnam Valley, and Yorktown. These communities have helped to guide this project and have contributed to its success through active engagement at meetings and planning charettes, on-going outreach to their citizenry, and contribution of seed monies. We extend thanks to all of our partners within these four communities (including many elected and appointed officials, town staff, volunteer board members, and concerned citizens) who have moved this project forward and who continue to make conservation of biodiversity a priority within their towns. Initial start-up funds for this project were provided by each of the four towns. Generous financial support has been received from a variety of additional sources, including Westchester Community Foundation, NYS Department of Environmental Conservation’s Hudson River Estuary Program, and the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS). In addition, WCS's Metropolitan Conservation Alliance received core support during early phases of this project from Doris Duke Charitable Foundation and Surdna Foundation. Teatown Lake Reservation (in partnership with Westchester Community Foundation) funded field surveys and GIS analyses in the vicinity of the Reservation as part of a separate project; much of this information has been incorporated into the CHBP. The Town of Cortlandt funded a study of the Hudson Highlands Gateway Park; data collected during that study have also been incorporated into the CHBP. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................iii Introduction .........................................................................................................................................1 Background Information..........................................................................................................1 The Croton-to-Highlands Region ...........................................................................................1 Concepts and Issues ...........................................................................................................................2 Biodiversity in the Croton-to-Highlands Region ...................................................................2 Importance of Biodiversity in this Region .............................................................................3 Biodiversity and Local Land Use Planning ...........................................................................4 Project Premises and Goals......................................................................................................5 Land Use Changes and Biodiversity.......................................................................................6 Methods ................................................................................................................................................8 The Focal Species Approach (FoSA)..................................................................................... 8 Site Selection and Access ........................................................................................................9 Field Data Collection .............................................................................................................10 Data Management...................................................................................................................10 Data Analysis..........................................................................................................................11 Outreach and Municipal/Inter-municipal Implementation ..................................................12 iv Results and Discussion .....................................................................................................................13 Overview.................................................................................................................................13 Definition of Terms: Biodiversity Areas ..............................................................................13 Croton-to-Highlands Biodiversity Areas ..............................................................................15 Figure A. Croton-to-Highlands Biodiversity Map.......................................................................17 Recommendations for Implementation .........................................................................................24 Important Considerations and Caveats .................................................................................24 Recommendations for Future Development and Economic Growth..................................24 Recommendations for Land Preservation.............................................................................25 Recommendations for Local Land Use Planning.................................................................26 Literature Cited ................................................................................................................................31 Appendix A. Focal Species of the Croton-to-Highlands Region.....................................................32 Appendix B. WCS/MCA Technical Paper Series ............................................................................34 v INTRODUCTION Background Information The Croton-to-Highlands Biodiversity Plan (CHBP) project is a partnership between the Wildlife Conservation Society’s Metropolitan Conservation Alliance (WCS/MCA) and the four contiguous towns of Cortlandt, New Castle, Putnam Valley, and Yorktown in northwestern Westchester County and southwestern Putnam County, New York. The goal of the project is to establish a regional, multi-town approach to land use planning to promote the conservation of wildlife and habitats. This project builds upon a model developed by WCS/MCA in other towns, regions, and states. These four towns were selected because they contain an impressive diversity of wildlife and habitats, because they are under development pressures that threaten those natural resources, and because there is a growing concern within these towns about the costs of sprawl to the environment and to human health and