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Boletim Neaape V.05 N.01 - Abr ISSN 2594-6935 BOLETIM NEAAPE v.05 n.01 - abr. 2021 BOLETIM NEAAPE ISSN 2594-6935 O Boletim NEAAPE divulga análises sobre o processo decisório de política externa de distintos países, bem como sobre temas que integram as agendas de política exterior. A publicação tem periodicidade quadrimestral e é composta por editorial e textos dirigidos a leitores interessados em ter acesso rápido a informações de qualidade sobre temas contemporâneos. A publicação é vinculada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação do Instituto de Estudos Sociais e Políticos da UERJ (IESP/UERJ). É permitida a reprodução deste boletim e dos dados nele contidos, desde que citada a fonte. Reproduções para fins comerciais são proibidas. Corpo Editorial Conselho Editorial Fernanda Cristina Nanci Izidro Gonçalves Leticia Pinheiro Maria Regina Soares de Lima Editor Executivo Leandro Wolpert dos Santos Editor Adjunto Kayo Moura da Silva Editoria de Redação Amanda Silvestre da Silva André Pimentel Ferreira Leão Beatriz Pontes Edgar Andrés Londoño Niño Eduardo Morrot Coelho Madureira Ghaio Nicodemos Juliana de Sant’Anna Cunha Juliana Pinto Lemos da Silva Kayo Moura Leandro Wolpert dos Santos Leonardo Albarello Weber Luã Braga de Oliveira Marcelly Firmino Thaís Jesinski Batista Instituto de Estudos Sociais e Políticos Univesidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Núcleo de Estudos Atores e Agendas de Política Externa Rua da Matriz, 82 - Botafogo CEP: 22260-100 neaape.com.br Rio de Janeiro – RJ (21) 2266-8300 SUMÁRIO 4 EDITORIAL A Diplomacia das Vacinas e a Necrodiplomacia Fernanda Nanci Gonçalves Leandro Wolpert dos Santos Leticia Pinheiro 6 A Índia e a Diplomacia da Vacina: busca por influência regional e status global Erik H. Ribeiro 14 Rocket Vaccine: o papel da Sputnik-V na pandemia de Covid-19 e a influência da Rússia no Sul Global Beatriz Pontes 24 Das máscaras às vacinas: uma atualização da política externa chinesa face à Covid-19 Ghaio Nicodemos Barbosa Boletim NEAAPE - ISSN 2594-6935 - v. 5 n. 1 - abr. 2021 Editorial A Diplomacia das Vacinas e a Necrodiplomacia Fernanda Nanci o dia 18 de maio, o ex-chanceler brasileiro, Er- Gonçalves Nnesto Araújo, depôs na Comissão Parlamentar de Inquérito (CPI) da Covid. Esta CPI, que foi criada Coordenadora Neaape no âmbito do Senado Federal no dia 27 de abril, in- vestiga omissões e possíveis irregularidades nos gas- Leandro Wolpert tos do Governo Federal durante a gestão da pande- dos Santos mia no país. Araújo foi questionado sobre suas ações à frente do Ministério, sendo fortemente criticado Pesquisador por falhas na condução da política externa, relacio- Neaape nadas às suas declarações anti-China, às suas críti- cas direcionadas à Organização Mundial da Saúde Leticia Pinheiro (OMS), ao lento processo para aderir ao consórcio de Coordenadora vacinas Covax Facility, às dificuldades na negocia- Neaape ção para adquirir doses da Pfizer, entre outras ques- tões como seu empenho na compra de cloroquina e falta de atuação para importar oxigênio durante a crise no Amazonas. 4 Este cenário demonstra as inúmeras falhas e omissões da diplomacia brasileira conduzida por Araújo em um dos períodos mais críticos da nossa história, na contramão do que seria esperado para um país com histórico de ativismo diplomático em temas de saúde global. De forma diametralmente oposta à atuação do atual governo brasileiro, os governos da Índia, da Rússia e da China não somente adotaram políticas mais convergentes ao esforço multilateral de combate à pandemia, como também vem adotando uma ativa diplomacia da saúde, usando sua produção e exportação de vacinas como instrumento de Soft Power para ampliar sua influência internacional. A Índia, como nos mostra Erik Ribeiro (UFRGS), colaborador convidado deste Boletim, vem se utilizando dessa ferramenta para obter maior incidência nos âmbito regional e global. Da mesma forma, a Rússia, como Beatriz Pontes analisa, busca, através da vacina Sputnik V, cooperar para a superação da pandemia de COVID-19 e, simultaneamente, recuperar o prestígio russo de tempos pretéritos bem como expandir a influência da Federação Russa pelo Sul Global. Por fim, a China, como discorre Ghaio Nicodemos em seu artigo, ancora sua diplomacia das vacinas no campo comercial, científico, da cooperação e da ajuda internacional e da ética, visando, asism, blindar sua imagem internacional das críticas vindas do Boletim NEAAPE - ISSN 2594-6935 - v. 5 n. 1 - abr. 2021 Ocidente, aumentar sua incidência no globo e angariar pontos na competição pela liderança internacional. A despeito de dificuldades enfrentadas por cada um desses países em suas respectivas políticas domésticas, esses três integrantes do BRICS entenderam o potencial da diplomacia das vacinas e vem buscando usá-lo em toda sua força. Enquanto isso, mesmo sem ser um desenvolvedor de imunizantes contra a COVID-19, o Brasil não só destoa do comportamento dos demais integrantes do BRICS - cada vez mais colocando em dúvida a pertinência de se manter o B na sigla - como claramente tem abandonado sua reconhecida liderança no campo da defesa da saúde global. No lugar do protagonismo