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The Psychogenesis of Terrorism The Psychogenesis of Terrorism Emily Joy Corner UCL Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Research Degree in Security and Crime Science September, 2016 1 Student Declaration I, Emily Joy Corner confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Signed Name Date 2 Acknowledgements This thesis would never have reached its conclusion without the help of a wide list of people. Not all are mentioned here, as the list is far too long. But there are a few key individuals, who have had a far greater impact, and without them, I would never have managed to tackle the hurdles of the last three years. Firstly, to Paul. I would never have even managed to start this without your support and belief. You have been there every single step of the way, and have given me opportunities I would never have even dreamed of. You kept your word on everything. I am eternally grateful. Oliver, thank you for the inexplicably quick turn-arounds, and for your comments and corrections that only improved the quality of this thesis. Noémie, thank you for the opportunities, discussions, and being the only other person awake even before the sun rose at conferences. To Shane, thank you for the answers to all those ‘quick’ questions. To all the individuals on the projects that I have been exceptionally lucky to work on, I have gained such a wealth of experience working with you. To Paul Hitchen, Paul Betley, and Amy McKee, thank you for the laughs, and the drinks. To all the team at FTAC, thank you for the opportunity, and for making me feel so welcome in your tight knit family. To all of those who have moved through the Research Office, for putting up with my grumpiness, and cheering me up, in particular to Sanaz. You are a superstar. And the biggest thanks go to David. For waiting. This is for you. This thesis is my own work, and has not been submitted in the same form for the award of a higher degree at any other institution. Early versions of certain aspects of this thesis were published, or submitted for publication in the following periodicals: Corner, E., & Gill, P. (2015). A false dichotomy? Mental illness and lone-actor terrorism. Law & Human Behavior, 39(1), 23-34. Gill, P., & Corner, E. (2015). Mental illness. In P. Gill (Ed.), Lone-actor terrorists: A behavioural analysis. London, England: Routledge. 3 Corner, E., Gill, P., & Mason, O. (2016). Mental health disorders and the terrorist: A research note probing selection effects and disorder prevalence. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 39(6), 560-568. Horgan, J., Gill, P., Bouhana, N., Silver, J., & Corner, E. (2016). Across the universe? A comparative analysis of violent behavior and radicalization across three offender types with implications for criminal justice training and education. National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Progress, U.S. Department of Justice. Gill, P., & Corner, E. (2017) There are back again: The study of mental disorder and terrorist involvement, American Psychologist. Corner, E., & Gill, P. “Terrorist or mentally disordered individual? The curious case of Man Haron Monis”. In Submission. Aspects of this research were supported by the Office of University Programs Science and Technology Directorate of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security through the Center for the Study of Terrorism and Behavior (CSTAB-Center Lead) Grant made to the START Consortium (Grant # 2012-ST-61-CS0001). The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, or START. 4 Abstract Studies concerning both mental disorder and involvement in terrorism have a long and convoluted history. The literature that has focused on attempting to understand psychological drivers of terrorist behaviour has shifted through multiple stages. Moving from untested assumptions of psychopathology, personality, and deviance, towards more empirically sound interpretations of sociology. While the early studies were correctly debunked on methodological grounds, the existing consensus, spawned from the growing interest in sociology, that mental disorder never plays a role in terrorism, is likely to be a fallacy when we consider the complexity of the problem and the diverse pool of individuals who engage in it. This body of research falls into line with highly influential seminal reviews, and more recent re-examination of the role of group processes in terrorism. This thesis takes the starting position that the logic of an act of targeted violence being either borne out of mental health problems or terrorism is likely to be a false dichotomy. Instead, we are likely to see a range of mental disorders across the arc of terrorist involvement. This thesis utilises multiple existing and novel inferential statistical techniques on both qualitative and quantitative datasets, to address the current discord both in the understanding of the potential role of psychopathology, and to re-examine currently well accepted, but as yet untested theories of terrorist behaviour. The intent of this multi-pronged methodology is to provide practitioners with a holistic understanding of the problem as well as suggestions toward preventing and disrupting future offences. 5 Contents Student Declaration ....................................................................................................... 2 Abstract 5 Introduction 13 Terminology 19 Mental Disorder .................................................................................................. 19 Terrorism ............................................................................................................. 22 Data ......................................................................................................................... 23 Former Interview Dataset ................................................................................... 26 Group-Actor Dataset ........................................................................................... 27 Lone-Actor & Mass Murderer Datasets .............................................................. 27 Autobiographical Dataset .................................................................................... 29 Psychopathological Data ..................................................................................... 32 Chapter 1. Psychopathology and Terrorism ........................................................... 36 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 36 1.2 Period One- Psychopathy ............................................................................. 37 1.3 Period Two- Personality ............................................................................... 39 1.3.1 Psychoanalysis ...................................................................................... 39 1.4 Period Three- Synthesising the Evidence Base ............................................ 45 1.4.1 Characterisation of Mental Disorders ................................................... 47 1.4.2 Conflation of Mental Disorder with Irrationality .................................. 48 1.4.3 Aggregation ........................................................................................... 50 1.4.4 Dismissal of the Presence of Mental Disorders .................................... 50 1.5 Period Four- The Power of the Group .......................................................... 51 1.6 Period Five- Pathways .................................................................................. 53 1.7 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 56 6 Chapter 2. Psychopathology, Violence, and Terrorism: Empirical Limitations, Interpretations, and Advancements ............................................................................. 59 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 59 2.2 Mental Disorder in Crime ............................................................................ 59 2.2.1 Early Interest ......................................................................................... 59 2.2.1.1 Schizophrenia and violence .................................................................. 62 2.2.2 Arrest Rate and Prison Investigations ................................................... 63 2.2.3 Patient Investigations ............................................................................ 67 2.2.4 Cohort Investigations ............................................................................ 71 2.2.5 Disaggregation ...................................................................................... 74 2.3 Mental Disorder in Terrorism ...................................................................... 78 2.3.1 Moving Forward Through Disaggregation ........................................... 80 2.4 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 83 Chapter 3. ‘Irrationality’ in Mental Disorder? ........................................................ 86 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 86 3.2 Moving forward from “A False Dichotomy?”
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