DOCSLIB.ORG

A Pedagogy of Witnessing: Linguistic and Visual Frames of the Dark Side in the Multimodal Classroom

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Pedagogy of Witnessing: Linguistic and Visual Frames of the Dark Side in the Multimodal Classroom Michigan Technological University Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports 2017 A Pedagogy of Witnessing: Linguistic and Visual Frames of the Dark Side in the Multimodal Classroom Lindsay Hingst Michigan Technological University, [email protected] Copyright 2017 Lindsay Hingst Recommended Citation Hingst, Lindsay, "A Pedagogy of Witnessing: Linguistic and Visual Frames of the Dark Side in the Multimodal Classroom", Open Access Dissertation, Michigan Technological University, 2017. https://doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.etdr/339 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr Part of the Rhetoric Commons A PEDAGOGY OF WITNESSING: LINGUISTIC AND VISUAL FRAMES OF THE DARK SIDE IN THE MULTIMODAL CLASSROOM By Lindsay A. Hingst A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In Rhetoric, Theory and Culture MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2017 ©2017 Lindsay A. Hingst This dissertation has been approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Rhetoric, Theory and Culture. Department of Humanities Dissertation Advisor: Dr. Diane Shoos Committee Member: Dr. Elizabeth Flynn Committee Member: Dr. Karla Kitalong Committee Member: Dr. Ira Allen Department Chair: Dr. Ron Strickland TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... iv DEFINITIONS ...............................................................................................................v ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ xii 1 A Pedagogy of Witnessing as Edu-activism ...........................................................1 2 Rhetorical Dimensions of Witnessing: Linguistic Frames of the Dark Side .........52 3 Rhetorical Dimensions of Witnessing: Visual Frames of the Dark Side .............104 4 Rhetorical Witnessing and Multimodal Composition: Responsibility, Response Ability and Working through Trauma .................................................................197 5 Why A Pedagogy of Witnessing? Why Frames of the Dark Side? .....................227 APPENDIX ...............................................................................................................249 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am extremely grateful to Dr. Diane Shoos whose support and guidance have helped me enormously in both my professional and personal life. I am fortunate to have received mentoring from such an extraordinary writer, researcher, professor, and advocate. I would also like to thank Dr. Karla Kitalong and Dr. Elizabeth Flynn for their immense support and mentoring over the last five years. My work with Dr. Kitalong assisted my research in the multimodal aspect of this project, and Dr. Flynn’s scholarship on witnessing inspired the beginning stages of my research. I would like to thank Dr. Ira Allen as well who came to my committee late in the game. His inspirational work ethic and helpful feedback helped me work through many frustrating stages of the writing process. This work would not have been possible without the moral support and consistent encouragement I have received from my family. To my mother—my first teacher—who always pushed me to maximize my full potential: throughout my life, you have emphasized the value of a good education. Thank you for always teaching me to think critically and have an open mind. To my father, who bought me countless books on history and war: thank you for challenging my political viewpoints and the importance of a strong work ethic. To my extended family and friends, thank you for supporting me throughout this long and arduous journey. I am deeply grateful to all of you. Finally, a special thanks to my son, Grady. You are the light of my life and my raison d’être. Thank you for teaching me selflessness, patience, and unconditional love. I am a better person because of you. iv DEFINITIONS Agency- A process whereas rhetorical agency “is the capacity to influence the form and shape of a rhetorical culture” which can be “shaped both in a material sense and a sociological sense” (Greer, Kairos News). Human beings exist as both actors and shapers who are acted upon and shaped by their rhetorical cultures (which include written, oral and visual modes of communication). Greer claims that we do not have a choice when it comes to whether we have agency or not, but we do have a choice in terms of what we do with our agency. Altruism- selfless and voluntary behaviors, “motivated by the desire to help another individual” (Marsh). Anchorage- linguistic element provided to direct the meaning of an image (Barthes, Image-Music-Text, 156). Aperture- absorbs light from the scene through an opening, hole, or gap (Bordwell and Thompson 162). Atrocity- involves culpable wrongdoing that occurs on a