La Medicina China Y La Acupuntura: Definición, Conceptos Básicos Y Glosario

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La Medicina China Y La Acupuntura: Definición, Conceptos Básicos Y Glosario Ramón Mª CALDUCH FARNÓS HACIA UNA FORMACIÓN EUROPEA DE LA MEDICINA CHINA: SU INCORPORACIÓN EN EL SISTEMA UNIVERSITARIO ESPAÑOL Tesis doctoral dirigida por Dra. Carmen PARRA RODRÍGUEZ Universitat Abat Oliba CEU FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES Programa de doctorado en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales Departamento de Derecho y Ciencia Política 2017 2 Resumen La Acupuntura y la Medicina Tradicional China existen desde hace miles de años en su país de origen y área de influencia. En occidente, se han ido introduciendo gradualmente, sin embargo, no es hasta los últimos 40 años que su implantación ha alcanzado gran notoriedad. Este hecho ha generado una controversia que va desde sus más acérrimos defensores hasta los detractores más empecinados, basándose unos en sus bondades y los otros en su falta de evidencia científica. La Estrategia de la OMS 2014-2023 sobre Medicina tradicional insta a los países miembros a su regulación, como paso previo a su incorporación en los Sistemas Nacionales de Salud de cada país. Aun así, la controversia persiste, si bien en los últimos años hemos visto como se regulaba en países como EEUU, Australia, Chile, Portugal, etc., en otros países está en proceso de regulación más o menos avanzada. En la presente investigación se pretende, desde el análisis del estado de la cuestión en los diferentes países del mundo y en España, poder verificar si, como pensamos, existe una tendencia a la regulación de las MTC de manera autónoma respecto de la medicina alopática occidental, al tiempo que avanza la práctica de la denominada “medicina china integrativa” (combinación de la medicina china y la medicina alopática occidental) y los proyectos de investigación al respecto. Este análisis nos ha de permitir inferir cuál debería ser su ubicación en el sistema Universitario español, en el marco del sistema educativo europeo. Además, hemos realizado una recopilación y análisis comparado de la normativa existente en aquellos países en los que existe regulación al respecto. Una revisión de la bibliografía existente (fundamentalmente artículos en revistas especializadas, ponencias en Congresos, estudios del sector y datos cualitativos y cuantitativos publicados por organismos públicos y organizaciones locales, nacionales e internacionales). Una revisión de sentencias por intrusismo y del orden contencioso administrativo en España. Y, por último, una revisión de estudios indicativos de la utilización de la MTC por la ciudadanía. El trabajo se ha dividido en ocho apartados: introducción, interdisciplinariedad de la investigación, análisis histórico-antropológico de la MTC en China, definiciones y conceptos básicos, evidencias científicas, situación legal y real del ejercicio profesional y 3 los estudios de medicina china en los diferentes países y en España, situación de los estudios oficiales sanitarios en España, y conclusiones y nuevas líneas de investigación. La presente investigación no puede ser más oportuna puesto que en el momento de finalizar la misma se acaba de abrir en España un debate sobre las medicinas naturales, consecuencia de la presentación de un Proyecto No de Ley por parte del partido político Ciudadanos, sobre la necesidad de controlar lo que ellos llaman “pseudociencias”, poniendo en el mismo saco todo tipo de terapias. Este hecho sin duda debería acabar potenciando la regulación de los estudios (y por ende la práctica profesional) de aquellas medicinas naturales que acrediten su utilidad como único mecanismo de control eficaz para asegurar la eficacia, eficiencia y seguridad de sus tratamientos para la ciudadanía. Resum L'Acupuntura i la Medicina Tradicional Xina existeixen des de fa milers d'anys al seu país d'origen i àrea d'influència. A occident, aquestes disciplines s’han anat introduint gradualment, tot i així no és fins els últims 40 anys que la seva implantació ha aconseguit gran notorietat. Aquest fet ha generat una controvèrsia que va des de els seus més acèrrims defensors fins als detractors més entossudits, basant-se uns en les seves bondats i els altres en la seva falta d'evidència científica. L'Estratègia de l'OMS 2014-2023 sobre Medicina tradicional insta als països membres a la seva regulació, com a pas previ a la seva incorporació als Sistemes Nacionals de Salut de cada país. Encara així, la controvèrsia persisteix, si bé en els últims anys hem vist com es regulava en països com els EUA, Austràlia, Xile, Portugal, etc., en altres països està en procés de regulació més o menys avançada. En la present recerca es pretén, des de l'anàlisi de l'estat de la qüestió als diferents països del món i a Espanya, poder verificar si, com pensem, existeix una tendència a la regulació de la MTC de