INVESTIGATING WAR CRIMES IN THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA WAR 1992–1994 A number of annexes to this book are available online at http://intersentia.com/ investigating-war-crimes-in-the-former-yugoslavia-war-1992-1994.html. INVESTIGATING WAR CRIMES IN THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA WAR 1992–1994

The United Nations Commission of Experts Established Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780 (1992)

M. Cherif Bassiouni

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Investigating War Crimes in the Former Yugoslavia War 1992–1994. Th e United Nations Commission of Experts Established Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780 (1992) © M. Cherif Bassiouni 2017

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Cover photograph: Mass Grave Exhumation at Gornji Vakuf, 1992-93.

ISBN 978-1-78068-503-8 D/2017/7849/72 NUR 824

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. CONTENTS

Dedication ...... xiii About this Book ...... xv About the Author ...... xix Acknowledgement ...... xxi Table of Abbreviations ...... xxiii Table of Authorities ...... xxvii

Chapter I. Background on the Confl ict in the Former Yugoslavia ...... 1

1.1 Introduction ...... 1 1.2 Early History ...... 8 1.3 Th e and the First World War ...... 13 1.4 Th e Second World War and Post War Years ...... 14 1.5 Th e Confl ict at Issue ...... 26 1.6 Chronological Involvement of Warring Factions ...... 38 1.6.1 Slovenia (27 June to 7 July 1991) ...... 39 1.6.2 Croatia (22 July 1991 to 3 January 1992) ...... 40 1.6.3 BiH (4–6 April 1992 – End of Confl ict) ...... 41 1.7 Warring Parties and Paramilitary Groups ...... 43 1.8 Prevailing Policies of the Confl ict ...... 46 1.8.1 “Ethnic Cleansing” ...... 47 1.8.2 Rape and Sexual Assault ...... 52 1.8.3 Indiscriminate Targeting of Cities and Civilians ...... 54 1.8.4 Th e Prevention of Delivery of Humanitarian Aid ...... 56 1.8.5 Prison Camp...... 57 1.8.6 Mass Graves ...... 58 1.9 Conclusion ...... 59

Chapter II. Some Pictorial Descriptions ...... 61

Intersentia v Investigating War Crimes in the Former Yugoslavia War 1992–1994

Chapter III. An Overview of the Realpolitik and the Workings of the Commission of Experts ...... 87

3.1 Historical International Precedents ...... 88 3.2 Early Political Impediments to the Application of ICL, ICJ and Accountability Initiatives ...... 93 3.3 Th e Many Factors Aff ecting the Separate Pursuit of a Political Settlement and the Investigation and Gathering of Evidence of War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity ...... 96 3.4 Th e Commission of Experts and Bureaucratic Roadblocks ...... 99 3.5 Th e Irony of False Assumptions ...... 103 3.6 Owen’s Moral Blameworthiness Realpolitik Proposition ...... 107 3.7 Realpolitik Follows to the Commission of Experts to the ICTY ...... 109 3.8 End of the Confl ict ...... 113

Chapter IV. Precedents Leading to United Nations Security Council Resolution 780 (1992) ...... 119

Chapter V. Th e Commission of Experts’ Establishment and Processes ...... 125

5.1 Th e Commission’s Establishment ...... 125 5.2 Mandate and Composition ...... 126 5.3 Finances ...... 128 5.4 Working Methods ...... 130 5.5 Data Gathering by the Commission Secretariat and the Rapporteur for the Gathering and Analysis of Facts ...... 132 5.5.1 Video Archive ...... 132 5.5.2 IHRLI Database ...... 133 5.5.3 Appraisal of Data-Gathering Eff orts ...... 137 5.5.4 Assessment of Information Received ...... 138 5.6 Reports from Governments ...... 140 5.7 Reports from UN Bodies and Intergovernmental Organizations ...... 142 5.8 Reports from NGOs ...... 143 5.9 Media Sources ...... 144 5.10 Th e Commission’s On-Site Investigations ...... 145 5.10.1 Mass Grave Exhumation in Ovčara/Vukovar ...... 146 5.10.2 Mass Grave Exhumation in Pakračka Poljana ...... 147 5.10.3 Rape and Sexual Assault Investigation ...... 148 5.10.4 Radiological Investigation in UNPA Sector West ...... 151 5.10.5 Battle of Dubrovnik Investigation ...... 151 vi Intersentia Contents

5.10.6 Investigation of Ethnic Cleansing in Prijedor ...... 152 5.10.7 Investigation of the Medak Pocket ...... 152 5.11 Investigations Conducted by Seconded Government Personnel on Behalf of the Commission of Experts ...... 153 5.12 Th e Commission of Experts’ Reports ...... 153 5.12.1 First Interim Report ...... 154 5.12.2 Second Interim Report ...... 155 5.12.3 Final Report ...... 155 5.13 Th e Commission’s Termination...... 159 5.14 Conclusion and Assessment ...... 161

Chapter VI. Final Report of the Commission of Experts Established Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780 (1992) and Annex Summaries and Conclusions ...... 165

I. Mandate, Structure and Methods of Work ...... 171 A. Mandate ...... 171 B. Composition...... 172 C. Internal Working Methods ...... 172 D. Funding of the Work of the Commission ...... 173 E. Coordination and Cooperation with Other Bodies and Organizations ...... 174 F. Investigation Methods Employed by the Commission ...... 174 1. Collection and analysis of information ...... 175 2. Investigative missions ...... 175 3. Information gathering on behalf of the Commission by certain Governments ...... 176 4. Confi dentiality of information ...... 176 G. Plan of Work of the Commission ...... 176 H. Conclusion of the Work of the Commission ...... 177 I. Acknowledgements ...... 177 J. Nature of the Report ...... 178 II. Applicable law ...... 179 A. International/Non-International Character of the Confl ict ...... 179 B. Grave Breaches of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and Protocols I and II ...... 180 C. Customary International Law of Armed Confl ict ...... 182 D. Command Responsibility ...... 183 E. Superior Orders ...... 185 F. Reprisals ...... 185 G. Interference with Humanitarian Aid Convoys ...... 186 H. Crimes Against Humanity ...... 188

Intersentia vii Investigating War Crimes in the Former Yugoslavia War 1992–1994

1. Armed confl ict ...... 188 2. Protected persons ...... 189 3. Acts constituting crimes against humanity ...... 190 4. Widespread and systematic nature of the acts ...... 191 I. Genocide ...... 192 1. Th e extent of destruction of a group ...... 193 2. Th e groups protected ...... 194 3. Intent ...... 195 4. Acts constituting the crime of genocide ...... 195 5. Punishable acts ...... 196 6. Culpability ...... 196 7. Th e statute of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 ...... 197 J. Legal Aspects of Rape and Other Sexual Assaults ...... 197 III. General Studies ...... 200 A. Th e Military Structure of the Warring Factions and the Strategies and Tactics Th ey Employ ...... 200 B. “Ethnic Cleansing” ...... 206 IV. Substantive Findings ...... 213 A. Th e Study of Opština Prijedor, a District in North-Western Bosnia: Alleged Genocide and Massive Violations of the Elementary Dictates of Humanity ...... 213 1. General description ...... 213 2. Serbs take power on 30 April 1992 ...... 214 3. Immediate consequences of the Serbs taking power ...... 215 4. Th e major Serbian military operations in the district ...... 216 5. Concentration camps and deportations ...... 217 6. Th e strategy of destruction ...... 218 7. Th e general lack of protection for non-Serbs ...... 219 8. Responsibility ...... 219 9. Conclusions ...... 220 B. Th e Battle and Siege of ...... 220 1. Structure and location of forces in and around the city ...... 221 2. Location and nature of the artillery ...... 222 3. Frequency of shelling ...... 222 4. Systematic shelling of specifi c targets ...... 223 5. Patterns of random shelling ...... 223 6. Link between shelling activity and political events ...... 223 C. Sarajevo Investigation ...... 225 D. Medak Pocket Investigation ...... 229

viii Intersentia Contents

E. Detention Facilities ...... 231 1. Bosnian Government camps ...... 233 2. Bosnian-Croat, Croatian Defence Council, Croatian Government and Croatian Army camps ...... 233 3. “Bosnian Serb Republic” camps ...... 233 F. Rape and Other Forms of Sexual Assault ...... 237 1. Rape and sexual assaults study: the Commission’s database . . . 238 2. Pilot study on rape ...... 239 3. Rape and other forms of sexual assault: interviewing victims and witnesses ...... 239 G. Mass Graves ...... 245 H. Investigation of Grave Sites at Ovčara near Vukovar (UNPA, Sector East, Croatia) ...... 247 I. Investigation of Grave Sites near Pakračka Poljana (UNPA, Sector West, Croatia) ...... 250 J. Destruction of Cultural Property ...... 252 K. Dubrovnik Investigation ...... 255 L. Radiological Investigation (UNPA, Sector West) ...... 257 V. General Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 257

Annex Summaries and Conclusions ...... 263 Annexes I – I.C ...... 263 Annex II – Rape: A Legal Study ...... 263 Annex III – Military Structure, Strategy and Tactics of the Warring Factions ...... 264 I. Introduction ...... 264 II. Summary and Conclusions ...... 265 Annex III.A – Special Forces ...... 277 I. Introduction ...... 277 A. Methodology ...... 279 B. Brief military history ...... 280 C. Summary analysis ...... 281 D. General observations ...... 285 Annex IV – Th e Policy of Ethnic Cleansing ...... 287 I. Introduction ...... 287 II. Early History ...... 288 III. Th e Balkan Wars and the World Wars ...... 290 IV. Prelude to the Breakup ...... 291 V. Th e Current Confl ict...... 292 VI. Th e “Ethnic Cleansing” Campaign in BiH ...... 293 VII. Th e Attack on Zvornik ...... 296 Annex V – Prijedor ...... 297 I. General Description ...... 298

Intersentia ix Investigating War Crimes in the Former Yugoslavia War 1992–1994

II. Serbs Take Power on 30 April 1992 ...... 299 III. Immediate Consequences of the Serbs Taking Power ...... 300 IV. Th e Major Serbian Military Operations in the District ...... 301 V. Concentration Camps and Deportations ...... 302 VI. Th e Strategy of Destruction ...... 303 VII. Th e General Lack of Protection for Non-Serbs ...... 304 VIII. Responsibility ...... 304 IX. Conclusions ...... 306 Annex VI – Th e Battle and ...... 306 I. Summary and Analysis ...... 306 A. Methodology ...... 306 B. Brief description and history of the city ...... 310 C. Summary of the battle and siege ...... 312 D. Civilian casualties ...... 312 E. Structural and property damage and destruction ...... 314 F. Structure and location of forces in and around the city ...... 316 1. Th e defensive forces ...... 316 2. Th e besieging forces ...... 317 G. Location and nature of artillery of the besieging forces ...... 318 H. Nature and frequency of shelling by the besieging forces ...... 319 1. Systematic shelling of specifi c targets by the besieging forces ...... 321 2. Patterns of random shelling by the besieging forces ...... 322 I. Sniping attacks by the besieging forces ...... 323 J. Link between shelling activity by the besieging forces and political events ...... 324 K. Th e blockade of humanitarian aid ...... 329 L. Th e use of utilities as a weapon of war ...... 330 M. Concluding observations ...... 331 Annex VI.A – Incident Study Report Regarding Mortar Shelling Dobrinja, Sarajevo on 1 June 1993: Investigation ...... 333 Annex VI.B – Th e Battle of Sarajevo and the Law of Armed Confl ict ...... 333 Annex VII – Th e Medak Investigation ...... 333 Annex VIII – Prison Camps ...... 334 I. Introduction ...... 334 II. Summary and Analysis ...... 335 A. Methodology ...... 335 B. Observations ...... 336 C. Camps reported in BiH ...... 339 1. Bosnian Serb controlled camps ...... 339 2. BiH and Croat controlled camps ...... 346 3. Reported camps by location ...... 348

x Intersentia Contents

D. Camps reported in Croatia ...... 358 1. Croat controlled camps ...... 358 2. Serb controlled camps ...... 360 3. Reported camps by location ...... 361 E. Camps reported in FRY ...... 366 1. Serb/FRY controlled camps ...... 366 2. Reported camps by location ...... 367 F. Camps reported in Slovenia ...... 368 1. Reported camps in Slovenia ...... 369 Annex IX – Rape and Sexual Assault ...... 369 I. Introduction ...... 369 A. Summary of statistical information from all sources ...... 371 B. Methodology ...... 374 C. Summary analysis ...... 375 D. Conclusions ...... 381 Annex IX.A – Sexual Assault Investigation ...... 383 Annex IX.B – Pilot Rape Study ...... 383 Annex X – Mass Graves ...... 383 I. Introduction ...... 384 II. Analysis ...... 386 A. Summary analysis ...... 386 Annex X.A – Mass Graves: Ovčara near Vukovar, Unpa Sector East ...... 392 Annex X.B – Mass Graves: Pakračka Poljana, UNPA Sector West, Croatia . . 392 Annex XI – Destruction of Cultural Property ...... 393 Annex XI.A – Th e Battle of Dubrovnik and the Law of Armed Confl ict . . . . . 393 Annex XII – Radiological Investigation (UNPA Sector West, Croatia) October/November 1993 ...... 394

Chapter VII. Th e Absence of a Transition between the Commission of Experts and the ICTY ...... 395

7.1 Introduction ...... 395 7.2 Failure to Recognize the Nature of the Confl ict in the ICTY’s Rules of Procedure and Evidence ...... 396 7.3 Lack of Communication Between the Commission of Experts and the ICTY ...... 404 7.4 Attempts to Bury the Work of the Commission of Experts ...... 405 7.4.1 Th e Publication of the Commission of Experts’ Final Report and Annexes ...... 405 7.4.2 Th e Burying of the Commission of Experts’ Database ...... 407 7.5 Conclusion ...... 410

Intersentia xi Investigating War Crimes in the Former Yugoslavia War 1992–1994

Chapter VIII. Experiences that Aff ected Me the Most During My Tenure on the Commission of Experts ...... 417

Chapter IX. Concluding Refl ections ...... 443

xii Intersentia DEDICATION

Th is book is dedicated to the victims of the confl ict in the former Yugoslavia (1991–1994). Th e suff ering of the many, but not all, is described herein. Confl icts like these are not only about numbers they are about individual human beings, each one to be distinguished from the others.

