') THE SHAKESPEARE FELLOWSHIP I I v.. 1v2n ,, '· ''

J~N !) 1?47

i..s:t,Hl.t. :HASHINGTOi, The Shakespeare Fellowship was founded in London in 1922 under the 'prestuency of:SirGeorgeGreenwood.

VOL.VII OCTOBER, 1946 NO. 4

Shakespeare's HENRY V Can Be Identified As ''Harry of Cornwall" In Henslowe's Diary

Research Stimulated to Completion by Laurence Olivier's Great Film Solves a Chronological Mystery

BY CHARLES WISNER BARRELL

LAURENCE OLIVIER'S masterly Technicolor indeed. And that it actually served such a purpose production of Henry V justifies all of the enthu­ in the 1580's and early 1590's when England was siasm it has evoked since its first showing to so seriously threatened by Spain and her satellites American audiences in Boston earlier in the is as plain as a pikestaff. Its merits in this year. It truly represents a new departure in respect remain of permanent force. The very lhe filming of Shakespeare and constitutes a fact that the British Ministry of Information per­ criterion by which all other motion picture suaded Olivier to make Henry V during the critical versions of the plays must be judged for years davs of the Allied invasion of the Continent in to come. 1944 proves the immortal foresight of the courtier­ As frequently happens, Olivier's method in soldier-scholar who wrote it. Every line of its achievingsuccess was essentially simple. It was great and stirring speeches bears witness to the lo adhere as closely as possible to the author's author's personal familiarity with the leadership, script,while employing an experienced and homo­ political reactions and mass emotions that marked geneous group of leading actors to interpret the Elizabethan invasion of the Low lands and characterizations thoroughly grasped-not super• Spain's mi~hty bid for conquest of Ene:land which lcially sketched in conventional Hollywooden culminated in 1588. By the same token, unsup• wtline. Superbly executed sets and the most ported tradition has it that "William Shakespeare" magnificently appropriate color photography I conjecturally the Stratford native) saw military imaginable also do much to illuminate Olivier's service in the Lowland wars against Spain. But inspireddirection throughout. the only known dramatist of the period whose It has been remarked by Bernard Shaw and claim to that pen-name as well as to active military llhera that Henry V is not a great play in the and naval serviee can he adequately documented l!!!8eof carrying any sociological "message" of is our poet-playwright Earl of Oxford. ~ import. Neither does it read with consistent One of Laurence Olivier's predecessors in the llerest. But Olivier and his fellows prove beyond production of Henry V was Sir Frank Benson, ill question that it can be made to hold the knighted by the Crown for his work in populariz• illerest of an audience like a house afire. As ing interest in Shakespeare's plays. Sir Frank • liltiotic propaganda, orhrinally designed to rally and his company were known to almost every " lieemotions of the English people to the support hamlet in the main isle of Britain during the late el' o!the Elizabethan government in its upsurge as 19th and early part of the present century. He 'world power, Henry Y is a very great work said that once after a matinee performance of 50 QUARTERLY

Henry V in a rural town, an old farmer hailed title-page as a stage placard in the introductory the company manager with this remark: scenes of the film. But it is to be noted that "God bless you, sir, for showing us them 'istory Creede and his fellow pirates make no mention plays; they've taught me 'ow we English became of "William Shakespeare" as the author. This what we are, and 'ow we can keep so." fact is of significance. It proves how well the With his present film rendition of the play, authorship of authentic Shakespeare plays was Olivier appeals even more effectively to a very concealed from the printing house ferrets and much wider audience than Benson ever reached. their undercover allies of the stage even at this The new Henry V will also be· studied intensively late day. Surreptitious sleuths of the type that by many highly intelligent observers who will stole the Shakespeare scripts usually have special view it more than once. Eugene O'Neill has talents for knowing the origin and ownership of publicly announced his intentions in this respect; the property they pilfer. Yet none of these gentry and Mrs. Dorothy Ogburn told us some time ago connected the authorship of the seven Shakespeare that she had attended seven performances-with plays that were printed in various garbled, para, more in prospect. phrased and cut versions between 1590 and 15971 To Oxfordians generally Olivier's Henry V with the pen-name that became so striking a ' presents numerous points of unusual interest. hallmark of quality with its appearance on Venll$ Those that focus attention upon the patriotic and Adonis early in 1593. motivation of the play are especially worthy of Finally, in 1598 Francis Meres, Master of Arts heed. For they can he shown to emphasize most of Oxford and Cambridge, published his unique graphically the arguments put forth by propon­ first listing of six comedies and six tragedies by ents of the dramatist Earl that Henry V was well Shakespeare in the scholarly compendium known known to Elizabethan audiences several years as Pallad.is Tamia. Immediately afterward the before Olivier (in accordance with orthodox con­ pirates who had lifted a cut script of Richard II jecture) dates its initial presentation al the Globe the year previous, added the "William Shake­ in 1600. speare" by-line to their treasure trove to conform Factually speaking, no contemporary record to Meres' identification. Stolen versions of other can be produced to show that this play was first Shakespeare plays mentioned by the Oxford-Cam­ publicly given at the Globe or any other English bridge scholar were also printed shortly thereafter playhouse in the year 1600. The assumption is bearing the same ascription. In fact, Meres seems based on the following circumstances: to have been the sole authority on the Shake• There is a memorandum in the Stationers' spearean dramatic authorship available to the · Register dated 4 August and assigned conjecturally pirates up to 23 August, 1600, when Andrew Wise to 1600 signifying that application had been made and William Aspley applied for a new copyright by parties unmentioned to publish Henry V, license to print Much Ado About Nothing together together with As You Like It and Much Ado About with 2 Henry IV as "wrytten by Mr. Shakespere." Nothing. But alongside these titles appears the It is a curious and telling circumstance that a · notation: "To be stayed." This injunction was university don such as Meres should know so effective in the case of As You Like It, no printing much more about the authorship of these much­ of which is known before the Firs\ Folio. How• sought plays than the publishers and actors who ever, there were evidently uncontrolled stage were actively engaged in filching them. Such versions of Much Ado and Henry V then in the evidence indicates again that the real author wa. hands of actors and their piratical publishing a person occupying a far different station than associates. For during the same year of 1600 the pugnaciously protective citizen of Stratford. quartos of both plays were issued. The cut stage who would go lo law to recover a few shillings version of Henry V states that it was printed "by overdue on a loan. Thomas Creede, for Tho. Millington and John Busby." It is entitled, "THE CHRONICLEHISTORY OF HENRY the fift With his battle fought al Agin 1. These include King John (Troublesome Raigne para· phrase) 1590; Taming of tltr. Shrew (A Shrew mem~tr Court in France. Togither with Auntient Pistall. or shorthand version) 1594; 2 Henry VI (ContNltw• As hath bene sundry times played the Right memory version) 1594; 3 Henry VI (True Trug~l1 i it by memory version) 1595; Titus Andronicns (genuine script, honorable the Lord Chamberlaine his seruants." slightly cut) 1594; Romeo and Juliet (genuine scrtpl • ' extensively cut and illiterately mistranscribed) 1597; a;! 1 Laurence Olivier reproduces the first part of this Richard II (genuine script, with deposition scene cut) tS • OCTOBER, 1946 51

Henry Vis not mentioned in Meres' list of plays, is the most important document of Elizabethan 50 the first quarto published by Creede and his stage history." associates in 1600 bears no author's name. Turning thereto, we find that in the very first But it is fallacious to assume from Creede's run of repertory listed by Henslowe from February unauthorized publication that the play was either lo June, 1592, "lord strangers mene" appeared at first written or first produced immediately prior the Rose in two plays that can be identified as to its appearance in type. Indeed, the opposite Shakespeare's Henry V and / Henry VJ. is so obvious a possibility that beginning in Eliza­ The first of these is called "harey of cornwell" bethan times and coming on down to the present, by the semi-literate theatre manager, while its hundreds of cases could be cited to prove that companion piece--which always follows it in the the actual staging of a play manuscript bears no Rose accounts just as/ Henry VI succeeds Henry V standardized chronological relationship whatever in the make-up of Shakespeare's First Folio-is either ta its composition or its publication in designated as "harey the vj." Greg and other printed form, As Oxfordian writers frequently modern experts accept "harey the vf' without point out, the orthodox biographers of the Bard question as the First Part of Henry VI for numer• havebeen obliged by the exigencies of the Strat• ous reasons, one being that in his 1592 Pierce ford man's lifespan to adopt a whole series of Pe11ilesse Tom Nash graphically describes the arbitrary assumptions of this same unrealistic reactions of English audiences to the climactic order. Olivier is not; therefore, to be blamed scenes dominated by Sir John Talbot in Shake­ for following "authorized" precedent-although speare's play: in his capacity of professional producer and direc­ lor he must be fully aware of the monumental non ,equiturs that have converted the Stratford line How would it have joyed brave Talbot (the ofreasoning into a dead end road. terror of the French) to think that after he had In the dating of Henry V, the orthodox surmise lain two hundred years in his Tomb, he should is particularly untenable, for it can be shown triumph again on the Stage, and have his bones lhat this same play was being staged as an old new embalmed with the tears of ten thousand repertory piece by the players of Lord Strange spectators at least, ( at sever al times) who in whenthey were appearing at the Rose Theatre the Tragedian that represents his person, imagine under the house management of Philip Henslowe they behold him fresh bleeding. duringthe first months of the year 1592. The authenticated edition of Henslowe's Diary, editedby the late Dr. W. W. Greg of Cambridge "harey the vj" is marked "ne" or new to Rose University, is a veritable arsenal of ammunition audiences in Henslowe's accounts, under date of !orall advocates of the Oxford-Shakespeare chron­ "3 of marche 1591" (really 1592 according to ology. The information it contains nullifies so the reformed calendar) . manyof the pet theories of the Stratfordians that But "harey of cornwell" which precedes it 1·eryfew writers of that persuasion have dared on "25 of febreary" is not similarly annotated draw full and consistent conclusions from its and can therefore be taken to be an older piece-­ pages. Dr. G. B. Harrison, author of the inform­ exactly as Oxfordians have long argued in respect aliveElizabethan Journals, says in his Introducing to Henry V. •

~ Shakespeare(published by Penguin Books, Ltd.) During this run of 105 playing days, Lord n . !hatthe Diary a11d Papers of Philip Henslowe is Strange's Men presenteil "harey of cornwell" -d oneof the two works "which have actually revolu­ four times and "harey the vj" twelve times, the !' tioniied modern notions about Shakespeare and former invariably preceding one or more per­ his plays." -the other being the writings of formances of the new play in the general ratio ThomasNash. "Henslowe," continues Harrison, of one to three. This indicates a perfectly 'was the owner of several London theatres: the natural orientation of audience interest. ~. R