manera autònoma respecte de la medicina al·lopàtica occidental, al mateix temps que avança la pràctica de la denominada “medicina xinesa integrativa” (combinació de la medicina xinesa i la medicina al·lopàtica occidental) i els projectes d’investigació sobre aquest tema. 4 Aquest anàlisis ens ha de permetre inferir quin hauria de ser la seva ubicació en el sistema Universitari espanyol, en el marc del sistema educatiu europeu. A més a més, hem realitzat una recopilació i anàlisi comparada de la normativa existent en aquells països en els quals existeix regulació sobre aquest tema. Una revisió de la bibliografia existent (fonamentalment articles en revistes especialitzades, ponències en Congressos, estudis del sector i dades qualitatives i quantitatives publicades per organismes públics i organitzacions locals, nacionals i internacionals). Una revisió de sentències per intrusisme i de l'ordre contenciós administratiu a Espanya. I, finalment, una revisió d'estudis indicatius de la utilització de la MTC per la ciutadania. El treball s'ha dividit en vuit apartats: introducció, interdisciplinarietat de la recerca, anàlisi històrica-antropològica de la MTC a Xina, definicions i conceptes bàsics, evidències científiques, situació legal i real de l'exercici professional i els estudis de medicina xinesa als diferents països i a Espanya, situació dels estudis oficials sanitaris a Espanya, i conclusions i noves línies de recerca. La present recerca no pot ser més oportuna, ja que al moment de finalitzar la mateixa, s'acaba d'obrir a Espanya un debat sobre les medicines naturals, conseqüència de la presentació d'un Projecte No de Llei per part del partit polític Ciutadans sobre la necessitat de controlar el que ells criden “pseudociències”, posant en el mateix sac tot tipus de teràpies. Aquest fet sens dubte hauria d'acabar potenciant la regulació dels estudis (i per tant la pràctica professional) d'aquelles medicines naturals que acreditin la seva utilitat com a únic mecanisme de control eficaç per assegurar l'eficàcia, eficiència i seguretat dels seus tractaments per a la ciutadania. Abstract Acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Medicine have existed for thousands of years in their country of origin and area of influence. In the West, they have been introduced gradually, however it is not until the last 40 years that its implementation has achieved great notoriety. This fact has generated a controversy that goes from its most staunch defenders to the most stubborn detractors, the former based on its benefits and the latter based on its lack of scientific evidence. 5 The WHO Strategy 2014-2023 on Traditional Medicine urges member countries to regulate it, as a step prior to their incorporation into the National Health Systems of each country. Even so, the controversy persists, although in recent years we have seen how it was regulated in countries like USA, Australia, Chile, Portugal, etc., in other countries it is in process of regulation more or less advanced. In the present investigation, it is intended, from the analysis of the situation of the topic in the different countries of the world and in Spain, to verify if, as we thought, there is a tendency to regulate TCM independently of Western allopathic medicine, at the same time as the practice of so-called "integrative Chinese medicine" (a combination of Chinese medicine and Western allopathic medicine) is progressing and the research projects on the subject. This analysis should allow us to infer what should be its location in the Spanish university system, within the framework of the European educational system. In addition, we have compiled and compared the existing regulations in those countries where there is regulation in this regard. A review of the existing bibliography (mainly articles in specialized journals, papers in Congresses, studies of the sector and qualitative and quantitative data published by public organisms and local, national and international organizations). A revision of sentences by professional intrusion and of the administrative contentious order in Spain. And, finally, a review of studies indicative of the use of the MTC by the citizenship. The work has been divided into eight sections: introduction, interdisciplinary research, historical-anthropological analysis of TCM in China, basic definitions and concepts, scientific evidence, legal and real situation of professional practice and studies of Chinese medicine in different Countries and in Spain, status of official health studies in Spain, and conclusions and new lines of research. This research could not be timelier because at the end of its completion, there has just opened in Spain a debate on natural medicines, a consequence of the presentation of a non-binding motion by the political party Citizens, on the necessity to control what they call "pseudoscience", putting in the
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