M. Cherif Bassiouni

Intersentia xiii ABOUT THIS BOOK

Th is book contains the Final Report and Annexes (the latter is available online through Intersentia Publishing) of the Commission of Experts Established Pursuant to United Nations Security Council Resolution 780 (1992). Th e Commission of Experts was the fi rst international initiative to advance international criminal justice since the post-WWII experiences. Th e Cold War had brought a sharp stop to the international community’s eff orts to advance international criminal justice. As such, it was befi tting for the Security Council to establish such a Commission of Experts, whose mandate was to investigate violations of international humanitarian law committed in the territory of the former Yugoslavia in the early 1990s. Th e Commission of Experts’ investigation, which was originally intended to be something of a continuation of post-WWII prosecutions, was politically challenging because some of the European countries most directly involved at the time were focused on bringing about a political settlement. To them, pursuing peace and justice at the same time was simply impossible. Th e United Kingdom’s Lord Peter Carrington and then Lord David Owen, representing the European Union, were pursuing a political solution. Th ey probably believed that negotiating with the heads of the warring factions of the time would not be possible if the factions’ leaders knew they were being investigated by a UN commission – and were likely to be charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity. Perhaps those involved in the political settlement negotiations also contemplated off ering some sort of immunity to the leaders, and maybe a few others, as a quid pro quo for agreeing to a political settlement. And that would not have been possible with a United Nations fact-fi nding body in place and functioning. Whatever their reasons, those active in the political settlement fi eld, particularly the negotiators from the United Kingdom, fi rst fought the establishment of the Commission of Experts and then, used bureaucratic and fi nancial means to thwart the Commission’s work. Th e Commission of Experts’ work was a long and arduous battle because of the political, fi nancial and bureaucratic obstacles it faced, as well as the horrifi c nature of the alleged crimes. But it ended with invaluable, credible evidence, documenting atrocious crimes. Th e facts uncovered and documented by the Commission of Experts – evidence of policies and practices such as ethnic cleansing, mass rape, and targeted genocide – were ones that 1990s Europe could

Intersentia xv Investigating War Crimes in the Former Yugoslavia War 1992–1994 not accept. Once such facts were documented and made public, impunity for those responsible could never be part of any negotiated settlement. As its Final Report shows, the Commission of Experts documented and provided evidence of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and targeted genocide, and it showed how these were linked to the leaders of the confl ict. Despite all the confl icting political currents of the time, the large majority of such leaders eventually were indicted and prosecuted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY). Th e Commission of Experts’ battles were indispensable for bringing about the prosecution of those who committed such crimes by the ICTY. Determining exactly how much the work of the Commission of Experts and the evidence contained in its Annexes were convincing to the Security Council and contributed to the establishment of the ICTY is impossible. But, the Security Council acknowledged the work of the Commission of Experts in Resolution 808 (1993), where it stated,

Having considered the interim report of the Commission of Experts established by resolution 780 (1992) (S/25274), in which the Commission observed that a decision to establish an ad hoc international tribunal in relation to events in the territory of the former Yugoslavia would be consistent with the direction of its work … Decides that an international tribunal shall be established for the prosecution of persons responsible for serious violations of international humanitarian law committed in the territory of the former Yugoslavia since 1991.1

Th e Commission of Experts fought – and won – the fi rst post-WWII battle for accountability and justice. It succeeded in uncovering exactly what crimes were being committed, where they took place, and who was responsible, and that set the stage for the ICTY prosecutions. In the end, although not all of those who committed atrocities were brought to justice by the ICTY, the principles of accountability and justice did prevail. Th e history of what happened in the former Yugoslavia has never been recorded, and not enough to satisfy those who were involved in that confl ict, let alone future generations. To some extent, the events of the early 1990s in the former Yugoslavia resemble the in 1913, when the same ethnic communities were engaged in an interracial/political confl ict during which horrendous atrocities were committed. And yet their crimes went entirely without accountability. In 1914, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace published a report entitled “Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars,”2 which is about the only historic record we have today of that

1 S.C. Res. 808, 1–2 (Feb. 22, 1993). 2 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: Division of Intercourse and Education, Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Cases and Conduct of the Balkan Wars, Pub. No. 4, 1914, https://archive.org/details/reportofi nternat00inteuoft (last visited Mar. 7, 2017). xvi Intersentia About this Book confl ict and its atrocities. But the communities’ memories never faded away – and were renewed between 1991 and 1994. History will judge whether the combined results of the Commission of Experts and the ICTY will amount to a glass that is half full or half empty. But in looking back at the history of international criminal justice, we can see that each eff ort may not have accomplished everything people hoped for – but still contributed to the pursuit of accountability and international criminal justice. Th e battle with realpolitik, where individual nations’ interests are paramount, over international criminal accountability and international criminal justice continues. But in the work of the Commission of Experts and the ICTY, we can certainly see history as a glass in the process of being fi lled.

Intersentia xvii ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Th e author served as member and then Chairman of the United Nations Commission of Experts Established Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), whose work investigating violations of international humanitarian law in the former Yugoslavia, is described in this book. Professor Bassiouni has been appointed to twenty-two United Nations positions, including Chair and member of the Commission of Inquiry for Libya (2011–2012), Independent Expert on Human Rights in Afghanistan (2004–2006), Independent Expert on the Rights to Restitution, Compensation, and Rehabilitation for Victims of Grave Violations of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1998–2000), Chair of the Draft ing Committee of the Diplomatic Conference on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court (1998), Vice-Chair of the General Assembly’s Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court (1996–1998) and Vice- Chair of the General Assembly’s Ad Hoc Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court (1995). He also served as Chair of the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry in 2011. Professor Bassiouni is an Emeritus Professor at DePaul University College of Law in Chicago, where he taught for 45 years and was a founding member and President of the International Human Rights Law Institute. He was also a founder of the Siracusa Institute, formerly the International Institute of Higher Studies in Criminal Sciences, in Siracusa, Italy and served as its Dean and then President from 1974–2015. At the Association Internationale de Droit Pénal, Professor Bassiouni held the positions of Secretary-General (1974–1989), President (1989– 2004) and Honorary President, since then. He has authored 28 books, co-authored 5 books and edited 44 books. He has also authored 268 articles on International Criminal Law, Human Rights Law, Comparative Criminal Law and U.S. Criminal Law. His works have been written in and translated into Arabic, Chinese, Farsi, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Portuguese, Russian and Spanish. He has received ten honorary degrees from seven countries (Albania, Austria, Belgium, France, Ireland, Italy and United States), and was awarded 15 medals from seven countries (Austria, Croatia, Egypt, France, Germany, Italy and United States). He was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1999 for his pioneering work of over half a century to establish a permanent International Criminal Court. Professor Bassiouni earned an LLB from the University of Cairo, Egypt. He studied law at Dijon University (France), the University of Geneva (Switzerland) and in the United States. He earned a J.D. from Indiana University, a LL.M. from John Marshall Law School and a S.J.D. from George Washington University.

Intersentia xix ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Th is is to acknowledge the assistance of Deirdre McGrory, without whose help I would not have been able to accomplish this book. Th e work was done beginning in November 2016 and was completed in March 2017. During that period of time I was mostly ill and had to reckon with chemotherapy, which left me without much physical energy. I dictated this book to Deirdre, who would then reread her transcriptions to me and I would bring corrections to her and ask her to undertake research to ensure the accuracy of what was being said and to add whatever additional legal or factual information was necessary. I therefore am grateful to her for her assistance.

M. Cherif Bassiouni

Intersentia xxi TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS

ACABQ United Nations Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions Annex II Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex II: Rape and Sexual Assault: A Legal Study, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol. I) (Dec. 28, 1994). Annex III Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex III: Th e Military Structure, Strategy and Tactics of the Warring Factions, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol.I) (Dec. 28, 1994). Annex III.A Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex III.A: Special Force, U.N. Doc. U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol.I) (Dec. 28, 1994). Annex IV Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex IV: Th e Policy of Ethnic Cleansing, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol.I) (Dec. 28, 1994). Annex IX Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex IX: Rape and Sexual Assault, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol.V) (Dec. 28, 1994). Annex IX.A Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex IX.A: Rape and Sexual Assault, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol.V) (Dec. 28, 1994). Annex IX.B Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex IX.B: Rape Pilot Study (Sarajevo), U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol.V) (Dec. 28, 1994). Annex V Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council

Intersentia xxiii Investigating War Crimes in the Former Yugoslavia War 1992–1994

Resolution 780 (1992), Annex V: Th e Prijedor Report, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol.I) (Dec. 28, 1994). Annex VI Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex VI, Part I: Study of the Battle and Siege of Sarajevo, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/ Add.2 (Vol.II) (May 27, 1994). Annex VI, Part II Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex VI, Part II: Study of the Battle and Siege of Sarajevo, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/ Add.2 (Vol.III) (May 27, 1994). Annex VI.A Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex VI.A: Incident Study Report Regarding Mortar Shelling Dobrinja, Sarajevo on 1 June 1993: Investigation, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/ Add.2 (Vol.III) (May 27, 1994). Annex VI.B Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex VI.B: Th e Battle of Sarajevo and the Law of Armed Confl ict, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol.III) (Dec. 28, 1994). Annex VII Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex VII: Medak Investigation, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol.III) (Dec. 28, 1994). Annex VIII Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex VIII: Prison Camps, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol.IV) (May 27, 1994). Annex X.A Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex X.A: Mass Graves – Ovčara Near Vukovar, UNPA Sector East, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol.V) (Dec. 28, 1994). Annex X.B Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex X.B: Mass Graves – Pakračka Poljana, UNPA Sector West, Croatia, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol.V) (Dec. 28, 1994). Annex XI Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex XI: Destruction of xxiv Intersentia Table of Abbreviations

Cultural Property Report, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol.V) (Dec. 28, 1994). Annex XI.A Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex XI.A: Th e Battle of Dubrovnik and the Law of Armed Confl ict, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol.V) (Dec. 28, 1994). Annex XII Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex XII: Radiological Investigation (UNPA Sector West, Croatia) October/ November 1993, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol.V) (Dec. 28, 1994). BiH Bosna i Hercegovina (Bosnia and ) BSA Bosnian Serb Army (Vojska Republike Srpske) CCL No. 10 Allied Control Council Law No. 10 CIVPOL United Nations Civil Police Unit CoI Commissions of Inquiry Cominform Communist Information Bureau Commission of Experts Commission of Experts Established pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780 (1992) to Investigate Violations of International Humanitarian Law in the Former Yugoslavia CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe EC European Community ECMM European Community Monitoring Mission for Yugoslavia Final Report Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol.I) (Dec. 28, 1994). FRY Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Savezna Republika Jugoslavija) GA United Nations General Assembly HDZ-BiH Croatian Democratic Union of (Hrvatska Demokratska Zajednica- Bosna i Hercegovina) HOS Paramilitary Wing of Croatian Party of Rights (Hrvatska Oružane Snage) HV Croatian Army (Hrvatska Vojska) HVO Croatian Defense Council (Hrvatsko Vijeće Obrane) ICC International Criminal Court ICJ International Court of Justice ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross

Intersentia xxv Investigating War Crimes in the Former Yugoslavia War 1992–1994

ICTR International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda ICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia IHRLI International Human Rights Law Institute ILC International Law Commission IMT International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg IMTFE International Military Tribunal for the Far East JNA (or YPA) Yugoslav National Army or Yugoslav People’ Army (Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija) LCY League of Communists of Yugoslavia (Komunistička Partija Jugoslavije) NDH Independent State of Croatia during World War II (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska) NGO Nongovernmental Organization OLA United Nations Offi ce of Legal Aff airs OTP Offi ce of the Prosecutor RSK Th e Republic of Serbian Krijina (Republika Srpska Krajina) SANU Serbian Academy of Arts and Sciences (Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti) SASK Serbian Army of the Republic of Serbian Krajina (Vojska Republike Srpske Krajine) SC United Nations Security Council SDA Bosnian Muslim Party of Democratic Action (Stranka Demokratske Akcije) SDS Serbian Democratic Party (Srpska Demokratska Stranka) SFRY Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslvia (Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija) SPS Serbian Socialist Party (Srpska Partija Socijalistička) SRBiH Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Republika Srpska) SRS Serbian Radical Party (Srpska Radikalna Stranka) SSJ Serbian Unity Party (Stranka Srpskog Jedinstva) TDF Territorial Defence Force (Snage Teritorijalne Obrane) TND Total National Defence UN United Nations UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNPA United Nations Protected Area in the former Yugoslavia UNPROFOR United Nations Protection Forces in the former Yugoslavia ZNG Croatian National Guard (Zbor Narodne Garde)

xxvi Intersentia TABLE OF AUTHORITIES

BOOKS

A. Huet & R. Koering-Joulin, Droit Pénal International (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France 1994). Allen, Beverly, Rape Warfare: The Hidden Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia (Minnesota: Univ. of Minnesota Press1996). Alston, Philip & Sarah Knuckey eds., The Transformation of Human Rights Fact- Finding (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press 2016). Arthur, Paige ed., Identities in Transition: Challenges for Transitional Justice in Divided Societies (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press 2011). Askin, Kelly Dawn, War Crimes Against Women: Prosecution in International War Crimes Tribunals (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1997). Balić, Smail, Culture Under Fire, in Why Bosnia? 75 (Rabia Ali & Lawrence Lifschultz eds., Stony Creek. Conn.: Th e Pamphleteer’s Press 1994). Banac, Ivo, The National Question In Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press1984). Bassiouni, M. Cherif & Edward M. Wise, Aut Dedere, Aut Judicare: The Duty To Extradite Or Prosecute In International Law (Dordrecht, Th e Netherlands: Martinus Nijoff Publishers 1995). Bassiouni, M. Cherif & Peter Manikas, The Law Of The International Criminal Tribunal For The Former Yugoslavia (Irvington-On-Hudson, NY: Transnational Publishers Inc., 1996). Bassiouni, M. Cherif ed., 1 International Criminal Law (Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers 1986). Bassiouni, M. Cherif, & Benjamin B. Ferencz, Th e Crime Against Peace; Bassiouni, M. Cherif, Characteristics of International Criminal Law Conventions; Bassiouni, M. Cherif, International Criminal Law and Human Rights; Bassiouni, M. Cherif, International Criminal Law Conventions by Crime; Derby, Daniel H., A Framework for International Criminal Law; Jeschek, Hans-Heinrich, Development and Future Prospects; Mueller, Gerhard O.W. & Douglas J. Besharov, Evolution and Enforcement of International Criminal Law; Munch, Fritz, Criminal Responsibility of State; Williams, Sharon A., Th e Draft Code of Off enses Against the Peace and Security of Mankind; Wise, Edward M., Perspectives and Approaches. Bassiouni, M. Cherif ed., Globalization and Its Impact on the Future of Human Rights and International Criminal Justice (Brussels, Belgium: Intersentia 2015).