well-being. The Croton-to-Highlands Region The Croton-to-Highlands region encompasses the northwestern-most towns of Westchester County (Cortlandt, New Castle, and Yorktown) and the contiguous Town of Putnam Valley in southwestern Putnam County. It is bounded to the west, for much of its length, by the Hudson River. As its name implies, the region comprises diverse landscapes, from the hills and valleys of the Croton River watershed in the south to the forested ridges of the Hudson Highlands in the north. This region, once composed of forests and fields interspersed with hamlets, villages and other urban centers, is experiencing rapid change. A wave of sprawl is pulsing through the region, from south to north. The directional nature of this sprawl has created a similar gradient in relative biodiversity; the most development-sensitive species persist only in the north. But vibrant habitats and diverse assemblages of wildlife are found in all four towns. There is still time to minimize and contain the effects of sprawl; but this can only be achieved by finding alternative development patterns that can strike a better balance between economic growth and environmental integrity. This balance is necessary, not only to maintain biodiversity, but to retain the diverse and scenic landscapes that are at the very core of the “sense of place” defining each of these four towns. 1 CONCEPTS AND ISSUES Biodiversity in the Croton-to-Highlands Region The rich tapestry of genes, species, ecosystems, and their interactions are collectively referred to as biological diversity, often shortened to “biodiversity.” The Croton-to-Highlands towns are home to significant habitats and rich assemblages of wildlife, due to a unique convergence of factors: 1. The diverse geological variation within these towns serves as a foundation for a wide variety of habitats. Wetlands, streams, and elevation gradients combine to create many distinctive habitat types, which in turn support unique and rare species. The region’s biodiversity is influenced by both the Hudson Highlands and the more low-lying river valleys. 2. The geographic position
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Coastal Assessment Form Addendum
    X NY Department of State, U.S. Office of Ocean & Coastal Resource Management The LWRP Update includes projects to improve water quality in Croton Bay. X X The LWRP Update proposes improvements to several Village parks and a Village-wide parks maintenance and improvement plan. Note: This section is designed for site-specific actions rather than area-wide or generic proposals. The answers to the questions reflect the fact the LWRP Update would apply to all actions wtihin the Village's coastal area, and that the Update proposes several implementation projects. These projects, if undertaken, would be subject to individual consistency review. X X Croton‐on‐Hudson Local Waterfront Revitalization Program Update VILLAGE OF CROTON‐ON‐HUDSON, NEW YORK COASTAL ASSESSMENT FORM ADDENDUM Lead Agency Village of Croton‐on‐Hudson Board of Trustees Stanley H. Kellerhouse Municipal Building 1 Van Wyck Street Croton‐on‐Hudson, NY 10520 Contact: Leo A. W. Wiegman, Mayor (914)‐271‐4848 Prepared by BFJ Planning 115 Fifth Avenue New York, NY 10003 Contact: Susan Favate, AICP, Principal (212) 353‐7458 Croton-on-Hudson LWRP Update CAF July 31, 2015 Croton-on-Hudson LWRP Update CAF July 31, 2015 1.0 LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED ACTION Pursuant to the New York State Environmental Quality Review Act (SEQR), the proposed action discussed in this Full Environmental Assessment Form (EAF) is the adoption of an update to the 1992 Local Waterfront Revitalization Program (LWRP) of the Village of Croton‐on‐Hudson. In considering adoption of the LWRP Update, the Village of Croton‐on‐Hudson Board of Trustees (BOT) are proposing to modify certain existing policies to reflect changed conditions and priorities since the 1992 LWRP, and to propose specific projects to implement those policies.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Public Comment on Draft Trout Stream Management Plan
    Assessment of public comments on draft New York State Trout Stream Management Plan OCTOBER 27, 2020 Andrew M. Cuomo, Governor | Basil Seggos, Commissioner A draft of the Fisheries Management Plan for Inland Trout Streams in New York State (Plan) was released for public review on May 26, 2020 with the comment period extending through June 25, 2020. Public comment was solicited through a variety of avenues including: • a posting of the statewide public comment period in the Environmental Notice Bulletin (ENB), • a DEC news release distributed statewide, • an announcement distributed to all e-mail addresses provided by participants at the 2017 and 2019 public meetings on trout stream management described on page 11 of the Plan [353 recipients, 181 unique opens (58%)], and • an announcement distributed to all subscribers to the DEC Delivers Freshwater Fishing and Boating Group [138,122 recipients, 34,944 unique opens (26%)]. A total of 489 public comments were received through e-mail or letters (Appendix A, numbered 1-277 and 300-511). 471 of these comments conveyed specific concerns, recommendations or endorsements; the other 18 comments were general statements or pertained to issues outside the scope of the plan. General themes to recurring comments were identified (22 total themes), and responses to these are included below. These themes only embrace recommendations or comments of concern. Comments that represent favorable and supportive views are not included in this assessment. Duplicate comment source numbers associated with a numbered theme reflect comments on subtopics within the general theme. Theme #1 The statewide catch and release (artificial lures only) season proposed to run from October 16 through March 31 poses a risk to the sustainability of wild trout populations and the quality of the fisheries they support that is either wholly unacceptable or of great concern, particularly in some areas of the state; notably Delaware/Catskill waters.