4. Sec "The Secret of Shake~peare's Irish Sympathies" 2. See April. 1946 QUARTERLY, pp. 29 and 31. in the NEwsMLETTER, Vol. II, No. 1. OCTOBER, 1946 53 land" leaves her nest unguarded, "Comes sneaking, The self-restraint and dry sense of humor and so sucks her princely eggs." which Britain's idol displays in the face of Pistol's In the Folio text this diatribe is distributed addlepated bluster provides outstanding comic between the King, Canterbury and Westmoreland. relief in the tension that grips the wakeful English But in Creede's version, Henry delivers the whole camp at midnight. It also points up the develop­ speech. England's distrust of Scotland at the ment of Henry's character from reformed playboy time of the Armada and the years immediately to conscientious guardian of his men's welfare­ following was intense. By 1600, however, James and one who knows the morale-building value of Scotland had made his peace with the most of the human touch. So it is not surprising lo powerful politicians of England, and was being find this scene retained in Creede's otherwise secret! y groomed by them as the successor to greatly shortened 1600 quarto. It is plainly one Elizabeth. No such anti-Scottish speeches as of the highs pots of the piece. In misidentifying these would have been allowed at that time, we the incomparable "Harry of Monmouth" as a can rest assured. So we see that from every angle Cornishman through his ignorance of the simple the essential spirit of Henry V traces direct! y French term for king, the presumptious Pistol back to the decade before 1600 in so far as an would make even the most humble patrons of the appeal to Elizabethan audiences is concerned. Rose howl with glee. Moreover, in that day the Returning to the "Harry of Cornwall" scene natives of the Land's End were considered a race as it appears in the pirated quarto, the impression apart-and not entirely civilized. As Ned Alleyne, is inevitable that this was printed from the same who was nearly seven feet tall with a voice to stage script that had been put on by Lord Strange's match his bulk, would play the King in this comic Men at Henslowe's theatre in the February of interlude on Henslowe's stage, its effect would 1592. It runs as follows: amply justify his father-in-law's coinage of the nickname "Harry of Cornwall" for the whole play. Enter the King disguised, to him Pistoll. At the same time, this title for the renuine Shake­ speare drama would sufficiently differentiate it PIST. Ke ve la? in Henslowe's records from The Famous Victories KING. A friend. of Henry the Fifth, which was also a popular P1sT. Discus unto me, art thou Gentleman? piece of long standing in the repertory of the or art thou common, base, and Queen's Men. popeler? We can be reasonably certain that Alleyne did KING. No sir, I am a Gentleman of a Company. head the cast of this heretofore unidentified pro­ PisT. Trailes thou the puissant pike? duction of Henry V, for he was Henslowe's star KING. Even so sir. What are you? performer in 1592. There is a corroborative PisT. As good a gentleman as the Emperour. letter to this effect in the actor's own handwriting KING. 0 then thou art better than the King? which may be dated in late July or early August PJST. The kings a bago, and a hart of gold, of the same year. Lord Strange's Men, still a lad of life, an imp of fame: of parents headed by Alleyne, had then left the plague-ridden good, of fist most valiant: I kis his city and were touring the provinces. Ned writes durtie shoe: and from my hart strings to his wife--HenslO'We's step-daughter-"from I love the lovely bully. What is thy Bristo (Bristol) this wensday after saint ]ams his name? day,6 being redy to begin >the playe of Hary of KING. Harry le Roy. PIST. Le Roy, a Cornish man: art thou of Cornwall." Cornish crew? As we have said, no other popular Elizabethan KING. No sir, I am a Wealchman. play is known-outside of the private records of PisT. A Wealchman: knows! thou Flewellen? KING. I sir, he is my kinsman. PIST. Art thou his friend? 5. Comparison of this text with the author's in the First Folio wi11 give readers a fair idea of the \'erbal KING. I sir. cheapening that so many of the Master's subtle word PIST. Figa for thee then: my name is Pistoll. effects experienced at the hands of actor·revisers and pirate printers. KING. It sorts well with your fierceness. PIST. Pis toll is my name.• 6. St. James' day falls on July 25th. 54 QUARTERLY

Henslowe and Alleyne-which bears this title or Lord Oxford Among contains a leading character that could by any stretch of the imagination be recognized as a the Lambs "Harry of Cornwall." Shakespeare's Henry V ON FRIDAY,September 27th, Gelett Burgess and therefore becomes the sole and only entry that Charles Wisner Barrell were the principal speakers meets realistic requirements. Slavish conformity in a round table discussion of the Oxford-Shake­ to the conjectural Stratfordian "canon" has alone speare evidence at the Lambs' Club in New York. prevented our identification before this. The affair was held under the auspices of the So it is that Laurence Olivier's magnificent "Wednesday Culture Club that ;meets on Friday," prod1,1ction of the rarely-seen play has stimulated and was arranged by our new member, Mr. Glen, logical solution of another phase of the remarkable don Allvine. Shakespeare creative mystery. Some thirty-odd journalists, writers, editors and scholars of the stage and screen attended. To several of these, it appeared, Edward de Vere In Memoriam was an unknown figure. Others had heard some­ ABLE ADVOCATESof the Oxford-Shakespeare thing of him, and wished to know more. As a cause and special friends of THE FELLOWSHIPwho result, many and various questions arose. Mr. have passed away during the year now drawing Burgess and Mr. Barrell were able to meet them to a close include the following persons: all, however, in a way to satisfy the majority. Miss Margaret L. Knapp of Hartford, Connec­ Few defenders of William of Stratford took up ticut, a charter member of THE FELLOWSHIP,and the gage in his behalf with any real·spirit. And these were soon surprised to find Oxford's cham­ well and favorably known to all readers of early pions better acquainted with the orthodox facls issues of our NEWS LETTER, to which she con­ and fancies than they were themselves. tributed some excellent articles. The discussion proved worth while in introduc• Dr. Ruth Mack Brunswick of New York, famous ine; the new authorship evidence to a group of psychiatrist, whose interest in the evidence for influential professional writers, editors and pub­ Oxford was first hrought about through her asso• licity experts, several of whom indicated their ciation in professional studies with the late Dr. determination to seek further information on the Sigmund Freud. subject. Mrs. Mary H. Barrell of New York, mother of Three of the most interested auditors and par• our Secretary-Treasurer, Charles Wisner Barrell. ticipants in the discussion were Mr. William C. Mr. Edward Hardy Clark, famous mining Lengel, one of the executives of the Fawcett Pub• lications; Mr. Bernard Sobel, Editor of Tlit executive, and husband of our Vice-President, Theatre Handbook and other works of theatrical Mrs."'Eva Turner Clark. lore and reference; and Mr. Farquhar, Editor of The Rev. E. D. Book, father of Miss Lois A. the new Grolier Encyclop

Shakespeare's Strange Silence When James I Succeeded Elizabeth

Why the Greatest of English Poets Wrote No Welcoming Panegyrics or Court Masques for the New Monarch

BY EVA TURNER CLARK

WHENJAMES VI of Scotland arrived in London Ben Jonson wrote "The Penates, or Household in 1603, following the lugubrious last years of Gods," a May-day entertainment to celebrate the QueenElizabeth, he was received with acclama­ visit of the King and Queen at the house at High­ tions of joy and hope. He was the natural heir gate of Sir Thomas Cornwallis. Henceforth, with to the throne in point of birth, he was young­ one exception, no Christmas season passed without onlythirty-seven, and as James I of England, he one or more masques by Ben Jonson being pro­ gave promise of bringing peace and prosperity vided for presentation at Court, sometimes in cele­ to the long-harassed country. bration of so.me important marriage in which the Poets, dramatists, and writers of all descrip­ King had a special interest. He wrote "The Enter­ tionsvied with each other to celebrate his coming; tainment of the Two Kin11s of Great Britain and they lauded him and his family in prose and Denmark," produced at Theohalds in midsummer poetry; they joyed with his joys; and sorrowed of 1606 to honor the visit to England of Queen withhis sorrows. Anne's brother, King Christian of Denmark. When King James fancied himself a scholar and liked the King and Queen took possession in 1607 of lo have scholars about him; he liked to discuss Theohalds (giving Sir Robert Cecil, Earl of Salis­ withthem his favorite subjects. He liked plays bury, the royal palace of Hatfield in exchange), and his Queen was particularly fond of them, the occasion was celebrated by the presentation especially when they took the form of masques of Ben Jonson's "A Poetical Exhibition," verses whichcould he performed by members of the and songs. of which were filled with adulation of Courtcircle. That the King was still fonder of the royal owners of the great mansion with its thesports of the field did not prevent his encour­ famous gardens. Similar adulation filled the agementof authors who could produce theatricals verses Ben wrote for the entertainment presented for the pleasure of the Court. before the King when he dined later with. the Of men who read their laudatory poems before Merchant Taylors at their Hall in Threadneedle the King we find the names of Samuel Daniel, Street. GeorgeSavile, Ben Jonson, Henry Petowe, Thomas With the creation in 1610 of the King's eldest Dekker, John Webster, Thomas Middleton, son, Prince Henry, as Prince of Wales, the aff ec­ llichael Drayton, and Gilbert Dugdale. Stephen tions of the people b~gan to center upon that Harrison arranged the great pageant to honor young man of sixteen, whose charm, beauty, and

theKing before the sitting of his first Parliament intelligence won all hearts. ~Both Samuel Daniel and Thomas Dekker and Ben Jonson provided and Ben Jonson produced masques in his honor, ma,,"11ificententertainments at the Seven Arches and the Prince took part in Ben's "Oberon, the whichhad been erected along the route of the Fairy Prince," of which the Venetian Ambassador procession. wrote to the Doge that the masque "was very beau­ Samuel Daniel wrote the first masque to he given tiful throughout, very decorative, but most re­ at Court, presented before the King at Hampton markable for the grace of the Prince's every Courton January 8, 1604. The Queen took the movement." partof Juno in this "Royal Masque," while eleven The arrival in 1612 of the Count Palatine to 01 her Ladies of Honour were cast in the roles conclude arrangements for his marriage to the ofother Roman goddesses. Princess Elizabeth was marred by the illness of 56 QUARTERLY1 'i the Prince of Wales, now eighteen. The Prince Many poems, ballads, and sermons were like­ was happy in the prospect of the approaching wise written in honor of the marriage, among the marriage and had hoped to take a leading part authors being William Fennor, Maria Franchi, in the festivities arranged to honor the young Thomas Heywood, James Maxwell, Andrew Willet: couple. He made two or three attempts to attend George Wither; a Latin poem from Oxford Uni­ certain events but was compelled to return to his versity and several ballads were printed anony­ bed. He succumbed on November 6th, three weeks mously. after the Count's arrival. His death was lamented Immediately after the Palsgrave and his bride throughout the kingdom. Nicholls, writing of it left England in April, Queen Anne began her two hundred years later, declares it was "the most long-planned progress to Bath; on the way she melancholy event in our Annals." was received by Lord and Lady Knolles at Caver­ Innumerable tracts commemorating the passing sham House, near Reading, when a "gallant of the young Prince were printed. Among the masque" by Thomas Campion was provided for authors, mostly poets and dramatists, we find her entertainment. Several months later, in honor these· names: William Alexander (Earl of of the marriage of Lord Roxborough and Lady Stirling), Christopher Brooke, William Browne, Jane Drummond, Samuel Daniel's "Hymen's Tri­ Thomas Campion, George Chapman, John Davies, umph, a Pastorall Tragicomaedie," was presented William Drummond of Hawthornden, Thomas at the Queen's Court, Somerset House. Heywood, James Maxwell, Francis Nethersole, Pageantry marked the annual event of the induc­ Richard Niccols, Daniel Price, Leonel Sharpe, tion into office of the City of London's Lord Mayor. Joshua Sylvester, John Taylor, Cyril Tourneur, Three times during this period do we find Anthony John Webster, David Wedderburn, George Wither, Munday writing the entertainment; Thomas Dek­ others of the Universities, many lesser names, and ker and Thomas Middleton produced the pageanls many anonymous. The name "William Shake­ on other occasions. speare" is conspicuous by its absence.1 Thomas Campion, B