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Bassiouni, M. Cherif ed., The Protection Of Human Rights In The Administration Of Justice: A Compendium Of United Nations Norms And Standards (Irvington-On-Hudson, NY: Transnational Publishers Inc., 1994). Bassiouni, M. Cherif ed., The Pursuit of International Criminal Justice: A World Study on Conflicts, Victimization, and Post-Conflict Justice (2 vol. Brussels, Belgium: Intersentia 2010). 1 Bassiouni, M. Cherif & Ved P. Nanda eds., A Treatise On International Criminal Law (Springfi eld, IL: Charles C. Th omas Publisher 1973). Bassiouni, M. Cherif, A Draft International Criminal Code and Draft for an International Criminal Tribunal (Dordrecht, Th e Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1987). Bassiouni, M. Cherif, Crimes Against Humanity: Historical Evolution and Contemporary Application (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2011). Bassiouni, M. Cherif, Crimes Against Humanity in International Criminal Law (Dordrecht, Th e Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1992). Bassiouni, M. Cherif, In Search of Justice: Work of the Commission of Experts in the Former Yugoslavia, in Global Law in Practice (J. Ross Harper ed., Th e Hague: Kluwer Law International 1997). Bassiouni, M. Cherif, International Crimes: Digest/Index of International Instruments: 1815–1985 (2 vols., Dobbs-Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications 1986). Bassiouni, M. Cherif, International Criminal Law: A Draft International Criminal Code (Th e Netherlands: Sijthoff & Noordhoff Publishers 1980). Bassiouni, M. Cherif, Introduction to International Criminal Law (2nd rev. ed. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2014). Bassiouni, M. Cherif, Real Justice or Realpolitik? Th e Delayed Indictment of Milosevic, in The Miloš ević Trial – An Autopsy (Timothy William Waters, ed., Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press 2012). Bassiouni, M. Cherif, Substantive Criminal Law (Springfi eld, IL: Charles C. Th omas Publisher 1978). Bassiouni, M. Cherif, The Sharīca and Islamic Criminal Justice in Time of War and Peace (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2014). Bedjaoui, Mohammed, The New World Order and the Security Council: Testing the Legality of Its Acts (Dordrecht, Th e Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1994). Bergsmo, Morten, Cheah Wui Ling and Yi Ping, eds., Historical Origins of International Criminal Law: Volume 2 (Brussels, Belgium: Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher 2014). Bew, John, Realpolitik: A History (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2015). Bierzanek, Remigiusz, War Crimes: History and Defi nitio, in 3 International Criminal Law 29 (M. Cherif Bassiouni ed., Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers 1986). Book of Exodus 20:13. Book of Genesis 1:27. Book of Leviticus 19:17–18. Book of Mark 12:31. Book of Matthew 5:21, 25:35–40 Book of Micah 6:8. xxviii Intersentia Table of Authorities

Book of Shemot 10:13. Bothe, Michael et al., New Rules for Victims of Armed Conflicts: Commentary on the Two 1977 Protocols Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 (Th e Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1982). Brackman, Arnold C., The Other Nuremberg: The Untold Story of the Tokyo War Crimes Trials (New York: William Morrow & Company 1987). Bradley, Keith & Paul Cartledge eds., The Cambridge World History of Slavery: The Ancient Mediterranean World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2011). Brogan, Patrick, The Captive Nations: Eastern Europe 1945–1990 (New York: Avon Books 1990). Brownlie, Ian, International Law and the Use of Force by States (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1963). Brownlie, Ian, Principles of Public International Law (4th ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1990). Bryce, James & Arnold Toynbee, The Treatment of Armenians in the 1915–1916: Documents Presented to Viscount Grey of Falloden by Viscount Bryce (London: Gomidas Institute 2005). Burg, Steven L. & Paul S. Shoup, The War in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Ethnic Conflict and International Intervention (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, Inc. 1999). Byron, Christine, War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (Manchester: Manchester Univ. Press 2009). Carnegie Endowment For International Peace, The Other Balkan Wars (1993). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, The Treaties Of Peace 1919–1923 (1924). 3 Carr, Edward Hallett, The Bolshevik Revolution: 1917–1923 (photo. reprint New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 1985). Cassese, Antonio ed., The Current Legal Regulation of the Use of Force (Dordrecht, Th e Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1986). Cheng, Bin, General Principles of Law as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press 1987). Così Cercammo Di Impedire La Guerra, Conversazione Con Gianni De Michelis (1994). Cot, Jean Pierre & Alain Pellet, La Charte des Nations Unies: Commentaire, article par article (2d ed. Paris: Economica 1991). Crnobrnja, Mihailo, The Yugoslav Drama (London: I.B. Tauris Publishers1994). Curtis, Glenn E., Government and Politics, in Yugoslavia: A Country Study (Glenn E. Curtis ed., 3d ed. Headquarters Dept. of Army 1992). D’Amato, Anthony A., The Concept of Custom in International Law (Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press 1971). Dallaire, Roméo, Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda (Toronto: Random House Canada 2003). Damrosch, Lori Fisler & David J. Scheff er eds., Law and Force in the New International Order (Boulder CO: Westview Press 1991). Danner, Allison Marston, Joint Criminal Enterprise, in 3 International Criminal Law: International Enforcement 483 (M. Cherif Bassiouni ed. 3d ed. 2008). David, E., Principes de droit des conflits Armés (Brussels: Bruylant 1994).

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De Vabres, Henri Donnedieu, Introduction à l’etude du droit pénal international (Paris: Sirey 1922). De Vabres, Henri Donnedieu, Les principes modernes du droit pénal international (Paris: Sirey 1928). Dedijer, Vladimir et al., History of Yugoslavia (US: McGraw-Hill Inc. 1974). Denters, Erik & Nico Schrijver eds., Reflections on International Law from the Low Countries in Honour of Paul de Waart (Th e Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1998). Dezalay, Yves & Bryant Garth eds., Lawyers and the Construction of Transnational Justice (New York: Routledge 2012). Dijias, Milovan, Conversations With Stalin (Michael B. Petrovich trans., San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace & Co. 1962). Dijilas, Milovan, The New Class: An Analysis Of The Communist System (San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers 1957). Djordjevic, Dimitrije, Th e Yugoslav Phenomenon, in The Columbia History Of Eastern Europe In The Twentieth Century (Joseph Held ed., New York: Columbia Univ. Press 1992). Donia, Robert J. & John V.A. Fine, Jr., Bosnia And Hercegovina: A Tradition Betrayed (New York: Columbia Univ. Press 1994). Dragnich, Alex N., Serbs And Croats: The Struggle In Yugoslavia (San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace & Co. 1992). Dupuy, Pierre Marie, Droit International Public (Paris: Dalloz 1992). Ebeid, H., Al-Garima Al-Dawlia (The International Crime) (1979). Elias, T.O., The Modern Law Of Treaties (Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications 1974). Elsen, Th eodeor, Litispendence Between The International Court Of Justice And The Security Council (Th e Hague: T.M.C. Asser Instituut, 1986). Ferencz, Benjamin B., Defining Aggression (2 vols. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications 1975). Fierro, Guillermo J., La Ley Penal Y El Derecho Internacional (Buenos Aires: Depalma 1977–1979). Fine, John A., Th e Medieval and Ottoman Roots of Modern Bosnian Society, in The Muslims Of Bosnia-Herzegovina 1 (Mark Pinson ed., Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press 1994). Fine, John V.A., Jr., The Early Medieval Balkans (Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press 1990). Fine, John V.A., Jr., The Late Medieval Balkans (Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press 1990). Fitzpatrick, Georgina, Tim McCormack & Narrelle Morris, Australia’s War Crimes Trials 1945–51 (Leiden: Koninklijke Brill 2016). Forbes, Nevill, The Balkans: A History Of Bulgaria, , Greece, Rumania, Turkey (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1915). Freeman, Gregory A., The Forgotten 500: The Untold Story of the Men Who Risked All for the Greatest Rescue Mission of World War II (New York: NAL Caliber 2007). Fried, Morton et al. eds., War: The Anthropology Of Armed Conflict And Aggression (Garden City, NJ: Natural History Press 1968). xxx Intersentia Table of Authorities

Furlet, M.F. et al., La guerre et le droit (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1979). Gaddis, John Lewis, The Cold War: A New History (New York: Penguin Group 2006). Gaer, Felice D., Th e Former Yugoslavia, in A Global Agenda: Issues Before The 48th General Assembly Of The United Nations 6 (John Tessitore & Susan Woolfson eds., United Nations Association of the USA 1993). Garde, Paul, Vie Et Mort De La Yougoslavie (Paris: Fayard 1992). Gilbert, Felix, Machiavelli: Th e Renaissance of the Art of War, in The Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age (Peter Paret ed., Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press 1986). Gjelten, Tom, Sarajevo Daily: A City and Its Newspaper Under Siege (New York: HarperCollins 1995). Glaser, Stephan, Introduction à l’étude du droit international pénal (Brussels: É. Bruylant 1954). Glaser, Stephan, Le droit pénal international conventionnel (2 vols. Brussels: É. Bruylant 1977–79). Glaser, Stephan, Les infractions internationales (Brussels: É. Bruylant 1957). Glenny, Misha, The Fall of Yugoslavia: The Third Balkan War (rev. ed. London; New York: Penguin 1994). Gnesotto, Nicole, Leçons de la Yougoslavie (Paris: Institute for Security Studies 1994). Goldfrank, David M., The Origins of the Crimean War (Harry Hearder ed., London; New York: Longman 1994). Gordon, Edward, Legal Disputes under Article 36(2) of the Statute, in The International Court of Justice at Crossroads (Lori F. Damrosch ed. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Transnational Publishers 1987). Green, Leslie C., International Criminal Law and the Protection of Human Rights, in Contemporary Problems of International Law: Essays in Honor of Georg Schwarzenberger (Bin Cheng & E. Brown eds., London: Stevens & Sons 1988). Groebel, Jo & Robert A. Hinde eds., Aggression and War: Their Biological and Social Bases (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press 1989). 1 Guggenheim, Paul, Traité de droit international public (Genève: Libr. Univ. Georg & Cie 1953). Guigou, Elisabeth, Pour les Européens (Paris: Flammarion 1994). Gutman, Roy, A Witness to Genocide: The First Inside Account of the Horrors of Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia (Shaft esbury: Element 1993). Haas, Jonathan ed., The Anthropology of War (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press 1990). Hagan, John, Justice in the Balkans: Prosecuting War Crimes in the Hague Tribunal (Chicago Series in Law and Society) (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press 2003). Harper, John Lamberton, The Cold War (Oxford Histories) (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press 2011). Harris, Marshall Freeman, Making Justice Work: The Report of the Century Foundation/Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Apprehending Indicted War Criminals (New York: Century Foundation Press 1998).

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Hazan, Pierre, Justice in a Time of War: The True Story of Behind the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (James Th omas Snyder trans., College Station: Texas A & M Univ. Press 2004). Hegler, A., Prinzipien Des Internationalen Strafrechts (Breslau: Schletter 1906). Held, Joseph ed., The Columbia History Of Eastern Europe In The Twentieth Century (New York: Columbia Univ. Press 1992). Henckaerts, Jean-Marie, Mass Expulsion in Modern International Law and Practice (Th e Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1995). Henry Dunant Institute, International Dimensions Of Humanitarian Law (Dordrecht, Th e Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1988). Horowitz, Donald, Ethnic Groups In Conflict (Berkley: Univ. of California Press 1985). Hosch, Edgar, The Balkans: A Short History From Greek Times To The Present Day (Tania Alexander trans., New York: Crane, Russak 1972). Howard, Michael, Clausewitz (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press 1983). Hupchick Dennis P., & Harold E. Cox, The Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of Eastern Europe (New York: Palgrave 2001). Ingrao, Charles & Th omas A. Emmert eds., Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars’ Initiative (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue Univ. Press 2009). Institute for War & Peace Reporting, Balkan War Report 27 (London: Institute for War and Peace Reporting Feb. 1995). International Institute of Higher Studies in Criminal Sciences (ISISC), Siracusa Guidelines for International, Regional and National Fact-Finding Bodies (M. Cherif Bassiouni & Christina Abraham eds., Cambridge: Intersentia 2013). Jack, Albert, Pop Goes the Weasel: The Secret Meaning of Nursery Rhymes (New York: Perigee 2008). Jalloh, Charles Chernor & Olufemi Elias eds., Shielding Humanity: Essays in International Law in Honour of Judge Abdul G. Koroma (Leiden; Boston: Brill Nijhoff 2015). Jelavich, Barbara, History Of The Balkans (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press 1983). Jescheck, Hans-Heinrich, Die Verantwortlichkeit Der Staatsorgane Nach Völkerstrafrecht (Bonn: Lothar Röhrscheid 1952). Kaplan, Robert D., Balkan Ghosts: A Journey Through History (New York: St. Martin’s Press 1993). Kaufman, Zachary D., United States Law and Policy on Transitional Justice: Principles, Politics and Pragmatics (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press 2016). Keegan, John, A History Of Warfare (New York: Alfred A. Knopf 1993). Kelsen, Hans, Peace Through Law (Chapel Hill: Th e Univ. of North Carolina Press 1944). Kissinger, Henry, Diplomacy (New York: Simon & Schuster 1994). Kissinger, Henry, World Order (New York: Penguin Press 2014). Lael, Richard L., The Yamashita Precedent: War Crimes and Command Responsibility (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources 1982).

xxxii Intersentia Table of Authorities

Lammers, Johan G., General Principles of Law Recognized by Civilized Nations, in Frits Kalshoven Et Al., Essays on Development of the International Legal Order 53 (Th e Netherlands: Sijthoff & Noordhoff 1980). Lauterpacht, Hersch, The Function of Law in the International Community (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1933). Lawyer’s Committee For Human Rights, Prosecuting War Crimes In The Former Yugoslavia (New York: Lawyer’s Committee for Human Rights May 1995). Lawyers Committee For Human Rights, The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: Establishment, Organization, Jurisdiction and Proceedings to Date (New York: Lawyer’s Committee for Human Rights 1995). Lescure, Karine & Florence Trintignac, International Justice for Former Yugoslavia: The Working of the International Criminal Tribunal of the Hague (Th e Hague: Kluwer Law International 1996). Lescure, Karine & Florence Trintignac, Une justice internationale pour L’ex- Yougoslavie (Paris: L’Harmattan 1994). Lescure, Karine, Le Tribunal Pénal International Pour L’ex Yougoslavie (Paris: Montchrétien 1994). Levi, N., Diritto Penale Internazionale (Milan: Giuff rè 1949). Levie, Howard S., The Code Of International Armed Conflict (London: Oceana Publications 1986). Linton, Suzannah ed., Hong Kong’s War Crimes Trials (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press 2013). Lombois, C., Droit Pénal International (2d ed. Paris: Dalloz 1979). MacKinnon, Catharine, Butterfly Politics (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press 2017). MacLean, Fitzroy, Eastern Approaches (London: Penguin Books 1991). Magaš, Branka, The Destruction of Yugoslavia: Tracking the Break-Up 1980– 1992 (London: Verson1993). Malcolm, Noel, Bosnia: A Short History (New York: New York Univ. Press 1994). Malekian, Farhad, International Criminal Law: The Legal and Critical Analysis of International Crimes (Uppsala: F. Malekian 1991). Melli, F., Lehrbuch des Internationalen Strafrechts und Strafprozessrechts (1910). Melvern, Linda R., A People Betrayed: The Role of the West in Rwanda’s Genocide (London: Zed Books 2000). Meron, Th eodor, War Crimes Law Comes of Age: Essays (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1998). Mertens, V.P., L’imprescriptibilité des crimes de guerre et contre l’humanité: étude de droit international et de droit pénal comparé (Brussels: Éditions de I’Université de Bruxelles 1974). 1 Morris, Virginia & Michael Scharf, An Insider’s Guide to the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: A Documentary History and Analysis (Irvington-on-Hudson, NY: Transnational Publishers 1995). Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, Pandæmonium: Ethnicity in International Politics (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press 1993). Mueller, G.O.W. & E.M. Wise eds., International Criminal Law (South Hackensack, NJ: F.B. Rothman 1965).

