CHICAGO: VISION FOR THE FUTURE Hyperconnected Infrastructure Table of Contents ii Preface 1 Introduction 4 System Elements 4 E Plurbis Unim 8 Water Cycling 13 Clean Energy 17 Waste Cycling 22 Intelligent Infrastructure 28 Utility Main 35 Lifecycle Construction 39 Research Consortium 42 Community Development 45 Beautiful Spaces 49 Co-Creation for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected 53 Virtual Spaces 57 MyInfrastructure 61 Urban Explorer 64 Emergency Network 70 Emergency Response 75 Conclusion
78 References
Appendix
i ii Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Preface appropriate in this year of centennial celebration. centennial of year this in appropriate and timely most is plans”— small no “Make — Burnham’sDaniel changes. pressingdictum famous tomorrow’sto structure evolving adapt to wisdom need will Both fabric. urban their into technologies new weave to vision need will Both beginning. the from change for plan China’sto need -- Shenhzen like -- countries, fast-developing in overnight almost up springing now quickly.cities new Entirely stakes. the raised have change of agents the positive, Negativeand possible. is what reshaping are sciences engineering and biological computing, communications, with along sustainability.sciences materials High-tech energy for searchurgent increasingly an forcing resources,energy traditional depleting are needs Voraciousdemand. energyand supply of patterns established disrupting and trade reshaping are economics Global high. all-time an at are cities the weather.to movement Populationand growth destructive unpredictablyenergizing and climate changing is society.warming and Global cities confront constructive, and destructive both forces, powerful and New opportunities. and problems portentous equally but different face worldwide beautiful. and functional both be Burnham’scould that environment an vision, to committed city the Chicago, of Club Commercial the and Bennett Burnham, by Challenged centuries. 20th early and 19th late the characterized that development uncontrolled the arrest to leaders Chicago’schallenged beauty.Plan Burnham The its for world the around recognized boulevards and parks of necklace a with city green a became way,“citybeautiful”.the the Chicago toward Along movement planned a to growth commercial and Chicago’sindustrial disorganizedfrom development redirected known, become it as Plan, Burnham The Chicago. Bennett’sof PlanH. Edward1909 and Burnham’sH. Daniel of Centennial the marks 1909 Established cities like Chicago must evolve more evolve must Chicago like cities Established cities major later,and years Chicago hundred One ProjectThe
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iii Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future iv Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future In 1983, the House of the Future project won the won Futureproject the of House the 1983, In (1971). ResidentsIts City to Accessiblethe Making Chicago’s(CTA)Getting authority Around:was transit for project published early an these, of 100 than moredevelopment. Among its further to used and cohesively.and thoroughly concepts developing for process front-end a is It planning. for necessary information the communicating and using structuring, finding, for process a is course, the in taught process planning systematic the StructuredPlanning, Preface The Structured Planning process: phases I through III. through I phases process: StructuredPlanning The A number of projects have been undertaken with it with undertaken been have projects of Anumber Process:StructuredPlanning Planning The Writing Formats Writing The Structured Planning Process (Phases I - III) - I (Phases Process Planning Structured The what needs should the the should needs what what resources can be can resources what what relevant trends are trends relevant what project address? project brought to bear? to brought creating new needs? new creating what are some of the key the of some are what issues involved? issues Institute of Design, IIT Design, of Institute Emeritus Professor Distinguished Owen L. Charles
Functions Activities II Action Analysis Action II ) What insights can be can insights What gained about why things why about gained when Functions are per- are Functions when what ideas can be gener- be can ideas what go right or wrong? or right go formed? what what ated to take advantage of advantage take to ated these insights? these elaboration of of elaboration Functions which which 2Srnl obstructs Strongly –2 1Osrcsfulfill- Obstructs –1 fulfillment Supports +1 supports Strongly +2 Scale Bi-directional relationships between relationships 0 No effect No 0 Solution Elements Solution Functions Functions Interaction Designation of Designation Relationship Functions Functions Analysis fulfillment ment fulfillment Data File Data KEY how do the solution ideas support or obstruct the performance of of performance the obstruct or support ideas solution the do how and are related? are be answered be questions to questions which which a more systemic solution? systemic more a document document III Information Structuring Information III planning process working formats writing final Functions Functions Selection of threshold of Selection for link strength from strength link for COEFFICIENTS OF COEFFICIENTS Operations with the with Operations Operations with the with Operations RELATN RELATN program (Phase 2) (Phase program 1) (Phase program Construction INTERACTION Functions Graph of Graph histogram Graph what organizational what insights does the new the does insights structure suggest? structure what functionalities should functionalities what be shared on a broader a on shared be basis system-wide? basis Mode format Mode nodes: 3+ Level format Activity nodes: 1-2 Level GRAPH Function clusters and clusters Function higher-level superset higher-level Labeling of primary of Labeling System Functions System subset clusters the clusters subset purpose purpose What What INFORMATION • • Means/Ends MEANS STRUCTURE cross-functional bottom-up rediscovery of rediscovery organized for organized associations recomposition Preliminary clusters; the clusters; Analysis MEANS MEANS Elements synthesis System freshly END END should we look at together in order to create create to order in together at look we should ⇒ seen — computer computer are the are to? END PRIMARY CLUSTERS PRIMARY Operations with the with Operations Operations with the with Operations DECOMPOSITION Evaluation, reruns Evaluation, CONDENSATION VTCON VTCON Construction HIERARCHICAL and refinement and Hierarchy Defining Statements Defining Hierarchy Working program program Function Structure Function milestone client checkpoint client computer computer ? Functions date: 1/29/2007 date: Writing Formats Writing Preface to complement policy planning for national health national for planning policy complement to concepts planning design outlined project 2007 the and cities, similar and Chicago in warming global for strategies adaptation studied Change Massive on recently,projectMost 2006 prizes. the design richest Denmark’sfor categories world’sINDEX the Awards, competition five the of four in finalists wereHealth Play,Home, on projectsWork and four 2005, in and UnitedStates, the across and Chicago in courts state in use for implemented was Courts, State for Center National the by sponsored project Justice,a 2001, to InAccessParkNational Service. U.S. the of future the for plans developed ParksNationalproject The Structured Planning process: phases IV through VI. through IV phases process: StructuredPlanning The Function Structure Function Statements Defining The Structured Planning Process (Phases IV - VI) - IV (Phases Process Planning Structured The what organizational what insights does the new the does insights structure suggest? structure what functionalities should functionalities what be shared on a broader a on shared be basis system-wide? basis Institute of Design, IIT Design, of Institute Emeritus Professor Distinguished Owen L. Charles format Mode nodes: 3+ Level format Activity nodes: 1-2 Level Function clusters and clusters Function higher-level superset higher-level Labeling of primary of Labeling System Functions System subset clusters the clusters subset purpose purpose What What INFORMATION • • Means/Ends ⇒ MEANS STRUCTURE cross-functional bottom-up rediscovery of rediscovery organized for organized clusters; the clusters; Analysis associations recomposition MEANS MEANS synthesis freshly END END seen — are the are to? END which of the the of which ments ments what new ideas are are ideas new what suggested by the associa- the by suggested tion of of tion which which can be used if modified to modified if used be can reflect newly revealed newly reflect associations? diagram design diagram Tergas Leslie phrase> verb I Project Definition one-page forms designed to capture enough detail The Structured Planning process begins with Project about ideas to give them substance when they are Initiation and the production of a Charter. This is needed later. They have three important sections: a “brief” that serves as an initial communication “Description” -- a short explanation, “Properties” vehicle between client and planners. It contains -- what the idea is, and Features -- what it does. background, context, basic goals, a project The product of Action Analysis is three sets of statement that cuts to the heart of the planning critical information: a set of Functions (the Function task, resources to be used, a schedule and an initial Structure), a set of insights (Design Factors) and a set of issues to be investigated. Defining Statements set of preliminary ideas (Solution Elements). are mini “white papers” produced in the Framework Development portion of Project Definition. They III Information Structuring focus the project within the direction of the Charter, Paradoxically, as useful as the Function Structure is concentrating on the issues and arguing specific for establishing coverage, it is not the best form of directions that the project should follow with regard organization for developing concepts. Reorganizing to them. Together with the Charter, they frame the information for use in concept development is the project. job of two computer programs, RELATN and VTCON. II Action Analysis The controlling factor for whether two Functions Any system can be viewed as a complex entity are associated from the planning standpoint is not working with its users in different ways appropriate whether they are categorically “related” in some manner, but whether a significant number of their Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected to its modes of operation. To plan effectively, a planning team must recognize these Modes, identify potential solutions are of concern to both. Which Activities that occur within them, and isolate the Solution Elements are of concern to each Function Functions that the users and system perform or are is established in an Interaction Analysis procedure. intended to perform within each Activity. The result The RELATN program uses this information in of the Activity Analyses is a Function Structure. a Graph Construction process to establish links between Functions. Half of the purpose of Action Analysis is the enumeration of Functions. The other half is the Another program, VTCON, completes the development of information about them that information structuring process. In the Hierarchy reveals insight about what happens as they are Construction activity, VTCON finds clusters of highly performed. During Action Analysis, insights are interlinked Functions and organizes them into an sought about why things go wrong in performing Information Structure, a visually understandable, some Functions, and how other Functions manage very general form of hierarchy most appropriate for to be performed well. These insights are uncovered planning. in the Design Factor Description procedure and developed in documents that become part of a IV Synthesis qualitative knowledge base. Activity Analyses record In its form from the VTCON program, the information at the Activity level; Design Factors Information Structure is simply a hierarchical document insights and ideas associated with reorganization of Functions. Nodal points above Functions. the Function level do not have names. The task of Means/Ends Analysis is to create labels for all To capture as fully as possible the ideas suggested nodes in the hierarchy. Moving bottom-up from on Design Factor documents, solution ideas are the known Functions in the bottom level clusters, written up in the Solution Element Description names are found to label nodes as “ends” for portion of Action Analysis. This is done on simple which lower-level nodes are “means”. The process vi Preface conceptual and operational terms. terms. operational and conceptual both in ideas the of expositions detailed contain that sections Scenario and Discussion extensive and features, and properties -- essential now -- relevant all description, succinct a including Elements, System of specification the completes Description, Elements. System individual the of features and properties the in incorporated are additions and Changes relationships. of design and invention the -- together work to Elements System for ways new inventive out seeks proactively team planning the relationships, recognizing simply Morethan qualities. systemic to contribute can that synergies additional for search a in Element System with Element recognized. newly needs unmet fill to added are ideas new and usable, them make to combined or modified are others directly; usable potentially as reviewed are Elements Solution Existing Elements). 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They inspire city leaders, developers, and citizens all are the home of religions, governments, factories, over the world to reach for a bold new future. The universities, and soon also to more than half the Hyperconnected Infrastructure that powers this world’s people. They allow large numbers of people envisioned city is a new way to think about a city’s to come together and produce synergies and most basic services. It will allow Chicago to amplify interconnections. productivity and creativity, encourage collaboration and inspiration, and enable people to imagine and Cities form quite naturally, without the necessity of achieve the seemingly impossible. laying out where every street, building, and park should be, and in the process develop intricate The hyperconnected city is a single, self-aware supply chains and sophisticated patterns of organism, with water, electricity, and information development. While this unplanned model is at the flowing through its veins. Its buildings form heart of most cities in the past if left unchecked the cells which store and process the materials this sort of haphazard, uncontrolled growth can necessary for life, a ubiquitous network of sensors eventually lead a civilization run out of resources serves as its nerves, and the population at its and collapse. heart motivates every action and decision it makes. The system provides every citizen with tools and In an interesting paradox, the countryside is materials to live well, work efficiently, and play becoming less—not more—inhabited as we add to conveniently within the city.While technologies will the population. The people are moving from the become tremendously more advanced in the next country to the cities. As of 2005, the world was for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected hundred years, the basic aim of promoting human more urban than rural for the first time. In the next activities and values still drives the system. twelve years 300 million rural Chinese will move to the cities. In 1950, only two cities in the world, Chicago and other major cities worldwide face Tokyo and New York City, were over 10 million different but equally portentious problems and in size. By 1975 there were 4 such megacities, opportunities. New and powerful forces, both and by 2003, there were 20. By 2015 there will negative and positive, confront cities and society. be at least 22. In China alone there are between Global warming is changing climate and energizing 100 and 160 cities with over 1 million inhabitants unpredictably destructive weather. Population (America has 9, and Eastern and Western Europe growth and movement to the cities is at an all- together have 36). Cities are complex, sophisticated time high. Global economics are reshaping trade systems, but their managers will need all the skill and disrupting established patterns of supply and they can command to deal with the great urban demand, Voracious energy needs are depleting migration. The major changes will take place in traditional energy resources, forcing an increasingly the developing countries, but Chicago and cities of urgent search for energy sustainability. High-tech the developed world will feel the effects through materials, communications, computing, biological immigration as well as local relocations. and engineering sciences are reshaping what is possible. Negative and positive, the agents of The hyper-rational and extremely well-controlled change have raised the stakes. cityscapes that were built during the early and mid- 20th century - while efficient - were not sustainable The time has come again to build public works. from the social perspective. Their linearity and structure imbued them with a cold sterility which sucked out the human element long before the surrounding communities ran out of resources. Modern cities face the challenge of finding a Introduction 1 Introduction middle way between shutting down all growth and setting us up for another century of trains, letting the population suffocate under the weight automobiles, and television, and another vast, of its own expansion. They must keep the roads, expensive infrastructure project when it, too has buildings, and other infrastructure sufficiently well- aged. ordered that they can be sustainably maintained, and at the same time they must allow sufficient Like Burnham and his peers and successors did, freedom and adaptability to allow the continued the city must look towards the new possibilities growth of the vital forces which draw people into that science and technology have opened up, and the city and make them creative. plan to support the growth and changes that a new century presents. The new technologies developed Cities cannot do this alone. They depend on the in the past few decades have touched every part countryside to feed their residents, and on rivers, of modern life - it is the rare Chicagoan who does lakes, and oceans to bring water and - historically not own a computer with more processing power - to carry away waste. Chicago brings these than existed on Earth in 1950, talk to people on services, plus newer additions like electricity and the other side of the world on a regular basis, communications, through an infrastructure system and travel in a vehicle made with lightweight first designed over a century ago. The Chicago of composites. Yet the most recent invention to have today is largely the same as the clean, efficient city a significant effect on the city’s infrastructure is Daniel Burnham laid out in his plan. The city has reinforced concrete, in use since the turn of the not yet taken advantage of the many new degrees last century. This presents an enormous opportunity of freedom which have become available over the for new developments in infrastructure. Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected past few decades through computer technology. The growing availability and capabilities of The pace of technological change continues to communications such as cellular telephones, accelerate, bringing new science to commercial, satellite and cable TV, and the Internet across the institutional and industrial uses at an ever country (and the world) are providing people with quickening pace. Most notable among many fields, daily knowledge of living conditions, problems, major technological innovations can be expected in products, threats and services everywhere. The the new disciplines of molecular nanotechnology, media are creating growing avenues for fast robotics and the biosciences. Computing capacities communication between protectors and populace. continue to grow at the exponential pace predicted They are also educating the populace on the state by Moore’ s Law, radically increasing power and of conditions and creating expectations that both decreasing size and cost —and dramatically fuel demand and create willingness to change. increasing the usefulness of dbusiness, institutional and personal life. Computer use and Internet access grow exponentially every year. Information of The hyperconnected city won’t just use new encyclopedic detail can be obtained more and technologies - it will push the boundaries of the more easily, and complex, sophisticated processes state of the art. can be used remotely. Access to high-quality communications and sophisticated computer Much of Chicago’s infrastructure was installed tools are increasingly available to individuals almost 100 years ago, meaning that it is slated and groupsanywhere. In North America, Internet for replacement soon. The city and the federal penetration reached 71% in 2007. government alike are gearing up to make massive new investments to replace the structures which The city must invest heavily in its infrastructure support the city. This work should not simply to enable the growth of the twentieth century rebuild what was built so many decades ago, to continue. Just as the computer revolution 2 Introduction Introduction couldn’t have taken place without the advanced already produced carbon composites, that are electricity grid underwritten by governments, orders of magnitude stronger than steel by weight, the coming century’s advances will rely on is an area which will allow the city to do more increasingly sophisticated information, electricity, with lees. Highly efficient solar collectors, batteries, and distribution infrastructures. An inclusive, meta-material antennae, and structural materials flexible, and distributed system will allow growth of are under development at labs all over the world, individuals, communities, and the city as a whole and it is likely that future systems will be able far into the future. to accomplish with little effort tasks which today require huge expenditures. Ubiquitous computing will unite the production and consumption of water, energy, waste, and Making the solutions politically and socially information. palatable is the most tricky proposition. While design methods are beginning to explore Advances in computers and communications structured, reliable ways to create public support technology have covered the globe with billions of for design solutions, this is an area which still always-on, interlinked sensing and input devices. requires highly skilled and charismatic individuals This global network is already allowing industries at the right place and time to offer a chance of to build more efficient supply chains, and is success. The system tries to address this only by beginning to be used for mass customization. looking far enough ahead so that the ideas have time to disseminate throughout the public and User-centered Perspective become common knowledge and common sense The system approaches the issues facing urban before they are ever up for debate. for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected centers from a design-thinking perspective: asking about the relationship between the form and the Convergence powers the hyperconnected system. content, thinking about the experience of someone using the system, and thinking about how the The system treats maintenance, construction, system interacts with its context and creates a and adaptation as a single process using similar context for interaction, itself. Each of the solutions tools, skills, and processes. Treating them as one mentioned is technologically feasible, illuminated reveals the underlying nature of an infrastructure as by sources that point to places where they are something which is constantly growing, changing, currently in use or are being developed. The basic and evolving. Like cells in the body, every piece of science already exists to support the creation of the infrastructure will last a relatively short time, astoundingly strong materials, perfect filtering of allowing the larger organism to change over time water, and distributed generation of electricity. For while retaining an overall character and identity. most of these innovations, all that remains is for a The renewal of the city’s systems must not be a compelling use to inspire investment in developing one-time mega-project which will bankrupt the city cheap, robust applications. Putting these new and force it to dig up every street every hundred technologies to use in infrastructure would allow years. It must continuously renew itself. them to be built in large-scale batches, ensuring they will show a return on the investment quickly. Chicago: Vision for the Future presents a possible future that will let people live a comfortable and The solutions will also be affordable. Although connected life through a transparent, sustainable, the city must be willing to make large investments and flexible infrastructure. to guarantee up-to-date facilities and services for its citizens, new materials will continue to make it cheaper and faster to provide the same level of quality. Nanotechnology especially, which has Introduction 3 Storm water Biomass Drinking water Sewage Waste water Organic waste Natural gas Trash Renewable power Cable Nuclear power Fiber Hydrogen Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected E Pluribus Unum The Hyperconnected Infrastructure system is based on a holistic approach to utility management that will simplify the provision of the basic elements of life for both users and providers. This unification allows the city to better take advantage of the convergence of the production of vital resources and enables the ongoing integration of information technologies. Superset Elements: Related System Elements: Water Cycling Intelligent Infrastructure Clean Energy Utility Main Waste Cycling 4 Fulfilled Functions Properties Features 1 Acquire Materials • Utility Main: combined housing for • Unifies point of contact for all users all utilities 2 Appropriate Space • Shares information between • Neighborhood Upcycling centers producers and consumers 3 Prepare Site • TrashVacuum: vacuum tubes • Enables efficient production and 4 Stage Materials running through utilidors carry trash consumption 6 Install New Infrastructure to centralized recycling • Ensures interoperability standards 8 Remove Materials • Plasma Decomposition: Super for vendors 12 Install Access Point heated plasma reduces garbage to • Provides materials that leave the its molecular components 24 Reduce Waste system ready to be reused • Closed Loop Water: Gray water and 31 Recycle Waste black water systems 33 Separate Waste • Anaerobic Digestion: Micro- 38 Transmit Energy organisms break down waste and produces syngas suitable for energy 39 Move Waste production 44 Store Waste • Water Cycling: Roadside swalles, filterstrips, permeable ground, green walls, green alleys • Information systems that give citizens options and incentives Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected • Energy Farms: robotic landfill mining for reusable resources and collection of methane • Trash to treasure: everything recycled, neighborhoods build credits based on the trash they contributed • Standard Access E Pluribus Unum 5 Associated Design Factors Discussion 13 Users Have to Deal With Multiple Latin for “From Many, One”, this element brings together all of the Entities city’s utilities to enable the system to take advantage of efficiencies 15 Non-recyclable Materials of scope. Using integrated management, real estate, and informa- tion enables the utilities to provide higher-quality services with more 16 No Sustainable Energy Choices stability and efficiency. The system makes it easy for utility provid- 17 System Does Not Encourage ers, regulators, and construction and maintenance personnel to take Conservation advantage of synergies by monitoring all the utilities together. It also 18 Renewables Produce Intermittent allows users to interact with just one point of contact for all energy, Energy waste, water, and information services. 20 No Signal to Public About Water Quality 21 Moving Waste Takes All of the city’s utilities are interconnected, distributed alongside one Energy another in a single buried corridor, and each is necessary for the 22 Stormwater Overloads City proper, sustainable functioning of the others. System All these utilities - including ones added during later stages of the system’s roll-out, like hydrogen - are routed through the same cor- 23 Electricity Transmission is Inefficient ridors, controlled and monitored through common control panels, and planned and maintained by cooperative teams of experts. This 27 Plastic Bottles are Too Ubiquitous level of interconnection creates a highly efficient process for building 28 Landfills Take Up Space and and repairing the city’s vital functions, and it also makes it possible Under-utilize Trash to provide consumers with more stable, transparent, and responsive 46 System Does not Support Local service. Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected Energy Generation Water Cycling— the most basic stuff of life - is never dumped or dis- carded, but thoroughly cleaned and returned to the feeder stream as close to the point of consumption as possible. Waste Cycling— from consumer products to industrial inputs to food – is collected from receptacles or from the water stream, processed, and made into raw materials headed for reuse before they exit the system. Information — is stored in multiple, redundant facilities to ensure that it is always available. It also facilitates, opti- mizes, and records the interactions of the other three utilities, keeping everyone up to date on current sup- plies and letting them have a say in future develop- ments. Clean Energy — while it cannot be recycled, is produced close to where it is used with low-impact and sustainable means, shared with open-access distribution, and transmitted without loss with superconducting mate- rials. 6 E Pluribus Unum that await Chicago. await that challenges the for ready and date to up structure infra their keeping on value greater a place they city,the throughout materials and water of flow the in stake a have they when and process, tion producenergy the into input have citizens When for.cared are they ensure to and systems support city’sthe of aware be to citizens encourages which supervision, continual and configuration require system’sthe isn’tdoes equipment labor-intensive,it of maintenance the resource.While that of value the for credited be will user the and system the into re-inserted be can node user a at produced anything that meaning two-way,aremarkets, open producer.systems a the of of that All to consumer a of city’sthat the from with infrastructure ship citizen’sthe of nature relationthe changes system the model, generation distributed this Through self-healing. is and flexibility,robustness, superior capacity,for allows structure distributed multi-nodal, this internet, the city.the throughoutLike computers and tanks, water batteries, in stored resources backup from service provide to continue and them around route will repair,system for the service of out taken or disrupted are lines supply main view.the of If point network-stability a from view,also of but point resource-consumption a from sustainable more system the makes only not functionality of bution distri This level. neighborhood or household the at nodes distributed localized, in these of each ing process and generating by resources own their of stewards responsible as act citizens time, same the sites. At generation centralized at quality of dards stan high for tested is utilities four these of Each Discussion, cont. ------context and in relation to the other utilities. other the to relation in and context broadercity’s a the in consider resources way this the with systems. differentAlong the between synergy and integration further promote to utilities other the of each to introduction in-depth an includes utilities the of any managing and designing in certification to leading Universityeducation academia. of fields other many in city,convergence a the mirroring supply to necessary elements the all of study the together brings education management utilities the system, unified this engineer and design cessfully suc to necessary view multi-disciplinary Tothe get , experts educated in educated experts , Consortium Research E Pluribus Unum - 7 Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Storm Water Management Grey Water Cycling Cisterns Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected Purified Drinking Water Water Cycling The city’s water is filtered and re-used close to where it is consumed. Rainwater is absorbed close to where it falls, with any excess flowing back into Lake Michigan. Related System Elements: Energy Superset Elements: Waste E Pluribus Unum 8 Fulfilled Functions Properties Features 24 Reduce Waste • Distributed filtering plants at • Ensures supply with closed-cycle neighborhood and household level usage at household level 26 Conserve Water • Central filtering and distribution • Monitors water quality at various 30 Filter Water plant at the lake points and automatically alerts 31 Recycle Waste users when water drops below • Stormwater management: 33 Separate Waste certain levels • Green roofs 37 Move Water • Enables users to access drinking • Cisterns water at various points throughout 39 Move Waste • Permeable Pavements the city, discouraging use of bottled 40 Store Energy water • TARP system (already underway) 41 Store Data 42 Manage Storm Water Quality assurance: 43 Store Drinking Water • Bio-nanosensors 52 Implement Mitigative • Nanofiltering Measures Distribution: • Frictionless pipes • Safety Sequestration • Water Everywhere for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected Water Cycling 9 Associated Design Factors Discussion 20 No Signal to Public About Water Water is the basis of human life and the most basic and important Quality part of any infrastructure system. The infrastructure system retains 27 Plastic Bottles are Too Ubiquitous tight control on its water, keeping household water in a closed loop and returning stormwater to Lake Michigan. The system draws water from Lake Michigan and pumps it out to the city through frictionless pipes to replace whatever water might be lost from the closed-loop system due to watering plants, filling swimming pools, and other outdoor uses. While the lake acts as a vast reser- voir, the city does not rely on it as a supply, instead keeping filtered water close to the homes and buildings where it will be used again. User nodes include a NanoFiltering module to separate various wastes from the building’s water cycle. Multi-stage nanofilters and chemi- cal reactions screen out waste particles of decreasing sizes (down to approximately 20 nm, the size of a small virus) and pass screened materials into the Trash Vacuum, where it is processed into fertilizer for use on local green roofs or in agriculture. The system cleans water of sewage close to the homes and buildings where it is produced, thus reducing the possibility that it will contaminate other water sources. Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected Individual nodes also store water, both in the soil on their green roofs and in underground cisterns. (City of Chicago Stormwater Management Report) These supplies serve both to reduce flooding and to provide emergency supplies in case of a system failure. As with the other utilities, users can sell their stored water back into the grid at the going market rate. Both incoming and outgoing water are be tested for quality and safety, and the user can view detailed sta- tistics on the quality of their water, such as a complete breakdown of all the contaminants measured on a parts-per-million basis, using the Smart Meter. The lake provides a vast reservoir which is not projected to run low in the coming century. Instead, the major problem facing the city’s water system is too much rain coming in too fast. While the city’s Tunnel and Reservoir System increase the city’s readiness for storms, the increasing frequency and severity of storms due to climate change requires even more stormwater capacity. This is achieved with a variety of water-sequestration techniques which have long been in use all over the country. Green roofs, green walls, greenways, permeable pavements, and cisterns all hold rain- water where it falls and put it to good use either nurturing plants or people, or get it back to the lake. 10 Water Cycling Discussion, cont. outputs to a neighborhood composting unit. composting neighborhood a to outputs its sends and water of gallons of tens stores which water-cyclinghousehold unit a in done is This cycles. water natural in work at ones the to similar processes microbial using it purifies then water the from sewage and waste removes which recycling blackwater and gray- through accomplished is This losses. incremental for up make to occasionally only grid the from drawing and site on rainwater and waste own its recycling self-contained, nearly be supply.is water Everybuilding potable the is users to visible system water the of part The city’scanals. the of into network channeled is runoff the case which in saturated, becomes it beneath ground the when water absorbing stop will pavement permeable most the Howevereven lake. the into out and channels into it forcing than rather building the underneath stormwater distributing building, the underneath and around pass to water allow to installed be will channels capillary tures, struc large other groundwater.and Forbuildings replenish and through seep to water allow which es roadsurfac porous Permeableof Pavementsconsist experience. urban the to element aesthetic natural a add and roof, the of lifespan the increase building, given a for energy conserve and insulation add roofs green addition, Inoverloaded. becoming city’sfrom the system keeps stormwater which roof, bare a would than slowly more it release and time a for water hold to is purpose primary their ment, manage Forwater building. a of top on growing plants and soil of layer a of consist GreenRoofs - - - reclamation.” water waste production,energy gradient salinity purification, water for instance for industries, water the of innovation radical truly is Itreduction). input (energyefficient more times 50 to “A new filtration membrane with aquaporins is in theory up theory in is aquaporins “Awith membrane filtration new Centralized water systems Nano filtration (Enggrob2006) Water Cycling 11 Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Discussion, cont. Water transmission throughout the city – both pota- ble and storm water – is controlled by strategically placed valves which can isolate any part of the sys- tem in case of contamination or for maintenance. Whatever water the system removes from Lake Michigan, as well as any stormwater runoff, gets returned to lake Michigan - and in better condition than when it was removed. Nanotechnology mem- branes, used elsewhere for cheap and easy desali- Permeable surface nization, quickly and efficiently filters out specific molecules like arsenic, chlorine, and organisms. stormwater.wordpress.com/permeable-pavers Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected 12 Water Cycling WasteCycling WaterCycling Elements: System Related resources. conserve to possible where patterns consumption balancing and reducing while needed is it where and when available is energy that city.ensure the sensors Smartfor energy supply to power fusion supplement nodes generation local distributed, Highly Clean Energy Consumer Producer Nodes Super Grid E Pluribus UnumPluribus E Elements:Superset Distributed Generation 13 Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Fulfilled Functions Properties Features 23 Balance Power Load • Hydrogen-cooled superconducting • Provides uninterrupted, high-quality distribution grid 25 Select Energy Source energy in large quantities • Distributed generation nodes • Maximizes use of renewable sources 27 Conserve Energy • Solar, wind, thermal, piezo- and • Transmits energy without loss 29 Generate Energy other low-impact generation • Redistributes consumption and 35 Route Energy methods generation for optimal efficiency 72 Meter Usage 95 Disconnect From System 96 Engage the System 97 Accept Service 98 Consume Materials 99 Collect Feedback Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected 14 Clean Energy Associated Design Factors Discussion 16 No Sustainable Energy Choices Chicago’s Energy Plan for 2020 already features impressive goals for 17 System Does Not Encourage transitioning from coal to renewables, using more energy-efficient Conservation technologies, and updating regulations to support co-generation, dis- tributed generation, and conservation of electricity. The system takes 18 Renewables Produce Intermittent Energy sustainable, dependable, accessible energy supply to a new level by taking advantage of new materials and technologies, monitoring con- 23 Electricity Transmission is sumption and production through the smart-grid, and enabling gen- Inefficient eration to be achieved at the household level. 