SAHRA NSF Science and Technology Center for Sustainability of semi-Arid Hydrology and Riparian Areas
5th Annual Report 8/1/2003–7/31/2004
Dept. of Hydrology and Water Resources The University of Arizona P.O. Box 210011 Tucson, AZ 85721-0011 Table of Contents
I. General Information...... 3
II. Research ...... 12 Research Macro-Theme Areas ...... 13 Research Plans...... 22
III. Education ...... 27
IV. Knowledge Transfer...... 40
V. External Partnerships ...... 56
VI. Diversity ...... 62
VII. Management...... 68
VIII. Center-Wide Outputs and Issues...... 77
IX. Indirect/Other Impacts ...... 115
X. Budget ...... 116
Appendix A: Biographical Information on New Faculty Appendix B: Center Organizational Chart Appendix C: Minutes of Advisory Committee Meetings Appendix D: Media Publicity Materials Appendix E: Acronyms Used in Report
2 I. GENERAL INFORMATION
1a. Lead University and Participating Institutions
Date submitted 7/30/04
Reporting period 1/1/04-12/31/04
Name of the Center Sustainability of semi-Arid Hydrology and Riparian Areas (SAHRA) Name of the Center Director W. James Shuttleworth
Lead University University of Arizona
Address SAHRA University of Arizona P.O. Box 210158-B Tucson, AZ 85721-0158 Phone Number 520-626-6974 Fax Number 520-626-7770 Email Address of Center Director [email protected] Center URL www.sahra.arizona.edu Participating institutions Institution 1 Arizona State University Address Nancy Grimm Arizona State University Dept. of Biology Box 871501 Tempe, AZ 85287-1501 Phone Number 480-965-4735 Fax Number 480-965-2519 Email Address of Center Director [email protected] Role of Institution at Center Partner in scientific research and education Institution 2 Desert Research Institute Address Joseph R. McConnell Desert Research Institute 2215 Raggio Parkway Reno, NV 89512 Phone Number 775-673-7348 Fax Number 775-673-7363 Email Address of Center Director [email protected] Role of Institution at Center Partner in scientific research and education Institution 3 New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology Address Fred Phillips New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology Department of Earth & Environmental Science 801 Leroy Place, Room 208 MSEC Bldg Socorro, NM 87801 Phone Number 505-835-5540 Fax Number 505-835-6436
3 Email Address of Center Director [email protected] Role of Institution at Center Partner in scientific research and education Institution 4 Northern Arizona University Address Aregai Tecle Northern Arizona University School of Forestry P.O. Box 15018 Flagstaff, AZ 86011 Phone Number 928-523-6642 Fax Number 928-523-1080 Email Address of Center Director [email protected] Role of Institution at Center Partner in education Institution 5 Pennsylvania State University Address Chris Duffy Pennsylvania State University 212 Sacket Building University Park, PA 16802 Phone Number 814-863-4384 Fax Number 814-863-7304 Email Address of Center Director [email protected] Role of Institution at Center Partner in scientific research and education Institution 6 University of California, Los Angeles Address William Yeh University of California, Los Angeles 5732B Boelter Hall Mail Code 159310 Los Angeles, CA 90095-1593 Phone Number 310-825-2300 Fax Number 310-825-7581 Email Address of Center Director [email protected] Role of Institution at Center Partner in scientific research and education Institution 7 University of California, Riverside Address Marcel Schaap University of California, Riverside U.S. Salinity Laboratory 450 W. Big Springs Road Riverside, CA 92507 Phone Number 909-369-4844 Fax Number 909-342-4964 Email Address of Center Director [email protected] Role of Institution at Center Partner in scientific research and education Institution 8 University of California, San Diego Address John Roads Scripps Institution of Oceanography UC-San Diego Geosciences Research Div., 0244 La Jolla, CA 92093-0224 Phone Number 858-534-2099 Fax Number 858-534-8561
4 Email Address of Center Director [email protected] Role of Institution at Center Partner in scientific research and education Institution 10 University of Colorado Address Eric Small Campus Box 399 2200 Colorado Ave University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO 80309 Phone Number 303-735-5033 Fax Number 303-492-2606 Email Address of Center Director [email protected] Role of Institution at Center Partner in scientific research and education Institution 11 University of New Mexico Address David S. Brookshire Dept. of Economics Social Sciences Room 1019 1915 Roma NE Albuquerque, NM 87131 Phone Number 505-277-1964 Fax Number 505-277-9445 Email Address of Center Director [email protected] Role of Institution at Center Partner in scientific research and education Institution 12 University of California, Irvine Address Soroosh Sorooshian (after 8/18/2003) Civil and Environmental Engineering 5251 E. California Ave. #250 Irvine, CA 92612 Phone Number 949-824-8825 Fax Number 949-824-8831 Email Address of Center Director [email protected] Role of Institution at Center Partner in scientific research and education Institution 13 University of California, Merced Address Roger Bales Engineering Dept. P.O. Box 2039 Merced, CA 95340 Phone Number 209-724-4348 Fax Number 209-724-4356 Email Address of Center Director [email protected] Role of Institution at Center Partner in scientific research and education Institution 14 Utah State University Address Luis Bastidas Civil and Environmental Engineering 4110 Old Main Hill Logan, UT 84322-4110 Phone Number 435-797-8228 Fax Number 435-797-1185 Email Address of Center Director [email protected] Role of Institution at Center Partner in scientific research and education
5 1b. Biographical Information for New Faculty
The sole new faculty member added this year was Enrique Vivoni, in Earth and Environmental Sciences at New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, working in the Integrated Modeling macro-theme. His biosketch is in Appendix A.
6 2. Executive Summary A list of acronyms used throughout this report is provided in Appendix E.
2a. Mission and Goals of the Center
The vision of SAHRA is to develop an integrated, multidisciplinary understanding of the hydrology of semi-arid regions, and to build partnerships with a broad spectrum of stakeholders (both public agencies and private organizations) so that this understanding is effectively applied to the management of water resources and to the rational implementation of public policy. In practice, the power to improve sustainability of water resources properly rests with elected officials, professional water managers, and legal experts at local, state, and national levels. SAHRA’s purpose is to inform and support such water professionals and the Center therefore has a dual mission: 1) to identify critical stakeholder-relevant knowledge gaps and conduct basin-focused multidisciplinary research to fill them; and 2) to convey what is known and what is being learned to improve water management and policy.
In the coming four years, SAHRA is committed to building a lasting legacy in the field of integrated semiarid hydrology that will benefit future researchers, water agencies, and the private sector. Achieving this requires specification of appropriate long-term strategic goals each related to a specific form of SAHRA’s legacy, as follows:
1. Science: New and improved understanding of semi-arid hydrology
2. Stakeholder: Stakeholder/scientist dialog and mechanisms to support stakeholders in their decision making,
3. Knowledge Transfer: Dissemination and transfer of SAHRA-relevant knowledge to scientists, water professionals, elected officials, and the public
4. Education: Enhanced multidisciplinary hydrologic literacy within the educational system
5. Diversity: A center that reflects the southwestern United States
6. Management: A management structure that is adaptable and responsive to SAHRA’s evolution
7. Institutional: An institution that will continue to deal objectively with the problems of water resources in semi-arid regions
In addition, SAHRA has also identified three stakeholder-relevant integrating questions on which to focus its scientific research, all of which are or will soon become critical for the wise management of water resources in semi-arid regions. These are: 1) What are the costs and benefits of riparian restoration and preservation? 2) Under what conditions are water markets or water banking feasible? 3) What are the impacts of vegetation change on the basin-scale water balance? They are described in detail in the Research Section.
2b. Plans Guided by defined legacies and (in the case of our science activity) the integrating questions, SAHRA intends to make the following major changes in research and outreach emphasis over the next four years: 1. SAHRA will create a new outdoor laboratory in the form of a five-site transect that samples the ecohydrological and topological gradients present in the Upper Rio Grande basin. This will draw on
7 substantial leveraged resources from LANL, U Colo., UCM, and NMT in the form of instrumentation. This transect is further described under Basin Scale Water Balance in the Research Section. 2. SAHRA will transition from intensive data gathering at our existing Mt. Bigelow hydrometeorological site to intensive data gathering at the new five-site transect site in the Rio Grande basin. Subsequently, low-level data gathering will be undertaken at the Mt. Bigelow site while leveraged funding is sought to support more intensive activity. 3. For the next two years, ongoing field activity in the San Pedro River basin will increasingly be redirected towards the goal of providing improved Decision Support Systems (DSSs) for riparian management. Priority will initially be given to combining mature research understanding in a DSS to guide decisions relating to riparian preservation (in the San Pedro River basin). Subsequently, the focus will be on riparian restoration (in the Upper Rio Grande basin).
4. As a contribution to SAHRA’s stakeholder legacy, over the next two-years SAHRA’s medium- and coarse-resolution modeling activity will both emphasize coupling social-economic models with physically based models to develop DSSs. Fine resolution modeling activities will collaborate with process studies in the Rio Grande transect to develop scaling relationships from plot- and hillslope- to basin-scale as a contribution to SAHRA’s Science Legacy. 5. SAHRA’s ongoing knowledge transfer activity associated with within-center communication and building understanding of relevant but underused hydrological knowledge will be retained, increasingly with leveraged funding support. However, increasing priority will now be given to building understanding of new knowledge created by SAHRA research among stakeholders and encouraging its use through direct working relationships between SAHRA scientists and selected stakeholder groups. SAHRA’s new Deputy Director, Kathy Jacobs, will take responsibility for fostering and documenting stakeholder interactions. An in-depth external review of activity under our Knowledge Transfer and Education macro-themes is underway and will be completed in Fall 2004. 6. SAHRA’s existing Education activity will be maintained for the next two years (see Education Section) subject to possible modification after the upcoming external review. However, the number of projects will be reduced, leveraged support will be sought, and the geographic scope of proven projects will be extended. A system to manage and monitor the progress and funding of all SAHRA- supported students is being refined. 7. SAHRA will seek to increase the diversity of its students, staff, and faculty with focus on three key underrepresented groups – Hispanics, Native Americans, and women – as an integral part of pursuing our mission of working with stakeholders to bring results of SAHRA research to bear on water resource management in the semi-arid Southwest. Our diversity goal is to create a demographic mix among students, staff, and faculty that better reflects the ethnicity and gender of the population in the region within which SAHRA’s primary activities occur. Current efforts to improve diversity are focused on: a) developing career pathways; b) recruiting more diverse pools of applicants; and c) improving support and mentoring. In the coming year, our continue efforts will include collaborating with new UA diversity initiatives, seeking to attract a diverse student population, and working toward a diversity plan as part of our revised Strategic Plan.
2c. Performance and Management Indicators
A full description of changes to SAHRA’s performance and management indicators during the past year is provided under “Changes to the Strategic Plan” in the Management Section.
8 2d. Significant Changes from the Original Plans
To ensure that efficient direction of activities and budget oversight occurs at an appropriate level, SAHRA has reallocated projects, midlevel management responsibilities, and budgets into five “Macro- theme” areas which correspond to process science (1 and 2), modeling science (3), and outreach (4 and 5), as follows: 1. Basin-Scale Water Balance 2. River Systems 3. Integrated Modeling 4. Knowledge Transfer 5. Education
A new annual review cycle was instituted January 1, 2004 with the aim of allowing directed evolution of SAHRA activities reflects the organization of our activities in macro-themes. The process includes internal review of activities, projects, and budgets by the SAHRA Executive Committee as well as external review by the SAHRA Advisory Board and additional select members of the scientific and educational communities. The timing of this review complements the NSF reporting cycle so as to facilitate the efficient preparation of this report.
2e. Progress Toward Meeting Fifth-Year Objectives
Primary objectives of year 5, as stated in the last annual report, were to: 1. “Promote integrated state-of-the-art research: Promote and conduct large-scale, sustained, state-of- the-art integrated research (including the social and natural sciences) to understand supply and demand of water resources and how these aspects interact.” SAHRA has made significant progress in this area by undertaking a full review of all projects, redefining an organizational structure to integrate efforts through the macro-themes so as to improve accountability and ensure common direction, and defining integrating research questions on which scientific research is now focused. The new review process is more fully described in the Management Section and research efforts are highlighted in the Research Section. Social sciences perspectives are increasingly being incorporated into our integrated modeling efforts and DSS development initiatives. 2. “Increase hydrologic literacy: Build understanding of key water issues into K-16 science education, and promote hydrologic literacy throughout the population that makes water use and related political decisions.” The Education and Knowledge Transfer sections document our substantial progress in improving hydrologic literacy, including introducing the SPLASH high school curriculum in nine schools and training new teachers in its use, and expanding and exporting our middle school summer camp offerings. Successful leveraged efforts include making water education kits and teacher training available for K-12 education throughout Arizona. SAHRA also contributed to a successful meeting in April 2004 at which current water research and UA water programs were described to 30 Arizona state senators and representatives. SAHRA’s UNM economic team also meets regularly with New Mexico legislators and policy-makers to inform on demand management and residential consumption of water (see Knowledge Transfer Section). 3. “Extend and transfer knowledge: Foster a multidisciplinary perspective and build technological skills via knowledge transfer within the national and international professional water resources policy and management communities.” Since Fall 2003, SAHRA has published Southwest Hydrology to link hydrologists and water professionals working in arid/semi-arid regions of the U.S. and to foster communication, collaboration, and improved
9 understanding of hydrologic issues. The M.S.Eng. program at UA, which was introduced to offer middle managers dealing with water issues opportunity for career development thrives: four students completed in 2004/05 and 8 to twelve are expected to join in Fall 2004. (See KT and Education sections). 4. “Develop integrated multidisciplinary, multi-institutional and multinational collaborations among scientists and a variety of relevant stakeholders.” The list of collaborating scientists continues to grow. (See list of partners and KT/International Section) In November 2004, SAHRA will sponsor the 2nd International Symposium on Transboundary Waters Management. SAHRA researchers frequently travel to international conferences, and collaborative efforts have been established through UNESCO. Our most significant, numerous, and effective international collaborations are with Mexico, as described in the Knowledge Transfer Section. 5. “Be recognized as a leader in semi-arid hydrology.” The list of SAHRA publications in peer-reviewed journals and books continues to grow (from 85 last year to 146 this year), including publications in Science and Nature. During Fall 2004, a significant new monograph, Groundwater Recharge in a Desert Environment: The Southwestern United States, edited by two principal SAHRA scientists, James Hogan and Fred Phillips, along with Bridget Scanlon, is due out from the American Geophysical Union. It includes numerous chapters written by SAHRA participants and represents current SAHRA research. The fact that respected agencies (NOAA, UNESCO, NASA, NCAR, CUAHSI, other STCs, etc.) seek our collaboration demonstrates that our leadership in semi-arid hydrology is established. 6. “Achieve post-STC sustainability.” SAHRA’s strategy for post-STC sustainability is to demonstrate our value, effectiveness, and productivity by specifying laudable and achievable legacy products and delivering these products. In the course of the last year there has been substantial progress toward specifying legacy products (see Management Section) and SAHRA’s growing success in securing leveraged support (see individual Macro-theme sections) is evidence of progress toward sustainability of the SAHRA enterprise.
2f. Overview of Significant Accomplishments
Individual macro-theme sections document many significant accomplishments. Highlights are: 1. By combining snow sampling with modeling and remote sensing data, SAHRA researchers have substantially improved the quantification of snow in headwater catchments of Colorado, New Mexico, and California. The immediate application is increased accuracy in predicting the timing and amount of river discharge; the long-term result is much better quantification of potential water input for groundwater recharge at the mountain front. Snow is the primary source of renewable water resources in the semi-arid Southwest and quantifying snowpack is a fundamental requirement for effective water management. 2. SAHRA research using isotopic tracers to identify the age, sources, and residence time of water in the Hueco Bolson aquifer has demonstrated that an important and unrecognized source of aquifer recharge is the Rio Grande, and that in some wells this water entered the aquifer up to 2,000 years ago. This aquifer is the major water source for the cities of El Paso and Ciudad Juarez, and agricultural users in the Rio Grande Valley. 3. Biogeochemical studies carried out by SAHRA researchers in the San Pedro have shown that periods of elevated discharge during the summer monsoon have a major influence on nutrient redistribution and biological activity in the riparian system. This suggests that artificial recharge of runoff as a river management practice may be detrimental to the overall input and effective distribution of nutrients and, consequently, the vigor of riparian systems.
10 4. SAHRA has established SPLASH, a modular, standards-based curricula with a multidisciplinary content. Five modules have been completed and successfully piloted in nine SE Arizona schools, directly impacting 1,020 high school students. 25 new teachers became involved in SPLASH in 2004. 5. SAHRA has instituted an accelerated Masters of Engineering course in Water Resources Management and Planning for mid-career engineers and water managers to improve their hydrological expertise. 6. Working through the UA’s Udall Center, SAHRA has created a stakeholder-scientist network similar to the San Pedro Partnership in the Mexican portion of the San Pedro River basin. 7. In partnership with IMTA and Sandia National Laboratories, SAHRA has created a dynamic simulation model of the Conchos River Basin and the lower Rio Grande/Bravo to improve the management of water deliveries in the region.
11 II. RESEARCH
1a. Overall Research Objectives
While the Center’s overall research objectives have not changed, SAHRA constantly seeks ways to maintain a consistent effort and vision among its multi-institutional and multidisciplinary participants. To this end, in addition to having adopted a river-basin focus (as described in the 2003 Annual Report) and legacy goals for science and stakeholders (described in the Executive Summary), in the last year SAHRA identified three stakeholder-relevant integrating questions on which to focus its scientific research, all of which are or will soon become critical for the wise management of water resources in semi-arid regions and which can only be addressed by researchers operating in center mode through the consistent deployment of integrated, multidisciplinary science. These three questions, which are broad-based and capable of engendering and crosscutting many related topics of inquiry, touch on scenarios that are of prime interest in this region: land use changes, population growth, and climate variability.
• QUESTION 1. What are the costs and benefits of riparian restoration and preservation? (the “riparian question”) In the semiarid Southwest most human settlements, irrigated agriculture, and regional biodiversity are located in riparian corridors. These riparian systems integrate the hydrologic and biogeochemical processes that occur within a basin. Consequently, water resource management decisions may impact river systems not only through changes in streamflow, but also through unforeseen changes in water quality, the socioeconomic value of the river system, and the structure and diversity of the riparian ecosystem. A complete evaluation of the costs and benefits of important management decisions regarding riparian preservation and restoration therefore requires an integrated, multidisciplinary understanding. SAHRA research consequently focuses on developing fundamental, process-level understanding in three areas: 1) determining the water balance of riparian systems, 2) evaluating ecosystem dynamics and values, and 3) understanding nutrient and solute sources and cycling. The resulting understanding will further the development of integrated river system models that stakeholders can use to evaluate costs and benefits of potential restoration or preservation efforts.
• QUESTION 2. Under what conditions are water markets or water banking feasible? (the “water markets” question) In the Southwest, water markets and water banking are increasingly viewed as potentially effective mechanisms for allocating water resources, providing maximum economic benefits and avoiding potential conflicts associated with water scarcity. For these mechanisms to be truly effective, detailed knowledge of the available water supply and the factors that affect water demand is critical. To this end, SAHRA is developing products to better estimate precipitation rates and snow-pack volumes at the basin scale. SAHRA is also improving understanding of the factors that determine residential, industrial, and agricultural demand for water, using approaches such as experimental economics and water use micrologging to disaggregate demand. These products and knowledge will then be integrated into a model that allows water resource managers to consider the trading of water rights and third party impacts in evaluating the potential of market-based mechanisms to allocate water resources effectively.
• QUESTION 3. What are the impacts of vegetation change on the basin-scale water balance? (the “vegetation” question) Vegetation change is a common feature of semi-arid landscapes, and it is primarily occurring in the form of shrub invasion of grasslands, expansion of pinyon-juniper, the thickening of ponderosa pine forests, and anthropogenic land use changes. While a widespread perception exists that such changes have reduced water resources available for human use, research that documents the actual changes on the
12 basin-scale water balance is lacking. SAHRA seeks to understand the role of vegetation type and structure in the partitioning of rain and snow into evaporation/sublimation, runoff, and infiltration, and how moisture stored in the soil is shared between transpiration, recharge, and streamflow. SAHRA’s approach involves: a) intensive field measurements at selected plot- to hillslope-scale sites, in order to investigate vegetation controls on partitioning and guide development of methods to model and scale these processes; b) exploring the use of remotely sensed data to determine key hydrologic variables across basins; and c) integrated modeling, to evaluate the effects of vegetation change.
