Ringsjiiholm
A Boreal-Early Atlantic Settlement in Central Scania, Sweden
BY ARNE SJOSTROM
Sji)striim, Arne. 1997. Ringsjdholm. A Boreal-EarfiAtlantic Settlement in Central Scania, Sweden. Lund Abstr':rct Archaeological Reaiew 3 (1997), pp. 5-20.
This article is a preliminary presentation ofthe excavation at the Ringsj6holm site, central Scania. The site has been dated to the Maglemose-Kongemose transition. Several hundred early trapezes have been found and the dating of different types is discussed. A metrical analysis of trapeziform microliths is presented and microliths from Ringsj6holm are compared with trapezes from some Middle and Late Mesolithic.sites in Scania.
Arne Sji)strdm, Institute ofArchaeologlt, Uniuersity of Lund, Sandgatan 1, 5-223 50 Lund.
Introduction
The excavation at the Ringsjdholm site is a part known pattern, a new culture was created, of my work for a doctoral thesis about the Scientists of our days more often use the less Kongemose Culture and its origin. The main controversial words "phase" and ' period". This is focus in this preliminary presentation of the site probably not only due to a desire to avoid the is on the description of the broad trapeziform discussion about the culture concept but also microliths, the stratigraphy and a comparison that the chronology has been more subdivided. with similar find materials from other sites in In Scandinavian Mesolithic research "culture" is southern Scandinavia. synonymous with material culture (Brinch Peter- The Mesolithic sites in Scania and Denmark senl973,pp. 91 f.; Larsson 1990, p. 266).Even are both numerous and rich. The chronology in though the use of the word "culture" and the the area has been studied and discussed for nearly division of the Mesolithic cultures can be a hundred years, but there still remains some criticized, they still serve their purpose in the uncertainty as regards the dating ofthe transition terminology. and the cultural relations between theMaglemose In 1900 the Mullerup site on Zealand was and the Kongemose Culture. Early in archaeo- excavated (Sarauw 1903). At the beginning of logical research the word "culture" became the century this site and several other Danish synonymous with a certain body of artefact" sites, such as Svardborg and Holmgird, were material and a geographic distribution. \7hen a considered to be older then the kitchen middens. new site was excavated and the find material was They were grouped in a period of their own, not directly comparable with any previously called the Maglemose Culture (Broholm 1924).
RTNGSJoHoLM 5 7000 BP) and theVedbakphase (late Kongemose,
i/a ca. 7 000-6500 BP) (Vang Petersen 1 984, p. 1 0). $ Another phase, the Blak phase, has recently been
V. Ring- placed at the beginning of Kongemose Culture, before Vang Petersent Villingebek phase. The Scania O, Ring- radiocarbon dates from Blak II indicate that the sjon Villingebrek phase actually is somewhat younger than earlier indicated (Sorensen I996, pp. 92 f.). This classification into three phases is mainly based on the shape of broad trapeziform "traditional" a microliths: trapezes, rhomboid arrowheads and oblique transverse arrowheads. b Agerdds MOSSC Even though a few more Danish sites have o recently been dated to the Maglemose-Konge- R5 mose transition, the period still remains relatively unknown (Fischer 1994; Grsn & Sorensen
Rdnneholms 1995). Except for the site complex at Agercid I mosse (Larsson 1978), Ringsjdholm is the only site in Scania that has been dated to the transition pe- riod. T utlopp
12:3 Vaistra Ringsjon The Ringsjoholm site o Ringsjciholm is located in central Scania on Lake 0 1km i Ringsjon's ancient western shore. Today the shoreline is about 300 m to the east (Fig. 1). The Fig. 1. Relief map showing the iocation of the Ring- settlement is situated on a roughly 250 m long sjoholm site and the area to the north. Dotted lines shows and 10-20 m broad sandy spit, oriented in a the extension of the raised bogs. The white area north- north-south direction, parallel to the old shoreline west ofVdstra Ringsjon shows the extent of the filled-in lake in early postglacial time. Dots mark sites excavated (Fig.2). During prehistoric times it had contact by the Institute ofArchaeology/the Historical Museum. with firm land only in the