    [Show full text]
  • 2014 Aquatic Invasive Species Surveys of New York City Water Supply Reservoirs Within the Catskill/Delaware and Croton Watersheds
    2014 aquatic invasive species surveys of New York City water supply reservoirs within the Catskill/Delaware and Croton Watersheds Megan Wilckens1, Holly Waterfield2 and Willard N. Harman3 INTRODUCTION The New York City Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) oversees the management and protection of the New York City water supply reservoirs, which are split between two major watershed systems, referred to as East of Hudson Watersheds (Figure 1) and Catskill/Delaware Watershed (Figure 2). The DEP is concerned about the presence of aquatic invasive species (AIS) in reservoirs because they can threaten water quality and water supply operations (intake pipes and filtration systems), degrade the aquatic ecosystem found there as well as reduce recreational opportunities for the community. Across the United States, AIS cause around $120 billion per year in environmental damages and other losses (Pimentel et al. 2005). The SUNY Oneonta Biological Field Station was contracted by DEP to conduct AIS surveys on five reservoirs; the Ashokan, Rondout, West Branch, New Croton and Kensico reservoirs. Three of these reservoirs, as well as major tributary streams to all five reservoirs, were surveyed for AIS in 2014. This report details the survey results for the Ashokan, Rondout, and West Branch reservoirs, and Esopus Creek, Rondout Creek, West Branch Croton River, East Branch Croton River and Bear Gutter Creek. The intent of each survey was to determine the presence or absence of the twenty- three AIS on the NYC DEP’s AIS priority list (Table 1). This list was created by a subcommittee of the Invasive Species Working Group based on a water supply risk assessment.
    [Show full text]
  • Macroinvertebrate Distribution in Relation to Land Use and Water Chemistry in New York City Drinking-Water-Supply Watersheds
    J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc., 2006, 25(4):954–976 Ó 2006 by The North American Benthological Society Macroinvertebrate distribution in relation to land use and water chemistry in New York City drinking-water-supply watersheds Erika B. Kratzer1, John K. Jackson2, David B. Arscott3, Anthony K. Aufdenkampe4, Charles L. Dow5, L. A. Kaplan6, 7 6 J. D. Newbold , AND Bernard W. Sweeney Stroud Water Research Center, 970 Spencer Road, Avondale, Pennsylvania 19311 USA Abstract. Macroinvertebrate communities were examined in conjunction with landuse and water- chemistry variables at 60 sites in the NYC drinking-water-supply watersheds over a 3-y period. The watersheds are in 2 adjacent regions of New York State (east of Hudson River [EOH] and west of Hudson River [WOH]) that are geographically distinct and have unique macroinvertebrate communities. Nonforested land use at EOH sites was mostly urban (4–57%), whereas land use at sites in the rural WOH region was more agricultural (up to 26%) and forested (60–97%). Land use accounted for 47% of among-site variability in macroinvertebrate communities in the EOH region and was largely independent of geological effects. Land use accounted for 40% of among-site variability in macroinvertebrate communities in the WOH region but was correlated with underlying geology. Comparisons among 3 landuse scales emphasized the importance of watershed- and riparian-scale land use to macroinvertebrate communities in both regions. Multivariate and bivariate taxa–environment relationships in the EOH and WOH regions identified specific landuse and water-chemistry gradients and, in general, showed a continuum in conditions across the watersheds.