1b. Performance and Management Indicators
As described more fully in the Management Section, SAHRA is in the process of revising its Strategic Plan to a form that will be consistent with SAHRA’s strategic goals and that complements the revised management and macro-theme structure. This process includes the definition of appropriately revised performance and management indicators. As of this writing, two strategic goals are listed under the research activities of SAHRA. The first goal is to develop new and improved understanding of semiarid hydrology, specifically to create new or improved understanding of the complexities in and impacts of the interactions between physical, biological, economic, and human factors in semiarid hydrology, based in part on their accurate representation within an integrated modeling framework. The second goal is to develop stakeholder/scientist dialog and mechanisms to support stakeholders in their decision-making. To achieve this goal SAHRA must: 1) initiate, sustain, and engage stakeholders and scientists in dialog to stimulate and direct stakeholder-relevant research, by building confidence and mutual trust; and 2) jointly (with selected stakeholders) plan, develop, and implement tools such as models, management guidelines, and policy frameworks, in support of stakeholder decision making.
New performance indicators to be used by to evaluate achievement of science and stakeholder goals are as follows:
ANNUAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS STRATEGIC RESPONSIBLE GOAL INDIVIDUALS QUALITY OR CONTEXT OF QUANTITATIVE INDICATOR INDICATOR
Number and list of scientific papers in refereed and non-refereed journals, including percent multi-institutional and Description of primary scientific percent multidisciplinary. findings, with emphasis on their For Basin: relevance to SAHRA’s mission, the P. Brooks Number and list of presentations at three integrating questions and their F. Phillips Science scientific assemblies, symposia, and contribution to building multi- workshops, including percent multi- disciplinary. For River institutional and percent Systems: multidisciplinary. Description of the potential and/or D. Goodrich actual application of each product. D. Brookshire Number of novel scientific products (e.g. models, DSS, databases, patents, For Integrated etc.) Modeling: H. Gupta Number and list of events that involved E. Springer direct interaction between SAHRA Description of the quality and Stakeholder scientists and stakeholders (e.g. effectiveness of the interactions and meetings, workshops, presentations, their relevance to SAHRA’s mission. etc.)
13 Guidance for the qualitative and contextual evaluation of is provided as follows:
STRATEGIC GUIDANCE GOAL A. Quality of science activities results can be judged relative to the following indicators as a measure of increasing quality (not all apply to all projects)
Science: Undertaking of multidisciplinary research Undertaking of disciplinary research focused Publications activities on SAHRA’s mission Publication integrating SAHRA research with and Publication of disciplinary research other research Presentations Development of multidisciplinary teams to Publications integrating several multidisciplinary address SAHRA’s integrating questions SAHRA research activities
B. Quality of science activities results can be judged relative to the following indicators as a measure of increasing quality (not all apply to all projects).
Products have been widely distributed to Science: Development of disciplinary products relevant stkeholders to SAHRA’s mission Products Products have been widely used with impact of Distribution of disciplinary products other science activities or water management Development of multidisciplinary products decisions
C. Quality of stakeholder engagement can be judged relative to the following indicators as a measure of increasing quality of engagement (not all apply to all projects).
Stakeholder Indicators: Interactions are frequent, e.g. more than 2X per year; varied, e.g. not always in the same Key stakeholders have been identified through context; rich, e.g. substantive, involving 2-way a deliberate and documented process communication Contact has been initiated with individuals or Project milestones are shared and regular organizations representing major updates provided stakeholders Stakeholders call or contact project participants Potential stakeholders have been briefed to request additional information Stakeholder about opportunities to help define research Stakeholders lend political support to projects, questions, share data, identify stakeholder- including calls or letters to support proposals relevant data gaps, receive outputs, etc. or grants Distribution materials about the project are Stakeholders provide substantive, iterative accessible and stakeholder relevant feedback regarding progress and products Stakeholders attend SAHRA-sponsored Stakeholders provide in-kind contributions or workshops, presentations invite on-site research activities Attendance includes a broad spectrum of Stakeholders fund projects or parts of projects interested parties, as appropriate Stakeholders participate in project review Comments from key stakeholders on SAHRA products, tools or data are used as a intermediate products and results have been regular, integrated component of water documented and responded to management decision making
1c. Problems During the Reporting Period and Anticipated for Year 5
Risks to Field Sites We have weathered two consecutive summers in which the Mt. Bigelow micrometeorological tower and other SAHRA resources were threatened (or in some cases destroyed) by wildfire. In the prevalent drought conditions in the Southwest, our existing field sites in southern Arizona and our new sites in New Mexico will remain at risk from wildfire. In addition, an accelerating rate of illegal migration through the Upper San Pedro river basin increases the risks of vandalism or accidental damage to the field systems deployed in the riparian area where most migration occurs.
14 Financial Issues The Center is facing ongoing financial challenges caused by increasing costs, which include dramatically higher student and professional staff ERE rates linked to escalating health care costs, and the fact that NSF was not able to implement the recommended increase in SAHRA’s funding to $4 million per year. SAHRA’s response to these financial issues is described in detail in the Management section. Many of our partner institutions also came under heavy pressure from their respective sponsored projects offices when NSF funding for 2004 was not received until mid-June 2004.
Personnel Needs As the Integrated Modeling effort continues to grow, so has the need for staff to design, implement, and maintain web-based geospatial databases that can be used by various SAHRA investigators and teams and to help coordinate the overall “knowledge-base” effort. To address this need, SAHRA is recruiting a geospatial analyst to monitor quality of incoming data streams from modeling and field experiments and to help integrate geographical information systems (GIS) and results from model simulations for visualization. It is hoped this position will be filled by early Fall 2004.
2a. Research Theme Areas As described in the Executive Summary, SAHRA science has evolved from an initial focus on Thrust Areas to the following integrating macro-theme research areas: 1) Basin-scale water balance, 2) River systems, 3) Integrated modeling.
2a.1. Basin Scale Water Balance
Basic Information Semi-arid environments are both quantitatively and qualitatively different than their more mesic counterparts. The major hydrologic processes that contribute to the basin scale water balance in semi-arid catchments occur at discrete points in space or time. Water sources, runoff, and deep infiltration are restricted to higher elevations except for short periods of time following infrequent heavy precipitation events at lower elevations. Lower elevations tend to be areas where water is lost from evapotranspiration or consumptive use by growing human populations. Research during the first three years of SAHRA funding demonstrated that lowland recharge and runoff are relatively unimportant in the basin-scale water balance for the Rio Grande. This previous work suggests that much of our research should focus on high- elevation areas that serve as water sources for streamflow generation and groundwater recharge. These findings also have demonstrated that the most critical “missing links” in our understanding of semi-arid region hydrologic responses are: 1) the role of vegetation in water partitioning; and 2) the ability to scale up understandings obtained at the plant scale to the basin scale. We have therefore reevaluated the critical knowledge gaps and reformulated our research questions. These questions are relevant to the full range of environments that exist in semi-arid regions, from basin floors to high elevation areas:
• How do ecohydrological interactions control the water fluxes and storage that constitute the basin scale water balance? • How can ecohydrological interactions, which are the outcome of processes that occur at the meter to hillslope scale, be represented at the scale of landscapes to basins? • How can the important hydrometeorological, physiographic, and physiological interrelationships be accurately represented in a distributed hydrologic watershed model that includes snow and vegetation processes?
This focus on ecohydrological interactions is particularly relevant to the goal of promoting sustainable water management. Ecosystems change dramatically on timescales from days to years to decades, due to natural causes (e.g., fire, drought, or climate change) and anthropogenic processes (e.g., land-use change)
15 and such change could have drastic impacts on basin-wide water and solute budgets. To address this gap in knowledge, we plan to first develop a physically based understanding by investigating water- partitioning processes at the plot-to-hillslope scale. The next step is to use this physically based understanding to scale up these processes from plot to landscape to basin scale. Once this is accomplished, the conceptual models and distributed parameters can be incorporated into numerical models that can be tested against the actual historical behavior of the integrating system outputs. Finally, these results can be integrated into a model, or series of linked models, that will incorporate human interactions and be employed to predict responses of the system under a variety of imposed stresses and management responses. Thus, the generalized approach is an iterative combination of intensive observations at multiple scales with modeling.
Significant Accomplishments and Findings for Year 5 • Significant improvements were made in quantifying snow water input to the Rio Grande. Snow distribution models were found to be extremely sensitive to the digital-elevation models used to derive independent variables and to the selection of variables. Remotely sensed snow surface albedo data were incorporated into a spatially distributed snowmelt model and substantially increased the accuracy of model representation of snow water input.
• Soil moisture maps of substantial portions of the Rio Grande basin have been prepared based on an empirical relationship between root zone soil moisture and the evaporative fraction determined from LandSat Thematic Mapper images using the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL). Such maps will have value for providing initiation and validation of distributed hydrological models.
• Improved understanding of determinants of and trends in domestic water demand is being achieved by disaggregating demand to the level of individual users and uses. Water meter loggers in southeastern Arizona have revealed per capita water demand by “ranchettes” is far more variable and two to three times that for other residents. Analysis of assessor and census data for three Southwest cities reveal that a significant fraction of home construction is driven by reduced household size rather than population growth, and this is reducing per capita indoor water demand while increasing outdoor demand. The disaggregated demand management has benchmarked field behavior with experimental laboratory behavior. Further, the heterogeneous nature of consumer preferences has been documented.
• A distributed, dynamical model has been developed for estimating recharge and partitioning water budgets across the dominant climatic, geologic, topographic, and vegetation features of the Rio Grande in southern Colorado and New Mexico. The model approach is based on a semi- discrete finite volume method, where the original partial differential equations are reduced to a coupled system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations that link the upward and downward flux of water below the root zone (recharge and evapotranspiration, respectively) to the volume- average water table position and the interaction of groundwater with ephemeral and perennial streamflow.
• SAHRA research has revealed that large reservoirs of bio-available nitrogen beneath desert soils have been accumulating throughout the Holocene. They represent a substantial portion of the global vadose-zone nitrogen reservoir that previously was overlooked.
• Through the USDA-ARS and the Upper San Pedro Partnership, roughly $385K of leveraged funding was secured for riparian water needs studies and assessment of San Pedro riparian ecological functioning; TRIF funds ($69,500) were obtained to quantify regional groundwater contributions to the baseflow of the San Pedro River. NSF funds ($624,000) were obtained to
16 investigate the sensitivity of ecosystem processes to precipitation across a grassland to shrubland vegetation transition. USEPA funds ($485,000) were obtained to pursue integrated modeling and ecosystem valuation. Travis Huxman, Dave Williams, and a non-SAHRA researcher were also successful in obtaining a 3-year grant ($325,000) to run rainfall manipulation plots on the Santa Rita Experimental Range, based on previous SAHRA work.
Research Partnerships and Their Contributions Primary partners for this theme area are: • University of Colorado – Projects focus on integrating water, plant, and soil processes and their role in vegetation change; and rangeland response to drought (Small) • University of Colorado/LANL – Quantifying spatial variability of surface hydrologic properties in semiarid lands and upscaling to hillslope values (Small, Springer) • University of New Mexico – A team of economists (Brookshire, Chermak, Krause) continues work on studies of water demand in the Albuquerque area. • New Mexico Tech – Projects include the interrelationship between deep vadose zone fluxes and vegetation community (Phillips); mountain block recharge (Wilson); estimating consumptive water use through optical remote sensing, and regional distribution of soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and soil hydraulic properties (Hendrickx) • USDA-ARS – The Southwest Watershed Research Center is a major partner with SAHRA in studying numerous hydrologic and watershed processes in the Southwest. SWRC operates the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, the most densely instrumented semi-arid watershed in the world, and an important outdoor laboratory for SAHRA research. • Penn State University – SAHRA work focuses on mountain front recharge: models of hydroclimatic variability and low dimensional recharge-runoff (Duffy) • UA-HWR/UC-Merced: – Understanding land/atmosphere/energy budgets over different seasons in a sky island biome (Brown, Bales, Shuttleworth) • UC-Merced/US Army Corps of Engineers – An examination of the spatial distribution of snow water equivalent and snowmelt that force energy balance variables in seasonally snow-covered watersheds, with the goal of improving inputs into snowmelt runoff models • University of California, Merced/USGS – Improving the forecasting of snow runoff through remote sensing and ground-based data (Bales, Leavesley) • UA-HWR – Quantifying long-term groundwater recharge using 32Si (Ekwurzel) • Cal State- L.A./Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juarez/UA/NM Tech – With leveraged funding from an NSF “Glue grant,” researchers are examining groundwater and surface water salinization in the El Paso/Juarez region (Hibbs, Granados, Phillips, Ekwurzel)
Goals, Activities, and Outcomes/Impacts in the Current Reporting Period Goals are essentially unchanged from Year 4; activities and outcome/impacts are described for each project within this macro-theme at www.sahra.arizona.edu/research/BS/. Significant accomplishments are described above.
2a.2. River Systems
Basic Information Within semiarid regions, riparian corridors contain most areas of early human settlement, irrigated agriculture, and a disproportionate percentage of the regional biodiversity. The water-stressed nature of arid and semi-arid environments creates competition for access to this highly limited resource among various water uses. For basin-scale water sustainability to be achieved, managers must somehow balance supply and demand throughout the basin, including demands for maintaining adequate functioning of
17 riparian ecosystems. These riparian systems integrate the hydrologic and biogeochemical processes that occur within a basin. Consequently, water resource management decisions may impact river systems not only through changes in streamflow, but also through unforeseen changes in water quality, the socioeconomic value of the river system, and the structure and diversity of the riparian ecosystem. A complete evaluation of the costs and benefits of important management decisions regarding riparian preservation and restoration therefore requires an integrated, interdisciplinary understanding.
Significant Accomplishments and Findings During Year 5 • We determined that mesquite roots redistribute significant amounts of moisture to the deep vadose zone during both the growing season and winter. With this mechanism mesquite can use winter rainfall (~35% of annual precipitation in the San Pedro) that would be unavailable to shallow rooted plants in the pre-monsoon growing season. Also, a large proportion of riparian mesquite transpiration during the growing season is derived from the deep vadose zone. This heretofore unidentified process of multidirectional plant water redistribution in mesquites in both growing and senescent conditions may be a major reason why mesquite species are invading grasslands on a large scale throughout the arid and semiarid west.
• Our estimates of riparian ET and its components have taken on much greater importance for refining the San Pedro water balance by the managers and policy makers of the Upper San Pedro Partnership. Citing national security reasons and conservation of the San Pedro, Senator John McCain introduced legislation in the defense authorization act that became Public Law PL108- 136, Sec. 321. This law recognizes the Upper San Pedro Partnership and requests that the USPP develop a plan for water sustainability by 2011 and report annually to Congress.
• Hydrologic threshold values at which cottonwood-willow forests give way to tamarisk have been identified, and changes in vegetation structure, composition, and diversity across lateral and longitudinal gradients of groundwater, surface flow, and flooding have been described. These results have been incorporated into a riparian condition assessment model, which can provide guidance to riparian restoration efforts and minimum hydrologic conditions needed to restore native plant species.
• Research on the impact of riparian areas on home values reveals that proximity to riparian corridors, as well as the diversity, size and quality of riparian vegetated areas significantly affect purchase prices.
• Biogeochemical studies carried out by SAHRA researchers in the San Pedro have shown that periods of elevated discharge during the summer monsoon have a major influence on nutrient redistribution and biological activity in the riparian system. This suggests that artificial recharge of runoff as a river management practice may be detrimental to the overall input and effective distribution of nutrients and, consequently, the vigor of riparian systems.
• Isotopic analyses of groundwater in the Rio Grande Alluvial Aquifer south of El Paso/Ciudad Juarez reveal the importance of basin scale exchanges between surface water of the Rio Grande and groundwater of the Hueco Bolson Aquifer. River water infiltration at the north end of the basin has been occurring since before development, whereas salinity increases at the south end of the basin appear to be related to groundwater upwelling from the Hueco Bolson aquifer.
• Leveraged Funding: Two new fellowships were obtained from the Sandia National Lab for Ph.D. students. One is addressing dynamic simulation modeling of nutrients; the other is looking at incorporating non-market values of riparian uses and functions. A proposal entitled “Integrated Modeling and Ecological Valuation” was funded by an EPA Star Grant at $485K to pursue
18 integrated modeling and ecosystem valuation. Through the USDA-ARS and the Upper San Pedro Partnership roughly $385K of leveraged funding was secured for riparian water needs studies and assessment of San Pedro riparian ecological functioning. A proposal entitled “Sensitivity of ecosystem processes to precipitation across a grassland to shrubland vegetation transition in the southwestern U.S.” was funded by NSF at $624,000.
• As part of SAHRA’s participation in the Upper San Pedro Partnership, a GIS-based vegetation riparian management and evapotranspiration tool has been developed in addition to a functional riparian condition class model based on nine bio-indicators. These tools are critical for evaluating the implications of proposed vegetation-related management practices and strategies for riparian restoration.
Research Partnerships and Their Contributions
Primary partners for this theme area are: • NMT/UA/IAEA/USGS – Investigating the solute balance of the Rio Grande; this project has expanded to incorporate datasets from the IAEA River Basin Study, USGS samples, and data from other agencies (such as the New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission) (Phillips, Hogan) • ASU – Projects include studies of riparian vegetation dynamics and spatial patterns across river gradients (Stromberg) and interactions of hydrology, vegetation, and biogeochemistry (Grimm) • USDA-ARS-Soil Salinity Lab/UC-Riverside – Looking at soil hydraulic properties and the simulation of riparian hydro-bio-geochemical fluxes (van Genuchten, Schaap) • USDA-ARS-Southwest Watershed Research Center – Ongoing work seeks to explore relationships between hydrologic conditions and ET carbon exchanges; coupling groundwater/surface water/vegetation ET (Goodrich) • UA-HWR – A variety of projects are exploring: the application of electrical resistance tomography to quantifying recharge in ephemeral channels, solute transport through gravel bars, root-soil water exchange, use of borehole ground-penetrating radar to track vadose zone water changes resulting from pumping (Ferre); quantifying regional groundwater contributions to baseflow of the San Pedro River (Ekwurzel); and land use effects on water quality in semi-arid watersheds (Brooks) • UA-Agricultural and Resource Economics (ARE) – Determining the effect of proximity to and quality of riparian areas on economic values (Colby) • UNM – An experimental, historical, and survey analysis of consumer and institutional water demand (Brookshire, Chermak)
Goals, Activities, and Outcomes/Impacts in the Current Reporting Period The major goal of the River Systems (RS) macro-theme is to develop fundamental, process-level understanding in three areas: 1) determining the water balance of riparian systems; 2) evaluating ecosystem dynamics and values; and 3) understanding nutrient and solute sources and cycling. Mature or maturing RS research will be incorporated into integrated river system models that stakeholders can use to evaluate the costs and benefits of preservation and potential restoration efforts. The Upper San Pedro basin is the focus area for riparian preservation, with the Upper San Pedro Partnership forming the primary group of decision makers with whom we have been and will continue working. Activities and outcome/impacts are described for each project within this macro-theme at http://www.sahra.arizona.edu/research/RS/. Significant accomplishments are described above.
2.a.3. Integrated Modeling
Basic Information
19 Within arid and semi-arid environments, water uses of various kinds must vie for access to a highly limited resource. For basin-scale water sustainability to be achieved, managers must somehow balance supply and demand throughout the basin, not just for surface waters or streams. The need to move water around a basin (such as the Rio Grande or Colorado River) to achieve this balance has created the stimulus for water transfers and water markets, and for accurate hydrologic information to sustain such institutions. Integrated model simulations of river basins can be used to develop improved understanding of the complex feedbacks and interactions between the physical hydrologic (atmospheric, surface, and subsurface) and human (social, economic, engineering, and institutional) components of the system, and to assess the implications of various water resources decisions (or scenarios).
The IM macro-theme is currently organized into six major project areas, each with one or more projects associated: 1) Integrated assessments and model evaluation; 2) Fine-resolution modeling; 3) Medium-resolution modeling; 4) Coarse-resolution decision support modeling; 5) Distributed input fluxes and basin properties estimation; and 6) Database development and maintenance.
Significant Accomplishments and Findings During Year 5 • Fine-Resolution (FR) Modeling: The Finite Element Heat and Mass transport code (FEHM) has been incorporated into the FR modeling framework and the process of converting the code to operate on a parallel machine has been initiated. Input data for the Rio Grande from its headwaters to the New Mexico-Texas border are being compiled.
• Medium-Resolution (MR) Modeling: The NOAH land surface model has been implemented at fixed and variable resolutions over the San Pedro River basin and the Rio Grande basin. The KINEROS semi-arid rainfall-runoff model has been examined and recoded for continuous-time applications. The SWAT and KINEROS model, within the AGWA (Automated Geospatial Watershed Assessment) Tool, was applied to the San Pedro down to the Redington USGS gage.
