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A Critical Analysis of Akbar‟ S Religious Policy: Din-I Ilahi

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A Critical Analysis of Akbar‟ S Religious Policy: Din-I Ilahi International Relations and Diplomacy, June 2016, Vol. 4, No. 6, 407-417 doi: 10.17265/2328-2134/2016.06.005 D DAVID PUBLISHING A Critical Analysis of Akbar‟s Religious Policy: Din-i Ilahi Cemil Kutlutürk Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey Columbia University, NY, USA The period of Akbar‟s rule (1556-1605) has been regarded as one of the most significant and incomparable periods in Indian history in particular regarding with Hindu Muslim interaction. Indeed, Akbar‟s success stemmed from his religious policy that based on Sulh-i Kul (universal peace and harmony) between all his subjects regardless with their social, ethical or religious identities. His religious policy was not a sudden event, rather emerged from in the course of time depending on different internal and external factors. The final stage of Akbar‟s religious policy, the Din-i Ilahi (Religion of God), was a syncretic religious movement propounded by him in 1582 A.D., was one of the most substantial dimensions of mutual interaction and relationship between Hinduism and Islam. The primary aim of this paper, therefore, is to examine the factors influencing Akbar‟s religious policy and to analyze critically Akbar‟s Din-i Ilahi by dealing with its basic features and virtues which more or less shaped his attitudes towards other religious and social groups. Keywords: Akbar, religious policy, Din-i Ilahi, Hindu-Muslim Interaction, the Medieval India Introduction After the arrival of Muslim traders in India in the seventh and eighth centuries, interactions and interrelations between Muslims and Hindus have been commenced. In fact the earliest accounts of encounters between Arab Muslims and South Asian Hindus demonstrate a wide range of interactions and mutual relations. Up to today, Muslims and Hindus in many places and times shaped communities in which there were commercial issues, places of collective worship, shared political and economic institutions, and other forms of exchange such as intermarriages. On the other hand, it is clear that at times the interactions have been contentious and violent, yet without understanding the full range of encounters, it is not easy to make sense of either the dissension or the cooperation that compose the fullness of history. As the historical documents approved the Hindu Muslim relations improved and took many forms during the Mughal/Gurkani1 period (1526-1857). Certain rulers were quite open not to employing and strategically allying with one another but to pursuing deeper engagement and comprehending at the regional, imperial as well as religious level. Such an attitude taken by competent rulers in a measure can be seen as relevant to benefits of dynasty. When both imperial sources and historical records that have been kept by not only Muslims but other adherents belong to different religious traditions, are examined, many samples of intimate interest and Cemil Kutlutürk, Asssistant Professor, Faculty of Divinity, Ankara University; The Department of Middle Eastern, South Asian, and African Studies (MESAAS), Columbia University. 1 Hereupon the term “Gurkani” will be used in order to refer the Baburi Dynasty which was established by Babur in India instead of the term of Mughal or Mungol. One of the most important historians in this field, Prof. Bayur, have clearly revealed this reality by construing first hand sources (Bayur, 1946). 408 A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF AKBAR‟S RELIGIOUS POLICY: DIN-I ILAHI genuine attempts can be found (Mahmud, 1949, pp. 31-39). One of the most famous model of such interest and tolerance to other religions is the third Gurkani ruler Akbar, who not only spoke local languages but also was a master of Hindu poets writing in the Indic language of Brajbhasha, which was, along with Persian, the literary language of north India during his period (Busch, 2010, p. 274). Abu‟l Fath Jalal-al-Din Muhammad Akbar, commonly known as Akbar I, literally „The Great‟, was the son of Nasiruddin Humayun whom he succeeded as ruler of the Gurkani dynasty in India from 1556 to 1605 (Smith, 1917). He, as a strong personality and a notable ruler, gradually enlarged his empire to include Afghanistan and nearly the entire Indian peninsula. To unify the vast empire as well as to protect peace and order in a culturally and religiously diverse state, he adopted a distinctive political and religious policy. Akbar first to establish his control over the scattered land then weld his collection of different states, different races and different religions into a whole. For achieving this aim, Akbar firstly improved a religious policy and did his best socio-cultural reforms. Akbar‟s religious policy basically based on the doctrine of Sulh-i Kul which means universal peace as well as tolerance for every individual. His religious policy did