mass scale. Genocides, massacres, mass murder, torturing prisoners, and rape warfare are all examples of what constitutes an atrocity (Card 5). Bearing witness- the heart of rhetorical witnessing; remains an active process that includes the triad of rhetor, symbols, and audience a rhetorical process of speaker, audience and text (Peters 709) Camera- derives from the Latin term for “chamber,” or “a vaulted room” (Merriam- Webster). The first camera, invented in 1685 by Johan Zahn, evolved from the camera obscura (or “dark room” in Latin), followed by other photographic technologies such as daguerreotypes, calotypes, dry plates, film, and digital cameras (PBS.org). In 1885, George Eastman—inventor of Kodiak—invented moving film (PBS.org). Cinematography- literally means “writing in movement” (Bordwell and Thompson 162). Connotative meaning- meaning varies depending upon the viewer and context (Barthes, Image-Music-Text). Dehumanizing propaganda- a technique that portrays a targeted scapegoat by using animalistic caricatures (Shabo 129). The purpose of using this method is to dehumanize those the state wants to exterminate from society. “The agenda to eliminate an entire population is rarely stated openly,” rather it is more effective to subliminally implement ideas of the dehumanized “Other” that is “framed” a certain way to saturate a racist ideology within the culture (129). Denotative meaning- literal; dictionary definition (Barthes, Image-Music-Text) v Deliberation- “the act of thinking about or discussing something and deciding carefully” (Merriam-Webster). Ethical spectatorship- a tension between the desire to look and the politics of recognition (Kozol 14-5). The term “ethical spectatorship” considers notions of voyeurism and spectatorship to address problems with gazing upon images of human suffering. Frame- Is “not a neutral border; it imposes a certain vantage point” by defining the size, shape, height, distance, and angle of the shot (Bordwell and Thompson 182). Significantly, the frame defines onscreen and off-screen space (182). Framing- From a technical standpoint, relies on the positioning of the lens in terms of angle (i.e. high, low, straight on), level (parallel to the horizon or tipped), height (i.e. high, low, straight on), and distance (extreme long shot, long shot, medium long shot, medium shot, medium close-up, close-up, and extreme close-up) (Bordwell and Thompson 190-1). The Framing of the Frame- takes into consideration the underlying systems of power (e.g. the political economy, military directives, and dominant bourgeois ideology) responsible for structuring the frame (Butler 74). The Gaze- refers to the objectifying process whereby the eye fixes upon another person as a thing (or objet petite a) in a way that reveals power dynamics between individuals (Lacan). Laura Mulvey’s research expanded upon Lacan’s work by exploring the sexual objectification of the female form by the male gaze. Mulvey’s work examines voyeurism and scopophelia. Although these concepts emerged from film studies, the power of the gaze also applies to art and photography. To Kozol, the gaze is an apparatus of power that creates a stereo-typified view of life in the Middle East wherein the ethnic “Other” represents a brute savage in comparison to Americans who are portrayed as the rational, just, and civilized agent (8). Iconic war photography- “a mode of cultural production. It helps shape history” (Tagg 246). At the same time, these photographs are myths. Image-flow- the political economy not only underlies the “framing” of news stories, it determines whose stories are “worthy” or “unworthy” of being told (Herman and Chomsky xx). Image-glut- an insatiable desire to expose oneself to violent images (Sontag 20). Judgment- the way we form an opinion based on evidence and our moral values (Merriam-Webster). Justification- “…the mental activity of responding to particular situations in a way that draws upon our sensations, beliefs, and emotions without being dictated by them…” (Garsten 7). vi Lens- creates a depth of field between itself and an object of focus to compose a foreground and background of the shot (Bordwell and Thompson 162). Lighting- develops highlights and shadows to create a sense of spatial relations among people and objects. Hard light creates “defined shadows, crisp textures, and sharp edges” whereas soft light refers to “diffused illumination” (Bordwell and Thompson 126). Linguistics- the scientific study of language and its structures (Barthes, Image, Music, Text, 156). Media witnessing- “live” broadcast news as a testimonial genre which
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ye Intruders Beware: Fantastical Pirates in the Golden Age of Illustration