In addition, a GIS-based MODFLOW groundwater model has been developed, parameterized, and applied to the entire San Pedro (headwaters in Mexico to its confluence with the Gila River), which incorporates an improved treatment of riparian ET.
An updated model for riparian ET for the San Pedro National Riparian Conservation Area is 95% complete as a result of research managed by the River Systems macro-theme. Coupling of the Modular Modeling System (MMS) to the Rio Grande URGWOM engineering model has been initiated. Basic hydraulic and geometric parameters for building an effective “meta-channel” (for grid models) for the Upper San Pedro river flow network have been derived. Initial evaluation of the usefulness of remotely sensed precipitation estimates has been performed.
• Coarse-Resolution Modeling: Tradeoffs among several conflicting objectives for the San Pedro basin management were identified, providing a starting point for detailed, interactive decision support. Robust disaggregated residential demand functions were estimated. A GIS-based conceptual groundwater module was developed and a method for allocating digital precipitation data to smaller drainages was used to estimate mountain front recharge. This module will be used for the conservation of the riparian habitats along the lower section of the San Pedro River.
By combining studies of user demand with a realistic crop water use and a GIS-based
20 groundwater model, SAHRA scientists have developed a DSS for the middle Rio Grande for use in evaluating water conservation strategies and public water budget planning.
A farm module for MODFLOW-2000 is being developed for realistic representation of agricultural water use. The package is being implemented by USGS to simulate groundwater and surface water components of the irrigation hydrologic cycle in the western San Joaquin Valley, where groundwater pumping is not metered but crop and surface water delivery data have been compiled for the last three decades.
• Coarse-Resolution Decision-Support Tools: Funding ($30K) was secured in collaboration with Harvard University to provide the city of La Paz, Baja California, an alternative futures study to help manage economic growth and water resources.
An interactive model for the Middle Rio Grande was developed and used by a regional water planning board to select between alternative water conservation measures for balancing the regional water budget, and to engage the general public in the water budget balancing/planning exercise.
• Estimating Distributed Input Fluxes and Basin Properties: A cloud classification system (CCS) was developed and incorporated into the PERSIANN system for operational estimation of global precipitation from remotely sensed data. A precipitation data set (6 hr-12 km resolution) for the Southwest U.S. and SAHRA’s research domain for a 2-year period was developed and made available via data CD.
Preliminary verification of quantitative mesoscale model precipitation forecasts (winter) for the southwestern U.S. using the Regional Spectral Model (RSM) ensemble system was completed. The Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model was coupled with the G-RSM system and water and energy budgets from off-line and coupled versions of the models are now being compared over the southwestern U.S. semi-arid region.
A website has been developed for near-real-time daily-to-monthly forecasts for the U.S. Southwest (http://ecpc.ucsd.edu/projects/uastc/). The G-RSM code has been modified to permit implementation of different land surface packages.
• Leveraged Funding: NSF COMET funding ($83K) was secured to support the development of a distributed watershed model for semi-arid areas. Funding ($50K) from SNL was secured to develop a generic coarse resolution integrated model. Funding of $491K was secured from LANL in support of the FRM efforts in 2004.
Research Partnerships and Their Contributions
Primary partners for this theme area are: • Los Alamos National Laboratory/NMT – Fine resolution integrated modeling of the Rio Grande basin, from headwaters to the N.M.-Texas border (Springer, Vivoni) • Sandia/UNM/UA-HWR – Development of a decision-support tool for water resource managers that integrates the social and physical processes that impact water allocation (Tidwell, Brookshire, Woodard) • USGS/Desert Research Institute – Using multi-objective parameter optimization and snow survey data to improve operation forecasting in the Upper Rio Grande (McConnell, Boyle, Leavesley)
21 • UNM – Work on 1) modeling, data gaps, and integrated modeling from an economic perspective across disciplines within a dynamic simulation platform; 2) assessment of institutional structures for demand-side management integrated modeling; and 3) economic valuation of riparian flyways (Brookshire) • UCI – Estimating precipitation over the southwestern U.S. at 6 hr/12 km resolution from remotely sensed data (Gao, Sorooshian, et al.) • UCLA – Multi-objective water resources management optimization model for the San Pedro River basin (Yeh) • UA-HWR/USU/DRI/UNM – Development of a medium-resolution integrated land-surface model of the Rio Grande basin (Gupta, et al.) • UA-HWR – Development of a farm module for MODFLOW-2000 (Maddock); disaggregating domestic water demand (Woodard); using PDAs as meter loggers to analyze rural ranchette water demand (Woodard) • Scripps Institute of Oceanography, UCSD – Coupled land-atmosphere simulation and prediction (Roads) • UA-CEEM/USPP – Evaluating Sierra Vista, Arizona conservation alternatives using dynamic simulation modeling (Lansey)
Goals, Activities, and Outcomes/Impacts in the Current Reporting Period The major goal of the Integrated Modeling (IM) macro-theme is to develop, parameterize, and validate the hydrological models required to assess impacts of climate variability and land use change on water resources in semi-arid river basins and to develop the tools for scenario assessments in river basins. Different types and resolutions of models are required to answer diverse questions. For example, a question related to streamflow may not need a highly distributed model whereas a question concerning the source and nature of a pollutant will. Because one cannot always anticipate the questions in advance, three model resolutions are being developed: 1) coarse (units being reaches, sub-basins, and other hydrologically relevant units); 2) medium (units being 1-12 km grid cells); and 3) fine (units being grid cells of 100 m or smaller). A scenario analysis is the focus for the Rio Grande from its headwaters in Colorado to the New Mexico-Texas border, simulating the effects of a 1950s type drought on the water resources using 1990s population and land use. This scenario provides a focus for model development, and for comparing the results from the different models. Using the same climate forcing, a comparison will be made of how the three resolutions partition and route water through the river basin. The focus in the San Pedro is on developing a decision support system (DSS) to examine alternatives for the Upper San Pedro Partnership, and on an integrated hydrologic and biogeochemical model for enhanced understanding of basin response. This latter integrated model will have fine-resolution and be developed in coordination with the River System macro-theme. This dual approach means SAHRA can support its ongoing interactions with stakeholders in the San Pedro while continuing make scientific advances by examining the interactions between vegetation, groundwater, surface water, and biogeochemical cycles.
Activities and outcome/impacts are described for each project within this macro-theme at http://www.sahra.arizona.edu/research/IM/. Significant accomplishments are described above.
2b. Research Plans
2b.1. Basin Scale Water Balance The major new initiative under the Basin-Scale macro-theme will be to establish a transect of five experimental plots along an elevation gradient in the northern Rio Grande Basin. The transect will be designed with two major goals:
22 1) To identify hydro-ecological controls on partitioning of precipitation and soil moisture via measurements, monitoring, and experimentation across the dominant ecosystems that exist in the northern Rio Grande Basin. 2) To provide both improved process representations and spatially distributed data necessary to refine and validate hydrologic models of semi-arid hydrology. The five ecosystems/vegetation types span an elevation range of 2000 m and include cottonwood riparian forest, juniper savanna, pinyon-juniper woodland, ponderosa pine forest, and mixed conifer forest. The location in the upper Rio Grande basin has existing research sites located on federal land, with substantial infrastructure already in place and datasets being collected by our collaborators. These sites, together with coordinated research both in this and in the River Systems macro-theme encompass the major vegetation types found in semi-arid basins.
The transect will consist of a series of field sites where controls on partitioning of precipitation and soil moisture can be studied via monitoring and manipulative experiments. Measurements and monitoring along the transect are designed both to obtain improved process representations of hydrologic fluxes and to provide spatially distributed information to test and improve hydrologic models for these systems. Participants in the elevation-transect study will interact closely with the Integrated Modeling macro- theme and experiments will be designed to improve parameterization of the high-resolution model. Outcomes of the model simulations will be compared with data from the transect study to evaluate the adequacy of the process algorithms within the model. Numerical experiments on approaches to scaling up from the plot scale can be refined by comparison with these data to identify the scale-dependence of key processes to formulate appropriate and effective parameters for distributed modeling of basin-wide hydrologic fluxes in response to perturbations such as drought and vegetation change.
Work during the first half of 2004 focused on plot/catchment site selection and experimental design, addressed during two field workshops in the Valles Caldera/Los Alamos area. Site installation will begin in late Summer 2004. Initial installation will focus on simpler components of the sites, including basic meteorological variables and soil moisture and temperature. Snow-data instrumentation will be a priority so that snow research in the Valles Caldera can begin in Winter 2004/2005. Installation of large, complex instrumentation such as eddy correlation flux towers will begin in the summer of 2005, although one tower may be installed during 2004. During this period, data exchange with the Integrated Modeling team will be tested and evaluated. Starting Summer 2005, full-scale iterative model refinement can begin.
In addition to the transect initiative, ongoing research in the Basin-Scale macro-theme during the 2004 calendar year will continue in the other two environments that are the hydrologic “hotspots” in semi-arid catchments: 1) the lower river channel/riparian/ and alluvial aquifer system; and 2) municipal, agricultural, and industrial water uses (human effects). Initial research supported by SAHRA that investigated both the lower river channel and the human effects on the water balance has resulted in external funding (TRIF, GLUE and DOE) and in collaborative relationships with other research groups (Sandia National Laboratory, Cliff Dahm’s research group at UNM, EPWD). We plan to further strengthen the relationships between these leveraged research activities and closely related projects in the River Systems and Knowledge Transfer macro-themes.
2b.2. River Systems In this transition year, a variety of projects will be completed, merged, or initiated. A significant change will be the phase-down of SAHRA-funded support for the Mt. Bigelow flux tower, which was originally placed in the Basin Scale macro-theme. Work on electrical resistance tomography and borehole ground penetrating radar will be completed in 2004. The plant-soil-water-nutrient interaction along a relict channel toposequence will also end in 2004. Resources from these efforts will be redeployed to the more focused and integrated efforts outlined below in this macro-theme’s six project areas:
23 • Physical and Nutrient Model Coupling and Verification: In the Rio Grande, SAHRA will continue low-level sampling efforts to evaluate how salinity and nutrients change during the current regional drought. In the San Pedro, limited sampling will take place in addition to coordinated assembling and limited analysis of the variety of samples collected in prior years. Coupling of models including Hydrus 1-D, 2-D with PHREEQC, Century, Daisy, and SWAT- KINEROS will be evaluated. For determination of riparian water we will concentrate on the well-sampling campaigns, laboratory analysis of the preliminary samples, and refinement of our sampling strategy. Previously collected stormflow from the San Pedro and Walnut Gulch will be used to characterize storm flow runoff.
• Riparian Vegetation Change: Operation and analysis of energy, water, and nutrient fluxes from towers in riparian mature mesquite bosque, sacaton grassland, and mixed mesquite-grassland, as well as upland mesquite invasive will continue and an additional tower site will be established from newly acquired NSF funding. These studies will help us understand how climate variability and grassland composition affects vulnerability to mesquite invasion, and how conversion of grassland to mesquite shrubland and woodland alters carbon and water fluxes at local and basin levels. We will continue to refine the riparian vegetation change model (and incorporate more refined estimates of channel change) and use the model to project vegetation changes from water availability and climate changes. Finally, we will complete studies on riparian zone fires.
• Non-Market Valuation of Riparian Systems:. Hydrology to riparian habitat linkages will be finalized. Relationships between riparian habitat and bird diversity/bird value in the San Pedro will address the valuation of bird diversity and abundance, which has been defined only generally in the past. The links between the natural science models will be driven by the changes in the hydrologic regime. The outcome of variations in the hydrology will result in alternative vegetation changes and changes in levels of bird diversity, which in turn impact the perceived economic value of the area for visitors to the San Pedro.
• Water banking and Disaggregated Market Demand for Water: We will examine whether reliable riparian habitat quality indicators can be derived from remote sensing data, i.e., the Normalized Vegetation Difference Index (NDVI) and the Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI). If these remote sensing indices are appropriate proxies for vegetation density or species richness, then future studies on riparian habitat and economic values will require less labor- intensive fieldwork. For the experimental, historical, and survey analysis of consumer and institutional water demand, we will complete data analysis from the Phase 1 experiments (non- computerized, in which participants allocated an aggregate budget between water and cash). In addition, we will continue to link the Waterwise dataset to data generated from experiments and to other data sources (for example, U.S. Census data). The experimental design for Phase 2 (in which we ask participants to specify precisely how they will use the water they choose to purchase) will be completed, the first experiments will be run, and data analysis will be initiated. We will continue to develop and refine the protocols and participant interfaces for the Phase 3 experiments (allowing participants to choose to allocate experiment money to the purchase of water-saving appliances and xeric landscaping).
• Coupling with DSS/DSM Models: A major effort in the coming year will be to begin linking our process-level understanding of salinity and nutrients with the DSM modeling effort of Sandia in the Rio Grande. In the San Pedro, riparian water needs will be linked into the DSS currently being developed in cooperation with the Upper San Pedro Partnership by Kevin Lansey (IM macro-theme).
24 • Restoration: Organized and planned two meetings to bring together researchers and stakeholders interested in river restoration. The first will be a research-oriented meeting to share what activities already are being addressed in the basin and determine who would like to collaborate on a future proposal. A second meeting specifically geared to stakeholders will be convened. These might include the New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission, the New Mexico Environmental Quality Department, Elephant Butte Irrigation District, and others. At the conclusion of these meetings, participants and a plan will be in place to develop a proposal for external funding to be submitted in Year 6.
2b.3. Integrated Modeling
Research plans for each of the six project areas are as follows:
• Planning and Integrated Assessment: The immediate focus of this effort will be organizing planning and evaluation activities into the project framework adopted in early 2004 by SAHRA management. In-person and teleconference meetings to develop the IM framework and coordinate the work continue. Close coordination with the Upper San Pedro Partnership will continue, to capture the choices and scenarios they wish to assess. Greater urgency for this effort has resulted from newly enacted legislation sponsored by Sen. John McCain which sets a goal for the Upper San Pedro Partnership “to achieve the sustainable yield of the regional aquifer, so as to protect the Upper San Pedro River, Arizona, and the San Pedro Riparian National Conservation Area, Arizona” by developing a plan to restore and maintain sustainable yield for the aquifer by September 30, 2011.
Beginning in 2005, this macro-theme area will focus on three efforts: 1) the development of a conceptual framework to facilitate the evaluation and assessment of integrated modeling, based on reviewing and analyzing related, state-of-the-art technologies and theories; 2) development of schemes appropriate for cross-evaluation of consistency among the models with different resolutions and the conceptual model of the river basin; and 3) design and analysis of different scenarios (based on population growth prediction, etc.) to assist in short- and long-term water resources management of the Rio Grande basin.
• Fine-Resolution Modeling (FRM): The goal is to strengthen relationships with the SAHRA process studies; several meetings with process modelers are being held in 2004 to move this aspect forward. A major change in direction involves a shift from the grid-based land surface hydrology module we have been using to tRIBS. This was prompted by the capability of tRIBS to more efficiently represent a basin in terms of grid cells. The tRIBS approach will also make it easier to implement the tree-based structure for parallelizing the system, which is based on the independence of watersheds in terms of surface runoff.
• Medium-Resolution Modeling (MRM): Through 2004, the goal is to pull together the various MRM activities to focus on linking hydrology modules with engineering and economic modules.
In 2005 and beyond, this project area will increasingly focus on integration of the component modules of physical hydrology with representations of water resources management activities, at the scales of the Rio Grande/San Pedro watersheds, and the development of techniques to make the model information relevant to decision-making processes. Specifically, the MMS/NOAH/Kineros/ MODFLOW modules will be combined with a derivative of URGWOM (river system management) and an economic module to: a) assess the implications of a water-banking scheme in the Rio Grande basin; and b) investigate conjunctive use issues within the Rio Grande and San
25 Pedro basins. The integrated models will also be used to investigate hydrological implications of different scenarios for the Rio Grande Basin.
• Coarse-Resolution Decision Support Modeling (CRDSM): The goal through 2004 is to pull together the various coarse resolution modeling activities to coordinate development of a decision support model specific to southwest river basins.
From 2005 on, this project area will develop basin-scale systems models of the Rio Grande and San Pedro River basins to integrate social, economic, and institutional behaviors with understanding of physical hydrology. The goal is to provide decision support for sustainable water resources management of the river basin. We will continue to incorporate additional details and components including multiple water uses, wastewater treatment, environmental and hydrochemical processes, groundwater extraction and withdrawals, recharge-runoff interactions, urban demand estimates, and conservation alternatives. Economic, policy, and legal elements, including issues of water banking/leasing, will be developed. Uncertainty analysis and model reliability assessment with respect to management applications of groundwater models will also be conducted. A generic model incorporating most elements found within southwestern basins will be developed to: speed development of models for specific basins; enhance comparability and uniformity among models; and serve as an educational tool.
• Estimating Distributed Input Fluxes and Basin Properties: The goal through 2004 is to establish data sets for use by the different resolution models. Focus on precipitation work will shift toward evaluation of products. A new effort will focus on a priori estimation of spatially distributed soil/vegetation parameters. New partnerships will be established with NCEP, CPC, NESDIS and TAMU. In 2005, particular emphasis will be placed on the estimation and evaluation of remotely sensed precipitation products, but simulated and merged precipitation estimates at the mesoscale will also be investigated. A second theme is the estimation of distributed basin properties to be used for parameterizing land-surface hydrologic models at different spatial scales and resolutions. This is an area with little progress in recent years, but for which there is growing interest due to the increasing use of distributed models. Such models usually require a priori estimates of their parameters, even if observed system responses at certain points are available for use in model calibration. Current procedures do not provide reliable estimates and new approaches are required.
• Database and Computing: A database professional will be recruited to work on designing and building the common database to be used by the overall IM effort.
26 III. EDUCATION
1a. Overall Educational Objectives
SAHRA’s Education macro-theme continues to focus on improving hydrologic literacy at all levels, supporting career pathways to the hydrological sciences, integrating SAHRA science education, and providing teacher support. Organizational realignments within SAHRA over the past year have had minimal structural impact on our program although some structural change may result from the upcoming external review of SAHRA’s knowledge transfer, education, and stakeholder activities in Fall 2004. Our secondary objectives are to begin the process of consolidating our efforts, broadening the geographic impact and Center-wide participation in our mission, developing leveraged support for long-term sustainability, and enhancing the interdisciplinary nature of SAHRA student education.
Much of SAHRA’s research is field-based. In terms of the broader educational impacts of our research in regional communities, we fully believe that engaging these communities is critically important to our efforts, not just because they are the end beneficiaries of more sustainable water resource management, but because they are integral participants and contributors to our efforts. Our goals of raising hydrologic literacy and keeping communities abreast of our research are being accomplished through a healthy integration of Education and Knowledge Transfer activities. Specifically, SAHRA education programs are designed to help educators and their students participate in this endeavor through GLOBE regional data collection networks, professional development, classroom support, student summer camps, research and field experiences for teachers and special internships for high school students.
1b. Performance and Management Indicators
As described more fully in the Management Section, SAHRA is in the process of revising its Strategic Plan to a form that will be consistent with SAHRA’s strategic goals and that complements the revised management and macro-theme structure. This process includes the definition of appropriately revised performance and management indicators. As of this writing, the new strategic goal for Education is to enhance multidisciplinary hydrologic literacy within the educational system. As applied, this goal has two aspects. First, to develop the hydrologic literacy of K-16 students throughout the Southwest, leading to action and decision-making based on multidisciplinary knowledge of regional water cycling and issues. The second is to produce a new and diverse generation of professionals, students, and faculty who are adept at approaching water issues from a multidisciplinary and basin-scale perspective and are able to communicate this perspective effectively to others.
New performance indicators to be used by for Education to evaluate their success in achieving this goal are as follows:
ANNUAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS STRATEGIC RESPONSIBLE GOAL INDIVIDUALS QUALITY OR CONTEXT OF QUANTITATIVE INDICATOR INDICATOR
List of novel educational products and Description of quality, impact, and programs (e.g. curricula, short courses, effectiveness of the Educational workshops, web sites, etc.) and products and programs and their audiences reached relevance to SAHRA’s Mission. J. Washburne Gary Woodard Education Number of SAHRA students who are Description of the relevance student E. Hancock enrolled or who were enrolled at each research topics to SAHRA’s strategic level during the last year, including mission and integrating questions and percent multi-institutional and percent their contribution to building multi- multi-disciplinary. disciplinary understanding.
27 Guidance for the qualitative and contextual evaluation of is provided as follows:
STRATEGIC GUIDANCE GOAL
Quality of education product and programs can be judged relative to the following indicators (not all apply to all projects).