28 Landfills Take Up Space and Under-utilize Trash The Continental SuperGrid (Overbye, 1-6) allows energy to be trans- 46 System Does not Support Local ported long distances with close to 0% loss. This means that electric- Energy Generation ity is subject to a truly global market, with wind from Texas compet- ing against sunlight from Mexico to power a mill in Illinois, ensuring that the most environmentally and economically efficient producer is the one which will be selected as a provider. Eventually this Supergrid will be extended across the Arctic Circle, so that power plants can run at their most efficient - near maximum - production rate to power industries on the other side of the world at night, when there is nor- mally a drop in demand. In the SuperGrid, liquid hydrogen cools an alloy to nearly absolute zero, creating a superconductor which allows large amounts of energy to flow great distances with little loss. At the same time, the hydrogen used for cooling can be moved from its pro- for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected duction point (also at nuclear power plants) and distributed to neigh- borhood stations, where charges fuel cells for use in transportation and other mobile applications with high energy consumption. Within city limits, the SuperGrid - measuring about 30 cm in diameter - is housed inside the Utility Main. The SuperGrid seamlessly integrates millions of user/producer nodes. Individual property owners tied into the grid operate Distributed Generation nodes to generate electricity for local usage via solar, wind, thermal (Kho, 1), and other renewable sources. Advances in nanotechnology make these distributed generation methods continu- ally more attractive, increasing the percentage of energy which can be converted from light, heat, and motion into electrical potential. Every user connected to the grid is free to add on generation hardware such and pass energy back into the grid when their production is not used up locally, with the Smart Meter keeping track of how much energy travels into and out of the node. The electric grid interfaces with the information network to share price signals, decisions, communications, usage statistics and fore- casts to optimize both consumption and production. Smart meters allow the grid to predict and avoid fault-inducing peak loads, for example by slowing down mass-transit or dimming lights. As the Clean Energy 15 Discussion, cont. Intelligent Infrastructure approaches 100% coverage of the city through new construction and retrofitting of existing buildings, the grid will save ever more resources by automatically rescheduling non-critical operations and balancing usage over a greater usage area. A fully-monitored energy system also optimizes the use of transmission hardware. Ubiquitous Sensors are added to older infrastructure and embedded into new construction where the hardware is sus- ceptible to failure, such as in transformers, circuit breakers, and power lines. These sensors monitor heat generation, material stresses, loading, and other factors which may indicate an impending fail- ure. This information is used to eliminate unexpect- ed failures and ensure extra capacity is on hand in case of an impending failure, while allowing old hardware to continue to be of use as long as pos- sible. This allows power transmission companies to distribute the cost of new hardware over time, as Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected Centralized energy systems older infrastructure slowly decays one bit at a time across the network. Voltage meters keep track of where power is need- ed, communicating with other parts of the system to decide when to delay non-essential consumption and when to take advantage of low usage. This metering system, in combination with the immedi- o ate availability of multiple sources of generation Liquid H2 at 21 K and back-up storage, allows the system to deliver an increasing supply of “digital quality power,” Super conducting grid (Stringer, 29) with consistent voltage and no inter- ruptions even on the millisecond scale. (Stringer, Grant, Paul. “A Power Grid for the Hydrogen Enconomy.” 29) This is supported by integrated systems Scientific America enabling fault detection and avoidance, demand anticipation, and faster electronic switching. 16 Clean Energy Clean Energy Clean WaterCycling Elements: System Related construction. and industry to inputs usable into rendered are for fertilizer becomes matter Organicre-use. for ready materials raw into converted and decomposed are materials all consumed are they after landfill, existing an or trash, sewage, is it resource.Whether valuable a as waste treats system The Waste Cycling TrashVac Picky Can (see Infused Nature), and non-organic materials non-organic Nature),and Infused VerticalFarms(see Local Sorting E Pluribus UnumPluribus E Elements:Superset to Upcycling Center Decomposition 17 Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Fulfilled Functions Properties Features 1 Acquire Materials • Trash Vacuum - Automated waste • Converts Organic waste into bio disposal system with sensors that 2 Appropriate Space solids and used as fertiliser detect different classifications • Converts all other materials 3 Prepare Site of refuse followed by robotic converted into r1aw materials for separation segregation. 4 Stage Materials industry • Plasma Decomposition: Super 6 Install New Infrastructure • Produces biogas and bio solids heated plasma reduces garbage to from composting and landfills 8 Remove Materials its molecular components 12 Install Access Point • Anaerobic Digestion: Micro- 24 Reduce Waste organisms break down waste and produce syngas suitable for energy 31 Recycle Waste production 33 Separate Waste • Energy Farms: Robotic landfill 38 Transmit Energy mining for reusable resources and 39 Move Waste collection of methane 44 Store Waste • Trash to Treasure: Everything is recycled via neighborhood recycling centers that block recycling that increases efficiency and adds incentive • Cradle to Cradle: Standards ensure Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected the use of sustainable materials and processes • Recycle everywhere: Every building and organization within the city/ treats recycling the same, enabling users to develop good habits. • Single-stream recycling and nanodecomposition of any waste which cannot be easily recycled • Peristalsis - Like the intestines, the vacuum tube system contracts to pass materials through • Biofiltration beds: Collection and treatment of landfill gas: degrades methane. We will apply this to the trash vacuum system. 18 Waste Cycling Associated Design Factors Discussion 15 Non-recyclable Materials Waste comes into the system from various sources, but it leaves 21 Moving Waste Takes Energy through a comprehensive, single-stream recycling program that out- puts only useful materials. Users deposit items they no longer need 22 Stormwater Overloads City into receptacles located in their homes and distributed throughout System public places. Waste is transported via the Trash Vacuum - vacuum tubes from buildings and street-side receptacles to a centralized recycling center where it is separated and recycled - to neighbor- hood processing centers where the sorting and recycling process will begin. The Trash Vacuum accepts materials up to the diameter of its pipe - about 25 cm - and feature compactors at most receptacles to break down any larger incoming items. Peristaltic action - a wave-like contraction and expansion analogous to the motion of the intestines - keep the tubes from clogging. The receptacles also include bio- sensors to ensure that no macro-scale living organisms (especially humans) are allowed to be disposed of with the system. The system offers users the option to measure and sell their waste before it leaves their node by installing a small laboratory to weigh and analyze waste inputs as they enter the Trash Vacuum. The Smart Meter calculates the value of these materials (subtracting the cost of moving, processing, and redistributing them) and credits the user’s account, using it where necessary to offset the cost of disposing of for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected materials which have zero or negative market value. This feature will is also accessible via public trash receptacles by alerting the system of the user’s identity with a swiped identity card or mobile device. For users who create a uniform bulk of by-products on a regular basis - such as manufacturing industries or craft production which end up with large quantities of saw dust -the system offers a marketplace for secondary materials. Trash to Treasure allows users with spe- cific needs to search for specific materials and contact the disposer directly, before the material enters the recycling system, and suggests a market rate for the material based on how much it would cost to dispose of. Organic wastes like paper, garden clippings, food scraps, and human waste removed from the water cycle are separated from the rest of the waste stream and combined in a composting process. The com- posting process consists of chambers impregnated with biological agents specifically designed to break down a wide range of different inputs. The system measures all the incoming waste to ensure that the limits of these organisms are not exceeded. The resulting nutri- ent-rich material is used for agricultural fertilizer in nearby Vertical Farms. Waste Cycling 19 Discussion, cont. Non-organic wastes are handled with a combination of traditional techniques and new nanotechnology recycling methods. Sorting technologies relying on magnetic fields to sort out different types of metal, spinning disks and air streams to further sort non- metallic materials by density are currently able to separate most wastes (Tammemagi). Video sensors are used to further sort wastes by their color and reflectivity, and advanced shape-recognition algo- rithms identify particular items and match them Plasma decomposition with a database of known recyclables. Cheap and robust sensors based on “lab-on-a-chip” technol- Maeda, Shingo. “Peristaltic Motion of Polymer Gels.”Angewandte ogy further sort these and other wastes into more Chemie International specific groups where they can be treated based on their specific chemical composition. Existing landfills are also be harvested and fed into the recycling stream to give these processes the advantage of efficiencies of scale and a known, dependable (though not unlimited) source of waste to process as soon as they are built. Until they are Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected fully harvested and recycled, existing landfills will generate methane gas from the natural decomposi- Peristaltic motion tion processes at work on their decaying contents. This offgassing is collected and used for fuel. After a landfill is emptied, it will be converted to parks Dr. Shingo Maeda of Waseda University created a polymer gel and recreation facilities. that can autonomous peristaltic motion. “The peristaltic motion is induced by the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction that takes NanoDecomposition accepts waste rejected as place inside the gel, which acts as a reaction diffusion system. unprocessable from other recycling processes Furthermore, the motion has been harnessed to autonomously (Drexler, 19). Items like circuit boards, polymer- transport an object in aqueous solution. This novel material based composites, and toxic chemicals are taken has great potential as a component in devices that transport apart at the molecular level in order to render matter.” (Maeda et al 2008) them into their constituent elements. This method operates the same way that enzymes break down food in the intestines, by stripping away atoms or molecules in various chemical baths. Materials are sorted based on rough estimates of their com- position, then fed into a soup of molecule-sized nanorobots which take them apart and separate them into streams based on their atomic composi- tion. For example, one vat of nanorobots might be designed to remove all of the carbon atoms, then place them in a pile to produce a lump of graphite which is an input for the steel industry. That process is be repeated for every element (or 20 Waste Cycling Discussion, cont. thought or effort and raises the rate of compliance. of rate the raises and effort or thought little very requires habit simple a form to user the allowing one, second a into others all and tacle recep one into elements natural other and plastics, bio- papers, foods, put to users asks always and receptacles garbage are there wherever apparent is distinction non-organic.This and organic waste: their for choices two users gives uniformly which with program recyling the in participate effortlessly to users enables system The consuming. time- and energy-intensive is it because compounds toxic or difficult most the for only reserved is it als, materi raw valuable to anything reduceeffectively can method this conglomerate. Although useful a to reduced is material the until or decomposed, be to material the in ones) useful are there if molecules Recycle EverywhereRecycle , - - Centralized waste systems Waste Cycling 21 Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Lifecycle Construction Lifecycle MainUtility Elements: System Related availability,quality,cost-effectiveness. or upgrading) often (and sacrificing without resources fewer use can people more internet: the through implemented been already have which services car-sharinglike much effect an has consumption and production their coordinate effortlessly to users of energy.numbers and vast Enabling materials process and store, route, efficiently to sensors ubiquitous on rely which systems distributed interconnected, using by better vastly job this does infrastructure the internet, city.the the throughoutMuchlike water,like resourcesenergy, fungible waste distributes Infrastructureand Intelligent Infrastructure Smart Meter Ubiquitous sensors Smart Materials Utility Main 22 Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Fulfilled Functions Properties Features 45 Identify Risks • Grid Computing • Configures the system to take 46 Monitor Conditions • Smart Meters advantage of usage and production differentials 47 Predict/Forecast Disaster • Ubiquitous Sensors • Generates reliable, high-quality 48 Analyze Previous Disasters • Source Computing utility service 50 Collect Info • Dynamic Pricing • Enables users to become producers 73 Monitor System Integrity • Distributed consumption/production 79 Inspect System Nodes • CityInfo Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected Intelligent Infrastructure 23 Associated Design Factors Discussion 14 Demand May Exceed System Information technology enables better-informed decisions, Capacity coordination among large groups and disparate organizations, and 24 Lack of Security more effective use of other technologies. Using information to better manage and organize utilities - as in all activities - produces 26 The Internet is Not Secure exponential growth in the amount of utility that can be derived from a 29 Insufficient Monitoring of Utilities unit of resources (Neves, 10). 36 Infrastructure can Fail Without Warning The system monitors and documents every transaction and change in the system in order to provide high-quality, stable, and efficient delivery of services. To facilitate the vast amount of data necessary for a detailed and thorough observation of every aspect of the city’s infrastructure, the CityInfo brings a fiber-optic data connection to the premises of every building in the city, creating a densely interconnected point-to-point network with ample bandwidth for the continued growth in communications technology. This high-bandwidth network also attracts information-economy businesses and allows the city to compete globally knowledge-based jobs (Civitum, 26). Wireless broadband nodes with large effective ranges (over 1 km) connect to this fiber network and allow users to access the network with mobile devices. Bandwidth once devoted specifically to television, radio, and cell-phone transmission is used for high- Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected bandwith, all-purpose channels which, much like the internet, allow users of mobile devices access to any sort of content. A parallel, physically separate network carries the internet to every premises to ensure that the city’s vital systems are not vulnerable to attack from remote locations. In contrast with the internet’s open- architecture, which was conceived specifically with the free and un-interruptible dissemination of information as its primary goal, within the CityInfo network any information access is tied to a specific piece of hardware with a physical address, and security breaches are as traceable as a convenience-store robbery. Most of the data on this network consists of the output of the system’s extensive array of sensors keeping track of usage statistics, flow rates, the condition of materials, temperature, humidity, seismic activity, water, energy, and waste quality and quantity, and other data. The system combines all the available data - current and projected demand statistics from all the city’s input devices; projected weather patterns; scheduled events - to determine the optimal production mode for all the utilities. For example, if the meter determines that mild weather is historically correlated with lulls in users’ energy consumption, it can plan in advance to stockpile materials which need to be recycled so that it can process them during a few days of mild weather when energy will be relatively cheap because of low usage. 