    YE INTRUDERS BEWARE: FANTASTICAL PIRATES IN THE GOLDEN AGE OF ILLUSTRATION Anne M. Loechle Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of the History of Art Indiana University November 2010 Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Doctoral Committee _________________________________ Chairperson, Sarah Burns, Ph.D. __________________________________ Janet Kennedy, Ph.D. __________________________________ Patrick McNaughton, Ph.D. __________________________________ Beverly Stoeltje, Ph.D. November 9, 2010 ii ©2010 Anne M. Loechle ALL RIGHTS RESERVED iii Acknowledgments I am indebted to many people for the help and encouragement they have given me during the long duration of this project. From academic and financial to editorial and emotional, I was never lacking in support. I am truly thankful, not to mention lucky. Sarah Burns, my advisor and mentor, supported my ideas, cheered my successes, and patiently edited and helped me to revise my failures. I also owe her thanks for encouraging me to pursue an unorthodox topic. From the moment pirates came up during one of our meetings in the spring of 2005, I was hooked. She knew it, and she continuously suggested ways to expand the idea first into an independent study, and then into this dissertation. My dissertation committee – Janet Kennedy, Patrick McNaughton, and Beverly Stoeltje – likewise deserves my thanks for their mentoring and enthusiasm. Other scholars have graciously shared with me their knowledge and input along the way. David M. Lubin read a version of my third chapter and gave me helpful advice, opening up to me new ways of thinking about Howard Pyle in particular.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Issue
    Nr. 24/2020 HERMENEIA Journal of Hermeneutics, Art Theory and Criticism Topic: Beyond Human Topic Editor: Petru BEJAN Editura Fundaţiei Academice AXIS IAŞI, 2020 Advisory board Ştefan AFLOROAEI, Prof. Dr., Al. I. Cuza University, Iasi, Romania Sorin ALEXANDRESCU, Prof. Dr., University of Bucarest, Romania Corneliu BILBA, Prof. Dr., Al. I. Cuza University, Iasi, Romania Aurel CODOBAN, Prof. Dr., Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Denis CUNNINGHAM, General Secretary, Fédération Internationale des Professeurs de Langues Vivantes (FIPLV) Ioanna KUÇURADI, Prof. Dr., Maltepe University, Turkey Roger POUIVET, Prof. Dr., Nancy 2 University, France Constantin SĂLĂVĂSTRU, Prof. Dr., Al. I. Cuza University, Iasi, Romania Jean-Jacques WUNENBURGER, Prof. Dr., Jean Moulin University, Lyon, France Editor in Chief Petru BEJAN, Prof. Dr., Al. I. Cuza University, Iasi, Romania Editorial board Antonela CORBAN, PhD., Al. I. Cuza University, Iasi, Romania Valentin COZMESCU, PhD., Al. I. Cuza University, Iasi, Romania Florin CRÎȘMĂREANU, Researcher Dr., Al. I. Cuza University, Iasi, Romania Florina-Rodica HARIGA, Researcher Dr., Al. I. Cuza University, Iasi, Romania Ciprian JELER, Researcher Dr., Al. I. Cuza University, Iasi, Romania Cristian MOISUC, Lecturer Dr., Al. I. Cuza University, Iasi, Romania Horia-Vincențiu PĂTRAȘCU, Lecturer, Polytechnic University, Bucarest, Romania Dana ŢABREA, PhD., Al. I. Cuza University, Iasi, Romania (Deputy Editor) Alexandru-Ioan TOFAN, Prof. Dr., Al. I. Cuza University, Iasi, Romania Journal coverage Hermeneia is indexed/abstracted in the following databases: CLARIVATE ANALYTICS (Emerging Sources Citation Index) ERIH PLUS (open access) EBSCO (institutional access required) PROQUEST (institutional access required) DOAJ (open access) GENAMICS (open access) INDEX COPERNICUS (open access) Journal’s Address Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania Department of Philosophy and Social-Political Sciences Blvd.
    [Show full text]
  • Missionaries As Heroes and Villains
    Vol. 32, No. 3 July 2008 Missionaries as Heroes and Villains hen I asked Jamie Scott, author of two articles in this his talkin’ with his fists. There is one great scene . where some Wissue, to suggest a visual illustration for this editorial, hopped up lumberjack is beatin’ on a helpless Eskimo. Sky Pilot he sent two cover images of Sky Pilot: Fighting Missionary of the Far sees this and steps in. As he is removing the lumberjack’s teeth North, a short-lived comic series (1950–51) featuring the heroics of with his knuckles [he says], “The meek shall inherit the earth, fictional missionary John Hawks. My search for information on as it is written, but sometimes they need a little help” (www. comicsbulletin.com/busted/111023108897158.htm). Public perceptions of missionaries have typically oscillated between eulogy and vilification. Both extremes contain elements of truth, but neither can tell the whole truth. Conspicuously religious do-gooders have always been an easy and natural target for those of us whose own standards of piety are more relaxed. Sydney Smith’s wry explanation for the Anglican Church’s opposition to social activist and prison reformer Elizabeth Fry (1780–1845) contains more than a little truth: “She is very unpopular with the clergy,” he observed. “Examples of living, active virtue disturb Continued next page On Page 115 Missions and Film Jamie S. Scott 121 Missions in Fiction Jamie S. Scott 126 David A. Kerr, 1945–2008 130 Oral Theology in Lomwe Songs Stuart J. Foster 134 History of Missiology Web Site Dana L.
