E-ISSN : 2541-5794 P-ISSN : 2503-216X Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology Vol 02 No 04 2017

Structural Geology Analysis In A Disaster-Prone Of Slope Failure, Merangin Village, Kuok District, Kampar Regency, Riau Province Yuniarti Yuskar1, Dewandra Bagus Eka Putra1, Adi Suryadi1, Tiggi Choanji1, Catur Cahyaningsih1 1 Department of Geological Engineering, Universitas Islam Riau, Jl. Kaharuddin Nasution No 113 Pekanbaru, 28284, Indonesia.

* Corresponding author : [email protected] Tel.: .:+62-821-6935-4941 Received: Sept 02, 2017. Revised : 1 Nov 2017, Accepted: Nov 15, 2017, Published: 1 Dec 2017 DOI : 10.24273/jgeet.2017.2.4.691

Abstract The geological disaster of landslide has occurred in Merangin Village, Kuok Subdistrict, Kampar Regency, Riau Province which located exactly in the national road of Riau - West Sumatra at Km 91. Based on the occurrence of landslide, this research was conducted to study geological structure and engineering geology to determine the main factors causing landslides. Based on measurement of the structural geology found on research area, there were fractures, faults and fold rocks which having trend of stress N 2380 E, plunge 60, trending NE-SW direction. Several faults that found was normal faults directing N 2000 E with dip 200 trending from northeast-southwest and reverse fault impinging N 550 E with dip 550, pitch 200 trending to the northeast. Fold structures showing azimuth N 2010 E trending southeast-northwest. From geological engineering analysis, the results of scan line at 6 sites that have RQD value ranges 9.4% - 78.7 % with discontinuity spacing 4 - 20 cm. So, It can be concluded that the formed structure was influenced by the extensive northeast-southwest tectonic phase, then continued through north-south tectonic phase, and ended by a tectonic period with directing from northeast-southwest. Rock Mass Rating classification showing value 62 76, Which also resulted that rocks in the study area have weathered on the outside but still in good condition (good rock). However, This condition of structure has caused the formation rocks producing weak zone that became one cause of the occurrence of landslides.

Keywords: Landslide, Geological Structure, RQD, Rock Mass Rating.

The Pre-Tersier framework of Sumatra consists of a 1. Introduction mosaic of continental and oceanic microplate The landslide was one of the geological disaster accreted in the Late Triassic when Mergui, Malacca (McKean et al, 2004; Booth et al, 2009; & Tarolli et and East Malaya Microplate were joined together to al, 2012),. It has several intrinsic parameters which form Sunda Land. Further accretion involving the are considered are; slope geometry, slope material west coast Woyla Terrain followed in the late (rock or soil type), structural discontinuities, Mesozoic (Pullonggono, 1984). landuse and landcover and groundwater Cenozoic structural development involved three (Raghuvanshi et al , 2014), and for studying it need geometrically and kinematically distinct episode of avalaibility of database files (Wirtz et al, 2012). faulting and folding. Three include: 1) Eo-Oligosen This landslide often occur in Pekanbaru - West rifting (F1) along old basement breaks of N NNE Sumatra roads, especially at km 91 (Fig 1.). The strike and reactivation of WNW-trending regional impact of the avalanche which directly hit the road basement arches; 2) Early Miocene (F2) crustal makes difficult for vehicles to mobilize and sagging, regional dextral wrenching, local counter- congestion up to several kilometres. This case clockwise kinking (150-250) of older N-S faults and certainly very harmful to its users. The purpose of development of N 0 200 E striking transtensional this research was to determine the effect of fracture zone; and 3) Middle Miocene to Recent (F3) landslide disaster based on geology analysis that WSW directed thrusting and reverse faulting along occurred in the area. older wrench faults of NNW-strike, SSW-verging monoclinal flexuring across older NW WNW 2. Geology Regional trending basement breaks, and transtensional Research area was part of Central Sumatra Basin, rifting alon element of N-NNE strike (Heidrick and Consist of basement (Bohorok Formation), Aulia, 1993). Fracture frequency important to greywacke, conglomeratic, and metasediment rock. distinguish high/low-frequency fracture zone and