de outrora, ganharam espaço manifestações preconceituosas contra a China, atitudes contrárias ao esforço cooperativo internacional, críticas descabidas contra a OMS, entre outras iniciativas apoiadas na paranoia anti-globalista do então Ministro Araújo e na incompetência administrativa do ex-Ministro da Saúde, Eduardo Pazuello, ambos sob o comando e com total apoio do presidente da República. A substituição recente de Araújo por Carlos França - um diplomata discreto e, ao que parece, mais atinente às normas internacionais e aos organismos multilaterais - e do militar Pazuello pelo médico Marcelo Quiroga - este mais qualificado para o cargo - trouxe alguma esperança ou ao menos algum alívio para os brasileiros. Espera-se que, desta vez, a parceria Saúde-Política Externa possa criar condições para retomar a exitosa dinâmica do passado. Para citar apenas dois exemplos, na primeira década de 2000, o Brasil liderou a luta pelo acesso a 5 medicamentos genéricos para o tratamento de pessoas com HIV/Aids na Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC); e na 60a Assembleia Mundial da Saúde, junto a outros seis países, lançou a chamada Iniciativa sobre Política Exterior e Saúde Global (Foreign Policy and Global Health Initiative – FPGHI), base para a Declaração de Oslo, de 2007, instando os países do globo a incorporar o tema da saúde às suas agendas de política externa. Ao criar condições para a retomada de uma colaboração institucional que logrou alcançar sucesso tanto na promoção da saúde global, quanto no protagonismo internacional do Brasil, se renunciaria à perniciosa parceria que se estabeleceu entre a área da Saúde e da Diplomacia no atual governo, a qual, além de retardar o acesso a imunização da população como um todo e, desta forma, expor ainda mais as parcelas mais vulneráveis da população a um inimigo tão invisível quanto perigoso, contribuiu indiretamente para alcançarmos o assustador número de quase meio milhão de mortes por COVID-19, até o momento. Mas talvez isso seja esperar demais de um governo cuja uma das marcas tem sido o exercício da necropolítica, para a qual, lamentamos, se somou uma nova corrente diplomática, a necrodiplomacia. Recebido para publicação em: 24 maio de 2021. Boletim NEAAPE - ISSN 2594-6935 - v. 5 n. 1 - abr. 2021 A Índia e a Diplomacia da Vacina: busca por influência regional e status global Erik H. Ribeiro Introdução Pesquisador Este artigo tem por finalidade analisar Sênior do a diplomacia indiana para a vacina da Covid-19 Instituto Sul- Americano no contexto global, regional e de seus objetivos de Política de política externa. Atualmente, a Índia é um dos e Estratégia maiores produtores mundiais de medicamentos e o (ISAPE). Doutor país com maior capacidade de produção de vacinas: em Estudos estimativas apontam que cerca de 60% das vacinas Estratégicos [1] Internacionais vendidas no mundo são produzidas no país . pela Universidade Por isso, a Índia tem sido um ator fundamental Federal do Rio para iniciativas multilaterais, como a COVID-19 Grande do Sul Vaccines Global Access (COVAX) em parceria com a (UFRGS). Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Além disso, o país é importante para as potências que desejam 6 Email: erik_ ribeiro@yahoo. utilizar sua capacidade manufatureira para co- com.br produzir, importar e vender vacinas em maior escala. Este ponto é evidenciado pela aliança pela vacina dentro do Quadrilátero Marítimo (Quad [2]) e por inúmeros acordos de empresas locais com multinacionais dos EUA e da União Europeia (UE). Olhando sob a perspectiva nacional, a diplomacia da vacina tem sido um ponto crítico para a política externa indiana em todos os níveis. Nos últimos anos, o governo do Primeiro-Ministro, Narendra Modi (2014-hoje) vem sendo pressionado pela crescente influência geopolítica e geoeconômica da China na Ásia, algo que acentua todos os desafios indianos em seus objetivos de longo prazo [3]: soberania [1] Yeung, Jessie; Mitra, Esha. The world’s biggest vaccine producer is running out of Covid-19 vaccines, as second wave accelerates. In: CNN, 18/04/2021. Disponível em: <https://tinyurl.com/eyvs97vu>. Acesso em: 10/05/2021. [2] O Quad é uma parceria securitária informal entre EUA, Índia, Japão e Austrália, proposta inicialmente em 2007. Após uma década de avanços e retrocessos, os quatro países decidiram avançar na construção de uma agenda comum em 2017 para balancear a influência da China no Indo-Pacífico. [3] Para uma análise dos objetivos de longo prazo da Índia, ver: Ribeiro, E. H. A grande estratégia da Índia: ascensão Boletim NEAAPE - ISSN 2594-6935 - v. 5 n. 1 - abr. 2021 econômica e tecnológica; hegemonia no Sul da Ásia e Oceano Índico; e a busca por multipolaridade em nível estrutural e no Indo-Pacífico. [4] Neste sentido, a diplomacia da vacina pode ajudar a Índia a retomar seu protagonismo diplomático e colocar-se como potência essencial para a reorganização da ordem asiática e mundial. Entretanto, desenvolvimentos recentes da segunda onda da Covid-19 na Índia iniciada em março de 2021 colocam esse projeto em cheque devido à urgência da vacinação nacional e à redução temporária de sua capacidade produtiva.
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