King and Court in order to invest in small strat­ the sums he actual! y received from the parsimoni­ ford property and bring smaller suits at law, not ous Queen each year sometimes fell far short of to mention malt-making! that amount. Where is the logic in this reasoning? Circum­ This explains the tradition which says that stantial evidence indicates a false premise some­ "Shakespeare spent at the rate of 1,000 pounds where. The man chosen to wear the mantle of a year"-though no Stratfordian can find a basis greatness was not the man who wrote the plays! for the tradition. No such amount can be traced He was a mask for the man who did. Because of to William of Stratford. It was obviously the that mask, the early scholars who made serious same amount granted Oxf9rd and frequently spent studies of the plays cannot perhaps be blamed by him in pursuance of his duty in directing stage for mistaking the true author and we can be companies in the production of plays which taught grateful to them for the monumental work they obedience to constituted authority. have done in emending the badly printed First Space forbids the reviewing of evidence to sup­ Folio so that modern editions probably approach port the statements given here, but it can be easily the real intent of the author. Grateful as we may found elsewhere, in previous numbers of the be for the work of emendation, we would now like QUARTERLYand in other articles and books on the to have recognized the man who did the writing, subject. both for justice to his memory and for a better In Lord Oxford's letter of April 27, 1603, to understanding of the plays. Sir Robert Cecil, in which he asks to be given The last quarter-century has seen the mask information regarding the plans for the reception drawn aside to reveal the features of Edward de in London of their new sovereign and the part, Vere, seventeenth Earl of Oxford, well-known in as Lord Great Cham her lain, to be taken by him­ the 1580's for his poetic and dramatic writing; self, the Earl explains that "by reasons of mine "the best," said contemporary critics. Lord infirmity I cannot come among you as often as Oxford was Lord Great Chamberlain of England, I wish." As early as 1597, he had written to Lord a position of great honor which required him to Burghley that "I am sorry that I have not an observe the convention of that day which forbade able body," so he could accept the Lord Treasurer's the publication of writings under the name of a invitation for attendance on the Queen, then visit­ member of the nobility. In his case, the restric­ ing at Theobalds. For several years, then, Lord tion was even more binding than usual for the Oxford had not been in the best of health. Despite reason that, when the war with Spain began in the ill-health which prevented his active participa­ 1586, Queen Elizabeth placed him in charge of tion in affairs at Court, there is evidence that stage propaganda for the purpose of welding dis­ King James admired the Earl, for he made him cordant elements in her realm so as to present a member of his Privy Council, granted him several a united front against the enemy, granting him petitions denied by Elizabeth, and continued the under a Privy Seal Dormant (secret service) grant of 1,000 pounds a year. 1,000 pounds a year to cover the cost of the under­ Six months after Lord Oxford's death, King taking at a time when money was precious for James honored his memory by having more the support of her fighting troops and navy. That "Shakespeare" plays presented at Court during was the way the Queen expressed her opinion of the Christmas season than had ever before been the value of the new service, a service against given in one short period. Not only did the which the King of Spain fulminated furiously. production of the plays do honor to the memory Although the destruction of the Spanish Armada of the Earl, but it served to assist in the celebra­ in 1588 did away with the extreme menace of the tion of the marriage on December 27th of the enemy, the two countries remained in a state of Earl's youngest daughter, Susan Vere, to Philip war through the rest of Elizabeth's reig;n and for Herbert, Earl of Montgomery, a marriage in which a year and a half of the reign of King James. the King was greatly interested. Philip, it may Lord Oxford lived almost throu~h this period, be remembered, was one of the brothers to whom dying in June, 1604, two months before the articles the First Folio was dedicated in 1623. i of peace were signed by the belligerent nations. The death of the infirm Lord Oxford, the true 1 The grant of 1,000 pounds remained in effect as "Shakespeare," fourteen months after Kingj long as he lived, from King James as well as J ames's accession to the throne of Engla~d, es· .ll Elizabeth, though new-found records show that plains why there were no masques from his pell,•

l OCTOBER, 1946 59

no laudatory verses, and tells the reason why into this bad quarto furnished the pirate publisher, Shakespeare's name fails to appear on lists of who printed it without the author's leave. These the King's players after April, 1604. It explains proofs of early writing are quite aside from the the absence of that restraint by which the company allusions to be found in the plays, which supply bad been "unusually controlled" during Shake­ another excellent argument for a new chronology. speare's connection with it. Lord Oxford had If any of S!iakespeare's plays had been new in learned by bitter experience through the years, the so-called "late period," would John Chamber­ particularly in 1590, that it wa~ unwise to incur lain have written to Sir Dudley Carleton as he "the displeasure of persons in power" and to did January 5, 1614-15? He says, "They have excite "the animosity of particular individuals." Plays at Court every night, both holy-days and Not only did company members show deference working-days, wherein they shew great patience, to the knowledge and judgment of the author being for the most part such poor stuff that, but they did not forget that all· of the playing instead of delight, they send the auditory away companies were under his control. Furthermore, with discontent. Indeed our Poets' brains and they did not and could not forget his real station inventions are grown very dry, insomuch that in life as Lord Great Chamberlain of England; for of five new Plays there is not one that pleases, a man of that high station to be a member of a and therefore they are driven to furbish over company of players ("vagabonds," under the their old; which stand them in best stead and law) was paradoxical in Elizabeth's time; that bring them most profit." is why he ,;,as forced to mask his identity to the Would Chamberlain have spoken thus of The outside world by assuming a false name. Winter's Tale and The Tempest if they had been The characterization of the Danish Prince new in 1614? Malone was the first student of Hamletin the play of that name is often spoken the plays to attempt a chronological arrangement of as an autobiography of Shakespeare. Cer­ of them and for a long time claimed that The tainly we may agree that there are allusions in Winter's Tale was composed in 1613. Although it to the life of the Earl of Oxford, who dissipated he placed the writing of The Tempest in 1611, a large part of his once great fortune on the im­ he considered it Shakespeare's "final composi­ provementof the English stage. One of Hamlet's tion," contradicting his conclusion on the date of 1peeehesglances at Oxford's connection with the The Winter's Tale. Not all commentators agreed playing company known in 1604 as the King's: with Malone and the arguments regarding the "Wouldnot this, sir, ... if the rest of my fortunes chronology were frequently acrimonious. There turn Turk with me ... get me a fellowship in was some ·agreement among several of them on • cry of players, sir?" 1613 being the approximate date of the two plays The professors say that several of Shakespeare's just mentioned because of Ben Jonson's apparent playswere not written until after Lord Oxford's reference to them in his Bartholomew Fair (1614), death. That belief follows an old chronology which reads: "If there be never a servant•monster whichwas developed through the effort to place in the fair, who can help it, he says, nor a nt'st :e all the plays within the lifetime of William of of antiques? he is loth to make nature afraid in ,g Slratford, 1564-1616. Recent chronologies are his plays, like those that beget tales, tempests, ,n basedon evidence of earlier writing of the plays. and such like drolleries, to mix his head with ae Oneof the most significant published works on other men's heels." (Furness Variorum: The ry thesubject is that of A. S. Cairncross, whose exact- Tempest.) Down through m,.pre than a century ra• ingstudy of the First Quarto (1603) of Hamlet since Malone's day, nearly every commentator he lhowsthat play to have been written not later on Shakespeare pas published his own theory on lip lhan1588 or 1589. He shows this "Bad Quarto" the order in which he conceived the plays to have icb lo contain borrowin<,;s from such plays as Twelfth been written, one of the most recent being Sir iay fight (placed in 1600 by the old chronology, but Edmund Chambers. His William Shakespeare ,0111 foundby Cairncross to be much earlier) and (1930) places The Winter's Tale in 1611-12, The Pericles(placed in 1608 or 1609 by the old Tern pest in 1612-13, dates approximately the same true ~ting, but considered by Cairncross and many as Malone's. ;;ng othersto be one of Shakespeare's earliest plays). Chamberlain, contemporary observer and letter­ el· · Thefaulty memory of the actor or prompter can writer, directly contradicts the conclusions of our pell, lethanked for bringing lines from other plays latter-day students. The two plays mentioned 1 60 QUARTERLY above, undoubtedly presented at Court about 1614, where the funds came from for the making of these were among revivals of early plays required for investments. production when they were "driven to furbish over It must have been common knowledge among their old; which stand them in best stead and the friends of William of Stratford that he was bring them most profit." merely a mask for the dramatist and poet for, Leonard Digges, who had written commendatory according to John Aubrey, author of Brief Lives verses for the Shakespeare First Folio, 1623, wrote ( 1681), "if invited to writ; he was in paine." others for an edition of the Poems, 1640. Al­ These friends would have considered it a fine jest though his later verses were publi~hed some on the pretender to the role of author to ask for twenty-five years after Chamberlain's letter was a few lines in his own hand, knowing he found written, he arrives at a similar conclusion. After it difficult to write even his name. Probably his mentioning several of the best known plays of one incursion into literature is the epitaph found Ben Jonson, most notable dramatist of King on his tomb in Stratford Church: James's reign, he continues: Good frend for lesus sake forbeare Though these have sham' d all the Ancients, To digg the dvst encloased heare! and might raise, Bles'e be ye man yt spares thes stones, Their Authours merit with a crowne of Bayes, And cvrst be he yt moves my bones. Yet these sometimes, even at a friend's desire Acted, have scarce defraied the Seacole fire The petty litigant and malt-maker of Stratford, And doore-keepers: when let but Falstaffe who died in 1616, was not the author of the great come, plays and poems. That is why no panegyrics Hall, Pains, the rest you scarce shall have from his pen are found among the many written a roome through the first half of King James's reign. The All is so pester' d: let but Beatrice person who did write them, recognized as "the And Benedicke be seene; Joe in a trice best" by critics of the 1580's and whose entire The Cockpit Galleries, Boxes, all are full adult life was devoted to the theatre, was Edward To hear Maluoglio that cross garter'd Gull. de Vere, Earl of Oxford, who died fourteen months after the accession of King James and whose ill­ health was mentioned in his letters at least seven [No wonder the egotistical Ben was jealous years earlier. These facts tell why he wrote no of the greater dramatist! He had absolute proof panegyrics in welcome of the King, why he wrote of the other's superiority when he viewed the no masques to be played at Court. If he had lived empty seats for his own productions and saw a to write them, they would have been issued under full house when Shakespeare's plays were on his mask-name, "William Shakespeare." the boards.] The decision of the Earl of Oxford to give his writings to the world under another's name Meet Mr. Allvine ( though with different spelling) is set forth by THE FELLOWSHIPis proud to record the acquisi• J. Thomas Looney, author of "Shakespeare" tion of several valuable new members during the Identified in Edward de Vere, Seventeenth Earl past summer. We hope to introduce them all of Oxford, in the January and April, 1941, num­ properly in forthcoming issues. Among them bers of the NEWS-LETTER(now QUARTERLY). My is Mr. Glendon Allvine, formerly Story Editor space is here too limited to review the article. of Paramount Pictures and now of the executive A book which should be read for a better under­ staff of Mr. Eric Johnson's Motion Picture Asso­ standing of William of Stratford's association ciation. Although but recently welcomed lo our with the Earl of Oxford and his retirement to his midst, Mr. Allvine has already done constructive native town is Colonel B. R. Ward's The Mystery work on behalf of the Oxford authorship-as will of "Mr. W. H.," in which is shown that invest­ be noted elsewhere in this issue. His wide experi• ments in London and in Stratford by William ence in publicity and creative fields, and his sound Shakespere followed immediately after critical practical advice should be of material aid in dates in the family of Lord Oxford, indicating furthering the best interests of THE FELLOWSHIP. OcrOBER, 1946 61