Education Indicators Number and diversity of students Target groups and education objectives are taught/supported in each category is identified Education: identified, relevant to SAHRA mission and Integration of science and education is Products and science foci articulated Options for reaching target audiences are Transferability is built in Programs identified and analyzed relative to resources Support for future implementation, interactions Priorities and desired outcomes are identified and feedback is identified Criteria and Mechanisms for documenting effectiveness are in place Feedback regarding effectiveness is used to improve the curriculum and program
Quality of graduate student education can be judged relative to the following indicators. Degree completed in timely fashion Identify recruitment targets and goals Identify degrees completed, publications, Education: Evaluate recruiting effectiveness continuing studies in field of supported Graduate Communicate SAHRA expectations to students Student students early Identify interdisciplinary components to course Encourage broad participation in campus and work and research professional activities Track work/study in field after graduation
1c. Problems During the Reporting Period
Regional Expansion With the help of support staff in Phoenix (Flowers and Justice), we successfully implemented two SPLASH workshops outside of Tucson. Mansel Nelson has also become involved in sharing SPLASH in northern Arizona. The successful spread of SPLASH demonstrates the importance of educational infrastructure for expansion, something that is currently lacking in other southwestern states, especially New Mexico. Despite SPLASH’s success in Phoenix, the Inquiry and Water Issues workshop scheduled for Phoenix was cancelled due to low enrollment. Other organizations also had trouble recruiting Phoenix teachers this summer, so we are assisting the Arizona Association of Environmental Educators in trying to determine why teachers are staying away.
Summer Camp Safety Issues Last summer a major wildfire closed Mt. Lemmon for much of the summer. This disrupted our ability to study elevational and climatological ecosystems. This year, an outbreak of rabies in small predators and stalking mountain lions limit the freedom we have to integrate our local sky island into our middle school summer camp.
Internal Collaboration Internal collaborations among students and faculty across the many participating institutions is still limited. We have introduced a new Center-wide newsletter, Ephemeral Flow (see Knowledge Transfer Section), to promote wider collegiality and informal sharing. We are also holding our annual meeting in October 2004 in Albuquerque to increase participation of New Mexican students, researchers, and stakeholders.
28 2a. Internal Educational Activities
Activity Name Graduate Seminar (HWR696L): Advanced Topics in Semi-Arid Hydrology Led by Washburne Intended Audience SAHRA graduate students Approx Number of 6-8 UA students/yr; Center-focused curriculum Attendees
This one-unit seminar class was taught again in Spring 2004 to help assimilate six new graduate students into the interdisciplinary focus of SAHRA. Postdoctoral research associates contributed by reviewing the innovative science and relevant water management issues within their areas of expertise. SAHRA scientists led discussions of fundamental research, management and policy issues that the students will face during their tenure with the Center. The class participated in CUAHSI cyberseminars and students led discussions on topics ranging from the hydrologic response of wildfire to policy and hydrological implications of streambed restoration and management. Students also developed grant-writing skills by applying for an EPA P3 grant.
Activity Name Undergraduate Water Issues course (HWR203) Led by Washburne Intended Audience Non-science undergraduates Approx Number of 100 UA students/yr; general education program with some Center Attendees content
This is a mid-sized Tier 2 general education course (required natural science) at the UA that is normally offered twice a year primarily to non-science majors. The class was not offered in Spring 2004, but will be offered again beginning in Fall 2004. SAHRA Assistant Director for Education, Jim Washburne, has been working with the class TA to revise lesson plans for the course and provide more readable summaries of the significant learning objectives and better connections between classroom concepts and activities. The course covers the entire southwest and tries to prepare students to address future issues as knowledgeable citizens. Topics include water issues, politics, and basic surface and groundwater hydrology.
Activity Name SAHRA Campus Seminar Series Led by Woodard, Washburne Intended Audience UA water research community Approx Number of 12 seminars co-sponsored by SAHRA/yr x 30 in audience; Impacts Attendees both internal and external communities
No professional or academic education experience is complete without a forum for intellectual exchange and debate about current developments and controversies in the field. This need is particularly acute for a large interdisciplinary group such as our own. In conjunction with the Department of Hydrology and Water Resources (HWR) and the Assistant Director for Knowledge Transfer, we are promoting the collegial exchange of professional views in a weekly seminar series. Supplemental funding from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in Fall 2003 allowed us to enhance the professional development aspect of these seminars by bringing in outside guest lecturers to cover a wider range of topics than is possible from local resources. Seminars co-sponsored by SAHRA in 2003/04 were:
29 • Sept. 10, 2003: James Hogan, UA/SAHRA, “Surface water-groundwater interaction at the basin scale: the importance of river recharge and salty discharge along the Rio Grande.” • Sept. 24, 2003: Thorsten Wagener, UA/SAHRA, “Predictions in ungauged basins: a modeler’s perspective on a new initiative in hydrological science.” • Oct. 1, 2003: Martha Conklin, UCI/SAHRA, “Geochemistry of mine contamination in an aquifer stream system.” • Oct. 8, 2003: Cliff Dahm, University of New Mexico, “Measuring riparian plant evapotranspiration and scaling riverine corridor water use by riparian plant communities.” • Oct. 22, 2003: Bill Hutchison, El Paso Water Utilities, “Hydrogeology of the Hueco Bolson, El Paso, Texas and Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua.” • Nov. 5, 2003: Hoshin Gupta, UA/SAHRA, “‘Only don’t know’: Towards a complete treatment of uncertainty in hydrologic modeling.” • Nov. 19, 2003: Joe Dixon and Scott Estergard, Army Corps of Engineers, “Corps of Engineers and civil works planning in Arizona/Nevada: evaluating opportunities for ecosystem restoration.” • Jan. 28, 2004: Michelle Walvoord, USGS, “Hydrologic and ecologic concepts unique to arid vadose zones." • Feb. 18, 2004: Yang Hong, UCI/SAHRA, “Precipitation estimation from multi-satellite observations.” • Feb. 25, 2004: Vince Tidwell, Sandia National Laboratories, “System dynamics modeling to support community-based water planning: an application to the middle Rio Grande.” • Mar. 10, 2004: Carlos Nobre, CPTEC-INPE, “Multiple biome-climate equilibria in Amazonia and perspectives for the future of the rainforest.” • April 23, 2004: Karletta Chief, UA/SAHRA, “Lack of running water, water misuse and water pollution from mines and illegal dumping, allocation of water rights, and water development efforts on the Navajo Nation.”
Activity Name MS in Water Resource Engineering (MSEng) Professional Degree Program Led by Woodard Intended Audience Mid-career water professionals Approx Number of 4 beginning in Fall 2003; 8 are expected to begin in Fall 2004. Attendees
This Master’s program in water resources was offered through the UA for middle managers in the Army Corps of Engineers and other water professionals for the first time beginning Fall 2003. The academic program is interdisciplinary, including classes in natural resource economics, water law, and environmental ethics. In place of a traditional thesis, a professional project and report related to the student’s work situation serve as the capstone project. The first class of four students successfully completed a semester of class and started defining projects and lining up committee members to oversee their off-campus projects and complete course requirements. The second class is set to begin in Fall 2004, and is expected to be at least eight in number, including several non-ACE students.
Activity Name Environmental Hydrology (FOR/GGG 340) Led by Tecle (NAU) Intended Audience undergraduate environmental studies majors Approx Number of 10 students/yr; relatively new course with some Center content Attendees
30 Aregai Tecle developed an undergraduate emphasis area in rural water and watershed management at Northern Arizona University. The course and the emphasis area are meant to enhance student understanding of environmental water resources issues and sharpen students’ water resources and watershed management skills at the local and regional scale. Environmental Hydrology was developed as a forestry, geography and honors course. The web-enhanced course is taught every Fall (http://www.for.nau.edu/courses/tecle/forggr340).
Activity Name Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) Led by Washburne Intended Audience U.S. undergraduates, particularly those from underrepresented groups Approx Number of 4 undergraduates working in Summer 2004 at SAHRA Attendees
The REU program has been restructured with a greater emphasis on recruiting at a national level, with an emphasis on underrepresented students. A collaborative effort among twelve STCs (led by UCLA's Center for Embedded Networked Sensors) is focused on the coordinated recruiting of REU candidates from around the country. SAHRA is participating in this effort, and is supporting four undergraduates for an eight-week period during Summer 2004, three of whom are women and one of whom is Asian American: • Janet Gemmill, Randolph-Macon Woman's College, VA; working on non-market water economics with Gary Woodard and Steve Stewart • Evan Lue, University of California, Berkeley, CA; working on riparian ecosystems with Travis Huxman • Gretchen Sprehe, Rochester Institute of Technology, NY, working on spatial modeling with Tom Maddock • Nina Townsend, Brown University, RI, working on tracking riparian solutes with James Hogan
2b. Professional Development Activities
Undergraduate Research Experiences Several UA students continued their work on research projects, assisting with the micrometeorological tower at Mt. Bigelow, with the data logger project in the San Pedro area, and editing and researching articles for San Pedro News and Comment, which has been integrated into Global NewsWatch.
CATTS Fellows SAHRA works with the University of Arizona's Collaborative to Advance Teaching Technology and Science (CATTS) Fellows Program (NSF GK-12 grant) to increase the direct involvement of undergraduate and graduate science students in high school science classrooms to facilitate implementation of water science. This leveraged activity allows SAHRA to support K-12 teachers in their classrooms on a weekly basis. The goals of this project are to directly reach K-12 teachers (primarily high school teachers) and their students in schools to support the implementation of the SPLASH curriculum and other water education materials.
In 2004, CATTS fellows (one undergraduate, one graduate student) are again expected to work with approximately 12 teachers and 1200 students, contribute content to the SPLASH curriculum, assist with the implementation of the IWI workshop, and participate in the annual meeting of the American Water Resources Association. SAHRA also successfully recruited a former CATTS undergraduate fellow and assistant staff member at last summer’s Camp Monsoon to be a TA for HWR 203 this year and enroll as a
31 SAHRA graduate student beginning Fall 2004.
Sandia National Laboratory Fellowships Two SAHRA graduate students at UA were supported by new Sandia Fellowships in 2004. Matt Weber interned part-time at Sandia during Spring 2004, while taking classes at University of New Mexico, and is looking at riparian valuation in the Southwest within a large-scale modeling approach. Gretchen Oelsner is interning full-time at Sandia during Summer 2004, looking at how nutrients are cycled through the Rio Grande and adjacent riparian areas and building a nutrient cycling model using a system dynamics approach. Sandia also continues to support Jesse Roach, who worked as a Sandia Fellow in Albuquerque in 2003.
Water Sustainability Program Fellowships Andrew Hinnell studied innovative vadose zone monitoring techniques last year under a fellowship sponsored by the University’s water education programs, in collaboration with SAHRA. This year, another SAHRA graduate student, Matt Bailey, is being supported to study San Pedro Recharge rates in ephemeral channels.
Graduate Research Assistantships / Community Service SAHRA funds over 40 graduate RAs and TAs to provide the research support and scientific innovation necessary for such a large and diverse Center. Because their specific activities and accomplishments are chronicled elsewhere, the focus here is on some of the unique opportunities this group enjoys. To promote interdisciplinary understanding and friendships, most UA SAHRA graduate students are seated in one large office space. Most students are required to take one core course that covers the philosophy and an overview of the goals and objectives of the Center (HWR696). Graduate students are further encouraged to take part in some extracurricular community service project or something that extends their learning outside of class. Examples of some current opportunities are helping to mentor undergraduate interns, staffing the SAHRA public display at professional or professional development meetings, becoming involved with inquiry and research development programs in surrounding school districts, and helping to support special water-related activities (such as Sabino Canyon Days) with cooperating schools. This program involves around 40 RAs and TAs per year and provides around 100 hours of community service and experience with external mentoring and leadership activities.
2c. External Educational Activities
Activity Name Inquiry and Water Issues Teacher Workshop Led by Elizabeth Hancock Intended Audience High School science teachers in the SW Approx Number of 10 teachers/yr. (~900 K-12 students) Attendees
This has been a successful joint effort between the SAHRA core office and the UA College of Education, providing a two-week workshop for high school and middle school teachers. It is aimed at increasing hydrologic literacy, giving the teachers much-needed experience engaging in inquiry themselves, and developing authentic research skills and analyzing complex (interdisciplinary) information. The goals of this project are to facilitate teacher learning and motivation in the science of hydrology and the pedagogy of inquiry. Evaluation surveys indicate that participants gain knowledge of hydrology and confidence in inquiry teaching. In April 2004, meeting participants took part in a Water Education Showcase. An IWI workshop occurred in Tucson in the summer of 2004 with follow-up meetings planned for Fall 2004. The workshop scheduled for Phoenix was cancelled due to low enrollment. IWI is considered a success because of the enthusiastic response of teachers and the quality of the workshop content. A credit option
32 is available for the workshop, and future attendance may be increased by emphasizing the ways in which IWI can help teachers attain the NCLB’s “highly qualified” status, depending on pending state guidelines. Discussions are underway with UNM to offer IWI in Albuquerque in 2005 through the Albuquerque Teacher Institute.
Activity Name Student-centric Program for Learning About Semi-arid Hydrology (SPLASH) Led by Hancock, Woodard & Washburne Intended Audience High school teachers interested in multidisciplinary water education Approx Number of 25 teachers (~2,250 K-12 students), 1 undergraduate student, 1 Attendees graduate student
SPLASH is a collaborative effort among high school science and social science teachers, scientists, and science educators to create and implement a regionally focused water curriculum. The curriculum emphasizes hydrologic literacy in the context of the semi-arid southwest. SPLASH seeks to simultaneously advance understanding of regional (semi-arid) hydrology and general water literacy (studied within the context of the semi-arid U.S.). In 2004, 25 new teachers in Tucson and Phoenix participated in SPLASH. Although the curriculum continues to be modified as it is implemented, the primary focus is on making the curriculum widely available through advertising and short workshops and providing support for participating teachers in four annual follow-up meetings, access to CATTS fellows, and web-based network resources.
Activity Name Teacher Research Experiences Led by Washburne Intended Audience K-12 science teachers Approx Number of 1 teacher in 2004 Attendees
Like undergraduates, teachers benefit from a full-immersion research experience. Such an experience provides critical career advantages, focused content, and a very basic understanding of how science is done that teachers can, in turn, share with their students. Fieldwork in the hydrologic sciences is often constrained by the whim of seasonal weather patterns, so it is difficult to plan teacher-scientist interactions strictly on the calendar. SAHRA has annually supported teacher participation in UA’s snow hydrology and surface water field camps, with the close coordination of the Department of Hydrology’s field camp coordinator, Dennis Scheall. However, the timing of the camps during the traditional K-12 school year limits the numbers of teachers who can participate. In 2004, one teacher participated in the summer field camp.
Activity Name Joint Water Centers Education and Outreach – Maricopa Office Led by Flowers Intended Audience K12 teachers and students in SAHRA’s region of interest; local and state officials; general public
33 Approx Number of Teacher workshops were held that reached 372 teachers in 58 schools Attendees (194 pre-service; 64 elementary; 16 middle school; 7 high school; 3 K- 12; and 30 non-formal educators). 260 additional teachers were reached at functions other than “traditional” workshops including educational academies, presentations and displays. Another 3,672 students were directly reached through festivals, water fairs, after school programs, and summer programs.
In collaboration with three other water centers (see also Joint Water Education Activities Water Center collaborations in the Knowledge Transfer Section), SAHRA leverages funding for a water education specialist in Maricopa County, AZ and provides additional infrastructure support to the nationally recognized Project WET (Water Education for Teachers) program. This collaboration provides the infrastructure needed to expand its K-12 education offerings in the largest population center in Arizona. Events and involvement with organizations such as the Arizona Science Teacher Association conference, the Arizona Studies Academy, the Arizona Bioengineering Collaboration, Arizona Cooperative Extension, Valley Forward, and the Arizona State Legislature provide additional opportunities for promoting and expanding SAHRA’s education and outreach programs. Many of the Arizona state legislators were made aware of SAHRA’s educational efforts at two events within the current year.
Activity Name SAHRA/GLOBE Collaboration Led by Washburne, Ferré, & Nijssen Intended Audience K12 science students in SAHRA’s region Approx Number of 20 schools Attendees
This major initiative ties together several previous strands of our education effort. The goal of the collaboration is to leverage the resources and abilities of both partners to more effectively sample environmental phenomena at wide space and time scales in SAHRA’s areas of interest. Essentially, this partnership requires significant buy-in and participation at all levels throughout SAHRA as well as in the schools located in our areas of interest. Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE) students are tasked with regular and special sample collection while SAHRA scientists and students will work with the schools to show how the student measurements can be integrated with their scientific datasets for a more complete physical picture of the water balance and water quality. The initial focus areas are the Rio Grande, San Pedro and Four Corners areas. The most recent effort with schools has focused on creating an observational network along the San Pedro and further south in Mexico, sites well placed to provide supplemental near-surface soil moisture data this summer for the SMEX04 component of the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME). We have received supplemental funding from CONAHEC’s BorderPact program to help support the Mexican part of the effort. This effort complements SAHRA’s network of schools in the Rio Grande basin, described below.
Activity Name NAU Tribal Education (K-12) (EEOP) Led by Mansel Nelson Intended Audience Native American students and teachers Approx Number of 108 students and 18 teachers in 6 one-week Summer Scholars camps Attendees
The purpose of this partnership is to train teachers who will incorporate the teaching of water and water quality in their science curriculum, and to stimulate students to learn about water and water quality
34 problems that affect their tribal areas. SAHRA provides support to develop and demonstrate K-12 water resources and water quality education throughout the Four Corners region. The 2004 Summer Scholars camp at NAU includes presentations and readings about water, and water is the partial focus of a field trip to the White Mountains. Aregai Tecle is lecturing at the camp on fire and water relationships. NAU also is distributing GLOBE ATM kits to each school, including a rain gauge. pH protocols will be done with students on follow-up visits. SAHRA provides support to develop and demonstrate K-12 water resources and water quality education throughout the Four Corners region.
Activity Name Institute for Tribal Environmental Professionals (ITEP) Led by Justin Ramsey Intended Audience Tribal water professionals in Arizona and the Four Corners area Approx Number of TBD Attendees
The general goal of this collaborative effort is to share mature SAHRA science and education products and expertise with ongoing and developing professional development opportunities for tribal environmental professionals. For the past two years, this effort has been hindered by severe forest fires in tribal lands and by the departure of the primary workshop facilitator.
Starting in 2005, SAHRA is revitalizing this effort in collaboration with ITEP by exploring possible roles SAHRA might play in ITEP’s Prop 301 grant, “Enhancing Environmental Education, Training and Technical Assistance to Native American Tribes within Arizona.” In particular, Task 1, “Developing a Native American Water Collaborative at NAU,” is of primary interest. The first step is to complete a needs assessment of tribal watershed and environmental educational needs, explore opportunities for collaboration and leveraged financial support, and to draft a list of critical concerns or questions for the future that will help guide future efforts.
Activity Name Summer Science Camps Led by Hancock, Colodner Intended Audience Elementary and middle school students Approx Number of 60 elementary and middle school students Attendees
Three one-week summer day camps for upper elementary and middle school students, “Camp Wildfire,” is offered jointly with Flandrau Science Center in Summer 2004. This camp focuses on the causes and effects of the Aspen fire that ravaged Mt. Lemmon in the Santa Catalina range in Summer 2003, with particular emphasis on the role of hydrology. This leveraged activity is designed to provide students with fun learning experiences with regional water issues. Related goals include raising student awareness of college and careers in science, developing student data collection skills, and providing field experiences. In order to broaden participation, scholarships are provided to low-income, minority students. Exporting last year’s Monsoon Madness camp to other science centers, such as Albuquerque’s Explora, is being discussed. Given the limitations of funds and personnel, those other sites are being encouraged to take the lead in planning, staffing, and funding such efforts. Analysis of 2003 camp survey data indicates that participants improved in their self-reported knowledge of the monsoon and the activity of water scientists. Students particularly enjoyed art activities and experiments.
35 Activity Name Data Collection Networks Led by Washburne Intended Audience K-12 schools in Rio Grande Area Approx Number of 5 teachers (150 K-12 students) in 2003/04 Attendees
This program stems from the Center’s need to collect baseline environmental data in its field areas and to build community and K-12 understanding of our research efforts through indirect participation. Schools participate in the collection of water quality data on the Rio Grande. All schools collect pH, electrical conductivity, and temperature data. Some schools collect data concerning the levels of nitrates, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity as well. This data is integrated into ongoing SAHRA research on the salinity of the Rio Grande and provides a much better temporal sampling than we could maintain without the local networks. The project has been active since Fall 2001.
We are actively working to develop new collaborations involving more SAHRA investigators in New Mexico and environmental education groups in Albuquerque, including the Explora Science Center and the Rio Grande Nature Center. Other school networks are envisioned in the Four Corners region, focused on Tribal environmental issues, and along the Arizona-Sonora border, focused on hydrology and land cover.