    [Show full text]
  • List of 7200 Lost US Silent Feature Films 1912-29
    List of 7200 Lost U.S. Silent Feature Films 1912-29 (last updated 12/29/16) Please note that this compilation is a work in progress, and updates will be posted here regularly. Each listing contains a hyperlink to its entry in our searchable database which features additional information on each title. The database lists approximately 11,000 silent features of four reels or more, and includes both lost films – approximately 7200 as identified here – and approximately 3800 surviving titles of one reel or more. A film in which only a fragment, trailer, outtakes or stills survive is listed as a lost film, however “incomplete” films in which at least one full reel survives are not listed as lost. Please direct any questions or report any errors/suggested changes to Steve Leggett at [email protected] $1,000 Reward (1923) Adam And Evil (1927) $30,000 (1920) Adele (1919) $5,000 Reward (1918) Adopted Son, The (1917) $5,000,000 Counterfeiting Plot, The (1914) Adorable Deceiver , The (1926) 1915 World's Championship Series (1915) Adorable Savage, The (1920) 2 Girls Wanted (1927) Adventure In Hearts, An (1919) 23 1/2 Hours' Leave (1919) Adventure Shop, The (1919) 30 Below Zero (1926) Adventure (1925) 39 East (1920) Adventurer, The (1917) 40-Horse Hawkins (1924) Adventurer, The (1920) 40th Door, The (1924) Adventurer, The (1928) 45 Calibre War (1929) Adventures Of A Boy Scout, The (1915) 813 (1920) Adventures Of Buffalo Bill, The (1917) Abandonment, The (1916) Adventures Of Carol, The (1917) Abie's Imported Bride (1925) Adventures Of Kathlyn, The (1916)
    [Show full text]
  • Current As of 10.23.2019 7,200 Lost U.S. Silent Feature Films (1912-29) National Film Preservation Board (October 2019) • This
    1 Current as of 10.23.2019 2 7,200 Lost U.S. Silent Feature Films (1912-29) 3 National Film Preservation Board (October 2019) 4 5 • This compilation is a definite work-in-progress. Updated versions of this list will 6 be posted periodically at this location. 7 • Feature film means 4 reels or more in length 8 • Each title contains a hypertext link to its entry in our silent film database. There 9 you can find additional information on each title, including studio. 10 • In cases where only a fragment from one reel, trailer, outtakes or stills survive, 11 that film is included in this list as a lost film. 12 • “Incomplete” films are not included here. These comprise cases where a full reel 13 or more survives but not the whole set of reels. 14 • Our searchable database consists of approximately 11,000 titles, the 7200+ in 15 this list of “lost” titles as well as the 3800 or so titles surviving as incomplete or 16 complete. The full database may be searched at: 17 http://memory.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/html/silentfilms/silentfilms-home.html 18 • Please direct any questions or report any errors/suggested changes to Steve 19 Leggett at [email protected] 20 21 • Some recent “finds” now removed from this list: Devil’s Claim (1920), 22 Foreman of the Bar-Z Ranch (1915), Secrets of the Night (1924), Sinews of 23 Steel (1927), Broadway Billy (1926), Broadway Gold (1923), Dancer and the 24 King (1914), Dark Angel (1925), Double-Fisted (1925), Earth Woman (1926), 25 Man-Made Women/Woman (1928), Eye of Envy (1917), Between Dangers 26 (1927), Pursued (1925), On-the-Square Girl (1917), Two Lovers (1928), 27 Win(k)some Widow (1914), Clear the Decks (1917), Grim Game (1917), The 28 Noose (1928), In Slumberland (1917) 29 30 31 $1,000 Reward (1923), Charles R.