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Mullins, Claud, Leipzig Trials: An Account of the War Criminals’ Trials and a Study of German Mentality (London: H.F. & G. Witherby 1921). Museum Of Th e Victims Of Genocide, Jasenovac: The System of Ustasha Death Camps (Belgrade: Museum of Voivodina 1994). Oehler, D., Internationales Strafrecht: Geltungsbereich des Strafrechts, internationales Rechtshilferecht, Recht der Gemeinschaften, Vö lkerstrafrecht (2d ed. Köln; Berlin: C. Heymann 1983). 1 Oppenhiem, L., Oppenheim’s International Law (Robert Jennings & Arthur Watts eds., 9th ed. London: Longmans 1992). O’Shea, Brendan, Perception and Reality in the Modern Yugoslav Conflict: Myth, Falsehood and Deceit 1991–1995 (Reprint ed., London: Routledge 2012). Pella, V.V., La codification du droit pénal international (Paris: Pedone 1952). Plawski, Stanislaw, Etude des principes fondamentaux du droit international pénal (Paris: Librairie Générale de Droit et de Jurisprudence 1972). Powers, Samantha, The Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide (New York: Basic Books 2002). Quintano-Ripolles, Antonio, Tratado de Derecho Penal Internacional y Internacional Penal (2 vols. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones, Científi cas, Instituto “Francisco de Vitoria” 1955–1957). Rašković, Jovan, Luda Zemlja (Belgrade: Akvarijus 1990). Ratner, Steven R. & Jason S. Abrams, Accountability for Human Rights Atrocities in International Law: Beyond the Nuremberg Legacy (2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press 2001). Reisman, W. Michael & Chris T. Antoniou eds., The Laws of War: A Comprehensive Collection of Primary Documents on International Laws Governing Armed Conflict (New York: Vintage Books 1994). Reissmuller, Johann-Georg, Die Bosnische Tragodie (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags- Anstalt 1993). Rieff , David, Slaughterhouse: Bosnia and the Failure of the West (New York: Simon & Schuster 1995). Ristelhueber, Rene, A History of the Balkan Peoples (Sherman David Spector ed. & trans., New York: Twayne Publishers 1971). Robertson, Geoff rey, Crimes Against Humanity: The Struggle for Global Justice (4th ed., London: Penguin 2012). Roggemann, Herwig, Der Internationale Strafgerichtshof Der Vereinten Nationen Von 1993 Und Der Krieg Auf Den Balkan (Berlin: Berlin Verlag 1994). Roggemann, Herwig, Krieg und Frieden auf dem Balkan Historishe Kriegsursachen Writ (Berlin: Berlin Verlag A. Spitz 1993). Rosenne, Shabtai, The Law and Practice of the International Court (2d rev. ed. Dordrecht; Lancaster: Nijhoff 1985). Rosenne, Shabtai, The World Court: What It Is and How It Works (Dordrecht: Nijhoff 1995). Ryan, Allan A., Yamashita’s Ghost: War Crimes, MacArthur’s Justice, and Command Accountability (Lawrence, KS: Univ. Press of Kansas 2012).

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Santayana, George, The Life of Reason: Reason in Common Sense (New York: Scribner 1905). Schabas, William, Preventing Genocide and Mass Killing: The Challenge for the United Nations (London: Minority Rights Group International 2006). Scheff er, David, All The Missing Souls: A Personal History of the War Crimes Tribunals (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press 2011). Schindler, Dietrich & Jiri Toman eds., The Laws of Armed Conflicts: A Collection of Conventions, Resolutions and Other Documents (Alphen aan den Rijn: Sijthoft & Noordhoff 1981). Schutter, B. De ed., La Belgique et le droit international Pénal (Leuven: Acco 1975). Seybolt, Taylor B., Jay D. Aronson & Baruch Fischoff eds., Counting Civilian Casualties: An Introduction to Recording and Estimating Nonmilitary Deaths in Conflict (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press 2013). Shakespeare, William, The Tempest. Shibata, Ibrahim, The Power Of The International Court To Determine Its Own Jurisdiction (Th e Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1965). Sikkink, Kathryn, The Justice Cascade: How Human Rights Prosecutions are Changing World Politics (New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 2011). Simma, Bruno ed., The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press 1994). Skutsch, Carl ed., Encyclopedia of the World’s Minorities (New York: Routledge 2005). Smith, Bradley F., Reaching Judgment at Nuremberg (New York: Basic Books 1977). Soper, Karl Wheeler, National Security, in Yugoslavia: A Country Study (Glenn E. Curtis ed., 3d ed. 1992). Sudetic, Charles, Historical Setting, in Yugoslavia: A Country Study (Glenn E. Curtis ed., 3d ed. Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress 1992). Sudetic, Charles, Th e Society and Its Environment, in Yugoslavia: A Country Study (Glenn E. Curtis ed., 3d ed. Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress 1992). Sūrat al-Hujurāt, 49:13. Sūrat al-Isrā’, 17:70. Taylor, Telford, The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials (New York: Knopf 1992). Taylor, Telford, Final Report to the Secretary of the Army on the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials Under Control Council Law No. 10. (Buff alo, NY: W.S. Hein & Co. 1949). Th omas, F., De bestraffing van oorlogsmisdaden (1993). Th ual, François, Géopolitique de l’orthodoxie (Paris: Dunod 1993). Toynbee, Arnold, Armenian Atrocities, The Murder of a Nation (London; Hodder & Stoughton 1975). Travers, M., Le droit pénal international et sa mise en œuvre en temps de paix et en temps de guerre (5 vols. Paris: Sirey 1920–22). Trials Of War Criminals Before The Nuremberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10 (1949). Trifft erer, Otto, Dogmatische Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung des Materiellen Völkerstrafrechts seit Nürnberg (Freiburg: Eberhard Albert 1966).

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Tusa, Ann & John Tusa, The Nuremberg Trial (New York: Atheneum 1984). United Nations War Crimes Commission, History of the United Nations War Crimes Commission and the Development of the Laws of War (London: H.M.S.O. 1948). United Nations War Crimes Commission, Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals, London: His Majesty’s Stationery Offi ce, 1949 Selected And Prepared By Th e United Nations War Crimes Commission (1949). Vassalli, Giuliano, La Giustizia Internazionale Penale (Milan: Giuff rè 1995). Vernet, Daniel & Jean-Marc Gonin, Le Rève Sacrifié: Chronique des Guerres Yougoslaves (Paris: Editions O. Jacob 1994). Von Clausewitz, Carl, On War (J.J. Graham trans., Anatol Rappaport ed., Harmondsworth: Pengiun 1968). Vulliamy, Ed, Seasons In Hell: Understanding Bosnia’s War (New York: St. Martin’s Press 1994). Wells, Donald A., War Crimes and Laws of War (Landam, MD: Univ. Press of America 1984). Williams, Paul R. & Michael P. Scharf, Peace with Justice? War Crimes and Accountability in the Former Yugoslavia (Landam, MD: Rowman & Littlefi eld 2002). Willis, James F., Prologue To Nuremberg: The Politics and Diplomacy of the Punishing of War Criminals of the First World War (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press 1982). Wise, Edward M., War Crimes and Criminal Law, in Studies in Comparative Law 35 (Edward M. Wise & Gerhard O.W. Mueller eds., Springfi eld, IL: Th omas 1975). Woehrel, Steven & Julie Kim, Library of Congress, Croatia: Background and Current Issues 3 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress Dec. 3, 1992). Woodward, Susan L., Balkans Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution After the Cold War (Washington, DC: Brookings Institutions 1995). Woodward, Susan, What are NATO, the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) and the European Union (EU) without the U.S.?, in Ethnic Conflict and Regional Instability (Robert L. Pfaltzgraff Jr. & Richard H. Schultz eds., Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College 1994). Wynaendts, Henry, L’engrenage (Paris: Editions Denoel 1993).

REPORTS

Andrejevich, Milan, Th e Sandzak: Th e Next Balkan Th eater of War, RFE/RL Research Report, vol: 1(47), 26 (Nov. 27, 1992). Gow, James, One Year of War in Bosnia and Herzegovina, RFE/RL Research Report 1,1 (June 4, 1993). Helsinki Watch, War Crimes in Bosnia-Hercegovina 41–42 (vol. 1 1992, vol. 2 1993). Helsinki Watch, Human Rights Abuses In Kosovo (1993).

xxxvi Intersentia Table of Authorities

Helsinki Watch, War Crimes in Bosnia-Hercegovina: Bosanski Samac: Six War Criminals Named by Victims of “Ethnic Cleansing,” (Vol. 6, April 1994), https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1994/bosnia. Human Rights Watch, Human Slaughterhouse: Mass Hangings and Extermination at Saydnaya Prison, Syria, www.amnestyusa.org/research/reports/human- slaughterhouse-mass-hangings-and-extermination-at-saydnaya-prison-syria (Feb. 6, 2017). Human Rights Watch, If the Dead Could Speak: Mass Deaths and Torture in Syria’s Detention Facilities, https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/12/16/if-dead- could-speak/mass-deaths-and-torture-syrias-detention-facilities (Dec. 16, 2015). Human Rights Watch, Syria: Coordinated Chemical Attacks on Aleppo, https:// www.hrw.org/news/2017/02/13/syria-coordinated-chemical-attacks-aleppo (Feb. 13, 2017). Human Rights Watch/Helsinki, Former Yugoslavia: War Crimes Trials In The Former Yugoslavia, (June 1, 1995), https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1995/ Yugoslavia. Human Rights Watch/Helsinki, Opened Wounds: Human Rights Abuses in Kosovo (1993), https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/fi les/reports/Kosovo943.pdf. International Scientifi c and Professional Advisor Council of the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Programme, Victim Issues: The Oñati Report (1993). Markotich, Stan, Serbia, RFE/RL Research Report 95 (Apr. 22, 1994). Senate Comm. On Foreign Relations, Reform Of United Nations Operations: A Mandate For Change, 103d Cong., 1st Sess. 78–80 (1993). Senator Joseph R. Biden, Senate Comm. On Foreign Rel., 103d Cong., 1st Sess., To Stand Against Aggression: Milosevic, The Bosnian Republic, And The Conscience Of The West (Comm. Print 1993). Staff Of S. Comm. On Foreign Rel., 102d Cong., The Ethnic Cleansing Of Bosnia- Hercegovina 31 (Comm. Print 1992).

CASES

NATIONAL COURTS

Doe v. Karadzic, 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5291(S.D.N.Y. 1996). Filartiga v. Pena-Irala, 630 F.2d 876 (2nd Cir. 1980). Hirota v. MacArthur, 338 U.S. 197, 198 (1948). In re Yamashita, 327 U.S. 1 (1946). Kadic v. Karadzic, 1993 WL 13704801 (S.D.N.Y. 1993). Kadic v. Karadzic, 70 F.3d 232, 246 (2d Cir. 1996). Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137 (1803). McDonald v. Ames Supply Co., Inc., 22 N.Y.2d 111, 115–16, 238 N.E.2d 726, 728, 291 N.Y.S.2d 328, 332 (1968).

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United States v. Ohlendorf (Einsatzgruppen Case), in 4 Trials of War Criminals before the Nurnberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10, Nurnberg, October 1946-April 1949, 3–595 (1949–1953).

INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNALS

Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (BiH v. Yugo. (Serbia & Montenegro)), 1993 I.C.J. 3 (Apr. 8). Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (BiH v. Yugo. (Serbia & Montenegro)), 1993 I.C.J. 325 (Sept. 13). Case Concerning Application Of Th e Convention On Th e Prevention And Punishment Of Th e Crime Of Genocide (Bosn. & Herz. V. Serb. And Montenegro), Judgment, 2007 I.C.J. Rep. (Feb. 26). Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicar. v. U.S.), Judgment, 1984 I.C.J. Rep. ¶ 73 (Nov. 26). Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicar. v. U.S.), Merits, 1986 I.C.J. 14, ¶¶174–179 (June 27). Case Concerning Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Port. v. India), Judgment, 1960 I.C.J. 6, 34 (Apr. 12). Case Concerning the Barcelona Traction, Light, and Power Co., Ltd. (Belg. v. Spain), Judgment, 1970 I.C.J. 3, 30, 302–03 (Feb. 5). Case Concerning the Northern Cameroons (Cameroon v. U.K.), 1963 I.C.J. Rep. 15, 27, 44 (Dec. 2). Certain Expenses of the United Nations (Article 17, paragraph 2, of the Charter), Advisory Opinion, 1962 I.CJ. 151, 168 (July 20). Competence of the General Assembly for Admission of a State to the United Nations, Advisory Opinion, 1950 I.C.J. 4 (Mar. 3). Conditions of Admission of a State to Membership of the United Nations (Article 4 of the Charter), Advisory Opinion, 1947 I.C.J. 57 (May 28). Eff ect Of Awards Of Compensation Made By Th e United Nations Administrative Tribunal, Advisory Opinion, 1954 I.C.J. 47, 56 (July 13). Fisheries Case (U.K. v. Nor.), Judgment, 1951 I.C.J. 116 (Dec. 18). Fisheries Jurisdiction Case (U.K. & N. Ir. v. Ice.), Judgment, 1974 I.C.J. 3, 118 (July 25). Interhandel (Switz. v. U.S.), Judgment, 1959 I.C.J. 6, 21 (Mar. 21). Interpretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania, Advisory Opinion, 1950 I.C.J. 65, 74 (Mar. 30). Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) Notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970), Advisory Opinion, 1971 I.C.J. 16, 47 (June 21). Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions (Greece v. Gr. Brit.), 1925 P.C.I.J. (ser. A) No. 5, at 27–28 (Judgment No. 5 of Mar. 26). North Sea Continental Shelf (F.R.G. v. Den., F.R.G. v. Neth.), Judgment, 1969 I.C.J. 3 (Feb. 20). Nottebohm Case (Liech. v. Guat.), Judgment, 1953 I.C.J. 111, 119–20 (Nov. 18).

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Prosecutor V. Blagoje Simic, Milan Simic, Miroslav Tadic, Stevan Todorovic, Simo Zaric, Decision On Th e Prosecution Motion Under Rule 73 For A Ruling Concerning Th e Testimony Of A Witness (Int’l Crim. Trib. for the Former Yugoslavia July 27, 1999). Prosecutor v. Blagojević & Jokić, Case No. IT-02–60-A, Appeal Judgment (May 9, 2007). Prosecutor v. Erdemovi, Case No. IT-96–22-A, Appeal Judgment (Oct. 7, 1997). Prosecutor v. Karadžić, Case No. IT-95–5-I, Indictment Int’l Crim. Trib. for the Former Yugoslavia (July 25, 1995), www.icty.org/x/cases/mladic/ind/en/kar-ii950724e.pdf. Prosecutor v. Krstić, Case No. IT-98–33-A, Appeal Judgment (Apr. 19, 2004). Prosecutor v. Nikolić, Case No. IT-02–60/1-A, Judgment on Sentencing Appeal (Mar. 8, 2006). Prosecutor v. Obrenović, Case No. IT-02–60/2-S, Sentencing Judgment (Dec. 10, 2003). Prosecutor v. Popović, Beara, Nikolić, Miletić, Pandurević, Case No. IT-05–88-A, Appeal Judgment (Jan. 30, 2015). Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstić. Case No. IT-98–33-A, Appeals Chamber Judgment, ¶¶16–23 (Int’l Crim. Trib. for the Former Yugoslavia Apr. 19, 2004). Prosecutor v. Tadić, Case No. IT-94–1-A, Judgment, ¶ 188 (July 15, 1999)(Appeals Chamber). Prosecutor v. Tadić, Case No. IT-94–1-I, Indictment (Feb. 13, 1995), www.icty.org/x/cases/ tadic/ind/en/tad-ii950213e.pdf. Prosecutor v. Tolimir, Case No. IT-05–88/2-A, Appeal Judgment (April 8, 2015). Prosecutor V. Vujadin Popović, Ljubiša Beara, Drago Nikolić, Ljubomir Borovčanin, Radivoje Miletić, Milan Gvero, Vinko Pandurević, Judgment Volume I, ¶¶ 831–866 (Int’l Crim. Trib. for the Former Yugoslavia June 10, 2010). Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention Arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libya v. U.K.; Libya v. U.S.), Provisional Measures, 1992 I.C.J. 3, 1154 (Order of Apr. 14). Readaptation of Mavrommatis Jerusalem Concessions (Greece v. Gr. Brit.), 1927 P.C.I.J (ser. A) No. 11 (Judgment No. 10 of Oct. 10). Reparation For Injuries Suff ered In Th e Service Of Th e United Nations, Advisory Opinion, 1949 I.C.J. 121, 182 (Apr. 11). Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 20 November 1950 in the Asylum (Colom. v. Peru), Judgment, 1950 I.C.J. 266 (Nov. 20). Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 20th November 1950, in the Asylum Case (Colom. v. Peru), Judgment, 1950 I.C.J. 395, 403 (Nov. 27). South West Africa (Eth. v. S. Afr., Liber. v. S. Afr.), 1962 I.C.J. 319, 328, 343 (Dec. 21). South West Africa (Eth. v. S. Afr.; Liber. v. S. Afr.), 1966 I.C.J. Rep. 6, 42 (July 18). United Nations International Criminal Court for the Former Yugoslavia, Case Information Sheet: “Foča” (IT-96–23 and 23/1) Kunarac, Kovač & Vuković, www.icty.org/x/ cases/kunarac/cis/en/cis_kunarac_al_en.pdf. United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Case Information Sheet: Goran Hadžić (IT-04–75), www.icty.org/x/cases/hadzic/cis/en/ cis_hadzic_en.pdf (last visited Mar. 23, 2017). United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Case Information Sheet: Slavko Dokmanović (IT-95–13a), www.icty.org/x/cases/ dokmanovic/cis/en/cis_dokmanovic.pdf (last visited Mar. 23, 2017).