24 Intelligent Infrastructure Discussion, cont. location. single a at updated and maintained be to hardware core allowpower. also of will Itconsumer large this to lines transmission building of costs the save will and scale, of Hypervisor”),economies the of Rise “The (Economist, virtualization server of advantage take will center data large-scale This source. power primary the near located center processing and storage data centralized a - Computer Source system’sthe the and to flowtaken response, free. is month, a for drink and clean, cook, to adult an for amount conservative very a represents which month, per user every for use water of gallons 1000 first the Forexample, pricing. progressive institute to used are capabilities technological same the resources, Forsome (Ambrosio) maintain. to producers utility for easier and cheaper is which curve usage flat more a producing and resource the use to time another find to users encouraging more, cost utilities periods usage peak certain during that means this effect, In mechanism. market a via users other of that to time particular a at resource given a using for need their compare Records of all the sensor data, plus actions plus data, sensor the all of Records PricingDynamic allows users and generators to generators and users allows that require no input from the user.the from input no require that updates firmware and AutomaticUpdatessoftware , via date to up kept and renewed are operations, meter’sinvisible the basic, all as well as options, These hand. on - gardening for dirt like - materials waste reduced certain keep to whether and grid, the to back resources stored sell to prices high for waits it whether retains, node the water much how control can user Forexample, options. of menu a from choose can they usage their optimize to wishes user the if but users, most the for suitable are that settings default with comes meter smart the computer’ssystem, a operating Muchlike interactions. their and those controlling for point access the is meter the roof,green a and system, filtration water a panels, solar including equipment, system optional but standard the all with outfitted is house the If node. their of performance consumption. node’sits their balances production how on depending user the bill or credit to either companies utility the allows and usage tracks It node. its of out and into energy,water and waste, of flow the regulate to is meter’sfunction primary center.storage The neighborhood a or building a either usually - modules consumption and storage, processing, of group a of consists node Each node. the in stored is rd 20% Grid Household Biomass Rooftop Wind Rooftop Solar Consumption by Source The meter allows users to customize the customize to users allows meter The individual’sstatistics, an usage as such data, Local www.thegreenergrass.org/2008/02/concept (x000) 10 20 30 40 50 60 Jan Feb Mar MayJunJul Apr Aug SepOctNovDec SmartMeter Paper Glass Heavy Metals Heavy Plastic Organic 4 54% 16% 10% Intelligent Infrastructure associated with their with associated 25 Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Discussion, cont. The system can also be set up to actively bring Any users wishing to connect an independent information to the user’s attention. If the user module to the system are required to meet certain wants to cut down on consumption of resources, conditions for the quality of water, waste, and the system can be instructed to alert the user or energy produced by their node before the system interrupt service when a particular output is not will accept any inputs. Going in the other direction, being used optimally. The user might also want a Smart Plug evaluates any appliance plugged into to schedule alerts to inform him or her about the system before engaging the flow of materials inclement weather, municipal events like city hall into it. meetings and sports games, or running out of groceries. Ubiquitous Sensors are deployed throughout the system to monitor the safety and stability of the The smart meter keeps track of the fluctuations infrastructure and the quality and movement of in the price of energy, water, and waste, both resources. This is accomplished through a vast coming from and being submitted back into the number of small, inexpensive electronic devices grid. The user can buy from and sell into a market (Kirkpatrick, 1) which share their measurements for resources. By default, this is all handled with the system through the Wireless Broadband automatically without the user’s knowledge or network. The system keeps track of variables such input, but the user can opt into any level of control as sound, light, electrical current and voltage, at any time to speculate or use his or her money vibration, motion, temperature, humidity, pressure more efficiently. and tension, electromagnetic radiation, and the presence of various chemicals and biological agents Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected If the user wants to save money by delaying (Bullock). This information is immediately put energy-intensive activities like dishwashing to off- to use balancing the system or alerting relevant peak usage times, the system can alert him or her people or systems when any variable is outside of when prices reach a certain level or a projected its tolerated limit, and aggregated information is daily minimum. Or the system can be instructed stored in a central database. Ubiquitous Sensors to automatically start automated processes like generally rely on environmental power to generate a dishwasher. Similarly, the user could choose to the small amount of electricity they need to carry stockpile water and waste materials in the hope of out their measurements and broadcast them to selling into a high market. the nearest receiving station. Light, heat, and movement are all converted to useful electricity by The grid’s multi-nodal storage structure provides small mechanical (and increasingly smart-material) superior stability in case of service interruptions. devices, allowing these sensors to operate without Automated systems automatically re-route supplies wired connections to the electric grid and without to serve affected parts of the system, using the the need to periodically replace batteries. same machine-learning techniques which - during (Polastre, 2) normal operation - dynamically optimize the efficiency and stability of the grid (Anderson, 9). Even if a neighborhood or any other small group of nodes becomes disconnected from the larger grid, it has a stored supply of resources which can be traded back and forth to keep the system running for a time. Human Hair ~100 nm Nano sensors 26 Intelligent Infrastructure Discussion, cont. (Vaswani) serviceable. be still will system the to contributed they equipment the business of out goes manufacturer hardware a if that and instructions, and information share can systems automated that ensures also Itrepairs. for and installations new for both grid, the into plug to components lowest-cost and highest-quality the provide to compete who providershardware of pool large a by serviced be will providers utility that ensures protocols hardware and software proprietary Banning users. and manufacturersdifferent between coordination consuming time expensive, without interact and connect easily to equipment handling information- other and actuators, meters, smart receivers, sensors, allows IEEE) or (i.e. ASTM organizationsstandards engineering established an by defined protocols communications and standards connection physical pieces. of ownA set their add to third-parties encourages and together work infrastructure the of pieces the all lets that Statement) PrivacyDefining appendix: (see recorded. be may information their that permission specific given has user a unless users many of patterns aggregate the stores permanently only system the user), single an of patterns travel or address, particular a at statistics usage faces, of images video or photographic as (such individual an to applies which information identify can sensors the where cases those In services. better provide and system’sthe increase to efficiencyaggregate in used is information this Generally concerns. security and privacy serious raises it judgments, accurate make to system the allows this While monitored. constantly is city the in space every almost that meaning use, in is system the where spaces private is a set of standards of set a is UniversalCompatibility and public all in tracked are variables These the system. the of part any with work to able are who personnel trained for and hardware for both market open an enable standards Open system. the constitute that equipment of pieces different of hundreds the of all for training special extensive, having without system the of piece given any query and monitor effectively and accurately to people maintenance enables This system. menu and interface graphical one learn to have only to technicians enable vSimilarly, standards for human interfaces vSimilarly,human for standards Intelligent Infrastructure 27 Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Intelligent InfrastructureIntelligent Elements: System Related utilities. included all accessing of instance every for and installation the for advantages scale of economy providesstructure this campuses, institutional on and localities many in use of history long a hardware.With obsolete removing and utilities new adding for efficiently,barriers cost reducing and quickly infrastructure the to get to easy it makes structure this movements,groundwater, soil changes, temperatureand from protected be will they where environment controlled a in tubes and cables keeping While utilities. all of maintenance and installation for access easy allows which utilities all for undergroundhousing combined a is MainUtility The Utility Main Modular Surfaces Shielding Compartments Lifecycle Construction Lifecycle UnumPluribus E Elements:Superset Sub-Main 28 Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Fulfilled Functions Properties Features 5 Manage Resources • Modular Roadsurface • Provides a location for independent 6 Install New Infrastructure • Large (3 to 6 meter) square tube utilities to house their distribution network within the city 7 Secure Utilities • Room for expansion and additions • Eliminates need for expensive and 9 Update Existing Structure • Accommodation for maintenance destructive excavations 10 Merge New/Existing Systems teams and equipment • Minimizes congestion of the right 11 Upgrade with Additions • Drainage in case of breakage of way 20 Integrate Existing System • Compartments for physical isolation • Facilitates co-location, maintenance, 70 Examine Deliverables and electromagnetic shielding and access to utilities 81 Perform Routine Mainte- • Swarm Robotics • Eases barriers of entry and exit nance • Self-healing pipes for all infrastructure providers, 85 Develop Repair Process facilitating healthy market competition between technologies 86 Correct Problem and organizations 87 Validate Repair • Allows for easy addition of new distribution technologies • Provides fast, easy access for maintenance and repair • Protects distribution hardware from natural elements Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected • Enables adaptation • Reduces construction and installation time for new utilities Utility Main 29 Associated Design Factors Discussion 5 Congestion of Right of Way All of the city’s utilities rely on cables, pipes, or tubes to get 6 High Barriers to Entry them from one part of the city to another. These components must be kept away from the elements and from vandalism 7 Utilities Subject to Sabotage & and sabotage, and during normal operation do not require Disasters anyone to access them. However, the system recognizes that 18 Centralized Utilities are over the long term, repairs, upgrades, and changes are the Vulnerable norm. The system supports growth, flexibility, and accessibility 37 Manholes Weaken Street Integrity through a unified network of spacious, underground tunnels built and owned by the city and leased by utility operators: the Utility Mains. The utility corridor’s lid will consist of panels of a strong, light, cheap carbon-composite produced with nanotechnology processes, the Modular Roadsurface. In addition to making street repairs fast and simple, these modules provide good cover for the utility corridor. Each panel of this road surface contains embedded sensors to monitor when it is nearing the end of its useful life and to alert authorities if the structure is accessed by unauthorized personnel. The Modular Street is topped with a transparent layer to allow light to pass through to power solar generation in the body of the material. The Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected roadsurface also preserves the integrity of the streets by obviating the need for individual manholes for every utility provider. Having all utilities coordinated in a centralized, easy-to-access location eliminates the large consumption of materials and energy involved in digging up roads. With this easy-access model, new utilities or utility providers can be added to the system in small, tentative steps, without the type of financial and time commitment otherwise needed. This makes it much easier for new utility providers to enter the cities infrastructure and create a more competitive market. The ability to easily add and remove hardware ensures low barriers to entry and a healthy competitive market for utility services, including the possibility for innovative services. The ability to quickly and easily access pipes enables more effective, efficient utilities because of timely, inexpensive maintenance and replacement of broken hardware. Utility providers operate under a joint strategy for dealing with major breaches or failures, long- and short-term maintenance, and securing and accessing the corridor. Because of this level of coordination, the main supports utility providers through changing times and allows the city to offer the most up-to-date services for its citizens. 30 Utility Main Discussion, cont. increases require its additional capacity,at additional while its require increases consumption as sections, small in progressively hydrogen the like upgrades major install to easy it makes corridor the of nature easy-access the installed, is it information. After GIS premapped on based of out and into go to lines utility for holes with location particular a for prefabricated individually pieces, modular of consists itself corridor The inside. installed lines new,distribution and upgraded installed be to corridor the of rest the allowing once, at removed and up dug are underneath utilities the all surface, modular the with outfitted been has road-surface of section continuous long, a When phase. next the for access easy allowing panels, road modular the by replaced are below) utility other some access to need the to due or decay own their to (due overhauls major for scheduled streets failure. other or rupture impending an of indication any is there if company utility the notify and sensors stress flow,pressure,material track and to Sensors Ubiquitous with outfitted also are They problem. the of source the find easily can crews maintenance so obvious them make to as way a such in cracks minor any repair will which materials self-healing with encased are lines transmission these interference.won’t electromagneticAll create they so shielded individually and possible as apart far as electricity and communications others; affecting of chance less has it leaks it if that so bottom the at water - other each with interfere to infrastructure. the of parts various the to access have workers maintenance give and city’sthe widths accommodate streetdifferent to sizes modular three, in comes MainsUtility hardware. existing on maintenance perform or lines new add to personnel maintenance for easy it make to markers identification and drainage, climate-control, ventilation, lighting, provides also It Super-Grid,(the utilities TrashVacuum, new for etc). space ample to addition in telephone) optics, fiber (water,electricity,wastewater,gas, cable, natural During the installation phase of the utility corridor,utility the of phase installation the During not as so arranged are corridor the within Utilities utilities existing all for space provides corridor The Super-Grid individually.protected Additionally,is corridor the buried are cables and pipelines when occur that breakages and breaches accidental to vulnerable less correspondingly is it attacks, intentional to susceptible more it make location standardized corridor’sand the obvious While place. accessible and well-known, single, a in contained services city’sthe having vital of hazards safety the comes infrastructure accessible easily open, this of wiring. copper outdated recycling and removing time same the Along with the great efficiency and adaptability and efficiency great the with Along Alternative modular surfaces Utility Main network Greenway Canal Street Utility Main 31 Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Discussion, cont. from intruders and anomalous activity (like broken pipes or shifting structural elements) by motion detectors, pressure monitors, and other sensors that automatically dispatch repair crews and security personnel. Conduits within the corridor feature self-healing materials which can temporarily repair small cracks and ruptures. Sensors keep track of these and other internal stresses in the walls of pipes, alerting maintenance crews before any breakage occurs. Finally, Swarm Robotics Frictionless Material - armies of small repair and monitoring robots - patrol the corridors, adding another layer of more “Scientists at the University of Kentucky have built tiny pipes sophisticated sensors and control equipment which that move water 10,000 times as fast as the conventional laws can be dispatched where extra sensing is needed. of fluid flow allow, mimicking for the first time the seamless Construction way fluids progress through our cells.” (Mone 2006) The system uses materials from sustainable sources in ways which minimize the amount of material needed for a particular function. New materials and new designs allow the system to move towards ephemeralization, a process Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected described by Buckminster Fuller wherein “inventors continually increase the quantity and quality of performed work per each volume or pound of material, erg of energy, and unit of worker and Self-healing Materials “overhead” time invested in each given increment of attained functional performance.” (Fuller, Chapter 1) The system actively pursues this end by using information technology to coordinate activities and new materials to better use materials as a catalyst for achieving the system’s goals. Integrity Sensors Flow Monitor Bio-nano Sensors 32 Utility Main Discussion, cont. and the technology continues to move forward move to continues technology the and stadiums, and centers convention like buildings public large for used been long has method This (ASFI). material little very with volume large a enclose to space-frame a into arranged members compression of webs over textiles stretching by infrastructure in used be can textiles performance high- These last. the than stronger magnitude of order an approximately each nanotubes, carbon fiber,now carbon and and kevlar then nylon, first - fibers in been always has materials synthetic in viability commercial of areas first the of One paper.than thinner are that structures rigid stable, produce to nanotubes and fibers carbon of Up-Cycling.through infrastructure new brand make and infrastructure unnecessary and outdated remove to and needed, are they when of minutes within site building the to materials get to distribution information-driven on relying nanocomposites, and cement like materials construction basic to apply principles same The instead. areas growth in materials and cables re-deploying needed, longer no is it where capacity remove also can system the tools, same the Using aren’tthey using. infrastructure for pay to have won’tusers that meaning needed, be to expected are they before two or day a until expansions capacity delaying by system MainUtility flexible highly- the utilize effectively very to system the allows information trend This when. and needed be will infrastructure what of predictor powerful a system the give utilities of rates production the and consumption, industry demographics, demand, user in changes of measurements thorough and efficiency.greater for Specificopportunity larger a thus and control, automated of degree higher a enable computing distributed and Sensors However,chains. system’ssupply the Ubiquitous global long, in interruptions for potential the to due instability of level a cause and decades for use in been have which techniques manufacturing” “lean the to similar is This needed. is it when just arrive will it that so infrastructure of installation and materials raw of movement the rely on the high-tensile strength high-tensile the Textileson relyExtreme coordinatingJust-in-Time involvesInfrastructure and interference. and sabotage to vulnerable less and elements the from protected be will it where materials within deep buried be to sensors enables also it effort, and time more takes it where on-site of instead factory the of environment controlled the into electronics with dealing work precision delicate, move produce to manufacture, of time the at sections, MainUtility modular and bricks like pieces factory-built of case the in or construction, of time the at materials (Bieniek) bonds. lighter,with tensile members compression the of most “tensegrity”replace the to using model by lightened further be Eventually,will space-frame the (Darooka). textile of tubes inflated high-pressure with members compression steel the replacing by Ubiquitous Sensors are embedded into construction into embedded areSensors Ubiquitous “ catalytic chemical reactions.”