    [Show full text]
  • Metis on the Frontier of French Colonial Louisiana, and The
    METIS ON THE FRONTIER OF FRENCH COLONIAL LOUISIANA, AND THE INCEPTION OF NEW WORLD MODERNITY IN COLONIAL NEW ORLEANS ____________ A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University Dominguez Hills ____________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Humanities ____________ by Dennis Bordelon, B.S.E.E., M.S.E.E. Fall 2018 Copyright by DENNIS BORDELON, B.S.E.E., M.S.E.E. 2018 All Rights Reserved This work is dedicated to the memory of my parents, Cajun-French and Scotch-Irish, New Orleaneans both. And to the City of New Orleans, on this three-hundredth year from her founding, beloved city of my birth, and the birthplace of America’s greatest contribution to modernity, jazz. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank my thesis advisor, Professor Lyle Smith, for his mentorship during my academic career at California State University, Dominguez Hills, and for his patience in seeing this thesis to its conclusion. I wish especially to thank my sister, Karen Bordelon Hartwell, for her intrepid assistance in hunting down books and articles without which my studies could not have been completed. It is her fate to have a scholar-brother who is “never satisfied.” iv TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE COPYRIGHT PAGE .......................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • THE JEWS and JUDAISM DURING the GREEK PERIOD Books by W
    THE JEWS AND JUDAISM DURING THE GREEK PERIOD Books by W. 0. E. OESTERLEY, D.D. Ancient Hebrew Poems. 6s. An Introduction to the.Books of the Old Testament. ios. 6d. An Introduction to the Books of the Apocrypha. ios. 6d. Immortality and the Unseen World. A Study in Old Testament Religion. Bs. 6d. Readings from the Apocrypha. 3s. 6d. The Gospel Parables in the Light of their Jewish Back­ ground. 7s. 6d. The Wisdom of Ben-Sira (Ecclesiasticus). 41. 6d. The Wisdom of Egypt and the Old Testament. In the light of the newly discovered "Teaching of Amen-em­ Ope." 6s. The Wisdom of Solomon. 3s. 6d. The Sayings of the Jewish Fathers. (Pirke Aboth.) 5s. Tractate Shabbath. (Mishnah.) 6s. The Psalms. Translated with Text-critical and Exegetical )< Notes. 2 Vols. each r6s. The Psalms, Book III (lxxiii-lxxxix). Hebrew Text. 5s. The Psalms, Book IV (xc-cvi). Hebrew Text. ¥• WITH G. H. BOX, D.D. A Short Survey of the Literature and Rabbinical and Medi~val Judaism. 7s. 6d. WITH T. H. ROBINSON, D.D. Hebrew Religion: Its Origin and Development. ios. 6d. LONDON: S.P.C.K. THE JEWS AND JUDAISM DURING THE GREEK PERIOD: THE BACKGROUND OF CHRISTIANITY By W. 0. E. OESTERLEY D.D., Litt.D. LONDON SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE NORTHUMBERLAND AVENUE, W.C.2 NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY First publish,d z.941 MADE IN GREAT BRITAIN PREFATORY NOTE THE importance of the study of Judaism-i.e., the Jewish religion as developed during and after the Exile, and especially the forms it assumed during the Greek period-needs no insisting on.
    [Show full text]
  • (IA Sermons00holm).Pdf
    ^ J7~ ffirfyrieA SERMONS BY Retf. Charles ,/Wery Jlolmes, D. D, LL. D. OF THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. .6' <*' PITTSBURGH. PA. : JOSEPH HORNER, 524 PENN AVENUE. METHODIST BOOK DEPOSITORY. [the library OF CONGRESS WASHINGTON COPYRIGHT, 1897. BY GEORGE S. HOLMES. Percy F. Smith Printing and Lithographing Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. CONTENTS. PAGE Rev. Charles Avery Holmes, D. D. , LL. D 3 Sermon I. II. Timothy, 1:12 8 Sermon II. Exodus, 3:14 19 Sermon III. John, 8:58 29 Sermon IV. Revelation, 22:21 39 Sermon V. Genesis, 45:27 51 Sermon VI. John, 12:24 59 Sermon VII. Psalm 3:4 70 Sermon VIII. I. Timothy, 3:14, 15, 16 81 Sermon IX. Genesis, 9:13 91 Sermon X. Galatians, 6:17 97 Sermon XI. Judges, 1:15 107 Sermon XII. I^uke, 2:15 113 Sermon XIII. Luke, 2:28 121 Sermon XIV. Deuteronomy, 33:25 128 Sermon XV. Matthew, 6:28 136 Sermon XVI. I. Corinthians, 11:20 148 Sermon XVII. Revelation, 19:3 152 Sermon XVIII. Isaiah, 22:24 162 Sermon XIX. John, 11:48 170 Sermon XX. Nehemiah, 6:11 181 Sermon XXI. Hebrews, 13:13 191 Sermon XXII. Numbers, 23:10 199 Sermon XXIII. II. Corinthians, 8:9 , 212 Sermon XXIV. Amos, 8:11 225 Sermon XXV. John, 14:12 237 Sermon XXVI. Deuteronomy, 1:25 249 Sermon XXVII. Job, 14:10 and II. Corinthians, 5:8 256 Sermon XXVIII. I. Corinthians, 15:26 265 Sermon XXIX. Matthew, 25:31, 32, 33, 34 275 Sermon XXX. I. Thessalonians, 4:18 284 Sermon XXXI. I. Thessalonians, 2:4 295 « REV.
    [Show full text]