Intersentia xxxix Investigating War Crimes in the Former Yugoslavia War 1992–1994

United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Case Information Sheet: “Vukovar Hospital” (IT-95–13/1) Mrkšić et al., www.icty.org/x/ cases/mrksic/cis/en/cis_mrksic_al_en.pdf (last accessed Mar. 23, 2017). United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran (U.S. v. Iran), Judgment, 1980 I.C.J. Rep. 3, 18, 24 (May 24).

ACADEMIC ARTICLES

Akehurst, Michael, Custom as a Source of International Law, 47 Brit. Y.B. Int’l L. 1 (1974–5). Andries, A., et al., Commentaires de la loi du 16 juin 1993 relative à la répression des infractions graves au droit international humanitaire, 1114 Revue De Droit Penal Et De Criminologie (1994). Association Internationale de Droit Penal, Draft Principles On Th e Independence Of Th e Judiciary And On Th e Independence Of Th e Legal Profession, 5 Nouvelles Etudes Penales (1982). Association Internationale de Droit Penal, International Protection Of Victims, 7 Nouvelles Etudes Penales (M. Cherif Bassiouni ed., 1988). Banac, Ivo, Th e Fearful Asymmetry of War: Th e Causes and Consequences of Yugoslavia ‘s Demise, Dædalus 141, 150–51(Spring 1992). Bassiouni, M Cherif, Former Yugoslavia Investigating Violations of International Humanitarian Law and Establishing an International Criminal Tribunal, 25 Security Dialogue 409 (1994), reprinted with modifi cation in 18 Fordham Int’l L. J. 1191 (1995). Bassiouni, M. Cherif, “Crimes Against Humanity:” Th e Need for a Specialized Convention, 31 Colum. J. Transnat’l L. 457 (1994). Bassiouni, M. Cherif, A Functional Approach to “General Principles of International Law”, 11 Mich. J. Int’l L. 768 (1990). Bassiouni, M. Cherif, An Appraisal of Torture in International Law and Practice: Th e Need for an International Convention for the Prevention and Suppression of Torture, 48 Revue Internationale De Droit Penal 23 (1977). Bassiouni, M. Cherif, Appraising UN Justice-Related Fact-Finding Missions, 5 Wash. U. J. L. & Pol’y 35 (2001). Bassiouni, M. Cherif, Combating Impunity for International Crimes, 71 U. Colo. L. Rev. 409 (2002). Bassiouni, M. Cherif, Commissions of Inquiry: Some Personal Refl ections, 45 Stud. Transnat’l Legal Pol’y 127 (2012). Bassiouni, M. Cherif, Draft Statute International Criminal Tribunal, 9 Nouvelles Etudes Pénales (1992). Bassiouni, M. Cherif, Human Rights in the Context of Criminal Justice: Identifying International Procedural Protections and Equivalent Protections in National Constitutions, 3 Duke J. Comp. & Int’l L. 235 (1993). Bassiouni, M. Cherif, Refl ections on Criminal Jurisdiction in International Protection of Cultural Property, 10 Syracuse J. Int’l. L. & Com. 281 (1983).

xl Intersentia Table of Authorities

Bassiouni, M. Cherif, Th e Commission of Experts Established Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780: Investigating Violations of International Humanitarian Law in the Former Yugoslavia, 3 Int’l Crim. L. 395 (1999). Bassiouni, M. Cherif, Th e Commission of Experts Established Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780: Investigation Violations of International Humanitarian Law in the Former Yugoslavia, Occasional Paper No. 2 (1996), http://mcherifb assiouni.com/wp-content/ uploads/Investigating-Violations-of-International-Humanitarian-Law.pdf. Bassiouni, M. Cherif, Th e Commission of Experts Established Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780: Investigating Violations of International Humanitarian Law in the Former Yugoslavia, 5 Crim. L.F. 279 (1994). Bassiouni, M. Cherif, Th e Status of Aggression in International Law from Versailles to Kampala – and What the Future Might Hold (forthcoming 2017). Bassiouni, M. Cherif, Th e Time has Come for an International Criminal Court, 1 Ind. Int’l & Comp. L. Rev. 1 (1991). Bassiouni, M. Cherif, Th e United Nations Commission of Experts Established Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), 88 Am. J. Int’l L. 784 (1994), translated into French and reprinted with modifi cation in Revue Internationale De Droit Pé nal, Nos. 1–2 (1995). Bassiouni, M. Cherif, : “Th e War to End All Wars” and Th e Birth of A Handicapped International Criminal Justice System, 30 Denv. J. Int’l L. & Pol’y 244 (2002). Bell-Fialkoff , Andrew, A Brief History of Ethnic Cleansing, 72 Foreign Aff., 110, 120 (Summer 1993). Bernardini, A., Il Tribunal Penale lnternazionale per la (ex) Jugoslavia: Considerazioni Guiridiche, 15 Rivistadei Dei Diritti Del ‘Uomo (1993). Beveridge, Fiona, Th e Lockerbie Aff air, 41 Int’l & Comp. L.Q. 907 (1992). Biddle, Tami Davis, Sift ing Dresden’s Ashes, 29 The Wilson Q. 60 (2005). Bosly, Henri D., Actualite du Tribunal International Penal, 1–2 Annales De Droit De Louvain 3 (1995). Burns, Peter, An International Criminal Tribunal: Th e Diffi cult Union of Principles and Politics, 5 Crim. L. F. 341 (1994). Chadwick, Elizabeth, Neutrality’s Last Gasp? Th e Balkan Wars of 1912–1913, 4 J. Armed Conflict L. 169 (1999). Charvin, Robert, Premières Observations sur la Crèation du Tribunal International de la Resolution 808 du Conseil de Securité des Nations Unies, 26 Rivista Dei Diritti Del ‘Uomo (1993). Clark, Roger S., Off enses of International Concern: Multilateral State Treaty Practice in the Forty Years Since Nuremberg, 57 Nordic J. Int’l L. 49 (1988). Cleiren, C.P.M. & M.E.M. Tijssen, Rape and Other Forms of Sexual Assault in the Armed Confl ict in the Former Yugoslavia: Legal, Procedural, and Evidentiary Issues, 5 Crim. L. F. 471 (1994). Delon, Francis, La Concertation Entre les Membres Permanent du Conseil de Sécurité, 39 Annuaire Français De Droit International 53 (1993). Dinstein, Yoram, International Criminal Crimes, 5 Isr. Y.B. Hum. Rts. 55 (1975). Dinstein, Yoram, International Criminal Law, 20 Isr. L. Rev. 206 (1985). Djilas, Aleksa, A Profi le of Slobodan Milošević, Foreign Aff. 81 (Summer 1993).

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Eyal, Jonathan, Europe and Yugoslavia: Lessons from a Failure (Whitehall Paper Series, Londres, 1993). Ferrari-Bravo, Luigi, Méthodes de Recherche de la Coutume Internationale dans la Pratique des Etats, 192 Recueil Des Cours 233 (1986). Fitzgerald, Kate, Problems of Prosecution and Adjudication of Rape and Other Sexual Assaults under International Law, 8 Eur. J. Int’l L 638 (1997). Forsyth, David P., Politics and the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, 5 Crim. L.F. 401 (1994). Franck, Th omas M., Th e Powers of Appreciation: Who is the Ultimate Guardian of U.N. Legality?, 86 Am. J. Int’l L. 519 (1992). Freedman, Lawrence, Why the West Failed, 97 Foreign Pol’y 53, 59 (1994–1995). Friedlander, Robert, Th e Enforcement of International Criminal Law: Fact or Fiction, 17 Case W. Res. J. Int’l L. 79 (1985). Friedlander, Robert, Th e Foundations of International Criminal Law: A Present Day Inquiry, 15 Case W. Res. J. Int’l L. 13 (1983). Friedmann, Wolfgang, Th e Uses of “General Principles” in the Development of International Law, 57 Am. J. Int’l L. 279 (1963). Frulli, Micaela, Fact-Finding or Paving the Road to Criminal Justice: Some Refl ections on United Nations Commissions of Inquiry, 10 J. Int’l Crim. Just. 1323 (2012). Garris, Christian J., Bosnia and the Limitations of International Law, 34 Santa Clara L. Rev. 1039 (1993–1994). Glazier, David, Precedents Lost: Th e Neglected History of the Military Commission, 46 Va. J. Int’l L. 5 (2005–2006). Gowlland-Debbas, Vera, Th e Relationship between the International Court of Justice and the Security Council in Light of the Lockerbie Case, 88 Am. J. Int’l L. 643 (1994). Graefrath, Bernhard, Leave to the Court What belongs to the Court: Th e Libyan Case, 4 European J. Int’l L. 184 (1993). Green, Leslie C., An International Criminal Code Now?, 3 Dalhousie L.J. 560 (1976). Green, Leslie C., Is Th ere an International Criminal Law?, 21 Alberta L. Rev. 251 (1983). Green, Leslie C., New Trends in International Criminal Law, 11 Isr. Y.B. Hum. Rts. 9 (1981). Hampson, Françoise J., Th e International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the Reluctant Witness, 47 Int’l & Comp. L. Q. 50 (1998). Hashem, El-Sayed, Al Quadai al-Jinai’ al Dawli [International Criminal Justice], 17 AL-HAQ 39 (1986). Hayden, Robert M., Constitutional Nationalism in the Formerly Yugoslav Republics, 51 Slavic Rev. 654 (1992). Higgins, Rosalyn, Policy Considerations and the International Judicial Process, 17 Int’l & Comp. L.Q. 58 (1968). Howland, Joan Sidney, A History of Legal History Courses Off ered in American Law Schools, 53 Am. J. Legal Hist. 363 (2013). International Committee of the Red Cross, Th e ICRC’s Privilege of Non-disclosure of Confi dential Information, 97 Int’l Rev. of the Red Cross 433 (2016). Job, Cvijeto, Yugoslavia ‘s Ethnic Furies, 92 Foreign Pol ‘y 52 (1993). Jost, Kenneth, Current Situation: Balkan Nightmare, 5 The CQ Researcher 599 (1995).

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Kagan, Joshua M., Speeding Up the International Community’s Response Time in Addressing Acts of Genocide: Deferring to the Judgment of Nongovernmental Organizations, 34 Int’l J. Legal Info. 145 (2006). Keegan, Michael J., Preparation of Cases for the ICTY, 7 Transnat’l L. & Contemp. Probs. 119 (1997). Kolodkin, Roman, An Ad Hoc International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law in the Former Yugoslavia, 5 Crim. L.F. 381 (1994). Laber, Jeri & Ivana Nizich, Th e War Crimes Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: Problems and Prospects, The Fletcher Forum Of World Affairs 7 (Summer/Fall 1994). Lattanzi, Flavia, Alcune Rifl essioni un Tribunale ad hoc per la ex-Jugoslavia, 32 Rivista Dei Diritti Del ‘Uomo (1993). Linton, Suzannah, Rediscovering the War Crimes Trials in Hong Kong, 1946–48, 13 Melbourne J. Int’l L. 284 (2012). Lippman, Matthew, Prosecution of Nazi War Criminals Before Post-World War II Domestic Trials, 8 U. Miami Int’l & Comp. L. Rev. 1 (2015). Martin-Bidou, Pascale, Les Mesures D’Embargo Prises à l’Encontre de la Yougoslavie, 39 Annuaire Français De Droit International 263 (1993). McGinley, Gerald P., Th e I.C.J.’s Decision in the Lockerbie Cases, 22 Ga. J. Int’l & Comp. L. 577 (1992). McNair, Lord, Th e Genera/ Principles of Law Recognized by Civilized Nations, 33 Brit. Y.B. Int’l L. 1 (1957). Meron, Th eodor, Comment, War Crimes in Yugoslavia and the Development of International Law, 88 Am. J. Int’l L. 78 (1994). Miller, Robert W., War Crimes Trials at Yokohama, 15 Brook. L. Rev. 191 (1948–1949). Mounts, Lt. Col. Robert T., et al., Panel II: War Crimes and Other Human Rights Abuses in the Former Yugoslavia, 16 Whittier L. Rev. 387 (1995). Mueller, Gerhard O.W., International Criminal Law: Civitas Maxima, 15 Case W. Res. J. Int’l L. 1 (1983). O’Brien, James C., Current Development, Th e International Humanitarian Law in the Former Yugoslavia, 87 Am. J. Int’l L. 639 (1993). O’Bryne, Katie, Beyond Consent: Contextualising Sexual Assault in International Criminal Law, 11 Int’l Crim. L. Rev. 495 (2011). Parks, William H., Command Responsibility for War Crimes, 62 Mil. L. Rev. 1 (1973). Paust, Jordan J., Applicability of International Criminal Laws to Events in the Former Yugoslavia, 9 Am. U. J. Int’l L. & Pol. 499 (1994). Paust, Jordan J., Customary International Law: Its Nature, Sources and Status as Law of the United States, 12 Mich. J. Int’l L. 59 (1990). Pavlowitch, Stevan K., Who is “Balkanizing” Whom? Th e Misunderstandings Between the Debris of Yugoslavia and an Unprepared West, 123 Diedalus 203 (1994). Pellet, Alain, Le Tribunal Criminel International Pour l’Ex-Yougoslavie: Poudre aux Yeux ou Avancée décisive?, Revue Générale De Droit International Public 7 (Janvier-FevrierMars 1994). Petrovic, Drazen, Ethnic Cleansing – An Attempt at Methodology, 5 European J. Int’l L. 342 (1994). Radin, Max, International Crimes, 32 Iowa L. Rev. 33 (1946).