    [Show full text]
  • Brewster Wellfield, Putnam County
    FINAL RESTORATION PLAN BREWSTER WELL FIELD SUPERFUND SITE BREWSTER, PUTNAM COUNTY, NEW YORK November 2008 Prepared by: United States Fish and Wildlife Service on behalf of the Department of the Interior and New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Contact: Anne Secord U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 3817 Luker Road Cortland, NY 13045 [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. A. INTRODUCTION 1 B. BACKGROUND 1 C. NATURAL RESOURCES AND IMPACTS TO THOSE RESOURCES 3 D. NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE SETTLEMENT 4 E. PROPOSED RESTORATION 4 1. GOALS OF THE RESTORATION PROJECT(S) 4 2. SPECIFIC PROJECTS CONSIDERED 5 a. Bog Brook Unique Area Restoration 5 b. Bog Turtle Early Successional Wetland Habitat Restoration 7 3. EVALUATION AND COMPARISON OF FEASIBLE PROJECT ALTERNATIVES 8 4. PREFERRED PROJECT FOR IMPLEMENTATION 10 F. COMPLIANCE WITH THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT (NEPA) 11 G. RESPONSE TO PUBLIC COMMENTS RECEIVED 11 LITERATURE CITED 13 A. INTRODUCTION In August 1996, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), on behalf of the United States Department of the Interior (DOI), and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC), on behalf of the State of New York, collectively referred to as the “Trustees,” settled a natural resource damage claim with the Responsible Parties (RPs) for the Brewster Well Field Superfund Site (the Site) located in the Village of Brewster (Village), Town of Southeast, Putnam County, New York. The Trustees sought this settlement as compensation for injuries to natural resources due to release of environmental contaminants from the Site. We are required to use settlement funds to compensate for those injuries by restoring natural resources, supporting habitat, and/or services provided by the injured resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Westchester County Fishing Waters NYS Department of Health Fish Advisories & Publicly Accessible Waters
    Westchester County Fishing Waters NYS Department of Health Fish Advisories & Publicly Accessible Waters Muscoot River N PUTNAM COUNTY Titicus Reservoir WESTCHESTER COUNTY Titcus Dam Titicus River Hollowbrook Dam Peekskill Hollow Brook Croton River Amawalk Reservoir Waccabuc Amawalk Dam River Blue Mohansic Muscoot River Mountain Cross River Lake Cross River Dam Reservation Reservoir Lounsbury Pond Dam New Croton Muscoot Cross River Dickey Brook Dam Reservoir Muscoot Reservoir New Croton Reservoir Dam Croton Water Supply Dams Croton RiverQuaker Bridge Dam Stone Hill River Silver Lake Dam All outlined waters are NYS DEC public access waters; there may be other fishing access sites in your county. General Advisory Applies Pocantico Lake Whole family: 4 fish meals/month Specific Advisory Applies Hudson River Swan Lake Women under 50 & children under 15: do not eat SwanDam Men over 15 & women over 50: health.ny.gov/fish/HV Lake Sleepy Hollow Dam Location Waterfall Dam Kensico Dam Stream Flow Connected Tributary, Advisory Applies Kensico Reservoir Woodlands Lake Woodlands Lake Dam Popham Road Dam Sheldrake River Long Island Sound* Saw Mill River *Some marine fish advisories exist Bronx River for women under 50 and children, Hodgman Dam visit www.health.ny.gov/fish/NYC for restrictions. The “Flume” www.health.ny.gov/fish [email protected] Map data © 2017 Google Bronx Zoo Double Dam 12/5/18.
    [Show full text]
  • Middle States Geographer, 2013, 46: 61-70 61 HISTORICAL 3D
    Middle States Geographer, 2013, 46: 61-70 HISTORICAL 3D MODELING OF EROSION FOR SEDIMENT VOLUME ANALYSIS USING GIS, STONY CLOVE CREEK, NY Christopher J. Hewes Bren School of Environmental Science & Management University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5131 Lawrence McGlinn Department of Geography SUNY-New Paltz New Paltz, NY 12561 ABSTRACT: The New York City Department of Environmental Protection identifies Stony Clove Creek as a chronic supplier of suspended sediment to the city’s water system. Stony Clove Creek, a tributary of Esopus Creek, feeds the Ashokan Reservoir, a major supplier of drinking water to New York City which has no filtration system to handle sediment loads. In the Stony Clove, a bowl-shaped erosional feature (swale) began forming in the early 1970s after anthropogenic straightening of the creek just downstream. Erosion here is due to: (1) high-energy flow at the cutbank and (2) slumping due to groundwater flow through exposed fine-sediment glacio-lacustrine clays and clay-rich tills. Our analysis suggests that from 1970 to present, approximately 68,000 cubic meters of sediment have entered the creek and traveled downstream. Understanding how this feature grew and estimating how much sediment it has yielded will inform further stream channeling projects and management of similar erosion sites in the watershed. Keywords: GIS, 3D Modeling, erosion, water supply, turbidity INTRODUCTION New York City water supply background New York City (NYC) is home to over eight million people, all of whom are dependent upon accessible, clean drinking water. This water comes entirely from watersheds located north and northwest of the city.