Yuskar, Y. et al./ JGEET Vol 02 No 04/2017 249 find damage zone (Putra and Choanji, 2016). The Rock mass rating system also used to classify majority of fault-related fracture is shear fracture rock mass based on Uniaxial Comprehensive arc basin, Barisan Vulcanic Arc, and Sumatra Fault Strength parameter, Rock Quality Designation conjugate to the fault (Saputra and Sapiie, 2005). (RQD), Space of Discontinuity, Discontinuity Condition, and Groundwater Condition by using 3. Methodology geological hammer that used to determine rock This research conducted by doing measurement strength in the field and being converted into UCS on geological data, such as Fractures, faults and value using Index Classification of Rock Material by folds. Folds and Faults are directly measured at sites Hoek and Brown 1980. Indirect RQD method was to gain the stress data by using stereography used in this method because of the absence of core methods. log. RQD value calculated using Palmstrom (1982) Meanwhile, the fracture data, was collected by formula: performing scan line method. Also there are several measurements to identified fracture, which are: RQD = 115 3,3 Jv type of shear fractures or tension fractures, strike and dip, mineral filled, distance, trace length. So Where : based on the data, furthermore, stereography and rose diagram analyzes were performed to Jv = Total Fractures per m3. determine the direction of stress, type of faults, and folds, angle and plunge direction.

Fig 1. Research location map.

Table 1. Stress analysis result of fault

Strike Fault plane /dip Pitch direction σ 1 σ 2 σ 3 Stress direction ST1 N1400 E/450 N3430 E 20, N10 E 370, N2700 E 520, N950 E North-South ST2 N2050 E/650 N2120 E 270, N1790 E 600, N3350 E 100, N830 E North-South ST3 N200 E/350 N480 E 370, N340 E 210, N1420 E 430, N2540 E Northeast-Southwest ST7 N2000 E/700 N2410 E 680, N1640 E 180, N120 E 100, N2780 E NNW-SSE

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4. Result Fault structure happens on Lithology pebble claystone, it was indicated by weak zone and 4.1 Fold Analysis slickenside. Slickenside shows the fault plane in Fold structures that had been found in the study N2900E/700 with 700 pitch and southwest area were classified into type of recumbent fold and movement direction. Analysis of stereographic symmetrical fold of interbedded sandstone- projection showing the stress direction of normal claystone (Fig. 2). The stress consists of δ1 N 2220E fault is in northwest-southeast (Fig. 3). The stress with 300 plunges, δ2 N3220E with plunge 170 and δ3 value of the fault gives δ1 in N520E direction with N760E with plunge 550 (Fig. 2). 680 plunges, δ2 in N2070E direction with 200 plunges The lithology of this folds was consist of and δ3 in N2990E with 100 plunges. sandstone what has grey colour, non-calcareous, Station 2 also showing the same analysis result fracture filled by quartz veins and metasediment of as station 7. claystone. Low metamorphism process had been The other fault system was a reverse fault in shown in the outcrop by the presence of foliation, station 1, having length size 55 m and 22 m high, so this outcrop was called meta-sedimentary rock. which consist of greywacke, low metamorphic So based on the analysis, this folded structure sandstone, phyllite, conglomerate, quartzite and interpreted caused by a compression on northeast- mylonite. From the measurement, it has indicated southwest direction. that this fault has azimuth value of 1400 E/ 450, pitch 300 and trend N 3300 SE directing northwest. 4.2 Fault Analysis Therefore, the stress resulting δ1 10 trending and classified as right - reverse fault in ST 1, its called There are 4 (four) fault structures that had been Gulamo Right Reverse Fault. (Fig. 4). found in the study area (Table 1). Firstly, Normal fault system had found in Station 7.

Fig 2. Fold structure ST 6 at research location (left) and stereographic analysis of fold structure (right)

Fig 3. Fault structure in ST 7 at research location classified as normal fault (Left) and Stereonet analysis of normal fault structure (Right)

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Fig 4. Reverse fault in ST 1 on research location.

Fig 5. Stereographic analysis of reverse fault at research location.