south. Before the 75 A=Agerctd, R=R 6 enr.re sJosrRoM Mesolithic and Neolithic remains. About 250 m east ofthe spit, 10 m out in the lake, at dept of approximately 0.5 m is a site dated by stray finds to the Ertebolle Culture. The location of that site indicates a major water-lowering during the Early Atlantic chronozone. Two kilometres to the North the Rcinneholm and Agerrid raised bogs are located. During early postglacial time the bog area consisted of a 12 square kilometre large lake that was partly connected to Lake Ringsjcin. The ancient lake was completely filled up with vege- tation at the end ofthe EarlyAtlanticchronozone (Nilsson 1935). The area around Lake Ringsj Kurck I 87 2; Reventlow 1 905 ; Forssander 1 930; Althin 1954; Larsson 1978,1983) (Fig. 1). x210 The Ringsjciholm site was found by the author in connection with an invenrory of the sites aro- x200 und Lake Ringsjiin in 1989. In numerous molehills worked flint and bone were found. Of x190 special interestwere the finds oftrapeziform broad microliths and the somewhat unusual location x180 of the site (in the following rexr rhe wo rdtrapeze x170 will be usedwhen referring to trapeziform broad microliths). Before the excavation started in 1 994, x160 an introductory geophysical investigation was carried out. A resistivity survey showed the relative x150 thickness of the occupation layer and that the spit had been damaged every 15 metres in east- west direction bypipe draining. A magnetic survey revealed several anomalies, and the subsequent excavation showed, among other things, that the trvo largest were caused by hearths with burned stones (Strlng1995). X1 During three seasons 1 994- 199 5, 230 square metres were excavated, under the direction of the author. At the beginning it was expected that it would be possible to study how the limited ha- Fig. 2. Relief map and plan of excavated areas at the Ringsjciholm site. The gap in the spit at X210 is caused bylevelling-out soil at the boundarybetween two estates. The disturbance in the is an sand- southernmost part old x60 pit. Gradation in metres. Elevation: 0.05 m. Y90 Y100 Y110 Y120 Y130 RINGSJOHOLM 7 bitation area on the spit and the two refuse areas The microliths can mainlybe dated to the Middle at the sides had been used. It soon turned out, Mesolithic. Apart from one small fragment of a however, that the habitation had lasted a relatively polished Neolithic flint axe, no younger artefacts long time and that the uppermost layer with the have been found in Ll. There are also some most finds was chronologically mixed. One of transverse arrowheads which are difficult to date. the major goalswas to find contextswhichwould The broad microliths are dominated by early give information about the typological- trapeze forms (Fig. 4) but there are also some chronological development of trapezes and shed trapezes that can be dated to the Middle and Late light upon the Maglemose-Kongemose transi- Kongemose. The different types of trapezes will tion. be dealt with more thoroughly below. Except for microburins for the production of narrow microliths, only a few examples of large Finds and stratigraphy microburins have been found.This indicates that \Torked flint and bones can be seen in molehills the microburin technique was not used for the along the whole spit. To get a good view of the production of early trapezes at the site. Apart stratigraphy, three trenches were dug in east-west from a small number of lanceolates, the narrow direction across the spit (Fig. 2). Around the two microliths are dominated by narrow scalene hearths, which were found during the magnetic triangles and narrow trapezes ofSverdborg rype survey, a larger area was excavated because it was (over I 200, including fragments). In L I there are assumed that they could be located in or close to also some older microliths which can be dated to possible hut floors. The total weight of the the early or the middle part of Maglemose excavated flint material is about 250 kg, almost Culture. These consist of two isosceles triangles, exclusively of good qualiry senon type. Along the of which one is of Prejlerup type and five western side the weight of the flint can be up to shouldered points (Fig. 5:l-5). Only four flint 34kgper square metre. axes have been found: three oval symmetrical