Proof that Shakespeare's Thought and Imagery Dominate Oxford's Own Statement of Creative Principles

A Discussion of the Poet Earl's 1573 Letter To the Translator of "Hamlet's Book"

BY CHARLES WISNER BARRELL

IN GIVING SOME of the facts relative to the Earl and printed by a pirate-publisher. But Oxford of Oxford's 1573 publication of Thomas Beding­ lived into his fifty-fifth year. His chief writings field'stranslation of Jerome Cardan's De Consola­ were not published under his own name or title, tione,'reference was made to the letters that passed and after the first flush of his enthusiasm for' betweenthe translator and his friendly patron, philosophy and poetry had settled into serious twoof which Oxford printed in the volume now intent, he obviously took pains to conceal his own knownas "Hamlet's Book." connection with the great works that bear the We have already discussed portions of Beding­ unmistakable impression of his personality. field's letter to Oxford, complete copy of which The Earl's decision to print Bedingfield's Car­ maybe read in Ward's biography of the Earl. But danus Comforte in the vernacular with a flourish lhecorrespondence evidently continued after Ox­ of individual endorsement was a daring departure ford had read his friend's manuscript and had for the Lord Great Chamberlain of England. In expresseda desire to see it in print. Doubting Court circles it unquestionably caused a lifting his own success in clothing the thoughts of the of eyebrows and a repetition of such phrases as Renaissance philosopher in appropriate English, "light-headed," "passing odd," and "what next?" however,Bedingfield seems to have tried to dis­ In any event, the literary nobleman never again suadeOxford from putting the translation into so openly expressed his own convictions regarding lype. the creative worker's manifest duty to guide public Whether assumed or not, such modesty was thought into those channels that give the Shake­ characteristic of the Elizabethan gentry. For it spearean Age its cosmopolitan dynamics. Ox­ seemsthat the public display of all such scholarly ford's 1573' letter to Bedingfield is, therefore, a 'virtues" must invariably be accompanied by document of considerable importance in the personaldisclaimers of serious intent. No member history of English literature. For it gives us, ofthe aristocracy-regardless of his fitness for the primarily, the creative credo of the young calling-could adopt the vocation of a practitioner "Shakespeare." And a truly noble credo it proves of the arts without losing prestige thereby. The itself to be-worthy in all essentials of the spirit worriedreferences which we find in the letters that animates the Shakespearean masterpieces. ofSir Philip Sidney's father, concerning Philip's Commentators, bibliographers, biographers and unaccountableaddiction to "his book" are typical critics innumerable ha¥e, incidentally, been of the general point of view. Edward de Vere, baffled by their failure to find William Shake­ Earlof Oxford, was also a distinctively off-stand­ speare's personal endorsement.-on a single book, ud representative of the class into which he had pamphlet or manuscript written or published by beenborn. Every one of the many contemporary any one of his contemporaries. And this despite referencesto his preoccupation with the creative the fact that the elusive Bard is himself described artsreacted against him as a member of the ancient as "friendly," "generous" and "gi,ntle." In a feudalnobility. day when every other prominent writer both gave The youthful Sidney died young-and in battle. and received such commendations with frequency, Severalyears after he passed out in a blaze of 1 Shakespeare's absence from these pages of pro­ militaryglory, his chief writings were collected fessional courtesy has been considered inexplic­ able-not to say astounding. The reason is now !· See "The Playwright Earl Publishes Hamlet's Book'" Ill theJuly, 1946 QuARTERI.Y. plain. Bereft as he was of property and virtually 62 QUARTERL\' all political influence during the last decade of divinity, nothing doth persuade the same Elizabeth, the premier Earl of England who had more than philosophy, of which your hook is sacrificed so much to pursue the thorny paths of plentifully stored, I thought myself to commit creative genius, simply did not dare court further an unpardonable error lo have murdered the social obloquy by publicly declaring himself a same in the waste bottom of my chests; and professional playwright and poet. Hence the better I thought it were to displease one than masking pseudonym of William the silent. to displease many; further considering so little But twenty years earlier, here in the introduc­ a trifle cannot procure so great a breach of tory pages to Cardanus Comforte, the youthful our amity, as may not with a little persuasion Oxford, bursting with energy, crackling with of reason be repaired again. And herein I ideas and warm I y enthusiastic in the cause of am forced, like a good and politic captain, good literature, really lets himself go. The result oftentimes to spoil and burn the corn of his warrants close attention. For it shows this "pass­ own country, lest his enemies thereof do take ing singular odd man"2 to be already at the age advantage. For rather than so many of your of twenty-three in possession of a breadth of view, countrymen should be deluded through my seriousness of purpose and facility of verbal ex­ sinister means of your industry in studies pression patently capable of development into ( whereof you are bound in conscience to yield Shakespearean patterns. The letter to Beding­ them an account) I am content to make spoil field runs as follows: and havoc of your request, and that, that might have wrought greatly in me in this To my loving friend Thomas Bedingfield former respect, utterly to be of no effect or Esquire, one of Her Majesty's Gentlemen operation. And when you examine yourself, Pensioners. what doth avail a mass of gold to be continu• ally imprisoned in your bags, and never to be After I had perused your letters, good employed to your use? Wherefore we have Master Bedingfield, finding in them your this Latin proverb: Scire tuum nihil est, nisi request far differing from the desert of your te scire hoc sciat alter. What doth avail the labour, I could not choose but greatly doubt tree unless it yield fruit unto another? What whether it were better for me to yield to your doth avail the vine unless another delighteth desire, or execute mine own intention towards in the grape? What doth avail the rose the publishing of your book. For I do con­ unless another took pleasure in the smell? fess the affections that I have always borne Why should this tree be accounted better towards you could move me not a little. But than that tree but for the goodness of his when I had thoroughly considered in my fruit? Why should this rose be better mind, of sundry and diverse arp;uments, esteemed than that rose, unless in pleasantness whether it were best to obey mine affections, of smell it far surpassed the other rose? or the merits of your studies; at the length And so it is in all other things as well as I determined it were better to deny your in man. Why should this man be more es· unlawful request than to grant or condescend teemed than that man but for his virtue, to the concealment of so worthy a work. through which every man desireth to be Whereby as you have been profited in the accounted of? Then you amongst men, I do translating, so many may reap knowled~e not doubt, but will aspire to follow that by the reading of the same that shall comfort virtuous path, to illuster yourself with the the afflicted, confirm the doubtful, encourage ornaments of virtue. And in mine opinion the coward, and lift up the base-minded man as it beautifieth a fair woman to be decked lo achieve to any true sum or grade of virtue, with pearls and precious stones, so much whereto ought only the noble thoughts of men more it ornifieth a gentleman to be furnished to be inclined. with glittering virtues. And because next to the sacred letters of Wherefore, considering the small harm I do to you, the great good I do to others, I prefer mine own intention to discover your 2. From Dr. Gabriel Harvey's extremely interesting satirical penportrait of Lord Oxford, printed in pseudo­ volume, before your request to secrete the English hexameters (1580). See Works of Gabriel same; wherein I may seem to you to play the Harvey1 edited by Grosart, Vol. I, p. 83. QcTOBER, 1946