4.3 Fractures Structure Analysis with 30 plunges. The stress in Station 12 consist of δ1 in N300E direction with 190 plunges, δ2 in There are 9 (nine) sites of fractures N2630E direction with 590 plunges and δ3 in structure (location 1, 3, 8. 9. 10. 12. 13. 14 and 0 0 N127 E with 22 plunge. 15) shows a similar stress direction in northeast-southwest (Fig 6.). The stress in The Geological structure such as fold, fault 0 Station 1 consists of δ1 in N238 E direction and fracture are formed due to extensional 0 0 with 6 plunges, δ2 in N344 E direction with stress at rifting phases and then strike/ slip 0 0 0 43 plunges and δ3 in N142 E with 6 plunges. system continue. And the last, compressional 0 The stress in Station 5 consists of δ1 in N3 E stress are worked in this area and still active 0 0 direction with 3 plunges, δ2 in N184 E until Recent. direction with 40 plunges and δ3 in N1930E

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(a)

(b)

(c)

Fig. 6. Fracture structure analysis in at location (a) ST 1, (b) ST 8, and (C) ST 12.

4.4 Geological Engineering Analysis Table 2. Calculation of RMR value of each scan line Based on 6 scan lines data in the research Hillside RMR Value area, The UCS (Uniaxial Compressive 2 37 Strength) value of slope in the study are 25- 3 58.5 100 Mpa, from the hillside 2-6, the percentage 4 14 of RQD value was in the range 32 - 42. Table 2 5 37 shows the overall calculation of RMR 6 40.75 parameters. From the table, RMR value in each section of scanline ranging from 61 to 80 5. Discussion and the slope can be classified as a Class II The analysis result of Fracture, Fault, and Rock (Good Rock). Fold structures showed that the structure was formed by tectonic in phases F1, F2, and F3

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(Heidrick and Aulia, 1993). In the research Altimetry. Geomorphology;57:331 351. area, showed northeast-southwest direction Papagiannaki, K., Lagouvardos, K., & Kotroni, V formed by the compression force in Phase F3 .2013. A database of high-impact weather in the Central Sumatra Basin. The fault events in Greece: a descriptive impact analysis for the period 2001e 2011. Natural Hazards and structure found in metasedimentary rocks at Earth System Science, 13, 727e736. Permo-Carbon is a normal fault formed by http://dx.doi.org/ 10.5194/nhess-13-727-2013. extensional forces at Eocene-Oligocene F1 Raghuvanshi, T.K., Ibrahim, J., Ayalew, D .2014. Phase which subsequently reactivated by Slope stability susceptibility evaluation phase F3. Continued by strike-slip fault parameter (SSEP) rating scheme an approach structure that formed at phase F2 which for landslide hazard zonation. J. Afr. Earth Sci. reactivates the fault. The compressional stress 99, 595 612. also created the formation of folds. The Putra, D.B.E., Choanji, T., 2016. Preliminary Analysis research area was showing stress value that of Slope Stability in Kuok and Surrounding Areas. J. Geosci. Eng. Environ. Technol. 1, 41 44. still active until today where located near Pulonggono, A and Cameron, N. R.., 1984, Sumatran weak zone, indicated by the discovery of the Microplate, their characteristic and their role in destruction zone and mylonite zone. The Evolution of Central Sumatra Basins: active movement of the tectonics is become Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum Association, one indicator for landslides in rocks with 13th Annual Convention, p. 121 143. intensive weathering, whereas in rock that Saputra, H.N and Sapiie, B., 2005, Analogue Study relatively hard and compact is still showing of Basement Fractured Reservoirs in good rock category. So the conclusion was still Kotopanjang Area, Central Sumatra: in probability due to rocks that have been Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum Association, 33th Annual Convention. weathered and affected by the active Tarolli P, Sofia G, Dalla Fontana G .2012. movement of tectonics can be one cause of Geomorphic Features Extraction from High- landslides in the research area. resolution Topography: Landslide Crowns and 6. Conclusion Bank Erosion. Nat Hazards 2012;61:65 83. Wirtz, A., Kron, W., Löw, P., & Steuer, M .2012. The The research area was an active structural need for data: natural disasters and the zone consisting of fracture, fault and folds challenges of database management. Natural trending northeast-southwest. The structures Hazards, 1e23. http:// formed are the result of tectonic phases that dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0312-4. work in the research area. it is interpreted that tectonic was trending northeast- southwest and North-South. Based on the RMR analysis, research area showed that the rocks that have weathered on the outside but still in good condition (good rock).

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