Activity Name Water in Arizona, Teacher Resources (“WATER”) Led by Hancock, Morrill, Elfring Intended Audience K-12 teachers and students Approx Number of Anticipated impact in 2004 of 115 teachers (~345 K-12 students), 2 Attendees graduate students
Supported by leveraged funding, this project is designed 1) to facilitate classroom implementation of water education programs aligned with state standards through human and material resources for trained teachers and 2) to facilitate integration of these programs to provide more meaningful learning experiences for teachers and students. This is being accomplished by: developing and providing material support in the form of classroom resource kits for teachers; training pre-service and inservice teachers to use the kits and integrate them into their existing curriculum; and providing human resources by training graduate students as water education specialists, who work regularly with teachers in their classrooms.
Activity Name ECOSTART Led by Browning-Aiken Intended Audience K-12 teachers Approx Number of see below Attendees
In collaboration with the Udall Center, we have supported this cross-border environmental education and capacity building effort. Most funding for this is leveraged from other sources. Both GLOBE and Project WET materials are being made available to border (mostly Mexican) schools. Approximately six other organizations are involved in this collaboration, including Hands Across the Border and the Arizona- Sonora Desert Museum. Beginning in August 2003, we received funding from EPA for ECOSTART. EPA ECOSTART II participated in the SMILE conference in Sierra Vista, has created a social and physical science curriculum approved by the Sierra Vista Superintendent of Schools, and is in the process of planning a series of summer in-service teacher workshops. Classroom implementation is planned for
36 Fall 2004, with 6 teachers in 2 schools using the program. The program focuses on the San Pedro River ecosystem, including the general setting, the hydrologic cycle, riparian habitat, and community conservation for sustainable use of natural resources.
2d. Integration of Research and Education
Education and research are naturally linked with a continuum of student-scientist interactions and independent research thinking occurring throughout the undergraduate-graduate-postdoctoral experience. SAHRA fully expects its students and researchers to work together on the scientific challenges we have set for ourselves, but the expectation does not end there. We expect that both students and scientists will participate in the many extended educational opportunities we provide. In fact, the full suite of activities listed above is not possible without contributions from all levels of SAHRA participants.
At the UA, SAHRA is working with several other departments to promote a new environmental science undergraduate curriculum under a new Focused Excellence plan. One theme area proposed under this effort is Water Sustainability. SAHRA is uniquely poised to benefit from this, based on its multidisciplinary focus, past success in obtaining leveraged funds, and strength in water expertise.
We have also had discussions with national groups (such as CUAHSI) about using SAHRA’s education and knowledge transfer program as a model for organizing/supporting a national research and education effort.
Karletta Chief and Brenda Ekwurzel are helping with this summer’s Camp Wildfire to bring a focus on hydrologic careers and SAHRA science to these young scientists.
SAHRA’s dynamic simulation models have reached a developmental stage where we plan on developing educational versions over the next year. The goal is to bring highly physically simplified but relatively complex interdisciplinary models into both undergraduate and graduate classrooms to help students begin to understand the complexity and balancing required in real world situations.
2e. Plans for Next Reporting Period
Our long-term goal will continue to be expanding hydrologic literacy. This effort will be increasingly a collaborative and leveraged effort between SAHRA and partnering institutions, will become better focused through internal evaluation, will include more emphasis on the broad dissemination of SAHRA science products, such as model simulation tools and informational databases, and will seek to attract and train a diverse cadre of first-rate graduate students in the interdisciplinary challenges of sustainable hydrology.
Some external factors that may impact or influence this effort include: • Teachers seeking specific professional development opportunities under the “No Child Left Behind” initiative; • More water conflicts brought on by greater competition for available water resources and continued drought conditions; • Arizona universities seeking a more representative student body; • Mexican universities seeking a wide range of professional development opportunities; • Native Americans with an increasing need to manage their own water resources as more of their water rights are fully adjudicated; and • More mature SAHRA science products and subsequent knowledge transfer.
37 We will maintain much the same structure we have used to this point, although with some changes to reflect changing priorities and needs.
Center-related Education We are working to have a better inventory of curricular changes that have been made to incorporate SAHRA integrated science and policy analysis in the graduate curriculum throughout our many institutions. The importance of students and their academic experience will be emphasized as we look for more ways to enhance serendipitous creative interactions between far-flung individuals. We plan to initiate research on the effectiveness of SAHRA student education, particularly the interdisciplinary elements.
At the UA, home to the largest group of SAHRA-supported graduate students, we have coordinated and strengthened efforts to recruit, guide, and supervise these students by consolidating them under the supervision of the Assistant Director of Education. This will allow us to better monitor progress toward degrees and prepare realistic budgets for planning student support, as well as improve our chances of attracting the best students in the field.
K-14 Course Development and Support The broad vision of these programs is to have all our resources and pedagogical lessons easily accessible and immediately usable for a wide-range of educational situations through the SAHRA website. To this end, we spent spring semester 2004 writing primers and lesson plans for Arizona Water Issues. Both SPLASH and Inquiry and Water Issues are delivering two teacher training workshops this summer, but we intend to eventually consolidate these efforts. We plan to expand these workshops to the Phoenix, Flagstaff, and Albuquerque areas. ‘WATER’ will continue development and also expand into the Phoenix market. A set of evaluation targets, instruments, and procedures are under development and will be refined and implemented over the coming year. Most of these are specific to our K-14 programs. To ensure sustainability of our efforts, we aim for collaboration and leveraging approaching 50% of our total effort by 2006.
Broader Educational Impacts We are working to expand our community data collection networks into Mexico, particularly in conjunction with the Soil Moisture Experiment (SMEX) of the NAME 2004 intensive field campaign. We also are discussing educational and knowledge transfer collaborations and exchanges with various groups in Albuquerque, NM, including Explora Science Center, Rio Grande Nature Center, and other volunteer river monitoring organizations. Building on the success of last year’s Monsoon Madness Camp, we are offering a similar activity called Camp Wildfire, which focuses on the relationship between hydrology and recent wildfire events. We continue to help teachers and their students increase their hydrologic literacy through field and internship positions. In addition, SAHRA and UA HWR hosted four enthusiastic ACE Masters of Engineering special program students during Fall 2003 and we expect twice as many to join the program this fall. We also are interested in beginning educational research on how NSF Centers can have the greatest impact on K-12 education and outreach programs.
Program Sustainability Growth and expansion of our efforts must be based not only on their impact, but also on their ability to attract long-term funding. To this end, we carefully consider sustainability as we evaluate our programs. We are seeking leveraged support for our efforts from a variety of sources. We will continue to seek educational collaborations and develop proposals for TRIF funding.
38 Mexican and Border Collaborations We continue to write proposals that will support professional development efforts between SAHRA/HWR and various Mexican academic institutions. Program growth clearly cannot occur without significant buy-in and participation of collaborating institutions, so we continue to work to foster these kinds of interactions.
A collaborative proposal involving SAHRA, HWR, and Universidad Autónoma de Chapingo involving a broad range of professional development and higher education activities was submitted to EPA TIES in 2004 but not funded. A proposal titled “CONAHEC-GLOBE Cross-Border Environmental Education Collaboration” in June 2004 was awarded $15,000 to work with Universidad de la Sierra en Moctezuma to establish a GLOBE partnership and to support SMEX04 in Northern Mexico over the next year. There are some obvious ties between this effort and SAHRA’s effort to promote scientific literacy and environmental data collection networks in the border region.
39 IV. KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER
1a. Overall Knowledge Transfer Objectives
SAHRA aims to 1) promote overall hydrologic literacy, from K-12 to adult learners, and from decision makers to the general public; 2) reach wider audiences who represent diverse populations and a broader geographic base; 3) develop relationships with stakeholders and incorporate SAHRA research findings into the decision-making process for water professionals and policy makers; and 4) integrate research, education, and knowledge transfer.
The focus of SAHRA’s Knowledge Transfer and International Activities (KT) macro-theme continues to evolve from initial internal SAHRA support and coordination, and dissemination of mostly non-SAHRA water information to the broad water professional community, toward increasingly identifying and effectively communicating mature SAHRA science results, models, and technology to specific water managers and policy makers who can make use of and benefit from them.
During the past year, International Activities were merged with Knowledge Transfer. We also worked on consolidating our efforts, broadening the geographic impact and Center-wide participation in our mission, and developing leveraged support and revenue-generating activities for long-term sustainability.
Much of SAHRA’s research is basin-focused. This basin orientation promotes multidisciplinary science and creates working relationships with stakeholders so they can contribute to the science efforts and benefit from mature science results. Thus, the communities in which we work are critically important to our efforts, not just because they are the end beneficiaries of mature SAHRA science and modeling efforts, but because they are integral participants and contributors to our efforts. We engage stakeholders through both education and knowledge transfer activities.
The set of Web-based services, searchable databases, trade publications, displays, media briefings, and meetings developed for water professionals, policy makers, and the general public serves three purposes: it benefits users, raises SAHRA’s profile, and can now be used to transfer the results of mature SAHRA science to those who can benefit.
1b. Performance and Management Indicators
As described more fully in the Management Section, SAHRA is in the process of revising its Strategic Plan to a form that will be consistent with SAHRA’s strategic goals and that complements the revised management and macro-theme structure. This process includes the definition of appropriately revised performance and management indicators. As of this writing, the new strategic goal for Knowledge Transfer is dissemination and transfer of SAHRA-relevant knowledge to scientists, water professionals, elected officials and the public. More specifically, the goal is to disseminate knowledge to the community of water professionals, elected officials, and scientists, to help them make more scientifically informed decisions on water policy and management and to widely disseminate knowledge about water and water-related issues so as to enhance general hydrologic literacy, leading to more scientifically informed choices by the public.
New performance indicators to be used by for Knowledge Transfer to evaluate their success in achieving this goal are as follows:
40 ANNUAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS STRATEGIC RESPONSIBLE GOAL INDIVIDUALS QUALITY OR CONTEXT OF QUANTITATIVE INDICATOR INDICATOR
List of novel knowledge transfer products Description of quality and with associated quantitative impact Knowledge effectiveness of the Knowledge G. Woodard measure (e.g. publications with number of Transfer Transfer products and their relevance J. Valdes subscriptions, web products with number to SAHRA’s mission. of hits, etc.)
Guidance for the qualitative and contextual evaluation of is provided as follows:
STRATEGIC GUIDANCE GOAL
Quality of knowledge transfer can be judged relative to the following indicators to gauge quality of engagement (not all apply to all projects). Product Evaluation Indicators Planning Indicators Quantitative indicators of demand for KT Target audiences have been identified, relevant to products and services are a key indicator of SAHRA mission quality and effectiveness. Virtually all KT Options for reaching target audiences are identified projects incorporate methods for quantifying Knowledge and analyzed relative to resources use. Priorities and desired outcomes are identified Citations in literature Transfer Methods and resources for maintaining and Unsolicited media requests updating are in place early Multi-media presentations, e.g. multiple Mechanisms for documenting and quantifying avenues to reach the same target audience, impact are in place evidence that the material is used Feedback regarding effectiveness is used to In-kind contributions from users improve the product Funding provided by outside interests and Criteria for review of product in place from the start users Products transferable to other applications
1c. Problems During the Reporting Period and Anticipated for Year 5
Financial Issues Like other macro-theme areas, the Knowledge Transfer macro-theme is feeling the financial squeeze caused by the end of carry-forwards, increasing costs (including dramatically higher professional staff ERE rates), and the fact that NSF was not able to increase SAHRA’s funding to $4 million per year. Knowledge Transfer must therefore simultaneously: • increase leveraging in the form of seeking grants and contributions and revenue-producing products and services; and • increasingly focus on taking mature SAHRA science to specific groups of stakeholders that can quickly benefit from it. Securing leveraged funding requires the commitment of human resources. Moreover, as SAHRA’s knowledge transfer function approaches self-sustainability, it also approaches 100% time commitments among its staff. However, being ready to respond to disseminating mature SAHRA science results quickly by communicating it to specific groups of stakeholders requires we maintain some level of flexibility and uncommitted human resources.
By contrast, current and anticipated International collaborative projects (described in this section) rely almost exclusively on leveraging, which makes long-term goals and long-range commitments more difficult to execute.
41 Planning Issues KT also faces some unique planning issues. While some projects can be planned well in advance, many KT activities are responses to emerging or evolving events or situations. Example challenges include the fact that: • Raising hydrologic literacy of policymakers (non-water professionals) and the general public often requires taking advantage of “teachable moments” associated, for example, with the occurrence of droughts and post-fire flash floods; • It is hard to predict which grants will be funded, and because the skill set of personnel involved in KT is specialized, evolving the level of staff support in response to available resources is more challenging than in other areas of activity; and • It is difficult to predict the timing, nature, or urgency of mature SAHRA science results, and what support will be needed from KT staff for dissemination.
Much activity managed by SAHRA’s science macro-theme areas takes place in projects that have well defined start and end dates and the funding often supports temporary graduate students and fieldwork. The Knowledge Transfer budget, on the other hand, currently largely supports the salaries and benefits for a team of professional staff with complementary skill sets and experiences.
Several KT conduits have been developed to convey, at this time, mostly non-SAHRA research findings, including Media Briefings, NewsWatch, Southwest Hydrology, Hydroarchive, and other SAHRA and GWADI Web-based resources and services. To the maximum extent possible, these conduits need to be maintained to disseminate mature SAHRA science results broadly, as required. However, ERE rates for staff increased significantly for 2004/05 and this will likely continue. The desire to maintain the SAHRA KT team intact therefore means the associated costs will continue to increase. Fortunately, most other costs involved in KT projects are covered by grants, contributions, and revenues (e.g., Sabino Canyon and Kartchner Caverns displays, Southwest Hydrology magazine, and the International Transboundary Waters Management Symposium).
A partial solution is to anticipate the KT activity that will be required to effectively and quickly put knowledge from scientific projects to use, and to include funding for these in the budgets of science projects. Some SAHRA projects have been successful in this respect (e.g., Professor Maddock obtaining funding to document the MODFLOW farming module), but this opportunity is likely restricted to providing funding for the stakeholder products associated with specific projects. Funding to support the more general suite of knowledge transfer conduits that SAHRA currently maintains using NSF funds will likely not be obtained in this way. A more likely option for seeking funds to support KT staff involved in such activities is by writing proposals to state, federal, international agencies, and to private industries and charitable foundations or to seek support from relevant state and university funding sources such as the UA Water Sustainability Program. The projected growth in the UA Water Sustainability Program is reassuring in this respect. Obtaining funds in this way will likely require some level of market-driven redirection or diversification of activities
Technical Issues Data collection and knowledge transfer activity were hampered for the Sabino Canyon kiosk initially because the Forest Service firewall prevented data collection on kiosk usage for several months and subsequently because the Sabino Canyon Recreation Area was closed to the public for two lengthy periods because of the risk of post-fire flooding and wildlife dangers (stalking mountain lions and rabid foxes).
42 2a. Knowledge Transfer Activities
Southwest Hydrology magazine Led by Betsy Woodhouse Organizations Involved (add rows as necessary) 1 4,850 water experts, managers, and See below hydrologists
Beginning in August 2003, SAHRA acquired and assumed publication of Southwest Hydrology, an established bimonthly trade publication for hydrologists, water managers, and other water professionals that provides information about projects, research, technologies, regulations, and innovations unique to the semi-arid Southwest. We have expanded subscribed readership from 3,600 to 4,800, added a larger proportion of color pages, and plan to lengthen it from 40 to 48 pages. Numbers of advertisers and advertising revenues continue to grow. A monthly column that highlights education and outreach activities at SAHRA has been added. A Web-based version is imminent. The publication has also been able to draw on the efforts of Water NewsWatch in identifying news stories and topics to feature in a new international section. The publication draws on the efforts of the former owner/publisher, who was appointed to work full-time on the journal, and existing KT staff for editing, layout, and subscriber services. Subscription is free, with the publication supported by advertising revenues. Focus topics for the six issues published to date are: remote data acquisition; PPCPs in our waters; the re-emergence of the Colorado River Delta; water as a commodity; GIS applications in hydrology; and desert terminal lakes.
In Spring 2004, an Advisory Board was created to provide guidance for the publication and increase stakeholder involvement in the publication. Members are: • Peggy Barroll, NM Office of the State Engineer • Marvin F. Glotfelty, Clear Creek Associates • Howard L. Grahn, GeoSystems Analysis, Inc. • Jeff Johnson, Southern Nevada Water Authority • David Jordan, INTERA, Inc. • Stanley Leake, U.S. Geological Survey • Mario Lluria, Salt River Project • Kevin McGillicuddy, Orange County Water District • Ari M. Michelsen, Texas A&M Univ. • Martin G. Steinpress, Brown and Caldwell • Gary Woodard, SAHRA, University of Arizona
2nd International Symposium on Transboundary Waters Management Led by Juan Valdés, Gary Woodard, Mary Black Organizations Involved 1 Environmental and Water Resources Institute of Reston, VA the Amer. Soc. of Civil Engineers 2 Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy Tucson, AZ 3 InterAmerican Development Bank Washington, DC 4 World Water Assessment Programme and Washington, DC and Hydrology for the Environment, Life and Policy Paris, France Programmes, UNESCO 5 SCERP San Diego, CA 6 CEDEX Madrid, Spain 7 U.S.-Canada Joint Commission U.S. and Canada
43 8 IBWC Commissioners U.S. and Mexico 9 Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico 10 IUGG Boulder, CO 11 Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, NM 12 NOAA Boulder, CO
The symposium will be held in Tucson in November 2004 and aims to address a range of topics critical to improving transboundary water management (crossing national, state, tribal, and other borders). Participants will hear keynote speeches and panel discussions by internationally recognized experts, meet with policy makers in transboundary water management, and network with colleagues in government, academia, consulting, and NGOs. SAHRA is sponsoring and organizing the event, which is otherwise expected to be self-supporting. Special sessions are offered by EWRI and SCERP. Over 100 abstracts have been submitted from more than 20 countries. Full information is available at www.sahra.arizona.edu/twm/.
Hydroarchive Led by Thorsten Wagener, Ramon Vazquez Organizations Involved 1 UA-HWR Tucson, AZ 2 UC-Riverside Riverside, CA 3 U.S. Salinity Laboratory Riverside, CA 4 UC-Irvine Irvine, CA 5 Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels, Belgium 6 Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Amsterdam, Netherlands University of Amsterdam 7 Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Acton, Australia Australian National University. 8 Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK 9 PCRaster Environmental Software Utrecht, Netherlands 10 Dept. of Physical Geography, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands 11 Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Monks Wood, UK 12 Mie University Tsu-shi, Japan 13 National Weather Service/NOAA Silver Spring, MD 14 Earth and Environmental Sciences, NMT Socorro, NM
The SAHRA Hydroarchive software exchange site increases interaction between researchers, practitioners and students within the hydrological community and allows the creators of hydrologic software to share their work. It offers researchers, practitioners and students the opportunity to give a larger audience access to their products in a more structured manner and, at the same time, allows them to benefit from the achievements of others. Use of individual software is allowed with acknowledgement, and depending on the individual terms of use. The Hydroarchive website was operational as of late 2003, offering 18 software applications or modules in seven categories, authored by researchers at the UA and the institutions listed above. This service was the subject of an article in Hydrological Processes and is the preferred method for software exchange for two major international programs, HELP (www.unesco.org/water/ihp/help) and PUB (www.cig.ensmp.fr/~iahs/). An email notification service to alert people when new software has been posted in their area of interest is contemplated. Outside support is being sought to maintain and enhance the service.