part of the cunning and expert mediciner or under a bushel or confined to a small circle of physician, who although his patient in the admiring intimates. They belong to the world, extremity of his burning fever is desirous of that cold liquor or drink to qualify his sore thirst or rather kill his languishing body; yet for Many may reap knowledge by the reading of the danger he doth evidently know by his the same that shall comfort the afflicted, science to ensue, denieth him the same. So confirm the doubtful, encourage the coward, you being sick of so much doubt in your own and lift up the base-minded man to achieve proceedings, through which infirmity you are to any true sum or grade oj virtue, whereto desirous to bury and insevill your works in ought only the noble tlwughts of men to be the grave of oblivion: yet I, knowing the dis­ inclined. commodities that shall redound to yourself thereby ( and which is more unto your Let all those who have put themselves on record countrymen) as one that is willing to salve as disbelievers in Edward de Vere's mental capa­ so great an inconvenience, am nothing dainty city to plan and execute the synthesis of human to deny your request. understanding and guidance represented in the Again we see, if our friends be dead we Shakespearean output, ponder the above words cannot show or declare our affection more carefully. Then they may tear out the page, than by erecting them of tombs, whereby coat it with peanut butter, slowly masticate and when they be dead in deed, yet make we them swallow. Any public dispensary will treat result­ live as it were again through their monument. ing cases of indigestion free of charge. But with me behold it happeneth far better; . Using the word virtue as it is used so frequently for in your Hefti.me I shall erect you such a m the plays and sonnets to define skill, merit or monument that, as I say, in your lifetime you efficacy rather than moral goodness, Oxford insists shall see how noble a shadow of your virtuous that Bedingfield is "bound in conscience to yield life shall hereafter remain when you are dead (his countrymen) an account" of his accomplish­ and gone. And in your lifetime, again I say, ments-and will brook no action to the contrary. 1 shall give you that monument and remem­ Despite the ironical raillery of his arguments brance of your life whereby I may declare against the translator's assumed modesty, there my good will, though with your ill will, as can he no doubt of the Earl's sincerity. Not the yet that I do bear you in your life. faintest indication of any such broad concept of Thus earnestly desiring you in this one re­ social duty can be discerned in t11e documented quest of mine ( as I would yield to you in a records of the Stratford citizen's career. Indeed, great many) not to repugn the setting forth a whole series of such records, covering the hoard­ of your own proper studies, I bid you fare­ ing of grain, the legal hounding of small debtors, well. From my new country Muses of Wine­ and the schemes to enclose public lands, speaks hole, wishing you as you have begun, to authoritatively to the negative. proceed in these virtuous actions. For when Let us now see how realistically further analysis all things shall else forsake us, virtue will of the thought and literary construction of this ever abide with us, and when our bodies fall 1573 letter identifies Oxford as the fledgling Bard. into the bowels of the earth, yet that shall There are typical Shakespearean antitheses in mount with our minds into the highest the opening paragraph: heavens. From your loving and assured friend, . .. your request far differing from the E. Oxenford . des'jrt of your labour, I could not choose but . The dominating spirit of this epistle will be greatly doubt whether it were better for me to "?mediately recognized as expressive of the yield to your desire, or execute mine own highest principles that could govern or inspire intention towards the publishing of your book. any_writer. Here we have not only noblesse oblige,but a clear-cut recognition of the creative The phrase execute mine own intention recalls: artist's social obligation to use his talents for the ~ucation and betterment of mankind in general. This sudden execution of my will. Literary accomplishments are not to he hidden I Henry VI, V. 5 64 QUARTERLY

... the affections that I have always borne In defining the word confirm as lo make firm towards you could move me not a little. or more firm, lo add strength, etc., Murray's Neu· These pretty pleasures might me move. English (Oxford) Dictionary, the chronological Passionate Pilgrim. authority, attributes first literary use of the word to Shakespeare (1591) inl Henry VJ, V.5: "His alliance will confirm our peace." Yet here we But when I had thoroughly considered in find Lord Oxford anticipating Shakespeare in my mind •.. 1573. One for the book, indeed! Moreover, the I have considered in my mind Oxford Dictionary is doubly wrong, for the com­ The late demand that you did sound me in. position of King John, from which we have quoted, Richard lll, IV. 2. would appear to antedate 1 Henry VI by some years . . . . of Sundry and diverse arguments ... The sundry dangers of his will's obtaining. • .. encourage the coward . . . Lucrece, 128. Encourage myself in my certainty. . . . whether it were best to obey mine -Parolles, the "notable coward" of All's affections, or the merits of your studies ••. Well.

. . and lift up the base-minded man . . . My sword, made weak by my affection, would I'll ne'er bear a base mind ..• Obey it on all cause. Ant. and Cleop., III, 2. 2 Henry IV, III, 2. That clear honour Here again the New English Dictionary attri• Were purchased by the merits of the wearer. butes first literary use of base in the sense of Lou· Merchant of Venice, II, 9. in the moral scale, without dignity of sentiment or opposed to high-minded to Shakespeare (1593I ... at the length I determined it were better in 3 Henry VI, I, 1: "Base, fearful and despairing to deny your unlawful request than to grant Henry." And once more this great authority on or condescend to the concealment of so worthy English words-historically arranged-is seen a work. Whereby as you have been profited to be erroneous. For aside from the Earl's strik• in the translating, so many may reap know­ ing coinage of the base-minded phrase twenty ledge by the reading of the same •.• years earlier, the 2 Henry IV example we have ..• condescend to help me now. given should take precedence in time over the I Henry VI, V. 8 3 Henry VI instance. ... well read And profited in strange concealments. . .. to achieve to any true sum or grade of I Henry IV, III, 1. virtue ... To report a little of that worthy work perform'd. To leave for nothing all thy sum of good. Coriolanus, II, 2. Sonnet 109. . . . I profited in the knowledge of myself. Sum, meaning ultimate end or goal, was used .. Twelfth Night, V. 1. from 1340 onwards, says the New Dictionary, bul in citing its use by an Elizabethan, our authority . . . that shall comfort the afflicted overpasses both Oxford's 1573 letter and the 1609 for this affliction has a taste as sweet sonnet in favor of a 1635 example by Richard As any cordial comfort. Bolton. Winter's Tale, V. 3. . .. whereto ought only the noble thoughts I'll give thee ... adversity's sweet milk, philoso­ of men to be inclined. phy, To comfort thee. Thy Doll, and Helen of thy noble thoughts, Romeo and Juliet, III, 3. b in base durance. 2 Henry IV, V, 5. I should sin To think but nobly of my grandmother. . . . confirm the doubtful •.. Tempest, I, 2. Our souls religiously confirm thy words. And because next to the sacred letters of King John, IV, 3. divinity, nothing doth persuade the same more 0CT0lll>K, 1946 65

than philosophy, of which your book is nobleman's exhortations to Bedingfield regarding plentifully stored ..• an author's duty to his public, should have no She will play with reason and discourse, difficulty whatever in believing. As well she can persuade. . .. and better I thought it were to displease Measure for Measure, I, 2. one than to displease many; further consider­ The Oxford Dictionary quotes Shakespeare's ing so little a trifle cannot procure so great a use of persuasion in King I ohn (composition of breach of our amity ..• which is given as 1595), but again overlooks There's fall'n between him and my lord an Oxford's early use of persuade. unkind breach. Othello, IV, I. I pray you make us friends; I will pursue the . . . I thought myself to commit an un• amity. All's Well, II, 5. pardonable error to have murdered the same ... as may not with a little persuasion of in the waste bottom of my chests. reason be repaired again. By fair persuasions mixed with sugar'd words. The Earl's whimsical use of murdered in con• 1 Henry VI, III, 3. ,eetion with Bedingfield's manuscript is a charac­ teristicShakespearean hyperbole that Stratfordian punditswill not be able to laugh off readily, for And herein I am forced, like a good and

~vividly recalls Pistol's threat to Doll Tearsheet politic captain . . . in2 Henry IV: I have neither the scholar's melancholy God let me not live, but I will murder your nor the soldier's ... which is politic. ri• rufffor this. I have been politic with my friend .•. )U' Also, Gloster's cruel quip to Buckingham in As You Like It, I, 14; and V, 4. or RichardIII: ... oftentimes to spoil and burn the corn ,31 Come, cousin, canst thou quake and change of his own country lest his enemies thereof ing iliycolour, Murder thy breath in middle of a do take advantage. on word... Your grace, that fed my country with your corn. een A significant sidelight is likewise worth noting Pericles, III, 3. rik• inOxford's reference to the use of chests for the ~ty 11-0rageof manuscripts. There is a communica­ ta~e For rather than so many of your country• lionfrom him to his father-in-law, Lord Burgh• th• men should be deluded through my sinister ley,dated three years later, in which the Earl romplains that a chest containing his private means ... rritings,which was entrusted to his steward, one I have deluded you. l Henry VJ, V, 4. I am very comptible, ·even to the least sinister if Hubbard,during Oxford's travels on the Conti- usage. Twelfth Night, I, 5. 1!111,is now being withheld from him. Plus d. GabrielHarvey's public reference in 1578 to this I'}. IOb!eman'spreoccupation with "bloodless books . of your industry in studies ( whereof used Indwritings that serve no useful purpose," Ox­ you are bound in conscience to yield the:m an , bul lord'spersonal remarks regarding his chests of account) • • • • ority llilluscripts tell much to anyone who has studied I am bound in charity ~•inst it. 1600 Iii connection with the Shakespeare authorship. Henry Vlll, iii, 2. :hard Tu,number of literary productions now extant Dost thou in conscience think,-tell me, •lich bear Edward de Vere's name or titular Emilia .. .' Othello, V, 3. :hi, ililialscould easily en~ugh fit into an ordinary Call him to so strict account, <>rrespondenceenvelope. If, on the other hand, That he shall render every glory up. 1 ts. lhe early 1570's it required chests to hold the I Henry JV, III, 2. , 5. ~uscripts in which he was personally interested, n 6iswould certainly indicate that he had a hand • rnany ereative undertakings. Also that the • • . I am content to make spoil and havoc I, 2. loilkof these were printed under some name other of your request. s of ~ his own. That they actually were printed, ... fortune made such havor of my means. nore Iii who are now reading this exuberantly vocal Much Ado, IV, 1. 66 QUARTERLY

. . . and that, that might have wrought Nunc non e tumulo fortunataque favilla greatly in me in this respect, utterly to be of Nascentur violre? (Satire I, 39-40) no effect or operation. And seek to e fJect it to my uttermost. and again in Act IV, Scene 7, lines 11, 29-32 are Othello, III, 4. apparently suggested by Persius, II. 29-30; while utterly shamed. Merry Wives, IV, 2. ... in Macbeth's By all the operation of the orbs. King Lear, I, 1. To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow, And when you examine yourself, what doth Creeps in this petty pace from day to day, avail a mass of gold to be continually im­ To the last syllable of recorded time, prisoned in your bags, and never to be em• And all our yesterdays have lighted fools ployed to your use? The way to dusty death Tie my treasure up in silken bags, To please the fool and death. Pericles, III, 2. we have but a noble paraphrase of Persius, Satire Of more value V, 66-9: Than stamps in gold or sums in sealed bags. 'Cras hoc fiet.' Idem eras fiet. 'Quid? quasi Merry Wives, III, 4. magnum Nempe diem donas.' Sed quum lux . . . life imprisoned in a body dead. altera venit, Jam eras hesternum consumimus. Lucrece, 1456. Ecce eliud eras Egerit hos annos et semper paulum erit ultra. Wherefore we have this Latin proverb: Scire tuum nihil est, nisi te scire hoc sciat What doth avail the tree unless it yield alter.3 fruit unto another? What doth avail the vine unless another The Latin proverb which Oxford quotes is of delighteth in the grape? realistic significance in identifying the literary What doth avail the rose unless another took peer with the Shakespearean creative background. pleasure in the smell? From the little known Roman poet and satirist, Persius Flaccus Aulus (34-62, A.D.), it can be translated literally as, Your knowledge is nothing, Generous, not to say liberal as Nature herself, unless others know you posses it. Or, as more the creative principles Oxford lays down here are commonly expressed, A man is known by his expressed in familiar Shakespearean metaphors. works. The fact that Lord Oxford read Persius The tree and its fruit, the vine and the grape, the •01 at first hand ties in constructively with the dis• rose and its perfume reappear in so many figures ire, covery of the late Professor John Churton Collins of speech throughout the plays and poems that ~vi that Shakespeare also had the most intimate and it would take too long to enumerate them. In r striking familiarity with the thought and imagery fact, every last one of Oxford's metaphors is basic, of this Roman poet-whose works were not unadulterated Shakespeare. H translated into English until long after the un­ lone schooled Stratford native's death. Writing of Why should this tree be accounted better "Shakespeare As a Classical Scholar" in his than that tree but by the goodness of its fruil? Ar Stu.dies In Shakespeare, Collins states: we If then the tree may b11known by the fruit, "' Jlo Of Persius, of whose satires also there was no the fruit by the tree . . . I Henry IV, II. 4. lo translation, we are reminded in Hamlet, v. 1.: No From her fair and unpolluted flesh Why should this rose be better esteemed May violets spring. than that rose, unless in pleasantness of smell it far surpassed the other rose?