(Forbes2008) chemical catalytic as well philicity—as property—superhydro opposite the employ others whereas effect,” “lotus the on based are which of some materials, self-cleaning synthetic developed have Researchers Self-healing material . Not only does this technique this does only NotBricks . Smart Utility Main 33 Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Scenario A hypothetical example of a new utility getting introduced to the city demonstrates all of the elements of the system working together. As hydrogen fuel-cell technology is perfected, the city’s demand for these small and long-lasting batteries will grow dramatically, increasing demand for hydrogen at the same time. Hydrogen will be used in sufficient quantities that it will be most efficient to move it in and distribute it via pipelines - especially considering the lowered barriers to entry of the Utility Main system and the efficiency of co-distributing it along with electricity in the SuperGrid. For this demand to be met in the Chicago of today, a company would have to invest not only the time and resources to purchase a delivery system and place it under the city streets, it would also take a massive coordinated effort to ensure that the new utility did not interfere with the dozens of other Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected pipes and cables that snake through the underbelly of the city. The company would also have to drill their own manholes to access their piping, further weakening the durability of our streets. In the proposed system, the company would merely have to apply for space within the preexisting Utility Main, saving time, money, and resources. Also, as a combustible material, hydrogen running through the city with our present capabilities would be a dangerous proposition. In fact, it is unlikely that such an endeavor would even be attempted due to the possibility of a catastrophic disaster. With Smart Pipes, however, the transmission of hydrogen would be a safe and secure possibility. Finally, if the demand for hydrogen were to continue to grow, the current infrastructure would require more new construction and more digging. With expandable pipes, growth would be a simple matter. 34 Utility Main Intelligent InfrastructureIntelligent MainUtility Elements: System Related technologies. and materials available latest the with updated time same the at are they replaced be to need do pieces when but itself, repair and maintain autonomously to robotsroving and materials self-healing smart, uses system The fails. it until place in hardware leaving with associated dangers and problems the avoiding time same the at conditions, and needs changing to adapt to itself updates continuously system The Lifecycle Construction E Pluribus UnumPluribus E Elements:Superset 35 Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Fulfilled Functions Properties Features 19 Initialize System • Self-healing materials • Prevents system failure and 21 Encourage Partnerships • Self-cleaning materials extensive damage 22 Test New Equipment • Frictionless materials • Maintains integrity 84 Identify Solution • Filtering membranes • Prevents degradation 104 Test Adaptation • Unified pathways for distribution • Allows pervasive quality control • Renewable/sustainable materials • Supports growth • Facilitates maintenance • Supports integration with existing infrastructure • Supports sustainable building practices Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected 36 Lifecycle Construction Associated Design Factors Discussion 1 Materials Degrade Too Quickly Chicago will continue to grow and change during the 21st 2 Surrounding Site May Be Harmed Century and beyond. Some changes - such as population growth, climate change, and continued advancements in 3 Construction is Repetitious, technology - are expected. Others will inevitably be a surprise. Labor-intensive, and Dangerous These expectations, and the limitations thereof, must be 4 Coordinating Disparate Utilities considered as new infrastructure is developed. New structures 8 Maintaining Historical Character must be light, flexible and responsive to their context, even 39 Repairs are Temporary Solutions as that context evolves. In order to accomplish this, the system uses new materials, new construction processes, and 49 Infrastructure is Inflexible incorporates plans for future growth and adaptation into all its structures. Nanomaterials The materials that comprise the current infrastructure are problematic in several ways. Pipe corrosion and degradation are serious issues. Build-up within a pipe from corrosion affects system distribution pressures. And deteriorating pipes can contaminate materials within the pipes or cause leaks. Eventually, advanced corrosion and degradation will cause a water main to burst, resulting in excessive damage. Ideally, the pipes would be replaced before they deteriorated to that extent, but the reality is that replacing water mains is a very for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected difficult, expensive, and disruptive process. Nano materials - some existing and some in development - have capabilities to prevent these problems. Nanomaterials are engineered at the molecular scale to produce virtually any physical property or behavior that can be imagined. While many nanomaterials are already on the market (nanotubes, shimmering paints, and spill-resistant cloth are some examples), the field is continuing to produce new and sometimes unexpected advances. Self-replicating nanoscale robots (around a billionth of a meter, or half the size of a water molecule) produce these materials in large quantities, making them cheap and fast to produce. Many scientists and engineers predict that the nanorobots themselves may eventually become sophisticated and cheap enough to use active machines as the body of common household items like tables and chairs, allowing them to morph into varied forms, change their physical properties, and perform a vast amount of information processing as well. (Drexler, 11) Smart Pipes made of nanomaterials are frictionless (Mone 2006), self-cleaning (Forbes 2008), and self-healing (Patel- Predd 2007). Frictionless pipes are effectively self-cleaning as they don’t allow any dirt to stick to them, meaning that they prevent corrosion and reduce the amount of pressure needed Lifecycle Construction 37 Discussion, cont. to move water and other materials. Degradation caused by corrosive soils is prevented by housing the pipes in utilidors. Self-healing materials embedded with sensors detect degradation in its earliest stages and restore the integrity of the structure. No longer do pipes leak, rust, or burst. A Smart Pipe also contains membranes that filter the water passing through it (Enggrob 2006), thereby decentralizing the purification process and making the system less vulnerable to sabotage and system failure. “Researchers have developed synthetic self-cleaning materials, some of which are based on the “lotus effect,” whereas others Nanomaterials also adapt to meet changing needs. employ the opposite property—superhydro philicity—as well as Pipes expand and contract to cope with variable catalytic chemical reactions” (Forbes 2008) user demand. This flexibility makes distribution systems easier to move and to reroute. Innovations with polymer gels have paved the way for pipes capable of autonomous, peristaltic motion, and point the way towards entire pipes which are able to increase and decrease their effective diameters. Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected “Modeled on human skin, a new material that heals itself multiple times is made of two layers. The polymer coating on top contains tiny catalyst pieces scattered throughout. The substrate contains a network of microchannels carrying a liquid healing agent. When the coating cracks, the cracks spread downward and reach the underlying channels, which ooze out healing agent. The agent mixes with the catalyst and forms a polymer, filling in the cracks.” (Patel-Predd 2007) 38 Lifecycle Construction Community Development Community Construction Lifestyle Elements: System Related practices. best and technology of forefront the at system the keep to order in techniques analysis of limits the pushes and research vital provides that body a is Consortium Research The Research Consortium 39 Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Fulfilled Functions Properties Features 19 Initialize Systems • Information from the System • Provides vital statistics 21 Encourage Partnerships • Academic Researchers • Uses its access to government to 22 Test New Equipment • Output to the Government press the agenda of adaptation 84 Identify Solution • Uses support from business to achieve implementation quickly 104 Test Adaptation Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected 40 Research Consortium Associated Design Factors Discussion 41 Utilities do not Promote Background Neighborhoods and Communities As the current infrastructure continues to become outdated and 12 User groups do not have unwieldy, the demand for a system that is constantly looking forward alignment is abundantly clear. While there are many groups with vested interests in the health and future of the system, these entities often work at cross purposes. A politician, for example, may only be interested in projects that will yield fruit within a four-year election cycle. A utility company, on the other hand, will most likely be thinking of nothing but their profitability and quarterly reports. One of the aims of the new system is to bring these disparate groups together as a research consortium with the unified goal of keeping the city’s infrastructure innovative and looking towards long-term needs. Solution The consortium produces information that is immediately valuable to researchers, businesses, academics, and the government to ensure that they value its immediate existence. The Real-Time Census, in addition to giving an accurate count of the city’s population and demographics, includes a detailed (though anonymous) report on market research and ethnographic observations. This report uses aggregations of data from the system’s Ubiquitous Sensors to provide valuable insights and predictions to government and for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected business. Beyond the report, the consortium produces usage and efficiency statistics and suggest ways to improve sustainability, and productivity measures to reveal where best-practices could potentially improve profits for businesses. It bears the primary responsibility for identifying new standards and best practices for the system itself, and for validating potential solutions proposed by citizens through the Community Development module. To access to this wealth of information, the various participating groups periodically come together and determine what questions to research during the next year. In addition to creating plans, this collaboration produces a wide pool of viewpoints and resources and makes the value of forward-thinking research visible to all participating parties. For example, when the city wants to extend services to outlying areas, a researcher wants to test a new method for structural bio- engineering, and a utility company is looking to expand their base of clients, all three groups can work together to accomplish the common goal of making the system more adaptable and innovative while fulfilling their own needs. Research Consortium 41 Research Consortium Research Elements: System Related life. city’spolitical the and in social involved become easily to parties interested all allow environments information participatory evolving, and connections, accessible easily city.spaces, outdoor Shared their in participate and other each with interact visitors and residents city’sthe let to touchpoints redundant multiple, supports system The Community Development Citizen Jury Utility Park UrbanExplorer MyInfrastructure SpacesVirtual Co-Creation Spaces Beautiful Elements:Subset Virtual TownVirtual Hall 42 Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Fulfilled Functions Properties Features 12 Communicate Learning • A platform for open communication • Enables collaboration to design and Needs • Virtual town hall build upgraded infrastructure 14 Publicize Capabilities • Park spaces • Fosters a sense of community spirit 15 Demonstrate Value • Public access to utilities • Extends responsibility for design 16 Teach Functionality and maintenance of the system to • Utility playground 17 Engage Community all users • Utility plaza 18 Incentivize Adoption • Provides citizens a venue for sharing their ideas 28 Optimize Information • Outreach program • Enables users to identify and 32 Filter Information • Beautiful spaces express collective needs 34 Route Info • Virtual Spaces: open platform (Virtual Town Hall/Ideagora/ • Allows the system to evolve to 36 Distribute Computing Municipal Editor/Blogs and Wikis) meet those collective needs 49 Solicit Public Input • Employs citizens in tasks which 51 Prevent Misues support the system 76 Prioritize Objective • Educates citizens young and 90 Connect with Others old about the system and its capabilities 91 Play within Built • Provides transparency for citizens to 92 Acquire Knowledge see their ideas enacted 94 Support Employment • Evokes feedback from the for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected 101 Participate in Planning community and its leaders 102 Communicate Concepts Community Development 43 Associated Design Factors Discussion 9 Translation of Information is While traditional planning methods excel at creating strong, organized Inadequate communities, the most vibrant and successful neighborhoods form as 10 Value is Only Apparent After self-organized, emergent groups. The Community Development module Long-term Commitment supports this kind of spontaneous, user-driven community development 11 Some People are Conservative with a continuous, open-ended, and participatory planning system. About Technology Acquisition Citizens of Chicago are able to engage at their own level in order to share their vision of what the city could be and to collaborate with others to 41 Utilities do not Promote generate new possibilities for how to make that happen. Neighborhoods and Communities 43 Utilities are Ugly and Sequestered Community Development offers multiple systems to ensure that all 45 Automation Takes Away Jobs citizens are able to participate and transparent enough to clearly communicate objectives and solutions. This process not only utilizes 47 Users are Unaware of Needs and the collective creative potential but also enables the system to respond Possibilities in a timely and highly directed manner to specific issues. Citizens are 48 City Doesn’t Recognize Citizen encouraged to contribute to the system by seeing it in use and witness Concerns its application. Group input devices function much like the Threadless T-shirt model (threadless.com), encouraging ideas from all comers and employing a voting system to select the best ideas which are then reviewed for feasibility and efficiency by staff before being implemented. This allows Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected everyone to share their ideas and have input into the structure of their community’s infrastructure in an open, participatory process which can be accessed from multiple public access points in any of the Beautiful Spaces. This process not only utilizes the collective creative potential of all the individuals in a community, it enables the system to respond in a timely and highly directed manner to specific issues which may not be obvious to designers, engineers, or construction personnel who don’t have to live with the system every day. When citizens use it to for broad-based discussions of the system’s financial and political context, this part of the system becomes an effective way to examine - if not also address - social issues such as urban blight, decay, and slums. Citizens are inspired to contribute to the system by seeing it in use and witnessing extreme, specialized applications of it in the Utility Plaza and - if they are young - in the schools. The system’s more visually exciting elements, such as Plasma Decomposition, are demonstrated, and its most impressive feats - such as decomposing an old, inefficient computer into several clean, orderly blocks of silicon, carbon, lithium, steel, and gold - explained much like exhibits at the Museum of Science and Technology. 