44 Displays at Professional Conferences/Meetings Led by Jim Washburne, Gary Woodard Organizations Involved Name Address 1 American Geophysical Union San Francisco, CA 2 European Geophysical Society Nice, France 3 European Union of Geosciences Nice, France 4 Arizona Science Teachers Association Phoenix, AZ 5 Arizona Hydrological Society Phoenix, AZ 6 SACNAS Santa Cruz, CA 7 American Indian Sci and Eng Soc (AISES) Albuquerque, NM 8 New Mexico Water Resources Research Institute Las Cruces, NM
SAHRA=s static displays, electronic kiosks, printed materials, and timeline are used at professional conferences to spread word about SAHRA and Southwest Hydrology, develop new partnerships, and recruit students. Display materials are updated for each annual meeting. A smaller more portable display ordered as part of WP activities will increase display opportunities. Professional conferences and meetings where SAHRA has had major displays in the last 12 months include: • Arizona Hydrological Society Annual Symposium, Glendale, AZ, Sept. 2003 • Arizona Science Teachers Association Annual Meeting, Mesa, AZ, Oct. 2003 • Groundwater Resources Assn of California, Ontario, CA, Oct. 2003 • Society for the Advancement of Chicano and Native American Students (SACNAS) conference, Albuquerque, Oct. 2003 • American Indian Science and Engineering Society (AISES), Albuquerque, NM, Nov. 2003 • New Mexico Water Resources Research Institute annual meeting in Santa Ana Pueblo, Nov. 2003 • American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, Dec. 2003 • Joint Assembly of the AGU, European Geophysical Society, and European Union of Geosciences, Nice, France, April 2003 (approximately 19 presentations and posters and one panel presentation) • Hopi Education Summit, Second Mesa, AZ, April 30-June 1, 2004
Global Network on Water and Development Information for Arid Lands (G-WADI) Led by Gary Woodard Organizations Involved 1 UNESCO Paris, France 2 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Vienna, Austria 3 Regional Centre on Urban Water Management Tehran, Iran 4 Regional Centre for Training and Water Studies Cairo, Egypt of Arid and Semiarid Zones 5 Water Centre for Arid and Semi-arid Regions of La Serena, Chile Latin America and the Caribbean 6 UNESCO IHE Institute for Water Education Delft, Netherlands 7 UC Irvine, Dept. of Civil and Env. Eng. Irvine, CA
SAHRA developed and provided a website, content, and Web-based services for G-WADI. The site includes: home page with dynamic content; secure side for remote data entry; reference modules for researchers on specific topics such as hydrologic isotopes; searchable databases on research efforts; GIS
45 data sets in support of research; Global Water News Watch “News Tracker” email subscriptions; and educational resource sharing. See www.gwadi.org.
G-WADI has committed increased funding for the next 22 months to further develop the site and add Arabic to the languages covered by Global NewsWatch. HyDIS GIS data will be incorporated by UC- Irvine. A simplified user interface for remote sensing data in general will be developed. Arabic will be added to NewsWatch. Search capabilities will be added to the database on labs that do isotope analysis.
Aguanet Led by Juan Valdés Organizations Involved 1 Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, NM 2 Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico 3 Earth Data Analysis Center UNM, Albuquerque, NM
The AguaNet website supports a collaborative project engaging U.S. and Mexican partners in the development of a system dynamics water resource management model of the Lower Rio Grande/Rio Bravo basin along the U.S./Mexico border between Fort Quitman. The website (at http://philostrate.unm.edu/cgi-bin/AguaNet/aguanet_homepage.php) is being used for storing and sharing electronic files among the institutions named above. These files include data, model versions and components, and other documents. Access to some of these files is limited to the project partners, although other files are available to the public. IMTA and SAHRA are setting up mirror sites for this resource.
Over time we hope that the AguaNet database will become a transboundary water resources database that will facilitate greater transboundary cooperation in regional water resources science and management.
Kartchner Caverns Kiosk, Display, and Website Led by Gary Woodard Organizations Involved 1 Kartchner Caverns State Park Benson, AZ 2 Cooperative Extension, Cochise County Wilcox, AZ 3 Arizona State Parks Phoenix, AZ
Kartchner Caverns State Park is Arizona’s newest and most popular state park, drawing around one-third million visitors per year. SAHRA is working with Cochise County Cooperative Extension and Arizona State Parks to create, develop, and install an interactive 3-D display at the park’s visitor center on mountain block recharge and the hydrology of caves, and a companion Web site. The kiosk will be installed and functional in August 2004. Topics include cave formation; movement of water from mountain/cave to Upper San Pedro basin groundwater; use of isotopes in hydrology; and the role of riparian habitats in desert settings. Real-time data from cave-based instruments will eventually be incorporated into the display. The effort is leveraged by funds from a TRIF grant.
Outreach Connection Website Led by Ramon Vazquez, Claire Zucker Organizations Involved 1 Pima Association of Governments Tucson AZ
46 2 City of Tucson Tucson, AZ 3 Pima County Tucson, AZ 4 University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 5 State of Arizona Phoenix, AZ
The Outreach Connection Website was developed to enable water educators in the Tucson region to share information about their outreach and education efforts. This is a participant-updated website that focuses on water resources and water quality outreach and education, which aims to improved communication among outreach personnel from various agencies who are working on water issues. Agencies that are actively using and updating the website include the City of Tucson (Tucson Water Dept., Stormwater Section of the Transportation Dept., and Environmental Management Dept.), Pima County (Dept. of Environmental Quality, Wastewater Management Dept.), the University of Arizona (Center for Toxicology and the Water Resources Research Center), and the State of Arizona (Dept. of Environmental Quality and Dept. of Water Resources).
Media Briefings Led by Gary Woodard Organizations Involved 1 Institute for the Study of Planet Earth UA
With UA’S Institute for the Study of Planet Earth (Climate Assessment Project for the Southwest), SAHRA continues to host a series of targeted media briefings on water and climate-related issues. A briefing was held May 25, 2004 in Tucson on the topic of global climate change following a special advance screening of “The Day After Tomorrow.” The briefing generated stories and articles in newspapers and on TV and radio via the following outlets: • The Arizona Daily Star • KGUN, Channel 9 Tucson (ABC) • KUAT, Channel 6 Tucson (PBS) • KAET, Channel 8 Phoenix (PBS) • KOLD, Channel 13 Tucson (CBS) • KJZZ 91.5 FM, Phoenix • Water Resources Research Center
Joint Water Education Outreach Activities – Water Center Collaborations Led by Gary Woodard, Kathy Jacobs Organizations Involved 1 AZ Water Resources Research Center (Megdal, Schwartz) UA 2 ERC for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacture UA (Clement, Ogden) 3 Water Quality Center (Pepper, Falls) UA 4 Cooperative Extension (Young, Pater, McReynolds) UA
Voters in the State of Arizona approved an increase in the sales tax in November 2000 to increase funding of education. While 85% of these funds are earmarked for K-12 education, the remaining 15% is distributed to the state’s community colleges (5%) and three state universities (10%). Each university selected a small number of program areas to receive increased funding. The University of Arizona selected water resources as one of its targeted areas.
47 These additional funds are managed and distributed jointly by four water centers at the UA, including SAHRA. The overall enterprise, now known as the Water Sustainability Program (WSP), allows the UA to leverage its strengths in hydrology, water-related research and policy, and environmental technology. The level of funding has been ramping up, reaching $2.3 million in FY04-05. Over half the funds support competitive research, education, and outreach projects, each of which addresses specific water problems or issues in Arizona. To date, twelve of these projects, most of them multi-year, are being managed by SAHRA. Nearly all have significant KT components. Eight to 10 graduate and undergraduate fellowships also are funded each year. In addition, each of the four Centers receives $115K funding for center-specific research and outreach. This funding is projected to grow significantly. It is the most certain source of funding for future KT staff support as NSF funds retreat.
Projects developed by a Joint Water Education and Outreach committee also are funded through SAHRA’s business office, currently at an annual level of $200K. In total, over $750K per year in competitive grants, fellowships, center funds, and joint education and outreach activities are tied to, and integrated with, SAHRA’s programs.
SAHRA also developed a brochure for WSP and a website to raise the profile of the UA water programs.
Sabino Canyon Display, Kiosk, and Website Led by Gary Woodard Organizations Involved 1 U.S. Forest Service (Sarah Davis, Jeff Klas) Tucson, AZ 2 USGS (Kyle Blasch, Chris Smith, Dan Evans) Tucson, AZ 3 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, MD
The Sabino Canyon displays contain information on Sabino Creek, an ephemeral stream that rises in the Sky Island mountaintops and descends through several biomes to the Sonoran Desert. The kiosk and website display near-real-time data from weather stations at the top, center, and base of the canyon that are operated by SAHRA, USGS, and the Forest Service, respectively. The overall goal is to raise the hydrologic literacy on desert mountain streams of those who make more than a million visits to the canyon yearly, and especially the one-third million who visit the visitors center.
We are in the process of adding a second camera to the stream near Sabino Canyon Dam. An email service was initiated so subscribers can get daily reports on streamflow within the canyon and compare the information with normal and extreme readings for the date. Graphs for streamflow and temperature were added to the website. We plan to incorporate new instrument readings from the stream when the instrumentation is installed by USGS and to add information on the impact of fires on sky island environments and new SAHRA research initiatives in this area.
2b. Outcomes/Impacts of Other Knowledge Transfer Activities
Internal Information Sharing Intranet – The SAHRA Intranet continues to expand and facilitate communication among SAHRA members of affiliated institutions and organizations. Components are: the comprehensive Online Management System (OMS, which tracks projects and individual participant information); Forms (for hiring, purchases, travel reimbursement, etc.); Documents (annual reports, original proposal and renewal proposal for the STC, site visit reports and responses, etc.); Multimedia (PowerPoint templates, logos, screensaver); Resources (cameras, tripods, scanners, special printers, projectors, and software available
48 for use or checkout, and contact person); Administration (workstation maps, travel and purchasing authorization procedures, how to acknowledge NSF and SAHRA support in publications); and Meetings (minutes of important meetings, frequently used PowerPoint slides). The OMS was considerably enhanced this year to match more closely NSF reporting requirements and thus ease the burden of collecting information on some 181 participants. The section of student information was expanded to allow better tracking of student plans, graduation dates, and supplementary funding and permit improved management of student resources. Programming is being added to allow project information to be dynamically updated to the website.
Newsletter –- Ephemeral Flow, an internal newsletter for all SAHRA participants, debuted in November 2003, in response to concerns expressed at the SAHRA Annual Meeting in October about the need for better communication within SAHRA. The newsletter is sent on alternate months via email and is available on the website in html and pdf formats, averaging three to four pages in length. Each issue includes a feature story, and sections on new grants/leveraging, research activities and news, people (new students, participant news and honors), administrative notes, announcements, and an informal “R&R” section that highlights extracurricular activities. It has been well received, and we hope to increase the flow of information/news stories from non-UA institutions. See www.sahra.arizona.edu/newsletter.
Web-based Information Resources SAHRA has continued to develop/enhance a number of searchable databases of useful information for water managers, educators, students, and the general public. The general SAHRA website aims to provide information to the public about SAHRA’s management, research, education and knowledge transfer efforts, and is home to many knowledge transfer projects such as NewsWatch, Residential Water Conservation, Hydroarchive, PAG Outreach Connection, Isotopes and Hydrology, Discovering Hydrology at Sabino Canyon, Southwest Hydrology, and UNESCO’s G-WADI site.
The number of visitors to the SAHRA website increased dramatically in the past year. The monthly average of visitors increased from 15,485 in 2002/03 to 22,865 in 2003/04; an increase of 47.6%. We also implemented new ways to track usage rates and patterns for the site, upgrading to a new version of Urchin software. This gives us more detailed statistics on hits and usage patterns on sub-sites such as Sabino Canyon and NewsWatch. A revision of substantial portions of the website will be completed in Summer 2004.
Enhancements during the past year include: • Water NewsWatch (www.sahra.arizona.edu/newswatch/) – now covers seven languages (English, Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, Farsi and Greek), and includes summaries of over 8,700 articles in 13 categories from 136 countries. The home page highlights high-profile stories and recent developments. In the past year, a free email subscription service was added, which allows subscribers to specify topics and geographic areas of interest and define when and how often they would like updates. The site has received favorable high-profile reviews (in Science and on the website of the National Science Teachers Association), and has attracted financial support from UNESCO. San Pedro News and Comment, an email service that delivers news articles on the Upper San Pedro River basin to some 400 subscribers, was incorporated this year into the Water NewsWatch system to increase efficiency and make available previous stories and summaries via the NewsWatch search functions. Articles in Arabic are to be added by Fall 2004. • Isotopes in Hydrology – this resource contains a clickable periodic table that links elements with isotopes useful in hydrology to web pages that provide basic information about that isotopic system as well as important hydrologic applications. Information includes how an element’s isotopes are measured, how much analyses cost, and details about major applications of these isotopes in hydrology. The site also includes information on different types of isotopes and methods of analysis. In early 2004, UNESCO authorized funding that allowed the addition of a section for practicing water
49 professionals, arranged according to the types of questions that isotopic analysis can address, as well as a section on labs worldwide that do contract work in this area. • Water Conservation House is a resource for homeowners looking to reduce water consumption and information on conservation resources, and includes website links, books, landscaping resources, botanical gardens, and cooperative extension offices. Content was added in the last year addressing the need for conservation, information on misting systems, spas/hot tubs, and xeriscaping and plants suitable for arid environments.
Sponsored Meetings and Science Planning Meetings Meetings hosted by SAHRA since the last reporting period: • The Global Land Atmosphere System Study (GLASS) Science Panel, Aug. 25-27, 2003, Tucson, AZ. GLASS is a Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) project that serves as an interface between the land-surface community and other GEWEX projects. • PILPS-San Pedro experiment workshop, Aug. 27-29, 2003, Tucson, AZ. PILPS is responsible for the offline elements of GLASS.
• Water banking meeting held at UNM, Sept. 4, 2003, Albuquerque, NM, to address ways to interface physical and economic modeling. • Meeting held at the Riverside-ARS Salinity Lab, Nov. 13-14, 2003, to discuss coordination of SAHRA efforts in biogeochemical/flow modeling coupling and scaling.
• Water balance meeting held in Albuquerque to plan a vegetation-plot transect study in the Rio Grande drainage, Jan. 16, 2004. The meeting was headed by Eric Small and coordinated with LANL to ensure that data collected will fit into the integrated model being developed.
• Meeting at UA with NCAR (Larry Winter), March 30, 2004, Tucson, AZ. Discussed possible collaborations with SAHRA for student exchanges, the transect study in Rio Grande, and modeling possibilities.
• Integrated modeling workshop for all IM SAHRA investigators, April 8-9, 2004, Albuquerque, NM. Discussion centered on 1) understanding existing water allocation mechanisms in the Rio Grande basin and developing the basis for the study of potential water banking/marketing approaches, and b) developing a unifying conceptual model (physical, institutional, and behavioral) and database for the Rio Grande.
• SAHRA Water Education Showcase, April 30, 2004,Tucson, AZ. Six teachers and two UA water education fellows showcased their SAHRA-supported water education activities from the 2003-2004 school year. These activities were supported by the SPLASH, Inquiry and Water Issues, Hydrology Field Experiences, and WATER projects.
• Arizona Hydrological Society meeting to be held in Sept. 2004, Tucson, AZ. SAHRA will have a significant presence here, sponsoring a special session, a short course on isotopic hydrology, a field trip to Mt. Bigelow, keynote presentation by Chermak, and a booth.
• Annual SAHRA meeting and NSF site visit, Oct. 13-15, 2004, to be held in Albuquerque, NM.
• 2nd International Symposium on Transboundary Waters Management hosted by SAHRA, to be held Nov. 16-19, 2004 in Tucson, AZ.
50 Indian Water Rights Monograph SAHRA is jointly funding and contributing to publication of a revised edition of Indian Water Rights: Negotiating the Future, originally published in 1994, that examines in detail the state of Indian water rights. The new edition, Smoke on the Water: One Hundred Years of Litigation and Negotiations Over Tribal Water Rights, by Bonnie Colby and John Thorson, retired Special Master, Gila River Adjudication, is in press, with publication expected July 2004. This book covers a range of issues associated with the documentation of claims that have been made and awarded by Native American tribes based on the Winters Doctrine, pertaining to vast amounts of water in the Western U.S.
International Projects and Collaborations In addition to the Aguanet project described above, and ECOSTART, described in the Education Section, SAHRA participated in the following collaborative activities with Mexican institutions and stakeholders:
• The San Pedro Binational Watershed Alliance: As a result of binational meetings facilitated by the Udall Center, SAHRA, and CLIMAS (Climate Assessment Project for the Southwest), the San Pedro Binational Watershed Alliance has been formed, consisting primarily of the Cananea Municipal Water Council and the Upper San Pedro Partnership. In December 2003, the Alliance agreed to develop a Watershed Plan for the Upper San Pedro Basin with other basin stakeholders. The Watershed Plan will design, implement, and evaluate community-based and ecologically sustainable strategies for resource management in the basin. • Harvard University and SAHRA conducted an Alternate Futures study for the city of La Paz, Baja California, Mexico. SAHRA modified the existing groundwater flow model and integrated it into development planning models and scenarios. This study investigates how economic performance, demographic changes, private and public investments, and public policy choices could influence urban growth and land use change in the region of La Paz over the next 20 years. The study assesses how these changes will impact the area’s hydrology and ecology, as well as its visual and economic landscape. • With support from SAHRA, George Leavesly of the USGS and Roland Viger trained researchers at Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora for a week in February 2004 on the use of MMS and modeling. • A decision support system for demand management of the Rio Conchos Basin, Mexico, was developed to help managers understand relationships between reservoir operations policies, economic activity, and the ability to meet international water agreements. A similar DSS was developed for the Lower Rio Grande/Rio Bravo.
Briefings and Presentations to Lawmakers and Policy-makers
SAHRA economists at UNM made a concerted effort over the last year to meet regularly with New Mexico state legislators and policy-makers and inform them about demand management of water and residential consumption in the arid Southwest. Presentations included: • An overview of EPA/NSF and SAHRA work, with an emphasis on stakeholder experiments using GIS as the experimental platform at the “Where’s the Water?” New Mexico Geographic Information Council (NMGIC) Spring Meeting 2003. • “Urban Water Prices and Scarcity,” a description of current pricing trends in the U.S for urban water and the need for improved pricing mechanisms to capture true costs and values presented at the NM Interim Legislative Committee on Water and Natural Resources Meeting in July 2003. • “Integrated Modeling and Demand Management,” given on a panel at LANL’s 75th anniversary celebration. • “Assessing Tradeoffs in Water Policy Using Integrated Modeling,” an address to the New Mexico Governor’s Blue Ribbon Task Force.
51 • “Economic Considerations in Ecosystem and Species Management,” a speech in Oct. 2003 at the New Mexico Governor’s Symposium on the Rio Grande Silvery Minnow: Science and Policy in the Bosque.
The UA Joint Water Centers’ Maricopa County office representatives routinely represent all four UA water centers at the Arizona State Capitol, and attend the following Arizona legislative committee meetings: House of Representatives Committees on Natural Resources, Agriculture, Water and Native American Affairs, the Environment; and Education; Senate Committees on Natural Resources and Transportation and Education; and Representative O’Halleran’s Water Work Group. With other UA water center representatives, SAHRA administrators Shuttleworth and Woodard also met with Arizona state legislators March 23, 2004 in Phoenix, to keep them informed of current water research and education and outreach efforts at the University of Arizona. Approximately 30 legislators and several state agency officials attended.
2c. Plans
Focus Our long-term goals continue to be to: • meet SAHRA’s internal support and coordination needs; • provide useful information and services to various water resources decision-makers in a wide array of formats to best meet their needs; • continue shifting resources into disseminating mature SAHRA science results, through established conduits and via direct interaction with specific stakeholder groups; and • take advantage of selected international opportunities.
KT efforts will be increasingly a collaborative/leveraged effort between SAHRA and partnering institutions, and will become more tightly focused through internal evaluation. A formal review of KT, Education, and stakeholder interactions scheduled for Fall 2004 will likely influence the future focus of KT activities.
External factors that may impact or influence this effort include: • more mature SAHRA science products and subsequent knowledge transfer needs; • more water conflicts brought on by greater competition for available water resources and/or continued drought, in the southwestern U.S. and elsewhere; • serendipitous opportunities to reach large numbers of water professionals and/or the general public; and • issues in arranging for foreign students to enter and attend U.S. institutions.
We will maintain much the same organizational structure we have used to this point, with some changes to reflect changing priorities and needs. We will maintain a team of professional staff that has the complementary skills and experiences as the current team. In selected areas, we will more tightly coordinate activities with the Education program.
Future Informal Experiential Displays With the completion and installation of interactive kiosks, static displays, and websites pertaining to the hydrology of Sabino Canyon and Kartchner Caverns in southern Arizona, SAHRA has gained a reputation for creating effective, interesting, and informational public exhibits. At the request of the U.S. Geological Survey and National Park Service, SAHRA has been part of preliminary planning meetings to develop hydrology displays at Grand Canyon National Park. The focus will be on the effects of dam releases in preserving and rebuilding canyon beaches and conserving native fish species. Yosemite
52 National Park has also expressed interest in working with SAHRA to create a display related to snowfall, snowpack, and runoff.
SAHRA also continues to explore the possibility of future collaborations with two science education centers, UA Flandrau Science Center in Tucson and Explora Science Museum and Children’s Center in Albuquerque, for development of displays and exhibitions related to water resources. Explora opened in 2004, and plans to devote a significant portion of its exhibit space to water science and education. Flandrau will be relocating in 2004 as part of the Rio Nuevo downtown revitalization program in Tucson and is interested in expanding its exhibits to include more coverage of environmental and atmospheric sciences. SAHRA is also assisting an effort to modify a groundwater display developed for Biosphere 2 for Flandrau Science Center.