core The uppermost layer (Ll) on the top of the axes and one flake axe. Among the datable tools, spit consists ofa roughly0.2-0.3 m thicklayer of one almost complete pointed weapon made of sandy topsoil which has been exposed to danien flint was found in Ll . The blade cores are bioturbation and agriculture activity (Fig. 3). The dominated by handle cores but there are also majority of the flint is located in this layer, and some conical cores. Both blades and micro-blades some bones can also be found there. The eastern are ofgood technical qualiry. part of L1 is not as rich in finds but on the other To the west of the mid-axis of the spit, Ll is hand the flint pieces are larger. This difference is very much thicker than on the eastern half. In probably due to the way the habitation area on trench 2 this layer was divided into four layers the spit was utilized for different activities. (L1:1-1:4) of which layer I2-l4 includes the Differences between the nvo refuse areas on the undisturbed part ofthe occupation layer. In the western and eastern sides can also be noticed, northern part of trench 2 there was a depression Both the amount ofbones and their size are much about 5 m broad and 0.2 m deep interpreted as larger in the eastern refuse layer. People obviously a hut floor which was excavated according to the preferred to throw the waste towards the lakeside same layer classification: L1:2-l:4. It measured rather than into the fen. No close study of the at least 5 m from south to north and continued spatial distribution of tools on the spit has yet into the northern trench wall. The sand in the been carried out. Apart from narrow and broad depression was black and soory rich in flints and microliths, blade burins and retouched blades, fragmented bones. Four pits were found in the there are very few stone tools in the find material. underlying sterile sand (L3). They were situated 8 enNn sJosrRoM e 3 il: F+il]_F r+H P+&?='r ='o--AAS: q *t6 i Fig. 3. The western part of section Xl38, g through the sand spit. -e egi +F*x gt: 6i+; ;'5 ar+t Filnarl++fj 6 ;a+F5a€H ; =2 q ; E -:.r 8 ai.qa. : FL,= Legend: i;^-+X'-3 8- 9 E- -E t i' i 3-€ P 6 - r - =6 r { ; E A * u'j5' \ ^ = " = 6 ! 6 o e ' ;I 7 ; lE + +E I; * i :.4 il;1* s 9' = Fen peat, dark brown 3 ; iil?r5[e Humic sand, grey-black ;;ir ;il iiilj $ri$*fi€FllEiia$[[9E o A, *1i;;tasx *tir+ri Sand, yellow-brown (lower grey) ili sand, io E.=--;l; iri- D 5'->" i& = ryP5 ? t-+H: { 3 -. s! s-tfiFc:6+Fsi+s E iit q c.<"in.+:.2 E#i+irE+giaEp ri6'- Jp c Sand, dark brown +=4-+i i="iE?=7 EP=iq++;o!=a ;.i F f= iC3-*n 4L,34?7]a? l+fi 6irFa iE 6 i; Ifi ee inFti5n +r; H:F Silty sand, grey Sand with occasional thin layers ol peat and gyttja E ia 36i:q;igi{i! ili+ItF+iit;iHsE Drift gyttla and dekitus gyttla, brown green i[q 1s'Ft1i:3 $rE F1i a [ili*ilFsqFfi F-- * ilR Lirn rilnn 9t;,i h la fH g #3 [F#d-f€ i Calcareous gyttja, white grey, occasional molluscs 0 Stone IVI.A.S.L - 55,00 z 54,00 o' o zF \o Y114 Y90 Table I. Radiocarbon dates from Ringsjdholm. laC-Age laC-Age Lab. no. Material Context BP bc Lu-4023 Bone, elk Layer 3 7150 t90 5200 Lv429l Bone, urus Layer 2 7170 + 90 5220 Lu-3828 Bone, elk Layer 2n 7240 + 90 5290 L'r-4024 Bone, red deer Layer 2 7280 t 80 5330 Lu-3829 Bone, red deer Layer2b 7310 + 90 5360 Lu-4022 Bone, Iarge cervid or bovid Layer 3 7410 !90 5460 Lu-3827 Bone, elk Layer 2 7440 !90 5490 LuA-4261 Charcoal Hearth 2 7450 !130 5100 Lu-4290 Bone, urus Layer 4 7450 !90 5500 Lu-3830 Hazelnuts Layer2n 7460 !90 55r0 LUA-4258 Charcoal Layer 3b 7670 !t00 5720 LUA-4259 Charcoal Feature B 7750 Lt20 5800 LuA-4260 Charcoal Layer 3b 7910 + 1 10 5960 it consists of an undisturbed black peaty sand probably has been exposed to weathering for layer (Llb), rich in flints, fragmented bones, thousands ofyears. In parts oftrench 1, under L2 hazelnut shells and charcoal. A few metres from andL2b, there is a 0.4 m thick drift gytrla (Lzn) the edge of the spit the sandy find horizon is mainly consisting of hazelnut shells mixed with transformed into a 0.05 m thick refuse layer pieces ofbark, sticks and large pieces ofcharcoal. consisting of black, highly humified fen peat (L2) . One radiocarbon date of hazel-nut shells has gi- Under L2, on the west side, there is a layer of ven the resuk7460 + 90 BP One bone in the brown fen peat that is graduallytransformed into same layer has been dated to 7240 X90 BP. drift gyttja situated on a layer of grey sand. There Under the previous organogenic layers there are no artefacts under L2 on this side except at is a sterile layer of sand (L3). Occasional flints the edge of the spit where they occur down to the and bones have been washed into the upper part grey bottom sand. On the east side the find hori- ofthesand.Two datings ofbones from L3 indicate zon almost immediatelytransforms into the black almost the same time interval as the layers above, fen peat (L2). Anefacts are also found under L2 7150 ! 