    [Show full text]
  • Ground-Water Supply Overview of the Town of Lewisboro, New York
    GROUND-WATER SUPPLY OVERVIEW OF THE TOWN OF LEWISBORO, NEW YORK SUMMARY The Town of Lewisboro is comprised of six hamlets encompassing approximately 29 square miles. Local drainage is to nearby surface water bodies and regionally water drains south and west towards the Muscoot Reservoir as part of the Croton River Basin, with the exception of the Vista and Lewisboro areas, which drain south to the Silvermine River Basin. The area is underlain by bedrock of the Manhattan Prong, which includes metamorphic gneiss, schist and carbonate rock. The bedrock generally is productive enough to support individual domestic needs, with the carbonate rocks providing higher yielding wells. Saturated unconsolidated material above the bedrock is of limited thickness, however, stratified glacial-drift deposits potentially capable of supporting higher-yielding wells have been identified near most wetland areas in the Town. Based on the 2000 Census data, the Town population is approximately 12,324. Westchester County Department of Health guidelines indicate the average daily water demand per person is 75 gallons. For an average family size of 3.25 people per household, the average potable use is approximately 250 gpd (gallons per day), or approximately 925,000 gpd for the entire town. Recharge to the underlying bedrock ranges from 8.30 to 9.87 inches per year or approximately 670 gallons per day per acre. This recharge rate to the Town of Lewisboro is equivalent to 12.4 million gallons per day, well above the estimated daily water needs. This recharge rate is reduced to approximately 6.75 inches during periods of extreme drought (defined as a one-year-in-thirty occurrence) or approximately 500 gallons per day per acre.
    [Show full text]
  • Ulster Orange Greene Dutchess Albany Columbia Schoharie
    Barriers to Migratory Fish in the Hudson River Estuary Watershed, New York State Minden Glen Hoosick Florida Canajoharie Glenville Halfmoon Pittstown S a r a t o g a Schaghticoke Clifton Park Root Charleston S c h e n e c t a d y Rotterdam Frost Pond Dam Waterford Schenectady Zeno Farm Pond Dam Niskayuna Cherry Valley M o n t g o m e r y Duanesburg Reservoir Dam Princetown Fessenden Pond Dam Long Pond Dam Shaver Pond Dam Mill Pond Dam Petersburgh Duanesburg Hudson Wildlife Marsh DamSecond Pond Dam Cohoes Lake Elizabeth Dam Sharon Quacken Kill Reservoir DamUnnamed Lent Wildlife Pond Dam Delanson Reservoir Dam Masick Dam Grafton Lee Wildlife Marsh Dam Brunswick Martin Dunham Reservoir Dam Collins Pond Dam Troy Lock & Dam #1 Duane Lake Dam Green Island Cranberry Pond Dam Carlisle Esperance Watervliet Middle DamWatervliet Upper Dam Colonie Watervliet Lower Dam Forest Lake Dam Troy Morris Bardack Dam Wager Dam Schuyler Meadows Club Dam Lake Ridge Dam Beresford Pond Dam Watervliet rapids Ida Lake Dam 8-A Dyken Pond Dam Schuyler Meadows Dam Mt Ida Falls Dam Altamont Metal Dam Roseboom Watervliet Reservoir Dam Smarts Pond Dam dam Camp Fire Girls DamUnnamed dam Albia Dam Guilderland Glass Pond Dam spillway Wynants Kill Walter Kersch Dam Seward Rensselaer Lake Dam Harris Dam Albia Ice Pond Dam Altamont Main Reservoir Dam West Albany Storm Retention Dam & Dike 7-E 7-F Altamont Reservoir Dam I-90 Dam Sage Estates Dam Poestenkill Knox Waldens Pond DamBecker Lake Dam Pollard Pond Dam Loudonville Reservoir Dam John Finn Pond Dam Cobleskill Albany Country Club Pond Dam O t s e g o Schoharie Tivoli Lake Dam 7-A .