Intersentia xliii Investigating War Crimes in the Former Yugoslavia War 1992–1994

Riordan, KJ, Shelling, Sniping and Starvation: Th e Law of Armed Confl ict and the Lessons of the Siege of Sarajevo, 41 Victoria U. Wellington L. Rev. 149 (2010). Scharf, Michael P. & Paul R. Williams, Th e Functions of Justice and Anti-Justice in the Peace-Building Process, 35 Case W. Res. J. Int’l L. 161 (2003). Scharf, Michael P., Lessons from the First International War Crimes Trial Since World War II, 3 New Eng. Int’l & Comp. L. Ann. 179 (1997). Schindler, Dietrich, Crimes Against the Law of Nations, 8 Encyclopedia Of Pub. Int’l L. 109 (1985). Schouwey, Jean Dominique, Crimes de guerre: un état des lieux du droit Suisse, 46 Revue Internationale De Criminologie Et De Police Technique (1995). Schroeder, William A., Nationalism, Boundaries, and the Bosnian War: Another Perspective, 19 S. Ill. U. L. J. 153 (1994–1995). Schwarzenberger, Georg, Th e Problem of an International Criminal Law, 3 Current Legal Probs. 263 (1950). Simic, Predrag, Le Confl it serbo-croate et l ‘eclatement de la Yugoslavie, Politique Etrangere (1994). Solf, Waldemar A., Protection of Civilians Against the Eff ects of Hostilities Under Customary International Law and Under Protocol I, 1 Am. U. J. Int’l L. & Pol’y 117 (1986). Soutou, Henri Georges, Les Grandes Puissances et la question des nationalites en Europe sentrale et orientate pendant et apres la Premiere Guerre mondiale: actualite du passe?, Politique Etrangere (Mar. 1993). Symposium, Draft International Criminal Court, 52 Revue Internationale De Droit Penal 331 (1984). Symposium, International Criminal Law, 15 Nova L. Rev. 343 (1991). Terry, James P., Response to Ethnic Violence: Th e Kosovo Model, 6 Brown J. World Aff. 233 (1999). Tomuschat, Christian, International Criminal Prosecution: Th e Precedent of Nuremberg Confi rmed, 5 Crim. L.F. 237 (1994). Tomuschat, Christian, Th e Lockerbie Case before the International Court of Justice, 48 Int’l Comm’n Jurists Rev. 38 (1992). Trifft erer, Otto, Grundlagen, Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des internationalen Tribunals zur Verfolgung der Humanitätsverbrechenim ehemaligenJugoslawien, 825 Österreichische Juristen Zeitung (1994). Tryuk, Malgorzata, Interpretation at the Trials of Nazi Criminals in Poland Aft er World War II, 15 Linguistica Antverpiensia 121 (2016). Vajda, Maja Munivrana, Ethnic Cleansing as Genocide – Assessing the Croatian Genocide Case before the ICJ, 15 Int’l Crim. L. Rev. 147 (2015). Vassali, Giuliano, Il Tribunale lnternazionale per i Crimini Commessi nei Territori dell ‘ex Jugoslavia, 355 La Legislazione Penale (1994). Verhaegen, J., Entraves juridiques à la poursuite des infractions au droit humanitaire, 634 Revue Internationale De La Croix-Rouge (1987). Vullo, Maria T., Prosecuting Genocide, 2 Chi. J. Int’l L. 495, 497 (2001). Weckel, Philippe, L’Institution d’un Tribunal Internationale pour la Répression des Crimes de Droit Humanitaire en Yougoslavie, 39 Annuaire Français De Droit International 232 (1993).

xliv Intersentia Table of Authorities

Weckel, Philippe, Le Chapitre VII de la Chartre et son Application par le Conseil de Sécurité, 37 Annuaire Français De Droit International 165 (1991). Weller, Marc, Th e International Response to the Dissolution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 86 Am. J. Int’l L. 569 (1992). Wise, Edward M., International Crimes and Domestic Criminal Law, 38 Depaul L. Rev. 923 (1989). Wise, Edward M., Prolegomenan to the Principles of International Criminal Law, 16 N.Y. L. F. 562 (1970). Wise, Edward M., Terrorism and the Problems of an International Criminal Law, 19 Conn. L. Rev. 799 (1987). Wright, Quincy, Th e Scope of International Criminal Law: A Conceptual Framework, 15 Va. J. Int’l L. 562 (1975). Wyngaert, C. Van Den, Les infractions graves aux Conventions de Genève et à leurs Protocoles additionnels eu égard aux règles internationales concernant la presecription des crimes de guerre et l ‘extradition, 451 Revue De Droit Pénal Militaire (1982). Zacklin, Ralph, Bosnia and Beyond, 34 Va. J. Int’l L. 277 (1993–1994). Zimmerman, Warren, Origins of a Catastrophe: Memoirs of the Last American Ambassador to Yugoslavia, Foreign Aff. 1 (Mar./Apr. 1995).

NEWSPAPER, ONLINE NEWSPAPER, MAGAZINE ARTICLES, AND WEBSITES

Assar Institute International Crimes Database, Offi ce of the War Crimes Prosecutor v. Milorad Pejić, www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Case/1091 (last visited Mar. 23, 2017). Barnard, Anne & Somini Sengupta, Syria and Russia Appear Ready to Scorch Aleppo, N.Y. Times, Sept. 25, 2016. Bassiouni, M. Cherif, Investigations: Th e Former Yugoslavia, http://mcherifb assiouni. com/investigations/the-former-yugoslavia/. Bassiouni, M. Cherif, United Nations International Commission of Inquiry on Libya (2011– 2012): Background, http://mcherifb assiouni.com/investigations/libya/ (last accessed Jan. 12, 2017). Binder, David, Confl ict in the Balkans; Bosnian Serb Leader Says His People Fight Out of Fear and in Self-Defense, N.Y. Times, Mar. 5, 1993, www.nytimes.com/1993/03/05/ world/confl ict-balkans-bosnian-serb-leader-says-his-people-fi ght-fear-self- defense.html. Bonner, Raymond, Croatian Army Begins Attack on Rebel Serbs, N.Y. Times, Aug. 4, 1995, www.nytimes.com/1995/08/04/world/croatian-army-begins-attack-on-rebel-serbs. html. Borowiec, Andrew, Croatian-Run Death Site Remains Dark Secret, Wash. Times, July 5, 1994, at A10. Bosnia-Hercegovina in Brief Serbian Assembly in Bosnia Discusses Plebiscite results, BBC Summary Of World Broadcasts (quoting Radio Sarajevo), Nov. 26, 1991.

Intersentia xlv Investigating War Crimes in the Former Yugoslavia War 1992–1994

Bosnia: Bosnian Serbs and Krajina Serbs Set Up Joint National Assembly, Reuter Textline, Apr. 26, 1993. Bosnian Serbs Press for “Greater Serbia:” Move fl ies in Face of Peace Plan, Chi. Trib., Aug. 19, 1994, §1, at 4. Clymer, Adam, Bush and Clinton Open Fire on the Foreign Policy Front, N.Y. Times (Aug. 2, 1992), www.nytimes.com/1992/08/02/weekinreview/nation-bush-and-clinton- open-fi re-on-the-foreign-policy-front.html?mtrref=spiderbites.nytimes.com&gwh =0EE82F60806290A4945EABE0E92F5E18&gwt=pay. Cohen, Roger, C.I.A. Report Finds Serbs Guilty in Majority of Bosnia War Crimes, N.Y. Times, Mar. 9, 1995, at A. Cohen, Roger, In Bosnia an Island of Tolerance is Sinking, N.Y. Times, May 12, 1994, at A6. Cohen, Roger, Muslim vs. Muslim vs. Serb: A Complex Battle for a Ghost Town, N.Y. Times, Dec. 4, 1994, Al2. Cohen, Roger, Serb Defector Off ers Evidence on War Crimes, N.Y. Times, Apr. 13, 1995, at 1, C1. Cohen, Roger, Serb Leader Rejects U.S.-Backed Plan for Ending Sanctions, N.Y. Times, Feb. 21, 1995, at A5. Cohen, Roger, Serbian General Who Calls the Shots: Determined and Calling West’s Bluff , N.Y. Times, Apr. 17, 1994, at Al2. Dobbs, Michael, New President Takes Up Post in Yugoslavia, Wash. Post, May 16, 1980, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/05/16/new-president- takes-up-post-in-yugoslavia/97ed589e-012d-472c-a530–9a67a5f780d6/. Editorial Board, Th e Bloodbath in Aleppo Will Haunt Humanity, Wash. Post, Dec. 14, 2016 at Opinion. Forestier, Patricia, Psychiatric Genocide, XXV Freedom 6 (May 1993). Friedman, Th omas L., Th e 1992 Campaign Issues: Foreign Policy-Looking Abroad: Clinton’s Foreign-Policy Agenda Reaches Across Broad Spectrum, N.Y. Times, Oct. 4, 1992, www.nytimes.com/1992/10/04/us/1992-campaign-issues-foreign-policy-looking- abroad-clinton-foreign-policy.html. Gladstone, Rick & Somini Sengupta, Unrelenting Assault on Aleppo Is Worst Yet in Five- Year Civil War, N.Y. Times, Sept. 26, 2016. Global Philanthropy Partnership, Global Philanthropy Partnership Key Staff : Adele S. Simmons, President, www.global-philanthropy.org/about/key-staff / (last visited February 24, 2017). Harden, Blaine, Croatian Militia Falling Back as Confl ict with Serbs Intensifi es, Wash. Post, Aug. 2, 1991, at A19, A22. Hubbard, Ben, ‘Doomsday Today in Aleppo’: Assad and Russian Forces Bombard City, N.Y. Times. Sept. 23, 2016. Hedges, Chris, Confl ict in the Balkans: Th e Overview; 3 Enemies Agree to Serbian State as Part of Bosnia, N.Y. Times, Sept. 8, 1995, www.nytimes.com/1995/09/09/world/ confl ict-balkans-overview-3-enemies-agree-serbian-state-part-bosnia.html. I Am Syria, www.iamsyria.org/death-tolls.html (last visited Feb. 13, 2017). International Court of Justice, Th e Court: History, www.icj-cij.org/court/index. php?p1=1&p2=1 (last visited Feb. 7, 2017). Isby, David C., Armed Forces in Confl ict, Jane’s Intelligence Rev. 402 (1991).

xlvi Intersentia Table of Authorities

Isby, David C., Yugoslavia 1991-Armed Forces in Confl ict, 3 Jane’s Intelligence Rev. 394 (1991). Islamic State: Egyptian Christians Held in Libya ‘Killed,’ BBC, Feb. 15, 2015, www.bbc. com/news/world-31481797. Jane Doe I et al. v. Radovan Karadžić, Case Summary www.internationalcrimesdatabase. org/Case/993/Doe-et-al-v-Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87/ (last visited Mar. 20, 2017). Lally, Kathy, Nearly 25,000 Civilians Died in Grozny, Russian Human Rights Panel Reports, Baltimore Sun, Feb. 22, 1995, http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1995–02–22/ news/1995053045_1_chechnya-russian-human-rights. Laub, Karin, Aleppo Confronts Vast Destruction Left by 4 Years of War, Wash. Post, Dec. 23, 2016. Lederer, Edith M., Syrian Groups Say Russia Likely Behind Violations, Wash. Post, Dec. 15, 2016. Lederer, Edith M., UN Resolution Could Sanction Syrians for Chemical Attacks, Wash. Post, Dec, 27, 2016. Lewis, Paul, Disputes Hamper U.N. Drive For a War Crimes Tribunal, N.Y. Times, Sept. 9, 1993, at A10. Loveluck, Louisa & Karen DeYoung, Hundreds of Men Vanish as Th ey Flee Aleppo, U.N. Offi cial Says, Wash. Post, Dec. 9, 2016. Lucia Mouat, ‘Operation Greylord’ fl ushing corruption from Chicago’s courts. Incriminating tape recordings push latest judge to plead guilty, Christian Science Monitor, July 19, 1985, www.csmonitor.com/1985/0719/alord.html. Mapa, Michelle, Russia and China Block Seven-Day Humanitarian Truce in Syria Using Th eir Veto Power, Int’l Bus. Times, Dec. 6, 2016, ay-humanitarian-truce-syria- using-their-veto-power-1535873. McLaughlin, Daniel, International Criminal Tribunals: A Visual Overview, www. leitnercenter.org/fi les/News/International%20Criminal%20Tribunals.pdf (Jan. 2013). Meier, Krešimir & Mirjana Glušac, Rape as a Means of Battle, Delo, Feb. 23, 1993, at 6, available in F.B.I.S., Daily Report, Eastern Europe 25 (Mar. 23,1993). Meisler, Stanley, Bosnia War Crimes Dispute Divides Security Council, L.A. Times (Sept. 11, 1993). Noack, Rick, Two Decades Before Aleppo, Th ere Was Srebrenica. “Never again,” the World Promised, Wash. Post, Dec. 14, 2016. Miller, Majorie, 3 Guilty in Bosnia ‘Rape Camps’ Case, L.A. Times (Feb. 23, 2001), http:// articles.latimes.com/2001/feb/23/news/mn-29180 Nosić, Ica, Jovan Raškovič na psihijatrijskom kauču [Jovan Raškovič on the Psychiatric Couch], Vjesnik (Jan. 24, 1992). Offi ce of the Inspector General, Th e Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Compliance with the Attorney General’s Investigative Guidelines (Redacted), Chapter Four: Th e Attorney General’s Guidelines on FBI Undercover Operations, https://oig.justice.gov/ special/0509/chapter4.htm (last visited Mar. 23, 2017). Open Society Foundation, Staff : Aryeh Neier, President-Emeritus, https://www. opensocietyfoundations.org/people/aryeh-neier (last visited Feb. 27, 2017). Pomfret, John, War Crimes’ Punishment Seen Distant, Wash. Post, Nov. 13, 1993,

Intersentia xlvii Investigating War Crimes in the Former Yugoslavia War 1992–1994 https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/11/12/war-crimes-punishment- seen-distant/9426f2ad-2bc6–47da-b2f1–7289027b0123/?utm_term=.699e23c93014. Radovan Karadžić, Vjesnik, (Feb. 9, 1992). Reuters, Four Million in Damascus Without Water Aft er Springs Targeted: UN, N.Y. Times, Dec. 29, 2016, www.nytimes.com/reuters/2016/12/29/world/middleeast/29reuters- mideast-crisis-syria-damascus.html. Reuters, Russia Launches Th ird Day of Syria Strikes from Iran, N.Y. Times (Aug. 18, 2016) www.nytimes.com/reuters/2016/08/18/world/middleeast/18reuters- mideast-crisis-russia-iran.html. SAMS, Unconventional Weapons Target Civilians In East Ghouta And Aleppo Countryside, https://www.sams-usa.net/press_release/unconventional-weapons- target-civilians-east-ghouta-aleppo-countryside/ (Nov. 8, 2016). Sciolino, Elaine, U.S. Names Figures It Wants Charged with War Crimes, N.Y. Times, Dec. 17, 1992, www.nytimes.com/1992/12/17/world/us-names-fi gures-it-wants-charged- with-war-crimes.html?pagewanted=all. Steven A. Holmes, U.S. Issues Visa to Bosnian Serb to Meet at U.N., N.Y. Times, Feb. 2, 1993, www. nytimes.com/1993/02/03/world/us-issues-visa-to-bosnian-serb-to-meet-at-un.html. Th e Associated Press, Mass Graves, Booby Traps as Russians, Syrians Sweep Aleppo, N.Y. Times, Dec. 26, 2016. Th e Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy, Th e Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki: Total Casualties, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/ mp10.asp (last accessed Jan. 4, 2017). Th e Editorial Board, Aleppo’s Destroyers: Assad, Putin, Iran, N.Y. Times, Dec. 14, 2016, www.nytimes.com/2016/12/14/opinion/aleppos-destroyers-assad-putin-iran.html. Trial International, Milan Bulic https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/milan-bulic/ (last visited Mar. 23, 2017). United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Aryeh Neier, https://www.ushmm.org/ confront-genocide/speakers-and-events/biography/aryeh-neier (last visited Feb. 27, 2017) U.S. Legal Inc., Law School First Year Curriculum, https://lawschool.uslegal.com/ resources-when-you-are-in-law-school/law-school-fi rst-year-curriculum (last accessed Jan. 5, 2017). United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, Achievements: Bringing Justice to Victims and Giving Th em a Voice, www.icty.org/en/about/ tribunal/achievements (Dec. 28, 2016). United Nations International Criminal Court for the Former Yugoslavia, Facts about Srebrenica www.icty.org/x/fi le/Outreach/view_from_hague/jit_srebrenica_en.pdf. United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Offi ce of the Prosecutor – an Introduction, www.icty.org/en/content/offi ce-prosecutor- introduction (last visited Mar. 21, 2017). United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, Th e Cost of Justice, www.icty.org/en/about/tribunal/the-cost-of-justice (last accessed Dec. 28, 2016). United Nations Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals, About the MICT, www. unmict.org/en/about (last accessed Jan. 9, 2017).