44 Community Development UrbanExplorer MyInfrastructure SpacesVirtual Co-Creation Elements: System Related eyesore. won’tan it become forgets, community the and fails utility the if even that so age with character gain which materials with designed is installation of type This system. the with connecting for venue another residents allowing interfaces informational offer they projects; local-generation community-based house they projects; art public for substrate a as or playgrounds as double community.nearby installations Infrastructurethe to experience engaging pleasant, a provide to opportunity an public’sas treated view,are they the into and ground above extend elements infrastructural largeWherever Beautiful Spaces Community Development Community Elements:Superset * 45 Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Fulfilled Functions Properties Features 17 Engage With Community • Go to nature • Promotes community cohesion 91 Play Within the Built Envi- • Play games (pick-up games) • Supports a sense of place and ronment • Virtual realities culture in urban neighborhoods 93 Travel Within the City • Connect to other cities • Enables everyone to access basic 102 Communicate Concepts services • Connect tourists to citizens • Enables play and leisure • Utility Art • Allows access to civic input/ • Wireless connectivity planning discussion • Shares space with parks, rainwater processing, and other natural elements • Enhances value of surrounding land and residences • Encourages socialization of children and adults Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected 46 Beautiful Spaces Associated Design Factors Discussion 43 Utilities are Ugly and Sequestered Background Most infrastructure is built solely to get people and goods from one place to another, with no consideration of the place where it’s installed. It’s often gray or brown, built for economy and scale, and ugly. Vast, empty stretches of concrete towering over them gives residents the impression that their needs and values are less important than those of the infrastructure. While the infrastructure is built to serve their needs, is paid for by their usage, and will be torn down and replaced when their consumption increases, the users feel dominated and oppressed by the vast installations surrounding them. Solution The system addresses this problem by making the experiences of users and passers-by an important consideration in the design of infrastructure. In addition to serving their primary purpose, system components are built in such a way that they convey a sense of grace to the people who live, work, and play nearby. Every part of the system amplifies and sets off the natural harmony and beauty of existing buildings and natural spaces. Structures like solar- and wind- generators, communications antennae, and Ubiquitous Sensors fully blend in with their surroundings, acting as an extension of the parks, neighborhoods, and buildings they serve. for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected This is achieved by observing simple guidelines to make spaces feel human-scale and inviting to individuals and groups of people. Optimizing a space to encourage foot-traffic, considering where people would want to sit and providing sitting spaces there, and building in patterns which support people-watching are all good ways to build a lively public space (Whyte - introduction). System components also include auxiliary functions that serve people and community interactions such as tables and sitting surfaces, overhangs to provide cover from precipitation, and the like. Even buried Utility Mains are designed with the user in mind, using light and space to minimize the feeling of claustrophobia and making it easier to work. Utility Parks take advantage of the Neighborhood Nodes to provide a comfortable community space for people congregate, relax, and play in a natural environment - without giving up connectivity. In order to integrate the nodes into the city’s existing parks, they are surrounded by green space, collaborative activity spaces, and access to utility services. Collaborative activities are enabled by large, interactive displays which can be used to display information for a community meeting, or can be connected to similar units across the city or across the world to enable long-distance games of tennis and volleyball. When not in use, these modules display notices for upcoming municipal policy meetings, votes, and policy changes and allow citizens to give their input. Wireless broadband hotspots, Beautiful Spaces 47 Discussion, cont. available throughout the entire city, are based in nature. While high-tech elements that require power the Neighborhood Nodes and thus strongest in plants at the source and functioning computers on the Utility Park. These are supplemented by the both ends will certainly not continue to function connectivity associated with the Utility Plaza. like the Roman Aqueducts which still span many parts of Europe, they can at least retain their Utility Plazas provide access to basic utility services composure like the Pyramids in case the society for all comers at thousands of places throughout which supports them runs short on resources or the city like busy street corners, parks, and plazas. moves away, instead of turning to ruins. A touchscreen allows users to connect with any of the city’s publicly available information and also to log-in to connect with their personal account and accomplish anything available to them through their Smart Meter. Specially marked zones charge mobile devices, identifying the device type to automatically adjust voltage settings and wireless coils to wirelessly transmit the energy over a few centimeters (Chu). Water fountains, hydrogen fill stations, and wireless network points are also scattered liberally throughout the city. Wireless towers Utility Art strives to meet a common municipal goal www.ericsson.com/campaign/towertube Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected of spending 1% of the cost of new installations on art by adding interesting forms, vibrant colors, and meaningful cultural symbols to utility structures. This adds to the number of interesting, vibrant places in the city which people can enjoy. All infrastructure projects take advantage of their real estate by including solar panels and wind generators in the installation. Where a group of community members organizes itself to take over the maintenance of such an installation, an Energy Garden supports them with training and supplies, and allocates a certain percentage of the profits from the energy generated towards their accounts. Taking responsibility for system component in this way gives the group of citizens a better sense of the value their infrastructure and encourages a sense of community and collaboration within their neighborhood. The system anticipates that some of those groups may lose interest after a time and stop their maintenance routine, as well as a similar condition on a larger scale, with Beautiful Decay. The system is built with materials and designs which only gain elegance and interest as they are overtaken by 48 Beautiful Spaces UrbanExplorer MyInfrastructure SpacesVirtual Spaces Beautiful Elements: System Related computing. distributed through city’sthe processes enabling democratic involves also It participating. in interested is who citizen every work to putting and empowering, educating, involves This abilities. own their improve and system, the evolve communities, build to together work citizens helps system The Co-Creation Community Development Community Elements:Superset 49 Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Fulfilled Functions Properties Features 100 Define Objectives • Robot builder • Gives citizens access to the 103 Customize System • Tell it to mama infrastructure planning process 105 Update System • Wired Schools • Gives utility professionals access to expressed needs and desires of • Intuitive programming languages users • Taps into collective creativity of users • Allows the system to adapt to changing user behaviors, desires, and culture Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected 50 Co-Creation Associated Design Factors Discussion 9 Translation of Information is Communities of volunteers are able to work together to build Inadequate complex structures when they encounter the proper incentives, as 45 Automation Takes Away Jobs evidenced by open-source projects like Linux and Wikipedia. The system harnesses this type of creative energy, combining it with the 47 Users are Unaware of Needs and Possibilities existing structure of democratic government to enable a bottom-up approach to designing and implementing the city’s infrastructure. While the general direction and specific goals and directives come from the populace, the city’s utilities rely on highly-trained professionals to engineer, test, and implement all of the system’s components. This enables and encourages citizens to participate in generating new ideas, functionality, and directions for the system to pursue. It does this by lowering the barriers to input, both simple “yes” or “no” voting on proposed actions and also in defining what actions should be proposed. Increasing the accessibility of the system’s decision- making processes should do more than simply keep the system better aligned with the needs and desires of the majority of users, it will also generate a greater number of new concepts, any one of which could significantly increase the system’s utility to all users. Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected Co-Creation 51 Discussion, cont. Robot Builder City and Utility employees whose jobs are scheduled to be automated are assigned to help engineers and scientists design and build those robots. In the process, they are exposed to the latest methods of science and technology and get a chance to work with experts in many fields. When their jobs are fully automated, their severance package supports them long enough for them to undertake study and become a qualified expert in some aspect of building the robots that replaced them. Thus, every replaced employee has the knowledge and motivation necessary to contribute to the continued advancement of the system. Tell it to Mama Citizens who desire part-time employment are trained in all the system’s services and capabilities and paid to answer the phones for the 311 service. Much like the JetBlue model, (Wharton) this virtual call-center allows phone operators to live their Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected own life in their own space between calls, and to provide higher-quality, more friendly and amenable service to those who call in search of information about the system. The increasing ubiquity of computer control and automated systems means that many proposals of changes to the infrastructure require models of software programs to describe what the system should become. Tangible Programming represents programs, mathematics, and aspects of densely- connected systems with physical objects, enabling users to map these concepts into their well- developed spatio-visual processing capabilities where they can be easily manipulated. Along with other tools to make programming more accessible, such as speech-enabled programming, Tangible Programming is taught in schools starting at the youngest ages and enables citizens to quickly mock-up and evaluate novel configurations of the behaviors of automated systems. (Resnick) 52 Co-Creation UrbanExplorer MyInfrastructure Co-Creation Spaces Beautiful Elements: System Related SpacesVirtual The info rather thancostly upgrades. periodic becoming prematurely constant evolution obsolete by supporting alsoprevents It thesystemcustomization andparticipation. from open standards. This creates that facilitates a exibility user rmation infrastructure ofthesystem operates onuniversal, 3 9 # 2 1 0 6 5 4 8 7 * Community Development Community Elements:Superset 53 Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Fulfilled Functions Properties Features 100 Define objectives • Ideagora • Enables flexible actuation 103 Customize the system • Virtual TownHall • Supports various user goals 105 Update the system • Open platform • Makes interface pieces modular • Municipal editor • Blogs and Wikis • Transparent system Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected 54 Virtual Spaces Associated Design Factors Discussion 10 Value is Only Apparent After Virtual spaces consist of collections of data structured with universal, Long-term Commitment interoperable standards. All of the spaces and their procedures are 11 Some People are Conservative added to and modified by users via open-source procedures, much About Technology Acquisition like the method used for Wikipedia (wikipedia.org). These spaces 48 City Doesn’t Recognize Citizen allow users to organize, exchange, and develop ideas on everything Concerns from how to most effectively use the system to how to change the system. The primary venue for users to propose, evaluate, and decide upon new suggestions for the system is the Ideagora. Not unlike a forum on the internet, users post ideas about what the system could and should be and other users vote on them. Ideas take the form of descriptions, drawings, photos, models, computer programs, references to existing systems in other cities, and any other relevant media. The ideas are taken into account in the utility and municipal planning process, giving the professionals in charge of the system an in-depth understanding of citizens’ needs and desires. Ideagora is available to anyone logged into the Municipal Network, and to entice users the most promising ideas are also displayed in high-traffic public places like parks and city hall. This venue also supports user discussions about personal choices for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected concerning the system. The individual makes their own decisions about issues like whether to install solar panels on one’s home and how best to accomplish it, different ways to design an individual’s interactions with the system, and how much access to give to children are all governed, but Ideagora can provide guidance on such issues if it is needed. Open-source construction methods and open standards ensure that the system’s programming is long-lived and easily repaired, a strategy called Open Platform. While there are many issues concerning intellectual property rights, system security, and control and planning by a central authority, the bottom-up control structure of an open community can - in the long run - deal with these and many other issues more robustly than a centralized organization. Allowing users to build and augment the underlying structure of the Virutal Spaces cuts down the amount of bias imposed on the system by its original architects and engineers and allows it to better address the concerns of users. Requiring citizen participation this way creates a system that is necessarily responsive to user needs, evolving according to rules they set and towards goals they identify Virtual TownHall allows users to vote on municipal issues through any system interface, as well as to perform all their other basic interactions with the city such as applying for licences, paying taxes and fees, and communicating with city services. Virtual Spaces 55 Discussion, cont. Just as the system ensures the quality of water and a consistent flow of energy, it regulates the flow of information within the Municipal Network through the Municipal Editor. The Municipal Editor only regulates the Municipal Network, the relatively small and self-contained body of data which deals exclusively with the information produced by the system’s Ubiquitous Sensors and by the Community Development module. While this information is garnered from generally reliable sources, it is further policed by a team of editors who will pay close attention to policy discussions, engineering specifics, and other information which the system might eventually act on to ensure that they are factual. Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected 56 Virtual Spaces some mixture of the two. the of mixture some VirtualTownhall,via MyInfrastructure,with democratically via or individual single a by controlled are temperature and lighting like elements utility shared whether choose to free is owner property the spaces living shared In person. one only by used are components system affected the where applies MyInfrastructureonly module, Co-Creation the with contrast In functionality.system’sits the enhance of to part settings any tweak to user any allows user,also the it by effort special any without experience user excellent an provide to strives system the While needs. their suit best system’sto the interfaces shape and to behaviors enabled areUsers MyInfrastructure UrbanExplorer SpacesVirtual Co-Creation Spaces Beautiful Elements: System Related Community Development Community Elements:Superset 57 Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Fulfilled Functions Properties Features 100 Define Objectives • JIT infrastructure • Enables flexible actuation 103 Customize System • Cloud updates • Support various user goals 105 Update System • Opt-in • Configures easily including • Usage helper customizing the configuration process • Custom Skins • Allows citizens to achieve their own ends in their own way on their own schedule • Provides individualized options to access, filter, transmit, and store information • Allows users to access and control system functions through custom- built applications • Enables users to specify how the system within their sphere of influence behaves in any given situation • Allows users to control their resource utilization Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected • Gives users the option of having the system remind them when they reach certain levels of resource consumption • Lets users choose how much of their personal information they want to share in different situations 58 MyInfrastructure Associated Design Factors Discussion 49 Infrastructure is Inflexible A hyperconnected system depends extensively on communicating with users: giving information about their usage, news and emergencies, activities of the system and the city, and receiving information from the user about their wants and needs in the long term, the short term, and immediately. To accommodate different user limitations and preferences, every user can customize every aspect of the system, from how they receive their bill to how the turn on the lights. Customization options extend from choosing how and when the system will contact the user in case of emergency to programming the system to perform entirely new functions. Physical inputs can include buttons and switches on the wall, hand- held computer devices, wall-mounted touchscreens, voice-activated command, and all of the system’s Ubiquitous Sensors. The user may link any of these input devices to any of the system’s customizable functions in order to optimize their interactions with the system. The system’s information outputs include video screens, speakers, and wireless connections to handheld devices, but any utility output that flows through the Smart Meter can be tied to a particular system output, allowing the user to know the time, for instance, based on the light level in their home. Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected Upon installation (or upon being reset when a new tenant occupies a space) the system defaults to general best practices for conservation and safety: lights, heating and cooling, and other atmospheric appliances turn themselves off when a space is unoccupied; appliances such as dish- and clothes-washers wait for up to 24 hours to use the least expensive electricity; fire alarms, natural disaster warnings, and other emergency messages are broadcast via loudspeaker. At any time, the user can choose to customize any function in any way that does not violate certain basic safety settings (for example, emergency warnings cannot be entirely disabled, and will always require an acknowledgment). He or she can select from any of the system’s available information sources and map the result onto an interface or ambient display where the information will be immediately useful, for example turning on a red light over the umbrella stand next to the door when rain is expected. All these functions are most obviously useful in the home, however the system (optionally) recognizes users if they are carrying a mobile device or anything with an RFID tag. This enables the system to automatically log in whenever they approach a public interface screen, or institute their personalized behaviors whenever they approach an automated city service such as water fountains, public chargers, street-corner trash receptacles, etc. MyInfrastructure 59 Discussion, cont. Because of the large number of options this freedom offers - and the accompanying complexity of dealing with the most detailed level of customization - users have the option to download Custom Skins to set up all their options. Through the Ideagora, interested users define sets of customized options to meet specific goals and offer them for others to use (after the Municipal Editor checks them for safety and to be sure they match the description offered). These skins range from as small and specific as having the user’s Node turn up the light level when it recognizes that he or she is reading a book, to as comprehensive as having the system monitor the user’s health signs (from their activity level to the composition of their stool), automatically notify a doctor of significant changes, and encouraging healthier behaviors with warnings during harmful activities and suggestions of healthy ones. Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected 60 MyInfrastructure MyInfrastructure SpacesVirtual Co-Creation Spaces Beautiful Elements: System Related activities. social and people nearby,other is including what and are they where about information access users lets system The Urban Explorer 3 9 # 6 5 2 1 0 4 8 7 * Community Development Community Elements:Superset 61 Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Fulfilled Functions Properties Features 17 Engage With Community • CultureMap • Communicates sites (interactive 91 Play Within the Built Envi- • Ad-hoc gaming historical plaques/time-out) ronment • Social area network • Supports wireless connectivity 93 Travel Within the City • Encourages going to nature 102 Communicate Concepts • Playing games (pick-up games) • Provides virtual realities • Connects to other cities • Provide spaces without informative systems (historic preservation) • Connects tourists to citizens • Leaves digital signature Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected 62 Urban Explorer Associated Design Factors Discussion 42 Citizens are Unable to Stay Through the widely distributed Utility Plaza interfaces, the system Connected While Travelling offers geographically relevant information to all comers to help them 44 Visitors are Unaware of Local connect with history, ongoing events, and places of interest. By Attractions distributing access to the Chicago Cultural Center’s complete list of cultural events and activities, a fully-featured shopping and restaurant guide, and a social networking tool designed just for downtown Chicago, this module makes it easy to become immersed in the city’s rich culture. For those who want to leave their own mark to be seen by future visitors, the Digital Graffiti module will allow users to view a sketchboard page specific to that location which the can change or add to. CultureMap enables users to search through municipal and newpaper databases in order to connect with what is happening right now. Users and tourists alike can find out about the architecture and history of the area, including detailed, interactive displays with in-depth information on what was there in the past and what developments are slated for the future. Individuals can start and join collective groups for the purpose of playing sports and games with Ad-Hoc Gaming. The system provides lists of time slots for all the city’s public play spaces - reserving some for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected of them for un-scripted use - enabling users to set up games and let anyone from the public join in. This makes it easy for casual or visiting players to join established teams or form their own on the spot by creating a signup sheets. The sign-up-sheet’s creator can choose to limit potential players by size, weight, gender, and other restrictions, as well as choosing the location of the game. Social Area Network provides access to ad-hoc social events and displays real-time population density metrics for the city. Individuals looking to do something in the company of others can stop by any system access-point and perform a search or add their own listing to invite others to join them. Or they might look at a heat-map of the city, choosing to head towards the most crowded district or bar if they are in the mood for people-watching, or in the opposite direction if they want to enjoy a quiet evening. Urban Explorer 63 Emergency ResponseEmergency Elements: System Related emergency.an during communication and emergency an mitigates or prevents that communication functions: primary two has system’sThe discussion. own its network emergencydemands emergency of times in application its life, urban of aspects all nearly of part integral an become have communications network While network. communication its is HyperconnectedInfrastructure the of component essential An Emergency Network My ID My Emergency Instant Instructions Hot Route 64 Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Fulfilled Functions Properties Features 59 ID Emergency Source • Location specific means of reporting • Facilitates the reporting of 60 ID Affected Parties emergencies infrastructure problems 61 Communicate Info • Multi-sensory alarms • Ensures emergency alarms are understood by all citizens 63 Coordinate Relief • Multiple displays for emergency instruction • Provides relevant emergency 64 Mobilize Emergency Ser- vices • Customized alerts information to multiple locations through a single communication 68 Track Performance • Embedded RFID chips process 71 Track Status of Usage • Empathetic and helpful call centers • Allows citizens to customize 82 Identify Problem • Media partnerships emergency alerts to address individual circumstances 83 Report Problem • Emergency override of city 88 Record Incident communications network • Identifies citizens during emergency circumstances • Analog alerts • Provides a human source of emergency information • Provides real-time information updates to citizens • Ensures emergency information can be promulgated to all citizens whether or not they are connected to the city’s information networks for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected • Provides emergency information when the digital network is compromised Emergency Network 65 Associated Design Factors Discussion 32 Emergency Alarms are not Mitigative Communication Universal Many emergencies could be avoided if small problems were promptly 33 Catastrophic Damage May Make reported. However, residents often fail to make a report when they Areas Difficult to Access walk through their neighborhoods and notice a stop sign has fallen 34 Communication Network May Fail over or a fire hydrant has been opened. Perhaps they mean to do it later, when they get home after a more pressing errand. Even if 35 Emergency Alarms are not people do remember later that they saw a problem, they may not Customized remember where exactly they saw it or at what time. It is also often 38 Reporting Maintenance Issues is unclear who exactly should be called. While Chicago has an excellent Difficult 311 service to deal with all the city’s services, this extra step in the 40 Disease is a Threat to Urban communication chain might waste enough time for a small problem Populations to become an emergency. SiteSpeak allows any of the system’s Ubiquitous Sensors to directly alert a repair team whenever it detects a problem with any element of the infrastructure. While this addresses most small infrastructure problems, there may be times when damage to a structure compromises sensors and their ability to communicate. In these instances an early report from an observant citizen would still be extremely valuable. The Gaper’s Button, located on all city structures, allows citizens to report a problem and it’s location directly to the Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected relevant parties with minimal effort. Early detection of biological symptoms by the MyID module prevents and mitigates medical emergencies. Calling 911 after a person drops unconscious is usually too little too late, and it’s not even an option if that person is alone. The system allows citizens who want an extra level of protection to wear an embedded RFID tag to monitor their vital signs. Through this device, irregularities such as a stopped pulse or breathing, fatally low body temperature, or the presence of fatal toxins are detected and relayed to emergency personnel through the Wireless Broadband network. Medical specialists send emergency help and specific instructions to citizens who opt-into this service before they are even aware there is a problem. VeriChip corporation currently manufactures the only FDA approved human implantable RFID tag. The microchip is about the size of a grain of rice and is implanted just under the skin. Each chip holds a unique numeric identifier and is used exclusively as a secure form of verification(VeriChip 2006). The MyID chip builds on this existing technology by integrating it with “lab on a chip” technologies to learn more about what’s happening inside the user’s body and input from the Ubiquitous Sensors to find out what’s happening on the outside. Embedded RFID tags raise serious issues of privacy. A technology that captures sensitive, personal information can be threatening. Throughout the Hyperconnected Infrastructure, any personal 66 Emergency Network Discussion, cont. within the city.the within awarenessemergency universal ensure to alerts olfactory auditory,and visual, redundanttactile provides that system alarm mass multisensory a “ essential. are systems alarm sensory multi- cities, as such populations, diverse large, user.the In of part the on adaptation specialized requiring without and abilities their of regardless people, all by used be can system the that ensures impairment. auditory with people for ineffectiveare they that is systems these of shortcoming obvious alarm. An fire a or siren tornado a as such alarms, sensory single are promptly.aware systems Currently,alert mass most made be can parties affected all that essential is occur,does emergencyit an When prevented. be can emergencies all not capabilities, prevention system’sthe and Despite monitoring extensive information. captured all of storage and uses the control that regulations thoughtful with acceptance their eases and benefit can users that recognizes system the but program, optional entirely an is MyIDStatement). Defining Privacy(Appendix, consent user requires monitoring Emergency Communication Emergency VeriChip is the only company in the world today to offer an offer to today world the in company only the VeriChipis implantable FDA-cleared RFID microchip.” (VeriChipmicrochip.”2006) RFID FDA-cleared implantable (UNCS, 2008) (UNCS, UniversalDesign City Rave City is experience a delay due to the emergency traffic.emergency the to due delay a experience may who commuters to and road the sharing drivers other to directly situation the communicates also It lights. traffic synchronizing and surface street the illuminating by vehicles response for lane emergency hoc ad an Route. creates ARoute Hot the through vehicles emergency of response the facilitates also network This neighbors. affected any informs similarly and home, the of occupant every for route exit appropriate the shows fire, the of nature and location the on information specific with department fire nearest the contacts alarm, multi-sensory a simultaneously produces fire a of detection the displays, smart of system a Through parties. affected all to information targeted provides that system communication emergency an is Instructions Instant call. should they whom or do, should they what go, should they where is, problem the exactly where users tell not do they howeverproblem, a is there when aware users make adequately example, for alarms, fire as such systems, Existing themselves. protect to take to actions what know emergency,to need they Once the affected parties are aware of the of aware are parties affected the Once Emergency Network Hot 67 Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Discussion, cont. My Emergency, another opt-in service, customizes the system’s response to an emergency for a given user. Through the Smart Meter, users can tell the system about their individual needs in case of different emergencies. Basic information includes emergency contacts, user health conditions, and the user’s pets and preferences for how they should be treated in the event of an evacuation. The system takes all of this into account during emergency events to alert relevant city officers if the user might need special help and to identify an easy escape route for users who are handicapped or carrying pets or children. While the system prioritizes privacy of the individual, there are some emergency situations which require overriding individual preferences in order to ensure public safety. During mandatory evacuations, Safety Aware is allowed to access the MyID chip, use facial recognition from photos, and implement any other available means to determine Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected what individuals are in a given area and to help them leave the area. The system also accesses personal records when victims are rendered unconscious or where their next of kin must be notified. These overrides are subject to government regulation and generate automatic, public and physical records of their activation to ensure their use remains transparent. In addition to its multi-nodal capability and network redundancy, the city is prepared for the system to go down. If sunspots, computer viruses, or any other bugs entirely disable the communication networks, the city is still able to communicate with its residents through alternative means. The city partners with news media agencies with a core competency in dispersing information in other media, such as newsprint, short-wave radio, audio PA systems, and billboards to enable important updates to reach citizens when municipal systems are down. Manned call centers are also available for emergency communication. 68 Emergency Network Scenario through the city.the through Route Hot a need not do they hospital, the to her taking be will they though and, stable is condition Sylvia’sEMTsthat The unlocked. ascertain becomes Sylvia’sand wall, hallway door frontthe on Sylvia’sSylvia’sto floor.illuminated path is The unit to taken immediately are and elevator waiting stated). not is theinconvenience for reason exact the (though paramedics the awaits it as service of out temporarily be will B car elevator that lobby the in Sylvia’sin apartment informed areanother building, to shopping of morning productive a from returning Finally,Jill,situation. emergency and an Bob to due seconds 35 delayed be will transport his that stop the at display a through notified is transportation entry.of points as such building Sylvia’sabout information specific apartment and history medical EMTsher recievethe program,also EmergencyMy the into opted Sylvia because And automatically.ambulance the to conveyed are signs way.the Sylvia’sof out move to pedestrians vital and drivers other alerts also which road, the of surface the on illuminated becomes route This path. unimpeded and create to motorists other and signals traffic with coordinates which apartment, Sylvia’sto Route Hot a up sets then system The route.Sylvia’s fastest to proximitythe and home its as well as required, vehicle emergency of instructions. careemergency with along dispatched be will help medical that her informs home her in display nearest the to connects system Instructions Instant The range. dangerous a into resident’sfalls the rate once heart alarm an Sylvia’sin sensors dispatch The monitored. home are signs vital her where programMyID the in participate to elected has Sylvia 112, at senior a is she Because attack. heart minor a suffers Once the paramedics arrive, they rush into the into rush they arrive, paramedics the Once public for waiting commuter a block, the up Further type appropriate the calculates then system The she when apartment her in home at is Sylvia will be switched off.switched be will lights and lowered be will heat the that meaning Occupancy,”Sylvia’s“No in for adjusted are home Finally,afternoon. MeterSmartthis the workshop her attending be not will Sylvia that notified is Singles,” “NanoCrochetfor class, the of instructor Sylvia’sMr.Butterscotch.cat, Jeanette Winterbaum, feed to have will she that informed is contact, emergencyresidential a as Sylvia by designated Sylvia’sactions. was neighbor,who Lois, compensatory of series a off setting system, the into information this enters He observation. for overnightSylvia keep will he that decides hospital the at physician attending The taken. be to need that steps immediate the and in, placed be will she room what patient, new a receiving be will they that alerted also is hospital The team. the to information additional relevant any relay to able is he and paramedics the as information same the receivesHe care.emergency receiving is patients his of one that device personal a via notified available. are they mother’swhen her condition on updates receive will she that her assures and hospital the at arrives she when for ask should she whom Judyinforms also message The room.emergency the to get to how on instructions and to, brought be will Sylvia hospital what taken, been has that emergency,medical action the the describing Judy’sto dispatched device also communication is message Playground.Sylvia’s a As kin, of next Westthe Town at great-grandchildren Utilityher At the same time, Sylvia’stime, is same physician the personal At Sylvia’stown,Across daughter, Judy,with playing is Emergency Network 69 Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Emergency NetworkEmergency Elements: System Related Partnerships. Relief-Mart disaster.arepotential They a during relief with directly deal that features response main three also are there efficient, more much crisis a handling makes information of dissemination rapid the While streamlined. and coordinated, flexible, more much is situations emergency city’shandle the to system, ability new the in present are that innovations communications the With Emergency Response Ad-Hoc Response, Community Lifelines, Community Response,Ad-Hoc and 70 Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Fulfilled Functions Properties Features 53 Establish Teams • Localized, self organizing teams • Supports rapidly deployable 54 Develop Plan of Response • Partnerships with local businesses response 55 Build Emergency Awareness • Distributed emergency relief • Facilitates responses flexibility 56 Develop Warning Methods supplies • Ensures adaptive and resilient resonse 57 Practice Emergency Plans • Distributed emergency response 58 Maintain Supplies and • Provides an efficient and reliable Equipment system for the distribution of relief supplies 62 Customize Response • Provides for the basic needs of 63 Coordinate Relief citizens during emergencies 64 Mobilize Emergency Ser- vices 65 Administer Relief 66 Restore Area 67 Build Improvements 69 Follow-up After Recovery 74 Define Objectives 75 Enforce Standards 76 Prioritize Objective 77 Assign Tasks for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected 78 Implement Process Emergency Response 71 Associated Design Factors Discussion 25 Utilities Unavailable During An Ad Hoc Response team incorporates new and traditional methods Renovation for emergency response. There are three main benefits to the Ad 30 Response Teams are not Flexible Hoc Response: First, the way response teams are deployed is more efficient; secondly, the type of responders will be more diversified; 31 Rescue and Relief Work Causes Stress finally, the system itself is more adaptable to the inevitable problems that occur during an emergency. Through the system’s Ubiquitous Sensor Network, response teams can be highly tailored to the type and severity of the emergency. When too many different units respond to an emergency, they can be almost as unproductive as too few respondents. Also, if the incorrect personnel are deployed to a crisis, they are even more ineffectual. Information from the city is constantly being taken in and analyzed to ascertain the exact scope of the problem as well as the ideal respondents to handle the emergency, where they are in the city, and how to get them to the incident as soon as possible. The Ad Hoc Response also incorporates unconventional emergency respondents as well as the trained civil servants such as the police and firemen. The system institutes a civilian program to participate in disaster relief, through an organization much like the National Guard. Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected Citizens receive training in emergency relief in areas such as CPR, crowd control, traffic control, and basic first aid. They are part of the system’s emergency response in exchange for benefits like subsidized health care, tax incentives, education credits, and other financial incentives. During an emergency, the appropriate citizen responders are designated by the system’s sensory network and deployed with precise instructions through emergency notification systems. The immediacy of their geographic location can provide instant medical care, stabilize a tense situation, and reliably report eye-witness accounts of the event, among many other benefits. Finally, the Ad Hoc Response makes the system more flexible during a crisis and less vulnerable to systemic paralysis due to over-exertion or malfunction. Most simply, the Ad Hoc Response increases the number of available respondents exponentially. Citizen responders will have many paths of access to the event and will not further complicate the situation with unnecessary emergency vehicles. Just as physical access to an emergency can be impeded, virtual or communicative access to the city’s emergency systems can be compromised during a disaster situation. This can be true if emergency coordination is orchestrated through a single control center, but with omni-present information another or even many command centers can take control seamlessly. Ultimately, the Ad Hoc Response borrows from the old while completely revolutionizing emergency response. 72 Emergency Response Discussion, cont. rather focused on the disaster at hand. at disaster the on focused rather but populace its of needs basic the securing toward directed be system’sto havethe not will resources occur,to happen should unlikely,arethey events if these Though outage. power massive or supply water a of contamination the like event devastating potentially a to consequences immediate no be will there result, a schedule. As rationing predetermined a under week a for community the last to supplies enough hold reservoirs and batteries facilities, water.undergroundstorage In of reserves and energyemergency,stored as such an through community the help to resources are neighborhood’seach In crisis. a during neighborhood a stabilizing on focus the respondents, team or While the While Ad Hoc Response Hoc Ad Community Lifelines Community focuses on individual on focuses Utility ParkUtilitythere , flexible and reliable. and flexible more becomes system the response,emergency of responsibility the distributing and diversifying By crises. sanitation or health prevent to time in arrive not disaster,may a they during supplies emergency disperses government federal the while emergency.an during Forexample, compromised be can that circumstances upon dependent is aspect single no that so responseemergency of emergency. an during unavailable never are materials crucial that so enticements funded government other and incentives tax receive will businesses these system’sthe serve needs, also reliefemergency will that way a in items these warehousing for inventory.usual exchange Intheir of part as supplies emergency of amount certain a carry Targeta Depot as Home such or outlets commercial a in participates also system the depleted, becomes Lifeline All three of these features disperse the burden the disperse features these of three All a that event unlikely extremely the In . LargerPartnership . Relief-Mart Emergency Response Community 73 Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Scenario Sensors in Lake Michigan detect that a tornado has formed over the water. For the purposes of this example, we will focus on the response in the downtown area. It is immediately accessed that this weather event will result in a storm surge and flooding, property damage and personal injury, if not fatalities. The decision is made in the command center that while the wave will be destructive, it will not significantly damage the structures along the lake and that the best course of action for the populace is to seek shelter in a building. The first wave of response is the system’s Emergency Communication Network, which informs pedestrians to find a building and instructs motorists on how to quickly move away from the lakefront. In the second wave, citizen respondents all over the down town area rush to the emergency lockers inside their buildings, don the official uniform of an emergency respondent, and work to clear the streets. Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected Once the surge has hit the downtown, citizen responders provide emergency care to the wounded as the civil emergency personnel begin to enter the area. Individual citizen responders receive information about how to evacuate their designated sectors, including what structures have been damaged, the routes they should take, and what preparations are waiting for them on the outside. Each civilian responder also receives a time specifying the duration of their shift, as other citizen respondents are on their way to relieve their post. In the coming days, the physical damage to the downtown is immense and the clean up operation begins. The city taps Home Depot’s cache of relevant materials such as particleboard and sand bags. While the downtown emergency response network focuses on the aftermath of the disaster, routine emergency calls are routed to neighboring facilities. 74 Emergency Response achieved in progressive stages by public and private partnerships. private and public by stages progressive in achieved be will This citizens. and businesses integrated better and system utility adaptable and efficient more a of form the in returns vast produce will HyperconnectedInfrastructure The finance. to decades or years take which investments huge requires infrastructure nature, very its By Conclusion 75 Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Conclusion As the new plan for Chicago’s infrastructure In the meantime, the city can provide for involves a complete overhaul of the current system, continuing growth with wireless broadband the installation of the new system will take the distribution, a lightweight temporary system of form of a progressive roll-out over several decades. fiber stretched along telephone poles, similar What follows is a general plan for realizing the new to cable, and by encouraging individuals and system that takes place of the next 100 years. businesses to install distributed energy generation. Utilities can also begin buying decaying or empty After a few years of initial planning and plots in every neighborhood to serve later as development, the Utility Main concept can be neighborhood nodes. first prototyped in a brown-field area which is in need of significant renovations. The Utility Mains All new construction in the city after the prototype themselves will be pre-constructed and modular, for is finished and standards are set will be required rapid installation, minimizing the disturbance to the to be fully compatible with the new system, making community as much as possible, and community it progressively easier to install the system as with low productivity, land values, and access to old buildings are replaced with new construction. utilities will be selected to further minimize the The system will be fully backwards compatible to costs of necessary service outages and traffic support all existing utilities until about 2090, when detours. Once a few square blocks have been the city will require any existing buildings to be outfitted with the system, the city will have a good retrofitted to connect to the system. Only after all understanding of how to minimize the challenges the city’s heritage buildings have been connected of installation, as well as a working showcase to to the system can the city take full advantage of Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected inciting public enthusiasm by demonstrating the the efficiencies of information transparency at the system’s value. heart of the system. The city should put off non-essential utility Similarly, all new constructions in the city will be expansion projects until after the prototype phase “Utility Main ready,” though they will continue to is complete, so that any time the streets are use the present infrastructure. At the beginning opened up the system can be installed so that of the 30-year construction time, all heritage this will be the last time the street is excavated. structures will be afforded a 75-year grace period in The most basic element - the Utility Main - will which to become compatible with the Utility Mains. be installed underneath streets whenever the city Though the new infrastructure will be backwards has resources to replace aging parts of existing compatible, if these structures are unable or infrastructure like water mains. Initially, short, unwilling to conform to the new infrastructure after discontinuous sections of the Utility Main just a this time, they will be removed. The full benefit few blocks in length will be installed and stubbed of the new system can only be reaped through out (made ready to connect to the next piece compatibility, and simple functionality is not the later). Even these short sections will significantly intended goal. reduce the amount of labor and resources needed for maintenance and replace telephone poles. After about 30 years of this piecemeal approach - once a significant portion of the city has the utility mains installed - it will become cost effective to begin to systematically connect all the mains together to facilitate installation of the Super Grid. 76 Conclusion Conclusion change when its pieces need to be upgraded. be to need pieces its when change to disturbance and effort less much require itself will which HyperconnectedSystem, the into evolve gradually to system current the allow will model roll-outprogressive This standards. tank holding new implement to replacement and deterioration of cycle natural the of advantage take to them allow to period warning long a companies gave which 1990s, the of program upgrade gas-station federal the of model the follow should Regulations integration. large-scale to step next the take to easier it making useful, immediately made be can pieces local small, how about insight for system InterstateEisenhower the like projects infrastructure The city should look to other long-term other to look should city The Utility Main Distributed Broadband Supergrid Nodes Preliminary set-up Phase I: Technology Pilot distributed generation Regulations embrace Wireless Broadband 2010-2025 Brownfield Pilot network Temporary fiber Long-distance Pilot Initial roll-out Interconnectivity Phase II: Chicago Main lineis installed more thantheyconsume Buildings begintoproduce Telephone polesare removed Utility Mainready All newstructures are 2025-2075 city and its residents. its and city a of life day-to-day and operations the into woven be could type this of mega-project a how illustrate however,thumbnail, This does concerns. civil and engineering more many be to bound are there and Naturally this is a very superficial roll-out plan, roll-out superficial very a is this Naturally City-wide roll-out Hyperconnectivity Phase III: Ubiquitous broadband Hydrogen Economy 2075-2110 connected construction is All heritage energy andcarbon Zero-net-output of Conclusion 77 Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future References Forbes, Peter. “Self-Cleaning Materials: Lotus Dwyer, Jim and Kevin Flynn. 102 Minutes: The Leaf-Inspired Nanotechnology.” Scientific Untold Story of the Fight to Survive Inside the American, July 2008, http://www.sciam.com/ Twin Towers. 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Engineering News Record. “America Needs Some Bronstein, Scott. “Garbage Landfills in Half of the Political Backbone; Broken Promises and Poor States Approaching Capacity.” New York Times, Plans Have Led to Decaying Infrastructure that U.S, Section, February 12, 1987. puts the Nation at Risk.” Engineering News Record Vol. 259 No. 6, August 13, 2007, 10. Brosnan, Mark J. Technophobia: The Psychological Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected Impact of Information Technology. New York, NY: ENN. “Changing climate will lead to more extreme Routledge, 1998 weather: Report.” Environmental News Network, Ecosystems, June 20, 2008, http://www.enn.com/ Bruno, Lee. “A New Market for Advanced Water ecosystems/article/37454 Technologies.” Cleantech Forums, August 28, 2008, http://cleantech.com/news/3284/new- Gangemi, Jeffery. “Selling Power Back to the Grid.” market-advanced-water-technologies (accessed Business Week , July 6, 2006. November 20, 2008). Greenfield, Adam. Everyware. Berkley, CA: New Cleantech Group. “Research Report Concludes that Riders, 2006. Water is too Cheap.” Cleantech, March 29, 2007, http://cleantech.com/news/952/research-report- Guilford, Matt. Interview by Ruth Nechas and Cecilia concludes-that-water-is (accessed November 19, Ambros. Chicago Department of Innovation and 2008). Technology, Chicago, Il, 15 October, 2008. Coffee, Joyce. Interview by Cecilia Ambros. Chicago, Harrison, Albert. “Composure and Panic in Time Il, December 1, 2008. of Catastrophe: An Empowerment Approach to Disaster Management.” 2007 Planetary Defense Department of Energy. “Hydrogen Distribution Conference, 2007. and Delivery Infrastructure.” Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Information Center, Interviewee’s last name, First name. Interview by October 2006, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/ interviewer’s first and last name. hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/doe_h2_delivery.pdf Jenks, Mike and Nicola Dempsey. Future Forms and Design for Sustainable Cities. Burlington: Architectural Press, 2005. Johnson,Steven. Emergence. 2004 ed. New York: 78 Conclusion References Mone, Gregory. “RFID Implants May Have HealthGregory.Mone, Have May Implants “RFID Gregory.Mone, Popsci.com,“PerfectPlumbing.” MIT MA: Cambridge, E-topia. J. WilliamsMitchell, the and CyborgSelfMe++: The J. WilliamMitchell, Study.”-Case MissionMode.Katrina “Hurricane Push a Risk, at Security WithMarkoff,“ John. “AutomationGregoryM. Lamb,services, streamlines Beverly.Other Kuhn, Structuresand Corridor “Utility Karr,Platform Communications Paul.Intelligent high- on “Aadvantages Hanjong.Joo, the on study of Joint“ReportTask Safety Electrical Forceon 2007,http://popsci.typepad.com/popsci/2007/09/ 13, September Blog,Popular Science Risks.” 2008) November12, (accessed article/2006-02/perfect-plumbing http://www.popsci.com/scitech/2006, February1, 1999. press, Press,2003. MITNetworkedCity. MA: Cambridge, MissionMode.com,2007. 22, August html?em nytimes.com/2008/07/30/technology/30flaw. http://www., Technology2008 July30, Section, NewYork The Web.” Patchthe Times,to innovations/2004-08-29-automation_x.htm tech Techhttp://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/section, USAcost?” Today, what at but 2004, 23, August September,2002. Way.”of Texas Transportation,of Department Utility Right TXDOTAccomodationin Alternatives 2008. Paper.Grid.White Smart 9, to MaySolutions TechnologyClean ProvidesFoundationfor 2007. October systems, Control, and Automation,on conference International take.” robots construction of application the which construction building rise July2005. Boston, JointTask the Safety.”Electical of Forceon City Scribner,2001. Riley, Thomas B. “E Platform for Citizen’sfor Platform “E Riley, B. Thomas IsYour Intelligent“How Christine. Richards, World,KM Crisis.” a in data “Sharing David. Raths, Tort,M. Krawic, D’Anna, David, A. L. Pimentel, FreightTunnels “The Phil. O’Keefe, After University.StateCarolina North UniversalDesign “ for good bottle water reusable a using MySigg.“Is Mulvaney,Paper.Peter.Erwin. Daniel by Interview Mozer,Boulder, House.“The Adaptive Michael. Queensland, August 14-17, 2005. Queensland, 14-17, August Brisbane, Communities, Engaging on Conference Social and Economic ProgramAffairs International of UnitedDepartmentNations the at presented Engagement: AThree-Tier PaperApproach.” asp?grID=443&d_ID=4632 http://www.utilitiesproject.com/documents.2008, ProjectUtilitiesMayVolume The 8, Grid?” host-live spx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=31534879&site=e edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.a http://ezproxy.gl.iit.2008), (April Vol.174 Issue (October,No.10 1998). 48, Bioscience Disease.”Increasing of “Ecology Talbot.J. and Lee, Howard,S. Shriberg,E. Berger,F.J. Rossman, M. J. Doon, Mugo,N. chicagotunnel/tunnel1a.html “http://users.ameritech.net/ Railroad, TunnelChicago Abandonment.”TheCompany 2008). November16, (accessed udprincipleshtmlformat.html#top http://www.design.ncsu.edu/cud/about_ud/2008, UniversalDesign, for Center Principles.”The 2008) 1, Dec (accessed mysigg.com http://www.2006, MySIGG,environment?” the November2008. 3 Il, JardinChicago, WaterFiltrationPlant, www.cs.colorado.edu/~mozer/house/ http:// 2005, Colorado.”The House, Adaptive 2008). November16, (accessed rfid-implants-m.html Conclusion 79 Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future References Ross & Associates Environmental Consulting, Ltd. “ Welch Mark and Kieran McLaughlin. “Information Managing for Excellence: Analysis of Water and is Power: The Intelligent Utility Network.” The Wastewater Utility Management Systems.” The Uitilities Project Volume 7, May 2007, www. United States Environmental Protection Agency, utilitiesproject.com/documents.php?grID=443&d_ August 2005. ID=4315 SAMHSA. “Stress Prevention and Management Wohlstetter, John. “Katrina: The Sounds of Approaches for Rescue Workers in the Aftermath Communications Silence.” Technology and of Terrorist Acts.” SAMHSA’s National Mental Democracy Project, September 22, 2005, http:// Health Information Center, April 2004, http:// www.discovery.org/a/2881 mentalhealth.samhsa.gov/publications/allpubs/ KEN01-0112/default.asp Worthington, Kimberly. Interview by Cecilia Ambros. Chicago Department of the Environment, Singel, Ryan. “U.S. Has Launched a Cyber Security Department of Environment 30 N LaSalle St, ‘Manhattan Project,’ Homeland Security Chief Chicago, Il, 18 November 2008. Claims.” Wired Blog Network, April, 8, 2008, http://blog.wired.com/27bstroke6/2008/04/feds- cyber-cent.html Solove, Daniel. Understanding Privacy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008. Hyperconnected Infrastructure | Chicago Vision for the Future Vision | Chicago Infrastructure Hyperconnected Speight, Vanessa. “Water-Distribution Systems: The Next Frontier.” National Academy of Engineering Publications, Vol38, Number3- Fall 2008, http:// www.nae.edu/nae/bridgecom.nsf/weblinks/MKEZ- 7JMJSX?OpenDocument (accessed November 19, 2008). Vaswani, Raj and Eric Dresselhuys. “Implementing the Right Network for the Smart Grid.” The Utilities Project Volume 7, May 2007,http://www. utilitiesproject.com/documents.asp?grID=443&d_ ID=4286 Wald, Matthew L. “Things Fall apart, but Some Big Old Things Don’t.” The New York Times, August 12, 2007, Ideas & Trends, Late Edition-Final. Water & Waste Digest. “Water Main Breaks on Chicago’s North Side.” Water & Waste Digest, January 22, 2008, http://www.wwdmag.com/Water- Main-Breaks-on-Chicago%E2%80%99s-North-Side- NewsPiece15192 80 Conclusion Cecilia Ambros BTech Visual Communications State University of New York SUNY) Farmingdale, NY Team Leader, Phase 1 Daniel Erwin BA Fine Art & Library Studies University of Texas at Dallas Dallas, TX Team Leader, Phase 2 Ruth Nechas BFA Painting University of Illinois Champaign, Illinois Team Leader, Phase 3 Amanda Wirth BFA Interior Design Harrington College of Design Chicago, Illinois Team Leader, Phase 4