3. For tracing this proverb to its source, I am endebted The rose looks fair, but fairer we it deem to my good and scho]arlv friend Nathaniel S. Olds of For that sweet odor which doth in it live. Greenwich Village, New York. The first English transla­ tions of Persius were by John Dryden, 1693. Sonnet 54. OCTOBER, 1946 67

And so it is in all other things as well as do to you, the great good l do to others, in man. Why should this man be more es• prefer mine own intention to discover your teemed than that man hut for his virtue, volume, before your request to secrete the through which every man desireth to be sa,ne ... accounted of? That which I would discover, The law of friendship bids me to conceal. Do our eyes read aright? Is this the proud Two Gentlemen, III, 1. andhaughty Elizabethan courtier, foppish, quar• re!some,extravagant and egotistically overhearing ... wherein / may seem to you to play the in asserting his social superiority to the "good part of the cunning and expert mediciner or Sir Philip Sidney" and his patient and long• physician, who although his patient in the ,ulfering father-in-law, Burghley-the "ill-con­ extremity of his burning fever is desirous ditioned" wastrel that Froude, Lee and other of cold liquor or drink to qualify his sore approvedhistorians of the period picture? Some thirst or rather kill his languishing body; yet onehas made a mistake, surely, for the 17th Earl for the danger' he doth evidently know by his ,l Oxford tells us here in so many words that science to ensue, denieth him the same. ~, only social prestige worth having is that based oponsuch personal accomplishments as good Plutus himself, ~holarship, clear thinking and able writing. That knows the tinct and multiplying medicine, Socialrank, per se, is pointedly ignored. No Hath not in nature's mystery more science wonderOxford was considered "light-headed" Than/... Alfs Well, V, 3. and unpredictable by the fawning reptilia at Court. He preferred to be esteemed for his The physician's knowledge, skill and usefulness lnowledgeand accomplishments, rather than for is made much of by the Bard. A physician's lire"idle rank" that he derogates both above and daughter, who has inherited his ability as a mShakespeare's Sonnet 122. healer, is the heroine of All's 11'ell. And who can forget the remarkable dramatic use that Shake­ Then you amongst men, I do not doubt, but speare makes of the Court doctor in Macbeth? will aspire to follow that virtuous path, to His prototype is now recogni:i:ed in the physician illuster yourself with the ornaments of virtue. who treated Mary Queen of Scots after the murder If, of Darnley; In Devils, Drugs and Doctors, Dr. re Haggard of the faculty of Yale says that Shake­ rs. Virtue, its worth and its lack, is referred to speare's medical expert in Macbeth was centuries he tore than three hundred times in the plays and in advance of his profession when he diagnosed res poems.Typical examples, paralleling Oxford's insanity as "a mind diseased." \al . odviceto Bedingfield, are: The adjective cunning, which the Earl uses, once In Todeck his fortune with his virtuous deeds .•. more hears witness lo the chronological unreliabil­ sic. Taming of the Shrew, I, I. ity of the great Oxford Dktionary. For-again His right noble mein, illustrious virtue and overlooking the Bedingfi,eld letter-the editors ioiiourahlecarriage. Timon, III, 2. credit Hanmer with first literary use of the word in the 16th century. It is quote~ from his Ecclesi­ Andin mine opinion as it beautifieth a fair a~tical History, written in 1577, but not printed womanto be decked with pearls and precious until 1619. itones,so much more it ornifieth a gentleman The Oxfordian 'phrase, burning fever, turns up lo be furnished with glittering virtues. in 2 Henry IV, IV, 1: Notdeck'd with diamonds and Indian stones . .• ed 3 Henry VI, III, I. We are all diseased .•. eU If she he furnished with a mind so rare, Have brought ourselves into a burning fever. Sheis alone the Arabian bird. And to qualify his sore thirst anticipates Shake• Cymbeline, I. 6. speare in: But qualify the fire's extreme rage. ""--·- ,,... __ .,,_y__ --· 68 QUARTERLY

Time qualifies the spark and fire of it. they be dead in deed, yet make we them live Hamlet, IV, 7. as it were again through their monument. But with me behold it happeneth far better; So you being sick of so much doubt in your for in your lifetime / shall erect you such a own proceedings • . . monument ...

I am sick of many griefs ... This passage is so explicitly Shakespearean in Julius Caesar, IV, 3. both thought and imagery that it has impressed I was not sick of any fear from thence. many students of Oxford's career from the time Sonnet 86. that Looney first reproduced the Bedingfield letter Quietness, grown sick of rest, would purge ... in' 1921. Percy Allen's shrewd and convincing Ant. and Cleop., I, 3. commentary in his Life Story of Edward de Vere as "William Shakespeare" should be read again. .•. through which infirmity you are desirous Forrest S. Rutherford's remarks in the same con• to bury and insevill your works in the grave nection come most recently to mind. Again and of oblivion ..• again in the plays and sonnets the Bard returns to this exact mood: The old French word ensevelier, meaning to And thou in this shall find thy monument ... bury is the source of insevill. It does not appear Sonnet 107. that Oxford used it afterwards in his Shake• If a man do not erect in this age his own tomb spearean writmgs. But the metaphor otherwise ere he dies, he shall live no longer in monumenl is one of the poet's favorites: than the bell rings. Much Ado, V, 2. And deeper than oblivion we do bury The incensing relics . . • All's Well, V, 3. ... with many things of worthy memory, which . .. that, as I say, in your lifetime you shall now shall die in oblivion and thou return unex­ see how noble a shadow of your virtuous life perienced to thy grave. shall hereafter remain when you are dead and Taming of the Shrew, IV, 1. gone .

. yet I, knowing the discommodities that First Elizabethan employment of the word shall redound to yourself thereby ( and which shadow in the sense of a painted portrait is credited is more unto your countrymen) ... to John Lyly (Oxford's private secretary) in As all things shall redound unto your good. Euphues and His England (1580) which Lyly 2 Henry VI, IV, 9. dedicated to the Earl. First use of the same word lo represent a reflected image during the same Once again emphasizing the patriotic, social period is credited to Shakespeare's Julius Camr. aspect of the writer's calling, Lord Oxford's point Here again the evidence all favors Oxford as the of view echoes in 2 Henry VI, I, 1: actual pioneer. Moreover, King John, II, I, un• While these do labour for their own preferment, doubtedly gives us an earlier mirrored shadow Behooves it us to labour for the realm. than Julius Caesar, to wit:

•.. as one that is willing to salve so great an The shadow of myself, formed in her eye. inconvenience, am nothing dainty to deny your request. I would have salved it with a longer treatise. He is dead and gone, lady, Much Ado, I, 1. He is dead and gone. Let us not be dainty of leave-taking .•• Hamlet, IV,5. Macbeth, II, 3. And in your lifetime, again I say, I shall give Again we see, if our friends be dead we you that monument and remembrance of your cannot show or declare our affection more life ..• than by erecting them of tombs, whereby when His good remembrance, sir, OCTOBER, 1946 69

Lies richer in your thoughts than on his tomb. Ignorance is the curse of God, All's Well, I, 2. Knowledge the wing wherewith we fly to heaven. ... whereby I may declare my good will, Thus the young Shakespeare ends his first dis­ though with your ill will, as yet that I do course to be printed in the English language as bear you in your life. he began it-with exhortations to high endeavor in "virtuous" undertakings. And although this remarkably human document is addressed to I should do it, Thomas Bedingfield, its message is manifestly With much more ease; for good will is to it, my directed to all men of dynamic good will. More­ And yours it is against. Tempest, 1. III, over, its underlying theme of personal service for the enlightenment of mankind is consistent Thus earnestly desiring you in this one with the ethical motivation of the immortal plays request of mine ( as I would yield to you in and poems. a great many) not to repugn the setting forth At last, it appears, we have a Shakespeare whose of your proper studies, I bid you farewell. reactions as a man among men are convincing, and of whose attested creative creed we can all When Edward de Vere calls upon his friend be genuinely proud. "not to repugn the setting forth" of Cardan's Comforte, he uses a word not commonly met with in Elizabethan letters. It is from the French ripugner, meaning to oppose; and none but a Famous Book In Good Hands cosmopolitan scholar would know its value. Yet Dr. Josiah Combs of Texas Christian University Shakespeare employs this same unusual word in at Fort Worth, Texas, informs us that he recently 1Henry VI, IV, 1: received from the Stecher! book shop in New When stubbornly he did repugn the truth. York a second-hand copy of J. T. Looney's "Shakespeare" Identified. From my new country Muses of Winehole,4 Opening his prize with eager curiosity, Dr. wishing you as you have begun, to proceed in Combs says he had the delightful surprise of find­ these virtuous actions. For when all things ing inscribed on the fly-leaf the autograph of shall else forsake you, virtue will ever abide none other than the late dean of American stage with us, and when our bodies fall into the producers, Daniel Frohman-whose interest in bowels of the earth, yet that shall mount with the Oxford-Shakespeare masterpiece was described our minds into the highest heavens. by Mr. Forrest Rutherford in our January issue. Probably few men of his period ( and he lived nearly ninety years) packed more thrills into a In closing, we are obliged once more to question lifetime than Daniel Frohman. Beginning at the the chronological authority of the New English age of eighteen, as an employee of the New York Dictionary. For again we find it in error in Tribune, he was the chief eye-witness of one of creditingfirst Elizabethan literary use of the word the most sensational murders that ever rocked bowelas the interior anything; heart or center of the country; and later, as one of America's fore­ lo Whetstone in the Mirror for Magistrates (1584). most purveyors of dramatic art, he very frequently Herewe see the poet Earl antedates Whetstone in knew the more pleasurable intellectual palpitation printby eleven years. And under his pen-name that comes from the achievement of hi~h aims. he repeats the now universally used phrase in But he has lieen quoted by friends of his later I Henry IV, I, 3: days as saying that the most memorable of all Out of the bowels of the harmless earth. the thrills he had ever known was the discovery Oxford's final metaphor is also impressively of the real Shakespeare in the pages of "Shake­ Shakespearean, as witness 2 Henry VI, IV, 7: speare" Identified. Dr. Combs is to be congratulated upon his ( The literary retreat which Oxford favored in 157.1 acquisition of Mr. Frohman's well-loved copy of ~asunquestionably Wi\'enhoe Manor near the mouth of Looney's great work-and also to be envied the ~ 1 Colne River in Essex, as Ward states; but it is ~led as above in the pages of Cardan11s Comfortc. edifying stimulus it will give him. 70 QUARTERLY