SAHRA is participating in a proposal to NSF for the development of an IMAX movie on fresh water issues, concentrating on the Lower Colorado River and in a second proposal to be submitted to NSF by the National Center For Earth-Surface Dynamics to develop traveling displays about water.
Short Courses We intend to offer Executive Training Programs in the form of short courses on topical water issues beginning in 2005. Content will include Robert Glennon (University of Arizona College of Law) and Thomas Maddock III (UA-HWR), addressing hydrologic and legal connections and disconnects between groundwater and surface water; Bonnie Colby (UA College of Agriculture) and John Thorsten (Special Master, ret.), focusing on Indian water rights; and various SAHRA PIs on impacts of land cover changes on basin-wide water balances.
Involvement in Professional Organizations and Outreach to Stakeholders Involvement in professional organizations and their meetings is increasing. At the annual Arizona Hydrology Society meeting in September 2004, SAHRA will host a special session on land cover changes in hydrology, a field trip to Mt. Bigelow, a short course on isotopes in hydrology, and will have a featured speaker, panelist, and booth for Southwest Hydrology. SAHRA has been asked to participate in the 2004 Arizona Town Hall meeting on water resources by preparing background materials and making presentations. We also are exploring possible outreach opportunities with CUAHSI (Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science). We will continue to transform the annual meeting so as to broaden stakeholder exposure to SAHRA and otherwise create KT opportunities. The 2004 meeting will be held in Albuquerque, New Mexico, to help us build and strengthen ties with New Mexico stakeholder groups.
53 Leveraging and Generating Revenues to Enhance Sustainability Knowledge Transfer and International programs will continue to seek leveraged resources through grants and contributions. WSP funding from Arizona Proposition 301 also will continue to make possible a number of Knowledge Transfer activities. A sponsor is being sought for Hydroarchive. A number of grant proposals are currently pending. In addition, we will generate revenue by providing a variety of services and products. Additional revenue accounts and the ability to accept payment by credit card and over the Internet have been established to facilitate this. Revenue-generating activities include: • the new summer camp on wildfires and hydrology, offered in cooperation with Flandrau Science Center; • paid advertisements in Southwest Hydrology magazine, projected at $63K in ’04; • registration fees for the November 2004 International Transboundary Waters Symposium are anticipated to cover all costs; • our first Professional Short Course will be conservatively priced to at least cover all variable costs; • fees will be charged for the short course on Isotopes in Hydrology and the field trip offered during the AHS annual meeting; and • selling a DVD of the kiosk program on hydrology of caves at Kartchner Caverns State Park.
54 V. EXTERNAL PARTNERSHIPS
1a. Overall Objectives for Developing External Partnerships
The Center’s overall objectives for developing external partnerships are unchanged. We do, however, have a renewed commitment to building stronger ties and fostering interaction with stakeholders and intend to give this effort priority attention in the coming year. Kathy Jacobs, who will assume the role of Deputy Director of SAHRA in September 2004, has an outstanding record of success in water resources management and is nationally recognized for her work in the area of stakeholder-scientist interactions. She will provide across-center input and leadership in this area.
1b. Performance and Management Indicators
As described more fully in the Management Section, SAHRA is in the process of revising its Strategic Plan to a form that will be consistent with SAHRA’s strategic goals and that complements the revised management and macro-theme structure. This process includes the definition of appropriately revised performance and management indicators. While, as of this writing, partnerships do not have their own strategic goal, they are an important aspect of SAHRA and it is critical for SAHRA’s management to review and evaluate the utility and success of its partnerships.
New performance indicators to be used by to evaluate the success of SAHRA’s partnerships are as follows:
ANNUAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS STRATEGIC RESPONSIBLE GOAL INDIVIDUALS QUANTITATIVE INDICATOR QUALITY OR CONTEXT OF INDICATOR
Description of the nature of existing and Number of SAHRA partnerships and J. Shuttleworth Partnerships new partnerships and their relevance to any changes over the last year. SAHRA’s mission. K. Jacobs
1c. Problems Encountered During the Reporting Period and Anticipated for Year 5
SAHRA continues to have numerous opportunities to partner with many diverse organizations. The challenge remains one of managing the rate of growth, and bringing new partners into SAHRA in a controlled way that leverages our resources, creates synergies for all concerned and contributes to integrating our activities.
2a. Partnership Activities Not Reported Elsewhere
Partnership Activity CEA-CREST-SAHRA Glue Grant Collaboration Led by Hibbs Organizations Involved Name of Organization Shared Resources Use of Resources 1 CSU-Los Angeles as described below as described below 2 UACJ ” ” 3 NMSU ” ”
55 4 UTEP ” ” 5 El Paso Water Utilities ” ” 6 Sacramento Mountains ” ” Watershed Restoration Corp. 7 IMADES ” ” 8 Hawley Geomatters ” ”
Led by CEA-CREST faculty members at California State University, SAHRA is working with researchers at the above-named institutions and organizations named above to study surface water and groundwater systems in the City of El Paso/Ciudad Juarez international metroplex. The twin cities share the water resources of the Hueco Bolson and smaller basin-fill aquifers that span the international border. Over-pumping of these aquifers has resulted in excessive drawdown of the water table, encroachment of brackish groundwater, and the early retirement of wells. This study is developing and employing new isotopic methods that are providing independent estimates of recharge rates, information about recharge mechanisms, and improved understanding of recharge source regions within the basin.
In the Hueco Bolson, we have collected samples from Indian Hot Springs and the Quitman Mountains, Alamogordo and the Sacramento Mountains, the Rio Grande downstream of El Paso, and in the Central Hueco Bolson where coverage was sparse. In addition, we have received and analyzed hundreds of samples from El Paso Water Utilities monitoring and exploration wells, which have provided a picture of isotope stratigraphy in basin groundwater down to 300-400 m. A section 15 km long beneath the Rio Grande shows that river water infiltration is related to structure, has been occurring since before development, and is related to salinity distribution. Mexican colleagues have extended sampling within Juarez and into the region to the southeast. We now have an age distribution map for Juarez water, confirming the southeasterly movement of river water under the city at a time-scale of hundreds to thousands of years. At Indian Hot Springs we have confirmed that basin-type groundwater (not from the Hueco Bolson) mixes with ancient groundwater from the Quitman Mts.
EPWU provides groundwater samples from an extensive exploratory drilling program. UACJ is providing samples from the Hueco Bolson in Chihuahua for isotopic and chemical analysis. IMADES is collecting rainwater samples at a network of sites in northwestern Mexico, and SMWRC is helping obtain water samples from the Sacramento Mountains.
Partnership Activity USDA-ARS-SWRC/SAHRA Joint Activities Led by Dave Goodrich Organizations Involved Name of Organization Shared Resources Use of Resources 1 USDA see text below see text below
The Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed operated by the Southwest Watershed Research Center (SWRC) of USDA-Agricultural Research Service in Tucson, Arizona is a premiere semi-arid experimental watershed. Draining 150 square kilometers in southeastern Arizona, the watershed is representative of the approximately 60 million hectares of grass- and brush-covered rangeland found throughout the semi-arid southwest and northern Mexico. It lies in a transition zone between the Chihuahuan and Sonoran Deserts. The scientific instrumentation and research infrastructure at Walnut Gulch are unparalleled. Detailed experiments and long-term observations are conducted to improve understanding of semi-arid rangeland hydrology and erosion. No comparable semi-arid hydrologic database exists in the world (see www.tucson.ars.ag.gov).
56 The Walnut Gulch facility consists of 29 nested watersheds that range in drainage area from 0.002 to 150 square kilometers. Rainfall and runoff instrumentation (including 85 recording rain gauges) has been in place since 1964. Eleven of the nested watersheds are gauged for runoff with concrete supercritical flumes specially designed to give very accurate estimates of runoff (notoriously difficult to obtain in semi-arid regions). Extensive monitoring of erosion and sediment transport is conducted on eight of the smaller sub-watersheds. Hydrometeorological instrumentation at two locations, one grass-dominated and the other brush-dominated, provide measurements of the energy balance, soil temperature, soil moisture and CO2 fluxes. Biotic characterization has been ongoing. A high-resolution GIS database for the watershed has been created. All of the recording instrumentation currently is undergoing conversion to digital systems with telemetry for remote data transfer. The NEXRAD radar system installed by the National Weather Service at Tucson provides radar coverage. The ARS Walnut Gulch headquarters facilities outside Tombstone include soils and sediment laboratories, and workshops for electronics, machine and welding/fabrication. The facilities and instrumentation are maintained by four full-time employees, and on-site lodging is available for up to six visiting scientists.
The Walnut Gulch watershed and the containing San Pedro Basin continue to be a venue for highly instrumented large-scale multidisciplinary research and watershed characterization conducted by a variety of agencies, universities, and members of the Upper San Pedro Partnership to more accurately estimate the semi-arid water balance and understand the water needs of the first Congressionally designated Riparian National Conservation Area. Ongoing ground, aircraft and satellite remote sensing data collections continue as these watersheds serve as the primary semi-arid validation site for NASA’s Earth Observing System. SPOT and LANDSAT images are being routinely archived.
A variety of SWRC resources are being used to enhance the collaborative SAHRA research effort. The Walnut Gulch facility serves as an important outdoor laboratory of SAHRA research. Research knowledge, observation, and understanding from the watershed are being used in a variety of SAHRA activities, ranging from rainfall characterization, infiltration, ephemeral channel recharge, nutrient loading from ephemeral runoff events, to erosion. SWRC instrumentation (rain gauges), facilities (shops, labs, housing for visiting scientists and students) and vehicles are utilized by SAHRA collaborators.
Partnership Activity Los Alamos National Laboratory Collaboration Led by Everett Springer Organizations Involved Name of Organization Shared Resources Use of Resources 1 LANL see text below see text below
The Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) is well known for its expertise in advanced computing and numerical simulation of physical phenomena. The capabilities of the LANL computers allow very highly resolved simulations to be performed, and multiple simulations to perform sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. Three computing platforms and clusters are available for institutional computing use. Theta, built by Silicon Graphics, consists of 416 IP27 processors running at a rate of 250 to 400MHz each. Memory consists of 240 Gbytes of RAM and 5 terabytes of local disk. The Lambda cluster has 328 Intel Pentium 3 chips with a gigabyte of RAM for each processor. The QSC machine is a reduced version of the Q-machine and QSC uses 256 HP/Compaq (Alpha chips) with 4 gigabytes of RAM for each processor. LANL also provides software through its problem-solving environment that facilitates use of these massively parallel computers.
The research at LANL addresses advances in both the computer and physical sciences, for efficient parallelization (development of a new communicating asynchronous processes alternative to the standard
57 massively parallel computing method), data mining, numerical schemes capable of accurately representing large gradients, gridding methods capable of representing highly variable geologic media (such as those found in groundwater basins), new turbulence schemes to support high-resolution modeling, methods of scaling to assure commensurability of data passed among individual physical components, and upscaling through averaging techniques, scaling laws, and sensitivity analysis.
LANL and SAHRA have several joint studies: 1) fine-resolution integrated modeling of the Rio Grande Basin benefits science-based decision making by water managers/policy makers; and 2) databases for model parameterization and testing for the Rio Grande, supported by a $500,000/yr. Match from LANL. These efforts are described further in the Research Section.
Partnership Activity USGS/SAHRA Collaboration Led by Doug Boyle Organizations Involved Name of Organization Shared Resources Use of Resources 1 USGS Arizona Dist. See text below see text below 2 USGS Ntl Research ” ” Program 3 Desert Research Inst. ” ”
The Arizona District of the U.S. Geological Survey conducts extensive research on the groundwater resources of the southwestern U.S. Many of the projects conducted by the Arizona district programs have great relevance to SAHRA’s effort. Additionally, the USGS Arizona District office is conducting a detailed investigation of groundwater resources of the upper San Pedro River Basin. That project and SAHRA have continuing collaboration on data collection and analysis relating to the groundwater flow system.
USGS is also providing funds to Wolfgang Schmid and Tom Maddock to develop documentation for their “Farm Package” for MODFLOW-2000. (This will be available as a USGS publication and also on SAHRA’s Hydroarchive; see Knowledge Transfer Section). The package is being implemented by USGS to simulate groundwater and surface water components of the irrigation hydrologic cycle in the western San Joaquin Valley, where groundwater pumping is not metered but crop and surface water delivery data have been compiled for the last three decades.
Scientists within the Precipitation Runoff Project (PRP) of the National Research Program (NRP) of the USGS provide SAHRA researchers at the Desert Research Institute (DRI) with maintenance, development, and support of research tools and models that have great relevance to SAHRA’s effort. Many of these tools are standard to groundwater and surface water analysis and research in the United States. Located in Denver, Colorado, the USGS-NRP-PRP scientists are leaders of a multidisciplinary water resource modeling project called the Watershed and River System Program (WaRSMP) that is highly relevant to SAHRA.
Through the WaRSMP effort, 21 headwater basins in the upper Rio Grande have been included in a computer-based Decision Support System (DSS) designed to provide dozens of water managers and stakeholders in the Upper Rio Grande with short (days to weeks), seasonal (one to six month), and long term (years to decades) streamflow forecasts throughout the Upper Rio Grande. The USGS-NRP-PRP scientists have worked closely with DRI scientists to modify and expand this DSS to provide a more detailed simulation of the hydrologic cycle in the Upper Rio Grande according to several of SAHRA’s goals. Recent modifications include efforts to improve assimilation of remotely sensed and model
58 estimates of important hydrologic variables into the existing DSS. Current efforts are focused on integrating existing regional groundwater models and reservoir operations models into the DSS to address SAHRA’s water banking and water marketing science questions. Plans for future collaboration include the development of a closely coupled groundwater/surface water model to simulate the important feedbacks that exist and are often ignored or simplified in most hydrologic modeling applications. When completed, this model may be applied to portions of the Upper Rio Grande by SAHRA researchers to investigate important relationships between groundwater, surface water, and vegetation dynamics.
Partnership Activity Sevilleta LTER Led by Eric Small Organizations Involved Name of Organization Shared Resources Use of Resources 1 University of Colorado see text below see text below 2 University of New Mexico
This Long Term Ecological Research site (LTER) in New Mexico is used for watershed-scale and riparian research. Given its history of biological and other research, the Sevilleta has been an excellent resource for SAHRA. Major advantages to conducting research on the LTER include: a) existing instrumentation networks for measuring rainfall, solar radiation, soil temperature and moisture, wind speed and direction, and other climate variables; b) ongoing hydrologic studies; c) available satellite data; and d) security, since it is fenced and patrolled. Eric Small (University of Colorado) and Will Pockman (UNM) obtained funding from DOE ($290,000 over 3 years, beginning June 2003) for water addition experiments to parallel their SAHRA-sponsored drought experiments.
The sites and facilities located at the Sevilleta, when combined with partnerships with the Valles Caldera National Preserve and Los Alamos National Laboratory (described below), represent all major biomes found within the Rio Grande Catchment. Consistent data acquisition, experimentation, and measurement protocols across all sites is being used to develop, parameterize, and refine a fine-scale hydrologic model for the Rio Grande developed under a collaboration between SAHRA and LANL (described above).
Partnership Activity Sandia National Laboratories Collaboration Led by Vince Tidwell, Gary Woodard, Howard Passel, Juan Valdés Organizations Involved Name of Organization Shared Resources Use of Resources 1 Sandia Ntl. Labs see text below see text below
Sandia National Labs and SAHRA continue to develop dynamic simulation models (DSM) for water supply and demand in the Albuquerque region. Shared resources include three Ph.D. fellowships and one internship (described in the Education Section). The disaggregated behavioral market model is being used by the Middle Rio Grande Water Assembly to evaluate alternative water conservation and basin management strategies.
SAHRA is also participating with Sandia Labs and Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua on Aguanet, a project to collect and distribute critical data on the Lower Rio Grande/Rio Bravo via databases on mirrored servers located at all three institutions. This is described further in the Knowledge Transfer Section.
59 Partnership Activity Valles Caldera National Preserve Led by Paul Brooks, Eric Small Organizations Involved Name of Organization Shared Resources (if any) Use of Resources (if applicable) 1 University of Arizona see text below see text below 2 University of Colorado 3 Valles Caldera National Preserve 4 Los Alamos National Lab
The Valles Caldera National Preserve was established on July 25, 2000 with a goal to: “…protect and preserve the scientific, scenic, geologic, watershed, fish, wildlife, historic, cultural, and recreational values of the Preserve, and to provide for multiple use and sustained yield of renewable resources within the Preserve,” consistent with Valles Caldera Preservation Act.” This unique resource, together with adjacent national forest lands, encompasses many of the major ecosystem types found in semi-arid catchments ranging from high elevation spruce-fir forests to desert shrub and grasslands. SAHRA researchers are partnering with the VCNP and Los Alamos National Laboratory to establish a series of research sites to quantify the water balance in each of these ecosystem types.
In addition to the unique site characteristics, partnering with VCNP and LANL provides access to meteorological and hydrological equipment and data, remote sensing data acquisition and archives, laboratory access, bunkhouse facilities, logistical support and onsite technical assistance. Much of the field activity associated with the new transect study that is being developed by the Basin-Scale Water Balance macro-theme will be located in the Valles Caldera.
2b. Other Outcomes or Impacts of Partnership Activities
None to report.
2c. Plans for Next Reporting Period.
VCNP/LANL/SAHRA Partnership SAHRA is partnering with the Valles Caldera National Preserve, (VCNP) and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) to establish an experimental transect to quantify the effects of vegetation and vegetation on water balance in northern New Mexico. A memorandum of understanding between SAHRA and VCNP is being drafted during the Summer 2004 with installation of research facilities scheduled to begin in Fall 2004. In preparation for this endeavor, 14 researchers, representing all three institutions, met at VCNP in July and identified research sites in mixed conifer, ponderosa pine, and pinion juniper forests on VCNP and LANL property. SAHRA is providing the physical tower structure at two sites, and LANL is providing the structure at the third. Instruments for the towers are being provided by SAHRA, LANL, VCNP, and the University of Colorado in this collaborative relationship. Research foci of BSWB investigators are shifting to this experimental transect as existing projects are completed.
CUAHSI Partnership As a leader in the hydrology of semi-arid regions, SAHRA has been approached by five groups seeking to
60 collaborate in the establishment of hydrologic observatories and/or hydrology synthesis centers. SAHRA will contribute to the success of the overall CUAHSI efforts in these areas not as an exclusive partner, but as a contributing member of the hydrologic community bringing specific expertise in semi-arid systems, snow covered systems, stakeholder involvement, and knowledge transfer.
SAHRA is also in discussions with CUAHSI regarding developing Web-based services for CUAHSI member universities. These would include personalized notices and updates on research results, news stories, funding opportunities, etc. The resources would be distributed via linked relational databases on water resources research expertise, programs and long-term projects, and unique research resources (e.g., field sites, special lab capabilities).
61 VI. DIVERSITY
1a. Motivation, Goals, and General Strategy in Increasing Diversity
In 2002, University of Arizona President Peter Likins stated that, “At the University of Arizona, diversity is essential to excellence.” SAHRA also understands that Center-wide diversity among Hispanics, Native Americans, and women is essential if we are to achieve our mission of working with stakeholders to better understand the challenges of water resource management in the semi-arid Southwest and to rapidly bring the results of SAHRA research to bear on these challenges. Each of these groups plays an important role in managing water resources in the southwestern U.S. and along the U.S.-Mexico border region where SAHRA efforts are concentrated. Although women are no longer underrepresented among college undergraduates and in a many graduate programs, they are still underrepresented in engineering and physical sciences and among university faculty. Hispanics and Native Americans are underrepresented at every level of academia. SAHRA considers the increased participation of these groups in our activities to be essential for us to better understand the social, cultural, and economic constraints on water resource issues, and to facilitate the stakeholder interactions critical for the two-way communication and mutual trust necessary for sustainable water resource management. Consequently, the long-term diversity goal of SAHRA is to create a demographic mix among SAHRA students, staff, and faculty that better reflects the race, ethnicity and gender of the population in the region within which SAHRA’s primary activities occur, i.e., Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, southern California, and Utah, and the U.S.-Mexico border region. In the shorter-term, our goal is to match or exceed University-wide levels of diversity.