not discriminate other religions and focused on the ideas of peace, unity and tolerance. Akbar accepted all his subject equal regardless with their religious identities and cultural backgrounds. Akbar considered himself the ruler of all of his subjects, including Muslims, Hindus, and followers of other faiths. For this purpose, he firstly fulfilled various significant implements regarding with religious social, imperial and political issues which had an important role in the development of his religious policy and thoughts (Rizvi, 1975, p. 409). Factors Influencing Akbar’s Religious Policy The development Akbar‟s religious policy in the course of time was a result of his interaction with not only Muslim society but other religious groups as well as local eminent leaders and rulers. In this context, the religious policy of Akbar was one of the most liberal exponent of the policy of toleration among all Muslim ruler in India. However, his religious views wet through a process of slow evaluation and was effected by internal and external factors. From his childhood, Akbar had come in contact with Islam and in particular Sufism. On the other hand he was educated by some scholars who were the follower of Shia tradition. Akbar‟s childhood tutors, who included two Irani Shias, made an important contribution to Akbar‟s later inclination towards religious tolerance. Akbar from his early age, therefore, exposed to Sufism and Shia doctrines (Habib, 1997, p. 81). Akbar‟s Rajput views and his contact with Hinduism, on the other hand, made an impression on his imaginative mind. Meanwhile, the bhakti movement had created a new atmosphere in India. As a result of this movement, a great deal of rulers in various parts of India adopted a more liberal policy of religious tolerance, attempting to set up communal harmony between Hindus and Muslim from the beginning of fifteenth century. These liberation and quality songs sung by the teachers and popular gurus of the bhakti movement such as Guru Nanak, Kabir and Chaitanya. This outstanding and effective ideas of bhakti leaders have also impacted on development of Akbar‟s religious attitudes towards others (Chandra, 2007, p. 253). Moreover, in the process of improvement of his religious discourses and ideas other religious traditions and their imminent leaders such as Christian missioners and Jainist monks had an important role (Siddique, 2001, p. 109). Therefore, in order to comprehend his unique religious policy, which possesses some important stages like the Din-i Ilahi, and to carry out a critical evaluation on his religious policy the factors impacted on his mind should be firstly analyzed. A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF AKBAR‟S RELIGIOUS POLICY: DIN-I ILAHI 409 The Impact of Muslim Ulamas and Shias It is known that Akbar, whose parents were follower of the Sunni Hanefi way of Islam (Habib, 1997, p. 80), was firstly effected by his religious environment and background. In particular the attitudes of narrow minded as well as world seeking Muslim ulamas had an important role to shape of his religious mind and policy. His early days were spent in the backdrop of an atmosphere in which liberal sentiments were encouraged and religious narrow-mindedness was frowned upon (Chandra, 2007, p. 253). One of the most significance Islamic leader of that time, Imam Sirhindi, states also that the world seeking ulama of the reign of Akbar were greatly responsible for misleading Akbar from „sirat-i mustaqim‟ which means the true and right path. According to him, their intention was to attain worldly power, prestige and honor from the people and ruler of time (Ahmad Sirhindi, Maktub No. I/3). Being dissatisfied with the world seeking and narrow minded ulama, Akbar turned his face towards the spiritual leaders of his age. However, in his time except a few models almost all Sufis were effected by doctrine of unityism, namely “wahdatu-l wujud” (unity of existence). The defenders of this philosophy damaged the essence of Islam by arguing different views against the Quran and Hadiths. Akbar voluntarily or not influenced by this kind of so called ulamas and often he discussed with them like Shaikh Tajuddin, regarding Sufism lonely at nights. For instance, Shaikh Tajuddin due to his idea of „wahdatu-l wujud‟, accepted that to prostrate before Akbar was nothing but prostrating Allah (Badauni, II/259). Furthermore, such an idea also impacted on Akbar‟s views that is „to worship Allah, there are many ways and the foundation of each religion is on the truth‟ which is one of the main features of the Din-i Ilahi movement (Hussain, 1957, p. 57). On the fulfillments of this kind of Sufis, Imam-i Sirhindi mentions that most of the ignorant Sufis of this period were like the world seeking ulama, their contaminating misdeeds had been contagious (Ahmad Sirhindi, Maktub No. I/47). Thus it is clear that influence of so-called spiritual Sufi leaders became a chief cause of the weakening the faith of Akbar in the commands of Islam.
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