''Thou Shalt Not Bear False Witness" A Hint to the Editors of the Encyclopaedia Britannica

FoR THE PAST THIRTY·FIVEYEARS the Encyclo­ ignored, as well as the testimony of such Shake­ paedia Britannica (U.S.A. editions) has contained spearean source writers as Arthur Golding (his an alleged biographical sketch headed "OXFORD, uncle and tutor), Bedingfield, Underdown, Harvey, EDWARD DE VERE, 17th Earl of," which is so Greene, Nash, Churchyard and others to the effect faulty in detail, prejudiced in tone, and notably that Oxford possessed all the qualifications of a lacking in easily ascertainable information, at• great creative artist himself. In fact, all con­ tested by 20th century research, as to bring into temporary references to this nobleman's outstand­ question the general reliability of this famous ing poetical genius and "matchless virtues" by work of reference. Wehbe, by the author of The Arte of English Instead of featuring corroborated fact, the article Poesie, and by Angel Day, Spenser, George Chap• gives prominence to slanderous accusations put man and Henry Peacham have been overlooked afloat in 1580-81 by Sir Charles Arundel and completely. Lord Henry Howard for the express purpose of Instead, we are given the following ridiculously blackening Oxford's character in an effort to inadequate, falsely conceived and quaintly errone­ distract attention from their own treasonable activi­ ous summing up of Edward de Vere's career: ties. Also emphasized is the highly colored per­ "On his return from a journey to Italy in 1575 sonal spite of Sir Fulke Greville (Lord Brooke), he brought back various inventions for the toilet, whose chief claim to fa.me is his idolatrous admira­ and his estate was rapidly dissipated in satisfying tion for Sir Philip Sidney. The latter's quarrel his extravagant whims. His first wife died in 1588, with Oxford on the Elizabethan tennis courts ( as and from that time Burghley withdrew his support, silly a youthful flare-up of Courtly rivals as the Oxford being reduced to the necessity of seeking times witnessed) is solemnly assumed by the help among the poor men of letters whom he had Encyclopaedia to have inspired the literary Earl at one time or another befriended. His fortunes with a scheme to murder Sidney. were partially retrieved on his second marriage Oxford's "violent temper and erratic doings with Elizabeth Trentham, by whom he had a son, were a constant source of anxiety to Burghley, Henry de Vere, 18th Earl of Oxford (1593-1625). who nevertheless in 1571 gave him his eldest He died at Newington, near London, on the 24th of daughter, Anne, in marriage," continues the June, 1604." Earl's Britannica biographer-in direct contradic­ We have italicized the most glaringly unwar• tion to Lord Burghley's personal comments on ranted and erroneous statements in this precu of his ward and son-in-law at the period mentioned, misinformation. It would appear to have been as they can be read in the Lord Treasurer's own written by some irresponsible yellow journalist letters. instead of a biographical expert approved by the The Earl's duel with Thomas Knevett is made to editors of a standard work of reference-such as appear as an affair designed by Oxford primarily the Encyclopaedia Britannica is generally sup· to annoy the Queen, whereas Burghley describes posed to be. it as an attack launched by Knevett to revenge We can find no excuse whatever for the perpetu• Oxford's unfortunate romance with a "drab"­ ation in the current (1943) edition of such ques• now identified as Knevett's adventurous niece, tionable gossip and outright misstatement ?f Anne Vavasor. historical fact--compounded in effect by the omis­ No mention whatever is made of Oxford's sion of every constructive element that might help contemporary reputation as a scholar and dra­ readers to a balanced judgment of the foremost matist, of his extensive patronaii;e of theatrical poet at Elizabeth's Court. The shortcomin~ of companies, his lease of the Blackfriar's Theatre, the Britannica article are especially reprehensible and his open-handed generosity and personal in that so great an amount of the documentary relationship to many of the great creative figures truth concerning the character and career ~f the of the age. The fact that John Lyly was his poet-dramatist Earl of Oxford has been ava1l9:1'le I private secretary and stage manager is pointedly to the editors of the Britannica since the pubhca· OCTOBER, 1946 71 tion of J. T. Looney's "Shakespeare" Identified Oxford Evidence Restated in 1920; of B. M. Ward's Seventeenth Earl of Oxford in 1928; and of Mrs. Clark's The Man By Marjorie Bowen Who Was Shakespeare in 1939-not to mention the various articles on the Oxford documentation VALUABLEPUBLICITY was given the Oxford• by C. W. Barrell and others that have appeared Shakespeare evidence in Great Britain and other in such reputable and widely circulated periodicals English-speaking countries during the past few as the Saturday Review of Literature, Scientific months through the publication of an article en­ American, etc., between 1936 and 1940. Needless titled "I Don't Believe in Shakespeare" by Mar­ to say, none of the writings of these qualified jorie Bowen. It appeared first in the April issue experts are quoted or even mentioned by the of the Strand Magazine. More recently it has been author of the Britannica's biographical sketch. Iu reprinted in condensed form in the September fact, the latest authority on the 17th Earl of Ox­ number of The English Digest. Due to the paper ford given by this anonymous misinformer in shortage, copies of the Strand are few in number his bibliography is Dr. A. B. Grosart, who edited and hard to locate in the United States. But an edition of Oxford's lyrics in 1876. Oxfordians may still he able to find the September Incredible? The circumstances speak for English Digest in large book shops or on file in themselves. public libraries. The real question seems to he: What are the "Marjorie Bowen," as many of our readers will several thousands of intelligent, truth-seeking recall, is one of the pen-names of Mrs. Arthur persons who know the facts of the Oxford docu­ Long, the famous novelist and historian, who is mentation going to do about it? a member of the British SHAKESPEAREFELLOWSHIP and has for years followed development of the case for Edward de Vere with enthusiastic interest. Constructive Aid In our NEWS-LETTERfor June, 1943, we published a brief sketch of her career under the heading of INRESPONSE to our "Agony Column" request in "A Woman of Genius," which gave certain facts the January QUARTERLYfor copies of the now of great interest to all who believe that the name out-of-print first issue of the News-Letter, nine "William Shakespeare" is a pseudonym. For Mrs. havebeen received-most thankfully-from such Long h~s proved beyond all question in her own well known members of the FELLOWSHIP, here case that it is entirely possible, even in this day andabroad, as Mrs. H. S. Philpot of Oxford, of universal knowledge and prying reporters, to England; Mrs. Eva Turner Clark of San Fran­ create and maintain distinct and separate literary cisco;Mrs. Frank J. Sprague of New York; Miss personalities that are impenetrable to others for LoisA. Book of Columbus, Indiana; Mrs. Elsie any period she so desires. She has used in all · G.Holden of Denver; Mr. John L. Astley-Cock five pen-names, being not only "Mar_iorie Bowen," ofthe Chicago Tribune and Dr. Louis P. Beneze! but "George R. Preedy," "Robert Paye," "John ofDartmouth College. Winch," "Joseph Shearing" and "Margaret Camp• As a result, we have been able to fill orders hell." Her own legal name is Gabrielle Margaret coveringcomplete files of our publication from Long. She once told us that for some years she l'olume I, Number 1, to date, from reference had four synthetic hil1graphies in Who's Who to libraries including those of the University of cover her pseudonyms, and that the editors of lliami; Mount Holyoke College; Texas Christian that work would not heli~e her until she had University;the University of New York at Albany; proved it to their satisfaction. ~e Public Reference Library of Birmingham, Mrs. Long's article publicizing the case for England;and the famous John Rylands Library Lord Oxford as the real Shakespeare aroused so ,J Manchester, England. Correspondence with much interest among readers of &he Strand Maga­ otherlibraries of world-wide repute indicates, zine and The English Digest that she has had to ~oreover,that we can sell as many unbound files make special arrangements to answer the many ,rthe NEWS-LETTERand QUARTERLYas we may letters seeking further information. She has also

~in position to complete with additional copies dealt with some of these questions in a recent ,rthe rare initial number. talk before THE FELLOWSHIPin London. 72 QUARTERLY