    [Show full text]
  • Work on Watersheds Report Highlights Stories Coordinate Groups
    Work on Watersheds Hu ds on R i v e r UTICA SARATOGA SPRINGS Mo haw k River SCHENECTADY TROY ALBANY y r a u t s E r e v i R n o s d u H KINGSTON POUGHKEEPSIE NEWBURGH Hudson River MIDDLETOWN Watershed Regions PEEKSKILL Upper Hudson River Watershed Mohawk River Watershed YONKERS Hudson River Estuary Watershed NEW YORK Work on Watersheds INTRODUCTION | THE HUDSON RIVER WATERSHED ALLIANCE unites and empowers communities to protect their local water resources. We work throughout the Hudson River watershed to support community-based watershed groups, help municipalities work together on water issues, and serve as a collective voice across the region. We are a collaborative network of community groups, organizations, municipalities, agencies, and individuals. The Hudson River Watershed Alliance hosts educational and capacity-building events, including the Annual Watershed Conference to share key information and promote networking, Watershed Roundtables to bring groups together to share strategies, workshops to provide trainings, and a breakfast lecture series that focuses on technical and scientific innovations. We provide technical and strategic assistance on watershed work, including fostering new initiatives and helping sustain groups as they meet new challenges. What is a watershed group? A watershed is the area of land from which water drains into a river, stream, or other waterbody. Water flows off the land into a waterbody by way of rivers and streams, and underground through groundwater aquifers. The smaller streams that contribute to larger rivers are called tributaries. Watersheds are defined by the lay of the land, with mountains and hills typically forming their borders.
    [Show full text]
  • The Croton Water Works: Landmarks in Manhattan
    CROTON WATER AND THE MANHATTAN LANDMARKS Meisha Hunter Ich fühle mich gehert, das ich eingeladen wurde, an den Denkmal-Tagen 2004 in Berlin zu sprechen. Gleichzeitig möchte ich auch besonders Prof. Dr. Jörg Haspel und Dr. Christine Wolf vom Landesdenkmalamt Berlin danken sowie Frau Rhiel-Moliére von der Senatskanzlei für die Übersetzung meines Skripts. INTRODUCTION Have you ever considered the financial cost, sustained political will, engineering achievement, multi- disciplinary effort, and physical labor involved in bringing potable water to a simple faucet? One might be tempted to reason that, in our 21st century world, clean water is a universal commodity. However, according to the World Health Organization’s Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report, an estimated one-sixth of the world's population - 1.1 billion people - were without access to adequate, reliable and safe water supplies.1 Fortunately, such is not New York City’s reality today. Two hundred years ago, however, the City’s residents suffered grave consequences from a lack of water. Much of the published literature focuses on the four W’s: when, where, why and for whom the system was built, rather than on the actual physical remains. Although these subjects are a critical part of the narrative, the disparate literature that does exist rarely brings together all the different built elements of the first and second Croton water campaigns in Manhattan – the bridges, towers, gatehouses, reservoirs, and fountains. Let’s begin with some general facts about the system itself. According to New York City’s Department of Environmental Protection, it is the world’s oldest continually running water supply.
    [Show full text]
  • How New York City Used an Ecosystem Services Strategy
    How New York City Used an Ecosystem Services Strategy Carried out Through an Urban-Rural Partnership to Preserve the Pristine Quality of Its Drinking Water and Save Billions of Dollars and What Lessons It Teaches about Using Ecosystem Services by Albert F. Appleton November 2002 New York City This paper was previously presented at The Katoomba Conference / Tokyo, November 2002 Introduction The New York City Water system serves nine million people, eight million in New York City and one million in the suburbs north of the City. It provides these customers with 1.2 billion gallons of water a day, delivered to 600, 000 residential and 200,000 commercial building in the City, and close to two dozen local water systems in New York’s northern suburbs. New York City is a surface water system that gathers its water from three watersheds located well north of the City. These watersheds cover an area of 2,000 square miles (830,000 hectares), nearly the size of the state of Delaware. The City's Croton River watershed, which was created in the 1830s and expanded in the 1880s, is located 15 to 25 miles (25 to 40 kilometers) north of the City and east of the Hudson River in Westchester and Putnam counties. This area was originally rural, but since World War II it has become (or is now becoming) largely suburban. The Croton supplies 10% of the City's water supply. The City's main watershed is now the Catskill-Delaware watershed system west of the Hudson River. It encompasses most of the Catskill Mountains, a rural area of farms, forests, small towns and a growing number of vacation home developments.
    [Show full text]