90 and 7410 + 90 BP. In L3 (trench 2) in a brown fen peat (L2b). These two layers are trapezes have been found on the eastern slope rich in large bones, flints, hazelnut shells, pieces and out in the refuse area to the east. Most of the ofcharcoal and burnt sticks. Except for differences 23 trapezesfound in the slope can be characterized in humification and colour it is stratigraphically as transverse arrowheads and symmetrical difficult to differentiate the &vo layers. Large trapezes. Some are very similar to the transverse bones can be situated in both layers, which rypes in L1:3. Two of them have a very distinct indicates that these layers really consist of one form (Fig. 5:10 and 12).Theyareextremelythin thick peat layer that was deposited under a in relation to width and have a concave edges. A relatively short time. Three radiocarbon dates of further example of this rype was found in L3, far bones from L2have given the result: 7170 *90, out in the refuse area under L2, L26 and L2n 7280 + 80 and7440 + 90 BP. A dating ofa bone (Fig. 5:11). In trench 2, where Ll is situated fromL2b has also given a value within this pe- directly on top of L3 (see profile, Fig. 3), the risk riod,7 310 + 90 BP Two small fragments ofpolis- is high that the find material in L3 couldbe mixed hed Neolithic flint axes have been found in the with younger material, even if observable upper paft of L2. This shows that the peat layer disturbances were excavated separately. The risk 10 ARNE sJosrRoM 4 5 7 o 2 3 B 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 23 18 19 20 21 22 24 17 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Fig. 4. Selection of trapeziform broad microliths from layer 1. Scale 1:1. Drawn by ChristinaTluedsson Sjcistr6m can be considered minor in the eastern partwhere stratigraphically oldest at Ringsj RINGSJOHOLM 1I dated to the Early Maglemose Culture. It is Mesolithic in South Scandinavia the majoriry of symmetrical and can be compared to axes from broad microliths are of uapeze form. Some the Flaadet site on Langeland, dated to the same transverse arrowheads have convex and concave age (Skaarup 1979, p. 1 04). Under the thicksand sides and retouches. They can be very irregular in (L3) there is a layer of whitish-grey calcareous shape, especially if they are produced from flakes. gyttja under the greater part ofthe spit. It has a It can be difficult to classify them as trapeze forms, maximum thickness of about 0,7 m and is partly but most transverse arrowheads can technically rich in molluscs and reed-roots. In the calcareous be classified under this definition (Clark 1958, gyttja, burnt sticks, charcoal and burnt tar torches p. 4l).It has not yet been clarified how early were found abundantlyin some places. The layer trapezes were used; the most common interpre- has not yet been dated but ought to be of the tation is that they were arrowheads. Because of same age as the calcareous gyttja in the Rcinne- this interpretation some archaeologists think that holm bog, which was deposited during the certain trapeziform microliths cannot be real Preboreal-Early Boreal chronozone (Nilsson trapezes, because they only include arrowheads 1935, p. 416) under this term. According to one definition, a Other worked lithic material than flint is broad trapeziform microlithwhich has a distance scarce on the site. Only a minor number ofwaste between the rwo retouched sides exceeding more and flakes made of diabase and qvartz, rvr.o oval than twice thewidth cannot be an arrowhead but pecked stone axes and a prefabricate have been a double edged microlith with another function found. There also occur some flakes ofsandstone (GEEM 1969, p. 