xlviii Intersentia Table of Authorities

United Nations Offi ce for the Coordination of Humanitarian Aff airs, Syrian Arab Republic: Key Figure, www.unocha.org/Syria (last visited Feb. 14, 2017). United Nations Peace Keeping, Former Yugoslavia-UNPROFOR (Aug. 31, 1996), www. un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/unprof_p.htm. United Nations Peacekeeping, Former Yugoslavia: UNPROFOR Background, www.un.org/ en/peacekeeping/missions/past/unprof_b.htm (last accessed Jan. 3, 2017). Vego, Milan, Federal Army Deployments in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Jane’s Intelligence Rev. 445 (1992). Vego, Milan, Th e Army of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Jane’s Intelligence Review 63 (1993). Vego, Milan, Th e Croatian Army, Jane’s Intelligence Rev. 203 (1993). Vego, Milan, Th e Croatian Forces in Bosnia-Hercegovina, Jane’s Intelligence Rev. 99–103 (1993). Vego, Milan, Th e Yugoslav Ground Forces, Jane’s Intelligence Rev. 247 (June 1, 1993). Wilkinson, Ray & Ed Ron Redmond, Offi ce of the United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees, Remembering Srebrenica, July 8, 2005, www.unhcr.org/en-us/news/ latest/2005/7/42ce70314/remembering-srebrenica.html. Wilkinson, Tracy, U.N. Protests Yugoslav Deportation of Krajina Refugees: Balkans: Serbs sought sanctuary aft er being routed by Croatian army. But Belgrade has sent many men to Bosnia, where offi cials fear they will be forced to fi ght with rebels, L.A. Times, Aug. 22, 1995, http://articles.latimes.com/1995–08–22/news/mn-37736_1_ croatian-army. William, Shawcross, “A Hero of Our Time,” N.Y. Review of Books, Nov. 30, 1995, reprinted in Frontline: Th e Lost American, PBS, www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/ cuny/bio/ (last visited Feb. 24, 2017). Yugoslavia to Continue Cooperation with U.N. War Crimes Commission, BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, Mar. 19, 1994, available in LEXIS.

OTHER PUBLICATIONS, BROADCASTS, AND SPEECHES

Lauren Feeney & Pamela Hogan, PBS Women, War & Peace: What Drives War Crimes Investigator Cherif Bassiouni (Sept. 20, 2011), www.pbs.org/wnet/women-war-and- peace/features/the-war-crimes-investigator. M. Cherif Bassiouni, Testimony, United States Congress House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Relations Briefi ng on Syria Washington DC, (July, 31 2014). Secretary of State Lawrence S. Eagleburger, Ministerial Level Meeting of the Steering Committee of the International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia (Dec. 16, 1992), quoted in Th e International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia: Offi cial Papers, Volume 1 232–36 (B.G. Ramcharan ed. 1997).

Intersentia xlix Investigating War Crimes in the Former Yugoslavia War 1992–1994

UNITED NATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL MATERIALS

RESOLUTIONS/RULES OF PROCEDURE/STATUTES/ TREATIES

Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of Major War Criminals of the European Axis, Aug. 8, 1945, 59 Stat. 1544, 82 U.N.T.S. 279 [Charter of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg]. Allied Control Council Law No. 10, Punishment of Persons Guilty of War Crimes, Crimes Against Peace and Against Humanity, Dec. 20, 1945, 3 Offi cial Gazette Control Council for Germany 50–55 (1946). Annex to the Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of Major War Criminals of the European Axis (London Agreement), Aug. 8, 1945, 59 Stat. 1544, 1546, 82 U.N.T.S. 279, 284. Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Jan. 19, 1946, T.I.A.S. No. 1589, 4 Bevans 20, amended Apr. 26, 1946, 4 Bevans 27. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, opened for signature Dec. 10, 1984, 1465 U.N.T.S. 85 (entered into force June 26,1987). Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field, opened for signature Aug. 22, 1864, 22 Stat. 940; Treaty Series 377 (entered into force June 22, 1865). Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which may be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Eff ects, opened for signature Oct. 10, 1980, 1342 U.N.T.S. 137 (entered into force Dec. 2, 1983). Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, opened for signature Dec. 9, 1948, 78 U.N.T.S. 277 (entered into force Dec. 1, 1951). Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and Th eir Destruction, opened for signature Apr. 10, 1972, 26 U.S.T. 583, 11 I.L.M. 309 (entered into force Mar. 26, 1975). Convention Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, opened for signature Oct. 18, 1907, 1 Bevans 631 (entered into force Jan. 26, 1910). Draft Resolution Submitted by the Chairman Following Informal Consultation, U.N. Doc. A/C.5/49/L.50 (Apr. 7, 1995). Draft Statute of the Tribunal for War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia, transmitted by Letter Dated 16 February 1993 from the Permanent Representative of Italy to the United Nations Addressed to the Secretary-General, Annexes, U.N. Doc. S/25300 (Feb. 17, 1993). G.A. Res. 217 (III) A, Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Dec. 10, 1948). G.A. Res. 3314, Defi nition of Aggression (Dec. 14, 1974). G.A. Res. 40/32, (Nov. 29, 1985).

l Intersentia Table of Authorities

G.A. Res. 40/34, Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power (Dec. 11, 1985). G.A. Res. 47/235, (Apr. 7, 1995). Geneva Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, opened for signature Aug. 12, 1949, 75 U.N.T.S. 31 (entered into force Oct. 21, 1950). Geneva Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of the Armed Forces at Sea, art. 51, opened for signature Aug. 12, 1949, 75 U.N.T.S. 85 (entered into force Oct. 21, 1950). Geneva Convention (III) Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, opened for signature Aug. 12, 1949, 75 U.N.T.S. 135 (entered into force Oct. 21, 1950). Geneva Convention (IV) Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, opened for signature Aug. 12, 1949, 75 U.N.T.S. 287 (entered into force Oct. 21, 1950). Hague Convention for the Protection of Convention Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Confl icts, opened for signature May 14, 1954, 249 U.N.T.S. 240 (entered into force Aug. 7, 1956). Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Confl icts, opened for signature May 14, 1954, 249 U.N.T.S. 240 (entered into force July 8, 1956). Human Rights Council, Resolution S-15/1, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/RES/S-15/1 (adopted Feb. 11, 2011) (Mar. 3, 2011). International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, opened for signature Dec. 16, 1966, 999 U.N.T.S. 171 (entered into force March 23, 1966). International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, opened for signature Dec. 16, 1966, 993 U.N.T.S. 3 (entered into force Jan. 3, 1976). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, R. 4, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), www.icty.org/x/fi le/Legal%20 Library/Rules_procedure_evidence/IT032_Rev43_en. Law on the Establishment of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia for the Prosecution of Crimes Committed During the Period of Democratic Kampuchea, as amended, Reach Kram No. NS/RKM/1004/006, Oct. 27, 2004 (Cambodia). Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Confl icts, opened for signature June 8, 1977, 1125 U.N.T.S. 3 (entered into force Dec. 7, 1978). Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Confl icts, opened for signature June 8, 1977, 1125 U.N.T.S. 609 (entered into force Dec. 7, 1978). Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, opened for signature June 17, 1925, 23 U.S.T. 571, 94 L.N.T.S. 65 (entered into force Feb. 28, 1928). Protocol on Non-Detectable Fragments (Protocol I), opened for signature Oct. 27, 1980, 1342 U.N.T.S. 168, 19 I.L.M. 1529 (entered into force Dec. 2, 1983).

Intersentia li Investigating War Crimes in the Former Yugoslavia War 1992–1994

Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons (Protocol III), opened for signature Oct. 10, 1980, 1342 U.N.T.S. 171, 19 I.L.M. 1534 (entered into force Dec. 2, 1983). Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices (Protocol II), opened for signature Oct. 27, 1980, 1342 U.N.T.S. 168, 19 I.L.M. 1529 (entered into force Dec. 2, 1983), as amended May 3, 1996, 35 I.L.M. 1206. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, opened for signature July 17, 1998, 2187 U.N.T.S. 90 (entered into force July 1, 2002). Rules Governing Th e Detention Of Persons Awaiting Trial Or Appeal Before Th e Tribunal Or Otherwise Detained On Th e Authority Of Th e Tribunal, U.N. Doc. IT/38/Rev.10 (Nov. 15, 2016). Rules of Procedure and Evidence adopted on 11 February 1994, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Former Yugoslavia since 1991, 2d Sess., U.N. Doc. IT/32 (Mar. 14, 1994). Rules of Procedure and Evidence as amended 5 May 1994, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Former Yugoslavia since 1991, 3d Sess., U.N. Doc. IT/32 Rev. I (May 5, 1994). Rules of Procedure and Evidence, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Former Yugoslavia since 1991, 5th Sess., U.N. Doc. IT/32 Rev.3/ Corr.1 (Feb. 6, 1995). S.C. Res. 1400 (Mar. 28, 2002). S.C. Res. 1966 (Dec. 22, 2010). S.C. Res. 713 (Sept. 25, 1991). S.C. Res. 743 (Feb. 21, 1992). S.C. Res. 749 (Apr. 7, 1992). S.C. Res. 752 (May 15, 1992). S.C. Res. 757 (May 30, 1992). S.C. Res. 758 (June 8, 1992). S.C. Res. 760 (June 18, 1992). S.C. Res. 764 (July 13, 1992). S.C. Res. 771 (Aug. 13,1992). S.C. Res. 780 (Oct. 6, 1992). S.C. Res. 787 (Nov. 16, 1992). S.C. Res. 808 (Jan. 22, 1993). S.C. Res. 827 (May 25, 1993). S.C. Res. 857 (Aug. 201993). S.C. Res. 936 (July 8, 1994). S.C. Res. 943 (Sept. 23, 1994). S.C. Res. 955 (Nov. 8, 1994). S.C. Res. 970 (Jan. 12, 1995). Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999) of June 10, 1999 authorized the Secretary-General to establish the United Nations Interim Administration in Kosovo (UNMIK). lii Intersentia Table of Authorities

Security Council, Annex, U.N. Doc. S/26545 (Oct. 6, 1993). Statute of the International Court of Justice, opened for signature June 26, 1945, 59 Stat. 1031, 3 Bevans 1179 (entered into force Oct. 24, 1945). Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, U.N. SCOR, 48th Sess., 3217th mtg., U.N. Doc. S/RES/827 (May 25, 1993). Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States, between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 1994, UN SCOR 49th sess., 3453rd mtg, U.N. Doc. S/Res/955 (1994) (Nov. 8, 1994). Th e Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, G.A. Res. 57/228, U.N. Doc. A/ RES/57/228 (May 22, 2003). Th e Kosovo War and Ethnic Crimes Court, On the Authority of the Interim Administration in Kosovo, UNMIK Reg. 1999/1, U.N. Doc. UNMIK/REG/1999/1 (July 25, 1999). Th e Special Court for Sierra Leone, S.C. Res. 1314 (Aug. 14, 2000). Th e Special Panel for Serious War Crimes in Timor Leste, S.C. Res. 1272, U.N. Doc. S/RES/1272 (Oct. 25, 1999). U.N. Transitional Admin. in E. Timor, On the Organization of Courts in East Timor, U.N. Doc. UNTAET/REG/2000/11 (Mar. 6, 2000). Th e Special Tribunal for , Agreement Between the United Nations and the Government of Sierra Leone on the Establishment of a Special Court for Sierra Leone, U.N. Doc. S/2002/246 (Jan. 16, 2002). Th e Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, opened for signature May 23 1969, 1155 U.N.T.S. 331, 8 I.L.M. 679 (entered into force Jan. 27, 1980). Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany, 28 June 1919, 2 Bevans 43. U.N. Charter. U.N. GAOR 6th Comm., 49th Sess., U.N. Doc. A/C.6/49/L.24 (Nov. 23, 1994).

REPORTS, PRESS RELEASES, LETTERS

Annual Report Of Th e International Tribunal For Th e Prosecution Of Persons Responsible For Serious Violations Of International Humanitarian Law Committed In Th e Territory Of Th e Former Yugoslavia Since 1991, U.N. Doc A/49/342, S/1994/1007 (Aug. 29, 1994). Carnegie Endowment For International Peace, Violations Of Th e Laws And Customs Of War, Pamphlet No. 32I (1919), reprinted in 14 Am. J. Int’l. L. 95 (1920). Core Documents Forming Part of the Reports of States Parties: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ¶34, U.N. Doc. HRI/CORE/1/Add.40 (July 22, 1994). Final Report of the Commission of Experts Established Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), transmitted by Letter Dated 24 May 1994 From the Secretary- General to the President of the Security Council, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674 (May 27, 1994).