Admiral Holland Accepts THE SHAKESPEARE FELLOWSHIP Presidency of British QUARTERLY -A Continuation of the NEWS-LETTER- Fellowship AT THE GENERALMEETING of THE SHAKESPEARE VoL. VI OCTOBER,1946 NO. 4 FELLOWSHIPof Great Britain held in London dur­ ing September, Rear-Admiral Hubert Henry President Holland, C.B., was unanimously elected President Louis P. Benezet, A.M., Pd.D. of our parent organization. Now retired, after Vice-Presidents James Stewart Cushman Flodden W. Heron a distinguished career in the Royal Navy, Admiral Mrs. Eva Turner Clark Mrs. Elsie Greene Holden Holland is a charter member of THE FELLOWSHIP, and has taken a leading part during the past Secretary and Treasurer Charles Wisner Barrell twenty-five years in developing the evidence for Official organ of The Shakespeare Fellowship in the U.S.A., Lord Oxford as "Shakespeare." As a scholar the QUARTERLY is the only publication now printed which is devoted chiefly to the perpetuation of documentary evidence Admiral Holland ranks high, his knowledge, of that Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford (1550-1604) was the real creative personality behind the plays and poems of "Mr. Elizabethan history, literature and philology be­ William Shakespeare." Meetings of The Shakespeare Fellowship for educational and ing exceptional, while his knowledge of the allied purposes wilt occasionally be held, in which members will Shakespearean plays and poems is encyclopaediac ~-s~te~~~e~~-~hfc~· s~r:mi~ci~~ls ~':iC::::r•!\~\s~~~tf:'; in the truest sense. He has published two inter­ the QUARTERLY. Special rates of subscription to the publica· lion which do not include membership in The Fellowship may be esting and valuable books on the Oxford-Shake­ arranged for student groups and libraries. 0 speare case which should be better known on bo';r~e ~~a~bs[e;~bJI~~io~sh!f ~h:cuQtiAR-PkRc{ Y:a;bfct :J appear four times a year, i.e., in January, April, July and Octo­ this side of the Atlantic. ber. News items, comments by readers and articles of interest The first of these is, Shakespeare Through Ox­ 11 ford Glasses, issued by Cecil Palmer of London :ha~s~~~:::~~ ~h;~~hs!~ti; aonl hi!~~rk~~n:nlet!~ei1t~ Such material must be of reasonable brevity. No compensation in 1923, a work which did much to corroborate can be made to writers beyond the sincere thanks of the Edit• orial Board. Articles and letters wilt express the opiniOtll of "Shakespeare" Identified along novel lines of their authors, not necessarily that of The Shakespeare Felio•· word study. The second is Shakespeare, Oxford ship as a literary and educational corporation. and Elizabeth, published by D. Archer, London, The Editors in 1933, and is chiefly notable for its many The Shakespeare Fellowship Quarterly historical allusions. He is a frequent and always Telephone 17 East 48th Strtd. stimulatine; contributor to the British News-Letter. Wickersham 2•II27 NewYork 17, ~- Y, Admiral Holland makes his permanent home at The Warren, Bramley in Surrey. Members of THE FELLOWSHIPin Great Britain are to be Our Current Needs felicitated upon securing so able and versatile a Considerable thought, research and effort ii scholar and so distinguished a protector of the being expended to make every issue of THI realm as Admiral Holland to head them. QUARTERLYof constructive value in carrying for• At the same General Meeting, other executives ward the case for the real Shakespeare. Toward were confirmed in the same offices they have held this end, side issues, fantastic arguments of the during the past year, Mr. T. L. Adamson as Hon. Baconian type, ill-founded theoretical fancies_and Secretary, Mr. J. J. Dwyer as Hon. Treasurer and space-consuming controversies have been _avo~d~ Editor of the News-Letter, and Mr. William Kent The Editors have sincerely tried to ;mamta1nta and Dr. H. M. M. Woodward as Members of the these pages the highest standards of factual Executive Committee. scholarship consistent with the practical job of After the enforced quiescence of the British getting out a readable publication. FELLOWSHIPduring the long war years, and the In general we have succeeded. Our reputaticit loss of such leaders of our cause as J. Thomas is good-not to say excellent. But we need h~lp­ Looney, Canon Rendall and Captain B. M. Ward, many more readers, more contributors of arttclei. it is good to know that constructive activities are and much more spending money. These cur~ _

again the order of the day. Under Admiral Hol­ requirements are pressing. We call upond. -: land's administration, effective work should be members of The Fellowship to lend a han • ' accomplished, meeting them- ,

INDEX Volume VII 1946 INOEX Volume VII 1946

Adams, Joseph Quincy...... 43 "Dr. Sigmund Freud Found Oxford Was the "Admiral Holland Accepts Presidency of Bri• Bard"...... 16 . tish Fellowship" ...... 72 Dwyer, J. J., Editor, Shakespeare Fellowship "Agony Column"...... 16 NEWS.LETTER...... 46, 72

"A Literary Pirate's Attempt to Publish The Eccles, Mark ...... 21 Winter's Tale in 1594,'' by Charles Wisner Encyclopaedia Brita11nica ...... 70 Barrell ...... 20 ~Exploding the Ancient Play Cobbler Fallacy," Allvine, Glendon ...... 54, 60 by Charles Wisner Barrell ...... 3 "An American Myth Maker," by William Kent... 8 "False Shakespeare Chronology,'' by Louis P. "Another Stratfordian Aids the Oxford Cause,'' Biinezet ...... 43 by Louis P. Benezet ...... 17 Folger, Henry Clay .....14, 27

Astley-Cock, John L...... 71 Folger Shakespeare Library ...... 14, 27 Barrell, Charles Wisner ...... 2, 3, 12, 13, 20, 32, Frohman, Daniel ...1, 69 33, 47, 49, 54, 61, 71 Freud, Dr. Sigmund ...... 16, 54 Bedingfield, Thomas, translator of Carda11us Com/orte ...... 38, 39, 61 et seq. Golding, Arthur ...... ",o, 70 ...... 31 Benezet, Louis P...... 13, 17, 31, 43, 44, 45, 47, 71 Hamilton, Clayton . . 20, "Bound Volume VI Ready"...... 47 Hamlet's. Book, by Hardin Craig ...... 35 "The Playwright Earl Publishes 'Hamlet's "British Activities" ...... ············46, 72 Book'," by Charles Wisner Barrell ...... 35 Brunswick, Dr. Ruth Mack ...... 54 Hc11ry V ...... 49, et seq. Burgess, Gelett ...... 33, 34, 48, 54 Heron, Flodden W...... 54 Cairncross, Dr. A. S...... 3, 5, 59 Holden, Mrs. Elsie Greene ...... 32, 71 Campbell, Dr. Lily B., author of Shakespeare's Holland, Rear-Admiral Hubert Henry, C. B., Tragic Heroes ...... - .._ ...... - ...... - ...... 36, 41, 42 President of The Shakespeare Fellow-. Cardan, Jerome (ill.) ...... 36 1hi.p of Great Britain ...... 72 Carda11usCom/orte ("Hamlet's Book") ...35, 36, 61 Holme, Peter H. 1 et seq. "In Memoriam" ... .. 54 Titlepage (ill.) ...... 36 Kent, William ...... 8 Carrington, Mrs. Fitzroy ...... 14 Knapp, Margaret L...... 54 Chambers, Sir E. K...... 5, 59 Lambs' Club 54 CLARKCl.ARION (Clark School, Hanover, New Le Franc, Professor Abel . 32 Hampshire) ...... 44 Long, Mrs. Arthur ...... 71 Clark, Eva Turner ...... 10, 24, 47, 54, 55, 71 Looney, J. Thomas . . ···• 1, 12, 14, 33, 39...... Combs, Dr. Josiah...... 34, 69 47, 48, 60, 71, 72 "Constructive Aid" ...... 71 "Lord Oxford's Letters Echoed in Shakespeare's Craig, Hardin ...... 35, 40, 42 Plays,'' by Eva Turner Clark ...... 10 Cushman, Mrs. James Stewart ...... 54 "Marjorie Bowen,'' pen.name of Mrs. Arthur "Daniel Frohman Introduces the Great Un- Long ...... 71 . known,'' by Forrest Rutherford ...... l McBride, Mary Margaret ...... 33 McKee, James ...... 47 SHAKESPEARE FELLOWSHIP QUARTERLY quoted... 48 Massey, Gerald ...... 19 ..Shakespeare" Identified, hy J. Thomas Ni.;ws.LETTER, The Shakespeare Fellowship, Looney ...... 1, 2, 33, 60 American Branch ( first issue out of print) . . 7l Shakespeare, Oxford and Elizabeth, by H. H. Ogburn, Dorothy ...... 47, 50 Holland ...... 72 Olds, Nathaniel S...... 13 "Shakespeare's Henry V Can Be Identified as 'Harry of Cornwall' in Henslowe's Diary," Old Vic Theatre Company of London ...... 45 by Charles Wisner Barrell ...... 49 Olivier, Laurence ...... 47, 49, 50, 51, 54 "Shakespeare's Strange Silence When James I "Our Apologies"...... 32 Succeeded Elizabeth," by Eva Turner Clark 55 Shakespeare Through Oxford Glasses, by H. H. "Our Current Needs" ...... 72 Holland ...... 72 Oxford, Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of...... l, 7, "Signifying Nothing?" ...... 15 IO, 12, 13, 18, 24, 26, 29, 31, 33, 35, 36, 33, 39, Singleton, Esther, author of The Shakespeare 43, 52, 54, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 67, 69, 70 Garden and Shakespearian Fantasias 14 Poems of ...... 2, 39 Smiley, .William H...... l Portrait of (ill.) ···••···••··•··· 37 Sprague, Mrs. Frank J...... 71 "Oxford Evidence Restated by Marjorie Bowen" 71 Tannenbaum, Dr. Samuel A ...... 21 "Oxford-Shakespeare Books" 2 "The Ghost Walks" 7 "Oxford-Shakespeare Library at Liverpool Uni• "The Oxford-Shakespeare Book That Charmed versity" . . 9 Mr. Folger" .... 14 The Seventeenth Earl of Oxford, by Bernard "Passing the Word About". .. 48 M. Ward...... 15, 35, 71 "Perhaps You've Forgotten" ...... 9 The Willter's Tale ...... 20 et seq. "Progress Reported" ...... 31 "Those Authorities," by Lewis Hammond "Proof of the Pudding" ...... 45 Webster ...... 12 "Proof That Shakespeare's Thought and !mag• "Thou Shalt Not Bear False Witness" ...... 70 ery Dominate Oxford's Own Statement of TOMORROW MAGAZINE ...... 13 Creative Principles," by Charles Wisner Barrell...... 61 "Truth from Texas" ...... 34 "Radio Presentation of Oxford-Shakespeare "U. S. A. Papers Please Copy" ...... 14 Case Proves Notably Successful" ...... 33 Vavasor, Anne ...... 13, 32, 70 Rascoe, Burton ...... 45 Vere, Sir Edward . 32 Rendall, Rev. Dr. Gerald.H...... 9, 18 V ILLAGEB, TUE ...... ·•• ...... 13 "Revisions May Have to be Made in English Ward, Bernard M., author of biography of Earl Literature Textbooks," by Nathaniel S. Olds 13 of Oxford...... 15, 71, 72 Rutherford, For rest ...... 1, 39, 43, 68, 69 Ward, Colonel B. R., author of Tlie Mystery of "Mr. W. H." ..: ...... 60 Saintsbury, Professor George .... 17 «Shakespeare" ( reprint of poem), by Gerald ''Ward's Biography of Oxford is Now Avail• able" ~ 15 Massey ...... 19 Shakespeare, A La Decouverte de, by Abel Le WARWICJ' VALLEY DISPATCH, THE ...... 12 Franc ...... 32 Webster, Lewis Hammond...... 12 "Shakespeare Authorship Fraudulent" 44 Whitman, Walt, on Shakespeare 46 Shakespeare Fellowship of Great Britain ...... 46, 72 Wilson, Edmund 42