360). Only trapezes of the remaining from the work with grindstones. A transverse type have been found mounted, which total of49 complete and fragmentary grindstones verifies the use as arrowheads for the late trapeze ofsandstone and slate have been found. Several rypes. Thapezes were manufactured mainly of dispersed fragments in the refuse area can be blades, by the use of microburin technique or by refitted. Some grindstones are so heavilyworked breaking and retouching afterwards. Ifone ofthe on both sides that the opposite sides have met in corners was retouched more sharply than the the middle. The bones have not yet been othet the tapeze became more or less asym- systematically examined by osteolo gists. The total metrical. No metrical classification system has weight, including tools, amounts to approx- yet been presented where all rypes of trapeziform imately 80 kg. The game seems to be almost the microliths can be classified. This makes the same as at other inland sites in Scania and Den- distinction berween short trapezes and transverse markdated to the middle Mesolithic. In the sandy arrowheads difficult and the classification very layer on the west side (Llb) and in the hut floor subjective. In South Scandinavian microlith there are plenry of fragmented and small bones, rypology, transverse arrowheads are intimately for example, fish bones. Bone tools and worked Iinkedwith theLateMesolithicandtheNeolithic. bones/teeth (216 examples) have mainly been The first serious attempt to make a metrical found in the refuse layers and in the hut floor. classification of broad trapezes of South Scandi- Half of these are small burin-worked and polis- navian material was made by Larsson (1978, pp. hed fragments. Some of the tools have simple 73 ff.) on the findings from Ager 1,2 ARNE sJosrRoM 2 4 3 5 7 8 I 24 't0 1'l 't2 13 WN 20 14 15 21 16 17 18 ' 19 22 23 Fig. 5. Selection of flint tools from different layers at Ringsjtjholm: 1-5 (L1), 6-9 (Ll:3) 10-19 (L3),20-23 (L3b) and, 24 (L3 u) . S cale I : 1 . Drawn by Christina Tluedsson Sj ristrdm. worked out by "Le Groupe d'Etude de l'Epi- sites in north- eastZealandand Scania. He distin- paldolithique-Mdsolithique" (GEEM 1969, pp. guished 3 I different types consisting ofrhomboid 360 ff.). Larssont ftapeze type l-3 has a base arrowheads, oblique transverse arrowheads and angle ofless than 90 degrees (for definitions of straight transverse arrowheads. From the find morphological elements, see the illustration in material at ten of the sites he was able to Fig.6).Type4has abase angle ofabout 90 degrees distinguish five different phases: Villingebak, and type 4 more than 90 degrees. It was nor Vedbak, Tiylleskov, Stationsvej and Alekistebro possible, however, to make any typological- (VangPeterse n 1984, p. 1 1). Sorensen recognizes chronological division ofthe trapezes. Vang Peter- three different types among his 34 trapezes from sen (1979, pp. 8 ff.) has metrically defined diffe- Blak ii. His definition of type 1 resembles renttrapezeforms, dated to the Kongemose and Larssont type l-3, his type 2 resembles Larssont Ertebolle Culture. His investigation included 21 rype 4, and his type 3 Larssont rype 5. The three RINGSJOHOLM T3 l- no BO :l':.+ 170N T60 f> uo 40 N.o 20 50 60 70 80 90 100 1 10 120 130 140 V> B r( 140 ( 130 120 L length 110 width t T tip angle B base angle B 100 o Lno layer 1:3 ^ 80 . layer 3 + layer 3b . other layers Vlzo 60 Fig. 6. Diagram showing the relation between three Vuo 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 morphological parameters of 562 trapeziform broad L/W microliths at Ringsjtiholm. I trapeze rypes were considered to be of the same between the longest edge and the edge retouch, age and used simultaneously, perhaps as a T) and base angle (the angle between the longest composite arrow (Sorensen 1996, pp. 56 f.). edge and the base retouch, B) (Fig. 6). The value At fungsjoholm more than 800 fragmentary of the edge length (L) is then divided by the value and whole trapeziform microliths have been of the width (\W). The sum forms a length/width found, including the prefabricates. The whole index (L/'W). The sharpest edge angle has been ones and those with only minor damage have determined as the tip angle regardless ofwhether been analysed in a morphological study. The