Intersentia liii Investigating War Crimes in the Former Yugoslavia War 1992–1994

Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex I: Rules of Procedure of the Commission of Experts, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol.I) (Dec. 28, 1994). Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex I.A: Th e Database and Documents Received, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol. I) (Dec. 28, 1994). Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex II: Rape and Sexual Assault: A Legal Study, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol. I) (Dec. 28, 1994). Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex III: Th e Military Structure, Strategy and Tactics of the Warring Factions, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol.I) (Dec. 28, 1994). Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex III.A: Special Force, U.N. Doc. U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol.I) (Dec. 28, 1994). Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex IV: Th e Policy of Ethnic Cleansing, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol.I) (Dec. 28, 1994). Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex V: Th e Prijedor Report, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol.I) (Dec. 28, 1994). Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex VI, Part I: Study of the Battle and Siege of Sarajevo, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol.II) (May 27, 1994). Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex VI, Part II: Study of the Battle and Siege of Sarajevo, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol.III) (May 27, 1994). Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex VI.A: Incident Study Report Regarding Mortar Shelling Dobrinja, Sarajevo on 1 June 1993: Investigation, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol.III) (May 27, 1994). Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex VI.B: Th e Battle of Sarajevo and the Law of Armed Confl ict, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol.III) (Dec. 28, 1994). Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex VII: Medak Investigation, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol.III) (Dec. 28, 1994). Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex VIII: Prison Camps, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol.IV) (May 27, 1994). Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex IX: Rape and Sexual Assault, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol.V) (Dec. 28, 1994).

liv Intersentia Table of Authorities

Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex IX.A: Rape and Sexual Assault, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol.V) (Dec. 28, 1994). Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex IX.B: Rape Pilot Study (Sarajevo), U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol.V) (Dec. 28, 1994). Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex X.A: Mass Graves – Ovčara Near Vukovar, UNPA Sector East, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol.V) (Dec. 28, 1994). Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex X.B: Mass Graves – Pakračka Poljana, UNPA Sector West, Croatia, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol.V) (Dec. 28, 1994). Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex XI: Destruction of Cultural Property Report, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol.V) (Dec. 28, 1994). Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex XI.A: Th e Battle of Dubrovnik and the Law of Armed Confl ict, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol.V) (Dec. 28, 1994). Final Report Of Th e United Nations Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex XII: Radiological Investigation (UNPA Sector West, Croatia) October/November 1993, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674/ Add.2 (Vol.V) (Dec. 28, 1994). Fourteenth annual report of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, U.N. Doc. A/62/172–S/2007/469 (Aug. 1, 2007). Further Report to the Secretary-General Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 721 (1991), ¶6, U.N. Doc. S/23363 (Jan. 5, 1992). Hague Yearbook of International Law: Vol. 10 (A.C. Kiss & Johan G. Lammers eds., 1997). Human Rights Council, Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Libya, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/19/68 (Mar. 8, 2012). Human Rights Questions: Human Rights Situations and Reports of Special Rapporteurs and Representatives, Situation of Human Rights in the former Yugoslavia 58–60, U.N. Doc. A/49/641, S/1994/1252 (Nov. 4, 1994). Int’l Law Comm’n, Rep. on the Work of its Forty-Sixth Session, U.N. Doc. A/49/10 Supp. No. 10 (1994). Int’l Law Comm’n, Rep. on the Work of its Forty-Th ird Session, U.N. Doc. A/46/10 Supp. No. 10 (1993). Interim Report of the Commission of Experts Established pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), transmitted by Letter Dated 9 February 1993 From the Secretary-General Addressed to the President of the Security Council, U.N. Doc. S/25274 (Feb. 10, 1993). Karaosmanoglu, Ali L., Crisis In Th e Balkans, U.N. Institute For Disarmament Research No. 22, 7, U.N. Doc. Unidir/93/37 (1993).

Intersentia lv Investigating War Crimes in the Former Yugoslavia War 1992–1994

Letter dated December 20, 1994 from the Deputy Prime Minister and Federal Minister of Justice of the FR of Yugoslavia addressed to the Prosecutor of the Tribunal, at 12. U.N. Doc. A/50/56, S/1994/1450 (Dec. 29, 1994). Letter Dated 9 February 1993 from the Secretary-General Addressed to the President of the Security Council, transmitting Interim Report of the Commission of Experts Established Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), U.N. Doc. S/25274 (Feb. 10, 1993). Letter Dated 19 May 1993 from the Chargé d’aff aires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Yugoslavia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General, U.N. Doc. S/25801 (May 21, 1993). Letter Dated 24 May 1994 from the Secretary-General to the President of the Security Council, U.N. Doc. S/1994/674 (May 27, 1994). Letter Dated 29 November 1995 From the Permanent Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations Addressed to the Secretary-General, transmitting the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, U.N. Doc a/50/790, S/1995/999 (Nov. 30, 1995). Letter Dated 26 November 1991 From the Permanent Representative of Yugoslavia to the United Nations Addressed to the President of the Security Council, U.N. Doc. S/2340 (Nov. 26, 1991). Letter Dated 5 October 1992 From the Representatives of Egypt, Th e Islamic Republic of Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, and Turkey Addressed to eth President of the Security Council, U.N. Doc. S/24620 (Oct. 6, 1992). Letter Dated 5 October 1993 From the Secretary-General Addressed to the President of the Security Council, transmitting Second Interim Report of the Commission of Experts Established Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), U.N. Doc. S/26545 (Oct. 6, 1993). Letter from Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Secretary-General of the United Nations, to M. Cherif Bassiouni, President, International Human Rights Law Institute, DePaul University (Jan. 4, 1995), https://digital.case.edu/downloads/83380q79d. Letter from Boutros Boutros-Ghali, United Nations Secretary-General, to Madeleine Albright, President of the United Nations Security Council (Aug. 26, 1993), https:// digital.case.edu/downloads/83380n69r. Letter from Richard Goldstone, Prosecutor, ICTY, to Hans Corell, Under Secretary- General for Legal Aff airs, UN (Aug. 25, 1994), https://digital.case.edu/ downloads/83380p36d. Offi ce of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, OHCRC Report 2015: Funding, www2.ohchr.org/english/OHCHRreport2015/allegati/5_Funding_2015.pdf (last accessed Jan. 10, 2017). Preliminary Rep. of the Independent Commission of Experts establishing in accordance with Security Council Resolution 935 (1994), transmitted by Letter Dated 1 October 1994 from the Secretary-General Addressed to the President of the Security Council, U.N. Doc. S/1994/1125 (Oct. 4, 1994). Press Release, Int’l Crim. Trib. for the Former Yugoslavia, Milan Martic, Radovan Karadzic and Ratko Mladic indicted along with 21 other accused, CC/PIO/013e (July 25, 1995), www.icty.org/en/press/milan-martic-radovan-karadzic-and-ratko- mladic-indicted-along-21-other-accused. lvi Intersentia Table of Authorities

Press Release, United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Mrkšić found guilty of aiding and abetting murders at Ovčara, and Šljivančanin guilty of mistreatment, Radić acquitted, ICTY Press Release CT/MOW/PR1185e (Sept. 27, 2007). Press Release, United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Th ree “JNA” Offi cers From A Belgrade- Based Brigade Charged With Th e Mass Killing Of Non-Serb Men Forcibly Removed From Th e Vukovar Hospital, ICTY Press Release CC/PIO/024-E (Nov. 9, 1995). Press Release, Secretary-General, Secretary-General in ‘Mission of Healing’ to Rwanda, Pledges Support of United of United Nations for Country’s Search for Peace and Progress, U.N. Press Release SG/SM/6552 (May 6, 1998). Press Release, United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Prosecutor Serge Brammertz Statement on the transfer of Radovan Karadzic, ICTY Doc. No. SB/OTP/1278e (July 30, 2008). Report of Cherif Bassiouni, Independent Expert on the Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan (11 March 2005) U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/2005/122. Report of the Independent Expert of the Commission on Human Rights on the Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan (21 September 2004) U.N. Doc. A/59/370. Rep. of the Secretary-General on the Establishment of the Commission of Experts pursuant to Paragraph 2 of Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), U.N. Doc. S/24657 (Oct. 14, 1992). Rep. of the Secretary-General Pursuant to Paragraph 2 of Security Council Resolution 808 (1993), U.N. Doc. S/25704 (May 3, 1993). Report of the Committee of French Jurists, set up by Mr. Roland Dumas, Minister of States and Minister of Foreign Aff airs, to study the establishment of an International Criminal Tribunal to judge the crimes committed in the former Yugoslavia, transmitted by Letter dated 10 February 1993 from the Permanent Representative of France to the United Nations Addressed to the Secretary-General, Annex, U.N. Doc. S/25266 (Feb. 10,1993). Report of the Independent Inquiry into the actions of the United Nations during the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, transmitted by Letter Dated 15 December 1999 from the Secretary-General Addressed to the President of the Security Council, 63, U.N. Doc. A/1999/1257 (Dec. 16, 1999). Report On Th e Question of the Use of Mercenaries as a Means of Violating Human Rights and Impeding the Exercise of the Right of People to Self-determination, submitted by Mr. Enrique Bernales Ballesteros, Special Rapporteur, Pursuant to Commission Resolution 1993/5, 25, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/1994/23 (Jan. 12, 1994). Second Interim Report of the Commission of Experts Established Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), transmitted by Letter Dated 5 October 1993 From the Secretary General Addressed to the President of the Security Council, Annex, U.N. Doc. S/26545 (Oct. 6, 1993). Situation of Human Rights in the Former Yugoslavia, Fift h Periodic Report on the Situation of Human Rights in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia Submitted by Mr. Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights, pursuant to paragraph 32 of the Commission resolution 1993/7 of 23 February 1993, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/ 1994/47 (Nov. 17, 1993).

Intersentia lvii Investigating War Crimes in the Former Yugoslavia War 1992–1994

Situation of Human Rights in the Former Yugoslavia: Sixth Periodic Report on the Situation of Human Rights in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia by Mr. Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Special Rapporteur of the Commission of Human Rights, pursuant to paragraph 32 of the Commission resolution 1993/7 of 23 February 1993, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/ 1994/110 (Feb. 21, 1994). Situation of Human Rights in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia: Fourth periodic report on the situation of human rights in the territory of the former Yugoslavia submitted by Mr. Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights, pursuant to paragraph 32 of Commission resolution 1993/7 of 23 February 1993, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/1994/8 (Sept. 6, 1993). Th ird Report: Submitted to the Commission of Experts Established Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 760 (1992), Letter Dated 6 May 1994 From the Charge D’Aff aires A.I. of the Permanent Mission of Yugoslavia to the United Nations Addressed to the Secretary-General, U.N. Doc. S/1994/548 (May 9, 1994). U.N. ACABQ, Financing of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia Since 1991, U.N. Doc. A/49/7/Add.12 (Mar. 10, 1995). U.N. Dep’t of Pol. Aff. Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council Supp. 1989–1992, at 479, U.N. Doc. ST/PSCA/1/Add.11, U.N. Sales No. 05.VII.1 (2007).

OTHER INTERNATIONAL SOURCES

Circulaire du Ministère de la Justice du 10 février 1995 commentant la loi, No. 95–1 du 2 Janvier 1995 portant adoption de la legislation française aux dispositions de la resolution 827 du Conseil de Securité des Nations Unies instituant un tribunal international en vue de juger les personnes présumés responsables de violations graves de droit humanitaire commises sur le territoire de l’ex-Yougoslavie depuis 1991, 2757 Journal 0fficiel De La Réepublique Française (1995). Directive On Th e Assignment Of Defence Counsel (Directive No. 1/94) as amended, U.N. Doc. IT/73/Rev. 11 (July 11, 2006). Draft Resolution: Th e Situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, U.N. Doc. A/48/L.50 (Dec. 16, 1993), www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/48/L.50. Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Documents Submitted in Compliance with Special Decision of the Committee, U.N. CERD, 46th Sess., U.N. Doc. CERD/C/248/Add.l (15 Sept. 1994). Fift h Committee approves $ 7 million until 14 July for International Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia, U.N. GAOR 5th Comm., 49th Sess., 54th mtg., U.N. Doc. 6A/AB/2999 (7 Apr. 1995). General Assembly Fills Remaining Th ree Vacancies for Judges on International War Crimes Tribunal, U.N. GAOR, 47th Sess., 11th Resumed mtg., U.N. Doc. GA/8500 (Sept. 17, 1993). General Assembly Fills Remaining Th ree Vacancies for Judges on International War Crimes Tribunal, U.N. Doc.GA/8500 (Sept. 17, 1993).

lviii Intersentia Table of Authorities

Human Rights Watch, Yugoslavia: Cooperate with the ICTY by Providing Access to Documents, https://www.hrw.org/news/2002/05/20/yugoslavia-cooperate-icty- providing-access-documents (May 20, 2002). International Center for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy, International Meeting Of Experts On Th e Establishment Of An International Criminal Tribunal (1993), http://icclr.law.ubc.ca/sites/icclr.law.ubc.ca/fi les/publications/pdfs/1993.pdf. Karadžić-Abdić Declaration of 22 October 1993 (U.N. Public Information Offi ce). Memorandum of Reservations Presented by the Representatives of the United States to the Report of the Commission on Responsibilities, Annex II (Apr. 4,1919), reprinted in 14 Am. J. Int’l L. 127 (1920). Nations for Country’s Search for Peace and Progress, U.N. Press Release SG/SM/6552 (May 6, 1998). Proposal for an International War Crimes Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, transmitted by Letter Dated 18 February 1993 from the Permanent Representative of Sweden to the United Nations Addressed to the Secretary-General, Annexes, U.N. Doc. S/25307 (Feb. 18, 1993). S.C., Provisional Verbatim Record of the Th ee Th ousand and One Hundred and Nineteen Meeting, 7–8, U.N. Doc. S/PV.3119 (Oct. 6, 1992). Provisional Verbatim Record of the Th ree Th ousand Two Hundred and Seventeenth Meeting, 2, U.N. Doc. S/PV.3217 (May 25, 1993). Recommendations of the Organization of the Islamic Conference on the establishment of an ad hoc International War Crimes Tribunal for the territory of the former Yugoslavia, transmitted by Letter Dated 31 March 1993 from the Representatives of Egypt, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Malaysia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Senegal and Turkey to the United Nations Addressed to the Secretary General, Annex, U.N. Doc. A/47/920, S/25512 (Apr. 5, 1993). Reservations by the Japanese Delegation, Annex III (Apr. 4, 1919), reprinted in 14 Am. J. Int’l L. 1 51 (1920). Special Proclamation by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers at Tokyo, Jan. 19, 1946, T.I.A.S. No. 1589, 4 Bevans 20 amended Apr. 26, 1946, 4 Bevans 27, 28. Th e Development Of Th e Role Of Th e Security Council (Proceedings of the Hague Academy of International Law Workshop, Th e Hague, 21–23 July 1992) (1993). Th e International Military Tribunal (1949). U.N. Secretary-General, Situation on Human Rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina, ¶15, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/1995/62 (Feb. 9, 1995). UN Commission on Human Rights, Question of the Violation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in any Part of the World, with Particular Reference to Colonial and other Dependent Countries and Territories, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/1995/164 (Mar. 7, 1995). United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Investigations: Th e Investigation Strategy, www.icty.org/en/about/offi ce-of-the-prosecutor/investi gations#investigationsstrategy (last accessed Jan. 12, 2017). United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, Former Prosecutors, www.icty.org/en/about/offi ce-of-the-prosecutor/former-prosecutors (last June 12, 2017).

Intersentia lix Investigating War Crimes in the Former Yugoslavia War 1992–1994

United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, Th e Prosecutors, www.icty.org/en/about/offi ce-of-the-prosecutor/the-prosecutor. United Nations Offi ce of the High Commission for Human Rights, Commissions of Inquiry and Fact-Finding Mission on International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law 117 (2105) available at www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/CoI_Guidance_ and_Practice.pdf. United Nations Offi ce of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic: About the Commission of Inquiry, www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/IICISyria/Pages/ AboutCoI.aspx (last accesses Dec. 28, 2016).

UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPTS/INTERNAL DOCUMENTS

Bill Stuebner, A Dragon Sleeps (on fi le with author). Data Entry Procedures for the Staff of the Rapporteur on Data Gathering and Analysis (IHRLI Internal Document, Apr. 6, 1993). Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights, Report on “Ethnic Cleansing Operations” in the Northeast City of Zvomik From April through June 1992 (Apr. 6, 1994) (unpublished manuscript on fi le with authors). Médecins Sans Frontières [Doctors Without Borders], Ethnic Cleansing in the Kozarac Region (Bosnia Herzegovina) (Dec. 7, 1992) (unpublished report on fi le with authors). Patricia Forestier, Citizens Commission on Human Rights, Bosnia: Th e Minds Behind Ethnic Cleansing (Jan. 1994) (unpublished manuscript, on fi le with the authors). Veljko Kadijević, My View of the Break-Up 106–08 (1993) (unpublished manuscript, on fi le with the author).

lx Intersentia