the microlith is right- or left-angled or whether choice ofmeasurable morphological elements and it was used as an arrowhead. If the two edges are the presentation differs somewhat from Larsson's not quite parallel and the sides not straight the and Vang Petersen's methods. Four different form has been simplified to a trapeze shape based morphological elements have been measured: on the corners. length (the longest unretouched edge, L), width The values T B and L/'S7 have then been put (the mean distance between the unretouched in relation to each other in three diagrams, which '!7), edges = blade width, tip angle (the angle can be seen as an unfolded three-dimensional 14 ARNE sJosrRoM T"-Fon 80 Wro T60 buo 40 b. F 30 20 .t00 50 60 70 80 90 110 120 130 140 V h" LB q q 140 I t: '130 ' aaa \"^ \ Aa ^aaa A^"." " 120 ""q" E ""- oB F AO f L length q 110 -o JA. ^' .. . "t". W width ^ T tip angle E"A" B base angle B 100 Lno . Ringsjdholm 80 . Agerdd I Segebro ^E Skateholm EE ooE t bto o o 60 Fig. 7. Diagram showing the relation between three Wuo 0,5 1,0 1,5 morphological parameters on trapeziform broad L/W microliths from fungsj,iiholm, Segebro, Skateholm ffi m I-III,Agerdd I:8, I:D and I:HC. x ffi ffi diagram (Fig. 6). The optimal way ro look at rhombic arrowhead ofVillingebak rype is right- these data is in a three-dimensional computer angled. Concave base retouch is found on ren program where the diagram can be rotated. In trapezes of which five also have concave edge the diagrams it is not possible to see differences retouch. Nine trapezes also have retouch in size. Only the morphology can be studied. completely or partially along the base (Fig . 4:14) . The choice ofmeasured and presented parameters \Tithin the main cluster in the diagram no distinct makes it easy ro read and interpret the diagrams groupings can be discerned. Both visually and since the values show the actual form. with the help of a three-dimensional "nearesr The majority of the 562 measured rrapezes in neighbour analysis", two groups outside the main the diagram are left-angled (94o/o), andthe right- cluster can be observed. These are 2l rhombic angled ones, with few exceptions, have a base arrowheads of Vllingeba',k type, 34 nanow angleless than 90 degrees.Thedifference between rhombic and oblique rransverse arrowheads of the tip angle and the base angle for these is in Vedbek type. Besides these two groups (defined most cases so small that they probably were not by Vang Petersen 1979) there are several diffe- deliberately made right-angled. Only one rent trapezoid forms within the main cluster. Even RTNGSJoHoLM l5 if there are some more or less divergent forms on Comparison with other sites the periphery, these are so few that they cannot tapezes were almost only be considered to form clear rype groupings. In Until recently early spite of the large number of trapezes found at found on mixed sites in Jutland (Mathiassen Ringsj 16 ARNESJosTRoM o ao o_ c a I m E o o o I e e o o s c0 6 J E c ! N o ! ! E I o ,O '6 o o e o '9 ,9 ! o o o :o E o o o o o c o o a o o o l d o € o o 5 m ii Y a 5 o -4500 6500 INEil -5000 7000 -5500 7500 -6000 Fig. 8. Uncalibrated radiocarbon dates from Middle Mesolithic sites in Scania and Denmark (from Andersen et al. 1982; Fischer 1994; Larsson l97B;1982;1983; Sorensen 1996;Tauber l97l). The radiocarbon datings of the layers berween the two locations 86 measurable rapezes containing trapezes at Agercid I:B and Ager RTNGSJoHoLM 17 arrowheads of Villingebek ryp. (e.g. Larsson at Ringsjciholm (e.g. Fig. 5:6-7 and 5:10-15) 1978, p.76,Fig.4l:104.3). Some of the rype 3 can be dated to the Early Kongemose and were trapezes fromAger For a comparisonwith trapezes oftransverse type, Sorensen (I99 6, p. 5 1 ) : "core axes, broad trapeze dated to the Ertebolle, 145 arrowheads from shaped arrowheads ... blades with straight or Skateholm I, II and III have been examined and convex end retouch and angle burins ofblades". measured (Larsson I 988). The types can be found, No other changes than the introduction ofbroad accordingto theVang Petersen (1979) system, in trapezes can so far be recorded with certainty in the stages Thylleskov, Stationsvej andAlekistebro. technology during the transition period, since Mostofthem haveverysimilar tip and base angles the known sites are so few. There are of course to the trapezes at fungsjoholm. Differences can great differences ifone compares exffemes, hund- be noticed in the L/\W index (Fig. 7) and in other reds of years apart, such as the Late Maglemose morphological characteristics. The majority of with the developed Kongemose during the the arrowheads from Skateholm are made offlakes Villingebak phase. The main question is whether and have one or two concave retouched sides. I the cultural development was gradual or if other find it most probable that some of the short and changes took place in technology and non-mate- broad symmetrical trapezes of the transverse type rial culture when the idea ofbroad trapezes spread 18 ARNE SJOSTROM to South Scandinavia. Even ifa few sites dated to Fischer, A. 1989. Musholm Bay: Excavation of a Sub- the Early Kongemose Culture have been found marine Settlement in a Drowned Forest 9 Meters below Present Sea Level. Mesolithic MiscellanyT:2. recently, there still remains a rather long period Fischer, A. 1994. Dating the Early Trapeze Horizon: between the latest dated Maglemose site and the Radiocarbon Dates from Submerged Settlements in earliest Kongemose site. So farvery fewsites from Musholm Bay and Kalo Vig, Denmark. Mesolithic the latest periods of the Maglemose Culture have MiscellanyT5:7. been radiocarbon-dated.'W'e still do not know Forssander. J. E. 1 930. En merklig stenildersboplats vid Sjoholmen. M edde landen Lunds uniuersite ts h is- when the introduction of broad trapeziform frdn torisha rnuseum 7938. microliths took place in South Scandinavia and GEEM, 1969. Epipal6olithique-Mdsolithique: Les what was the shape of the earliest types. microlithes gdomEtriques. Bulletin de la Sociitd Prd h is to rique Franqaise 55. Gron, O. & Sorensen, A. 1995. Aggemose. An Inland Acknowledgements Site from the Early Kongemose Culture on Lange- Many thanks to Henrik Pihl, Karina Dehman, land. Journal ofDanish Archaeology ll. Jorgensen, S. 1956. Kongemosen: Endnu en Aamose- Jessica Mirtensson, Nord Paulsson and all Jenny Boplads fra rEldre Stenalder. Kurn I 19 5 6. the students of archaeology for the help with the Kurck, A. 1872. Om stenilderns delning och kustfynd i excavations. I am also grateful for the financial Skine. Samlingar till Sh,ines historia, fornkunshap och contribution for the radiocarbon datings from beshrifninglBT2. Larsson, Agerdd Crafoordska Stiftelsen and Svenska Fornminnes- L. 1978. Agert)d I:B - I:D: A Study of Early Atlantic Settlement in Scania. ActaArchaeologica frireningen. Lundensia. Series in 4o 12. Larsson, L. 1982. Segebro: En tidigatlantisk boplats vid References Sege is mynning. Malmffind4. Larsson, L. 1983. AgerddV AnAtlantic BogSite in Cen- Althin, C.-A. 1954. The Chronology of the Stone Age tral S cania. ActaArchaeologica Lundensia Serie in Bo Settlement of Scania, Sweden. Acta Archaeologica 12. Lundensia Series in 4o 1. Larsson, L. 1988. The Skateholm project I. Man and Andersen, K. et al, 1982. Maglemose hytterne ved Enaironment.Lrnd. Ulkestrup Lyng. Nordishe FortidsminderT. Koben- Larsson, L. 1990. The Mesolithic of Southern Scan- havn. dinavia. Journal of\Yorld Prehistory 4:3. Andersen, K. 1985. 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Aarb oger for Nordis h O ldhyndigh ed og Historie 79 03. (ed.), The Mesolithic in Europe, \7arsaw. Skaarup, J. 1979. Flaadet. Meddelelser fa Langelands Broholm, H. C. I924. NyeFundfraden.lEldsteStenalder. Museum. Rudkobing. Holmgaard- og Svrrdborgfundene. Aarboger for Sorensen, S. A. 1996. Kongemosehulturen i Sjtdskandi- Nordisk Oldfundighed og Historie 7924. nauien. Copenhagen. Brondsted, l. 1957. Danmarks Oldtid 1: Stenalderen. Strdng, T. 1995. Gnphysical Methods Applied to Tuo Kobenhavn. Archaeological Sites, Shdne, Suteden. Mastert Thesis. Clark, J. G. D. 1958. Blade and tapeze Industries of 1995:061 E. University of Lulei. the European StoneAge. Proceedings ofthe Prehistoric Tauber, H. 1971. Danske Kulstof-14 dateringer af SocietyWIY. arkaologiske prover III. Aarboger for Nordish RTNGSJoHOLM 19 Oldfuindighed og Historie 1970. Vang Petersen, P. 1979. Atlantiske bopladsfund fra Nordosxjalland og Shtne - Dateringsproblemer. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Universiry of Copen- hagen. 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