SAHRA therefore believes that its minority goals will be well served by attracting Hispanic and Spanish- speaking students and faculty, not only from the Southwest but also from northern Mexico. This will enhance collaborations with critical and receptive stakeholders in our region of interest and will provide cultural and success-oriented role models for first-generation Hispanic graduate students. We anticipate that the next generation of such Hispanic graduate students will be recruited through our K-14 outreach activities, by giving appropriate attention to diverse applicants, and by building new relationships with regional community college “feeder” programs. A similar strategy is appropriate for engaging Native Americans’ participation in SAHRA. For both of our targeted minorities, more effort needs to go to their retention through stronger mentoring and a better understanding of their unique family, economic, and cultural needs. However, achieving improved diversity in SAHRA is a distributed responsibility. SAHRA’s Education macro-theme can provide leadership, coordination and support, but achieving our diversity goal requires active commitment and participation throughout SAHRA, at the UA and all our participating institutions. Without a diverse faculty, we recognize we will struggle with mentoring, communicating with, and attracting a representative number of women, Hispanics, and Native Americans.
1b. Performance and Management Indicators
As described more fully in the Management Section, SAHRA is in the process of revising its Strategic Plan to a form that will be consistent with SAHRA’s strategic goals and that complements the revised management and macro-theme structure. This process includes the definition of appropriately revised performance and management indicators. As of this writing, the strategic goal for diversity is to create a center that reflects the southwestern United States, specifically to create a demographic mix among SAHRA students, researchers, staff and administration that more closely reflects the ethnic and gender mix of the population in the region within which SAHRA’s primary activities occur, i.e., the southwestern U.S. and the U.S.-Mexico border region
New performance indicators to be used by SAHRA management to evaluate their success in achieving the diversity goal are as follows:
62 ANNUAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS STRATEGIC RESPONSIBLE GOAL INDIVIDUALS QUALITY OR CONTEXT OF QUANTITATIVE INDICATOR INDICATOR
Description of diversity in the regional Racial, ethnic and gender diversity of context, relevance of diversity to SAHRA investigators, staff, students mission of SAHRA, and of any J. Shuttleworth Diversity and audience. noteworthy successes and/or failures J. Washburne in progress towards meeting the diversity goal
1c. Problems During the Reporting Period and Anticipated for Year 5
The current racial, ethnic, and gender mix of SAHRA staff and students is a result of the application of preexisting institutional hiring and recruiting policies during the first four years of activity, as well as historical patterns based on the nature of the center and its areas of study. The resulting racial, ethnic, and gender mix is not yet consistent with SAHRA’s diversity goal. SAHRA’s efforts to improve diversity at all levels are focused in three areas: a) developing career pathways; b) recruiting from a more diverse pools of applicants; and c) retaining these students by improving support and mentoring.
These efforts span a range of SAHRA participants, from K-12 to college, from undergraduate and graduate students to postdoctoral and professional staff, support staff, and principal investigators. However, SAHRA’s ability to exert influence in each of these areas varies. SAHRA offers support to students, for example, but has limited influence on faculty hires. Without a diverse faculty, we will likely struggle to provide appropriate mentoring and communication and thus attract women, Hispanic and Native American applicants. Consequently, in some areas improvements may take longer. Among some of the factors that slow progress are lack of funding, institutional inertia, and limited (or at least dispersed) qualified applicants.
So far, Hispanic enrollment has followed pre-STC patterns and represents a very small part of SAHRA- supported students. We hope that several new efforts within the University of Arizona, with our Glue Grant partner at California State University-Los Angeles, with state community colleges, and local high schools will strengthen the representation of this important regional group.
2a. Activities That Contribute to the Development of U.S. Human Resources
One mechanism SAHRA can use to evolve toward an appropriately diverse staff is to ensure that the pool of candidates for all positions is appropriately diverse with respect to ethnicity and gender, and to ensure that the process of selection and the basis for selection are documented and carefully monitored so all the factors that reflect an individual’s potential contribution to the Center are fairly considered. Therefore, in September 2003, SAHRA defined a diversity policy and a procedure for recruiting and selecting staff and students based on individual assessments. The SAHRA Director now approves appointment of new staff only after he and the Director of Education have carefully reviewed the documentation of the selection process and are satisfied that the recruitment has been appropriate with respect to defining the pool of applicants and fair in selecting among them.
63 As part of SAHRA’s center-wide effort to improve diversity, over the last year the Education macro- theme leadership has initiated several key collaborations, as follows:
Faculty Recruitment NMT was able to recruit Enrique Vivoni into a faculty position related to large-scale modeling.
Graduate Recruitment Working with Professor Vivoni, we were able to recruit a promising student from UTEP at last year’s SACNAS conference who will start at NMT this fall. Also, working closely with the NCED STC and two CREST centers, SAHRA has developed recruiting materials and attended three major undergraduate conferences (the Society for Advancement of Chicanos and Native Americans in Science, the American Indian Science and Engineering Society, and the Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers) with the purpose of increasing the number of underrepresented students applying to our earth and environmental engineering programs in a cost-efficient manner.
REUs A second collaborative effort among twelve STCs (led by UCLA’s Center for Embedded Networked Sensors) focused on the coordinated recruiting of Research Experiences for Undergraduate (REU) candidates from around the country. SAHRA is participating in this effort, and is supporting four undergraduates during Summer 2004, three of whom are women and one of whom is Asian American.
Summer Scholars Recognizing that high school is a key stage at which to interest students in water issues and to promote continuing scientific literacy, in Summer 2004 SAHRA contributed to NAU Summer Scholars water education camp for (mostly tribal) high school students in northern Arizona. This middle school program emphasizes environmental science, mathematics, and technology in a one-week, on-campus residential experience. The 2004 program involved six one-week sessions and reached 108 students.
Minority High School Programs The K-12 schools with which SAHRA collaborates (high schools in particular) are in part selected on sociodemographic grounds, e.g. they have a high percentage of students who qualify for free or reduced lunch programs. Such selection improves the opportunity to interface with underrepresented minorities, including Hispanics and Native Americans. In particular, SPLASH teachers, GLOBE school networks, CATTS internships, and WATER teacher resources benefited diverse student bodies in Arizona high schools.
Cross-border Education SAHRA collaborates with ECOSTART and GLOBE in cross-border environmental efforts that are aimed at building community and K-12 student interest in water issues because so many regional water issues occur near boundaries.
Minority Outreach Jim Shuttleworth, Jim Washburne, and Mary Black met with Hopi Chairman Wayne Taylor and the Water Team from the Hopi Tribal Council on September 24, 2003 to explain our programs and to investigate what their water interests and management needs were.
Many other SAHRA activities contribute to the development of U.S. human resources. These include: • Summer Camps. “CampWildfire,” a series of three 1-week summer camps for middle school students is being offered in summer 2004 jointly with Flandrau Science Center at the University of Arizona. The camp content focuses on the causes and effects of last year’s Aspen fire, with particular emphasis on the role of hydrology. Students broaden their experiences by visiting local scientists,
64 studying combustion, and monitoring this year’s fire season. Scholarships are provided to low- income, minority students. • Teacher Workshops. SPLASH is a collaborative effort among high school science and social science teachers, scientists, and science educators to create and implement a regionally focused water curriculum. The project has created and is facilitating implementation of a curriculum that emphasizes hydrologic literacy in the context of the semi-arid southwest. SPLASH seeks to simultaneously advance understanding of regional (semi-arid) hydrology and general water literacy (studied within the context of the semi-arid U.S.). Inquiry and Water Issues is a two-week workshop for high school teachers aimed not only at increasing their hydrologic literacy, but also at giving them much needed experience engaging in inquiry themselves, developing authentic research skills and analyzing complex (interdisciplinary) information. We hold small workshops in both Tucson and Phoenix with the help of two master teachers from local high schools. • Graduate Education. Advanced Topics in Semi-Arid Hydrology is a seminar class that takes advantage of CUAHSI (Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc.) cyberseminars and student-led discussion on topics ranging from the hydrologic response of wildfire to policy and hydrological implications of streambed restoration and management. The Graduate Seminar Program is offered every other spring to help assimilate new graduate students into the interdisciplinary focus of SAHRA. Postdoctoral research associates contribute by reviewing the innovative science and relevant water management issues within their areas of expertise. Participating students learn more about how their project integrates with the Center by making presentations to the rest of the class covering a topic of particular interest. SAHRA scientists lead discussions of fundamental research, management and policy issues that the students will face during their tenure with the Center. • Professional Programs. Starting in 2005, SAHRA and the Institute for Tribal Environmental Professionals (ITEP) will begin assessing tribal water resources management education needs and work together to meet these through professional contacts, short courses and workshops. At the UA, SAHRA offers an MS in Water Resource Engineering (MSEng) program, which includes an intensive one-semester stay on campus to allow participants to pick up key specialty courses and develop rapport with a faculty advisor, supplemented by a professional project undertaken at the student’s home agency, and additional master’s level coursework that may be completed through distance learning or at an institution of the student’s choosing. This interdisciplinary academic program includes classes in natural resource economics, water law, and environmental ethics. In place of a traditional thesis, a professional project and report related to the student’s work situation serves as the capstone project. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers sent four students to this program in Fall 2003, and around six students from ACE and other agencies are expected to enroll in Fall 2004. • K-12 Programs. The GLOBE/SAHRA collaboration also allows us to target schools with significant populations of underrepresented groups and have them participate in data gathering, to help them gain experience that is directly relevant to water research efforts. We are working to further develop a network of schools along the borders. GLOBE students are tasked with regular and special sample collection, while SAHRA scientists and students work with the schools to show how the student measurements can be integrated with their scientific datasets for a more complete physical picture of the water balance and water quality. Initial focus areas are the Rio Grande, San Pedro and Four Corners areas. A salinity and water solute sampling program has been set up along the Rio Grande. Native American schools throughout the Four Corners region, where we have existing teacher training and support efforts, will evaluate their regional hydroclimatology within the constraints of GLOBE and SAHRA.
65 2b. Impact of the Programs/Activities on Enhancing Diversity
The activities described above have led to specific impacts on Center diversity and improved outreach to diverse audiences. Specific impacts include hiring Enrique Vivoni into a faculty position related to large- scale modeling at NMT, recruiting a promising student from UTEP at last year’s SACNAS conference who will start at NMT this fall, and hosting one Asian American and three female REU students. Outside of the scope of these programs, the diversity of SAHRA’s leadership has been enhanced by successfully recruiting Kathy Jacobs to become Deputy Director and a member of the executive committee. In less specific ways, SAHRA’s activities have improved our outreach to diverse audiences by actively recruiting at AISES, SACNES, and SHPE; increasing our contact with K-12 students in Arizona and New Mexico schools, which serve diverse audiences; developing collaborations for direct interactions with Native Americans; and engaging border communities.
2c. Plans
As stated above, our long-term goal is to promote diversity throughout SAHRA and to make diversity- related education, research, and outreach activities available to all the communities we work within. Outside or leveraged funding will be sought to sustain these activities, particularly within each university. The development of effective recruitment networks will continue to be a key activity.
Develop Collaborations with Other UA Diversity Efforts Several important diversity-relevant efforts have developed on the campus of the University of Arizona over the last year. A new Diversity Resource Office (DRO) opened in 2003 to work collaboratively with all UA constituencies with the purpose of advancing diversity initiatives throughout the university. The UA has also recently challenged itself to become a minority-serving institution by significantly increasing the enrollment and retention of Hispanic students. SAHRA can benefit from these efforts and plans to: • increase collaboration between the university and community college systems in Arizona; • form new collaborations with Marie Reyes, Assistant Research Scientist with the Southwest Institute for Research on Women, who is working on research and outreach programs for the Women in Science and Engineering Program; and • leverage UA’s program to attract Native Americans to medical school that targets those interested in, and with an aptitude for, science and math.
Attract a Diverse Student Population More broadly, SAHRA is seeking ways to attract a more diverse student body and improve support networks for current students. Specific initiatives include: • improved collaborative exchanges with two CREST centers (related to post-fire runoff effects and water management of the lower Rio Grande); • drawing on the support of HWR and other UA and/or Center alumni who work for various tribes to create an informal network for identifying significant issues, stakeholders, and talented students.
Expand Opportunities for Professional Development We will refocus our NAU activity on tribal education at both the K-12 and professional levels.
Diversity Planning in SAHRA’s Strategic Plan SAHRA will continue to develop the successful diversity-related initiatives started during the past year and our recruiting collaborations with other NSF Centers in particular, and we will assess, monitor, and document our efforts and progress towards enhanced diversity. Many of our partner campuses also have new or expanding diversity efforts that will be more fully articulated and will lead to new collaborations that will be integrated into the new Center-wide Strategic Plan that SAHRA is currently preparing. Any
66 diversity-relevant advice that we receive in the course of the external review of our knowledge transfer, education, and stakeholder interface activities in Fall 2004 will also be considered while preparing this Strategic Plan.
Among the objectives that will likely be included will be the following: • to make significant progress toward increasing enrollment of women, Hispanics, and Native Americans by 2007; • to reinforce the student support and mentoring infrastructure, particularly for underrepresented students; • to improve or establish new connections to minority-serving institutions and regional community colleges; • to create a range of opportunities that support career pathways for underrepresented students; • to give greater recognition and discussion to diversity issues and establish more aggressive diversity recruitment practices; • to provide refocused support to NAU tribal education efforts; and • to continue or expand cross-border environmental and capacity building efforts with schools in the U.S.-Mexican border region through ECOSTART and GLOBE.
67 VII. MANAGEMENT
1a. Organizational Strategy and Its Underlying Rationale
The Center’s management underwent a transition in mid-2003 through early 2004. On August 18, 2003, W. James Shuttleworth and Thomas Maddock III officially assumed the offices of Director and Interim Deputy Director, respectively. Dr. Shuttleworth replaced Soroosh Sorooshian, who had accepted a position at the University of California, Irvine, while Dr. Maddock replaced Roger Bales, who accepted a position at the University of California, Merced.
Budget and Activity Review In Fall 2003, the incoming Director commissioned an in-depth review of SAHRA’s budget and activities. He appointed a Strategic Budget Review Group to: 1) consider the SAHRA budget in detail and recommend changes; and 2) review the Director’s proposed changes in administrative structure and reporting procedures to ensure the efficient direction of activities and to provide budget oversight at an appropriate level. Tom Maddock and Executive Committee member Diana Liverman jointly chaired this group. The proposed budget changes and modifications in structure and procedures were then reviewed by members of SAHRA’s External Advisory Board in a series of teleconferences. Subsequent to this review, budget levels for 2004 and 2005 were revised and a new administrative structure and reporting procedure was introduced (see www.sahra.arizona.edu/about/budget.html). These changes were designed to complement the NSF reporting cycle so as to facilitate the efficient preparation of this Annual Report and proposed budget to NSF each July.
Annual Review Cycle Initiated On January 1, 2004, SAHRA introduced a new annual review cycle that allows directed evolution in the activities that SAHRA undertakes and the way financial resources are deployed to support these activities. This process includes external review and takes place with oversight by the SAHRA External Advisory Board. The timing of SAHRA’s internal proposal and review cycle was defined to link with the timing of the annual cycle in reporting. Each year, the internal proposal and review cycle will draw on feedback from the NSF Site Visit and the SAHRA Annual Meeting as input to the planning of proposed activities.
Macro-Themes Defined To ensure that efficient budget direction and oversight occurs at an appropriate level, the SAHRA annual review cycle of activities and associated resource deployment has been redefined around macro-themes, each requiring resources of approximately $0.5-1.0M per year. In some cases, macro-themes correspond to a single theme area in the SAHRA renewal proposal but some of the smaller theme areas in the renewal proposal that have close mutual association are clustered together into a macro-theme, as follows:
1. SAHRA’s activities in the Regional Hydrometeorology and the Data and Information theme areas are intimately associated with activity in the Multi-resolution Integrated Basin-scale Modeling theme area. Consequently, for the purposes of resource direction, these three theme areas are clustered into a single Integrated Modeling macro-theme.
2. Much of the activity undertaken in the International theme area is closely aligned with SAHRA’s Knowledge Transfer theme area and, again for the purposes of resource direction, these two theme areas are clustered into a single Knowledge Transfer macro-theme.
3. Allocation of resources to support relevant activity in the Technology and Equipment theme area is through the Basin Scale Water Balance macro-theme and River System macro-theme which these activities primarily serve.
68 The following table illustrates the macro-themes used in the annual review of SAHRA activity and budget, their current primary activities, and the theme areas they correspond to in the SAHRA renewal proposal. In addition to these macro-themes, SAHRA also maintains a line management structure and budget associated with cross-center functions including administration and management, business office functions, and technical and secretarial support.
BASIN-SCALE RIVER SYSTEMS INTEGRATED KNOWLEDGE EDUCATION WATER BALANCE Macro-Theme MODELING TRANSFER Macro-Theme Macro-Theme Macro-Theme Macro-Theme
(Creating New Process (Creating New Process (Creating New Modeling (Building Understanding) (Building Understanding) Knowledge) Knowledge) Knowledge)
CURRENT CURRENT CURRENT CURRENT CURRENT ACTIVITIES ACTIVITIES ACTIVITIES ACTIVITIES ACTIVITIES
Plot to hill slope scale Riparian Water Balance Fine resolution models International Activities Graduate student processes support Nutrient and Solute Medium resolution Trade Magazine Landscape to basin- Sources and Cycling models Teacher Workshops scale water balances Web based services and Ecosystem Dynamics Coarse resolution tools Internships and Linkages between and Value models Graduate Education scales Professional Non Market Value and Integration of physical Development Summer Science Camps Behavioral Components links to ecosystem and behavioral science of Demand, Institutional dynamics at all modeling levels. Public displays and K-12 Education Analysis, and Policy information programs Criteria Stakeholder Involvement Climate drivers and data Media briefings and Undergraduate research Stakeholder Involvement Integration into Decision science broadcasts Support Relevant technology and Internal center equipment Relevant technology and communication equipment
Renewal Proposal Renewal Proposal Renewal Proposal Renewal Proposal Renewal Proposal Theme Areas Theme Areas Theme Areas Theme Areas Theme Areas
Basin-Scale Water River Systems Multi-resolution Knowledge Transfer Education Balance Integrated Basin-scale Technology and Modeling International Activities Student Support (new) Technology and Equipment (part of) Equipment (part of) Regional Hydrometeorology
Data and Information
Direction of Resources SAHRA activities and associated resources can be redirected both between and within macro-themes. Drawing on advice from the NSF Site Visit, the SAHRA External Advisory Board, and elsewhere as appropriate, the SAHRA Director retains the discretion to move funding between macro-themes at the level of 10-15% per year to better match center-wide priorities. The intermediate management structure has been given responsibility for proposing how the resources allocated to each macro-theme will be deployed in support of relevant activities in the coming year.
Macro-Theme Leadership Two Macro-Theme Leaders (appointed by the Director) are responsible for managing each macro-theme. At least one of these two Macro-Theme Leaders has their primary academic allegiance to the University of Arizona so they can provide year-round budget oversight of their macro-theme’s budget within the University of Arizona financial system. Selection of the co-leaders of macro-themes was made with
69 appropriate recognition of past experience in SAHRA management and commitment to center-mode operation. The leaders of the five SAHRA macro-themes and senior administration (including the Director/Deputy Director and Associate Director) form the re-constituted SAHRA Executive Committee. In addition, the Director may invite ex-officio members of the Executive Committee to attend meetings and give advice, as required.
1. Basin-Scale Water Balance Paul Brooks (UA) Fred Phillips (NMT) 2. River Systems David Goodrich (UA/USDA-ARS) David Brookshire (UNM) 3. Integrated Modeling Hoshin Gupta (UA) Everett Springer (LANL) 4. Knowledge Transfer Gary Woodard (UA) Juan Valdés (UA) 5. Education James Washburne (UA) Gary Woodard (UA) In addition, the Founding Director of SAHRA and the Head of the UA Department Hydrology and Water Resources serve as ex-officio members of the Executive Committee until December 2006 to provide continuity of experience during the transition. Because responsibility for scientific planning primarily rests with Macro-Theme Leaders and their advisors, the new Executive Committee’s function is more focused than in the past, to ensure effective and coordinated execution of macro-theme proposals and to resolve any associated management, budgetary, and staff-related issues. Macro-Theme Leaders carry primary responsibility for coordinating and managing activities and convening planning and reporting meetings for their macro-theme. If on academic salary, they receive one month’s summer salary each year for undertaking this management function in addition to any summer salary they may receive for their scientific function within SAHRA. SAHRA’s Post Doctoral Research Assistants (PDRAs) remain an important part of the SAHRA structure but it is anticipated they will have less day-to-day managerial responsibility within individual macro-themes than previously; rather they will participate in and aid the planning and review of more than one macro-theme as required to enhance across-center integration. It is also anticipated that the expertise of SAHRA’s PDRAs will evolve through the recruitment process towards a balance of strengths that complements those of Macro-Theme Leaders. In addition, a Staff Scientist, James Hogan, has been selected from among SAHRA’s PDRAs to provide the day-to-day scientific interface between the Director and Macro-Theme Leaders with emphasis on fostering cross-center integration of activities. . In the new system, scientific planning is primarily at the macro-theme level. Drawing on advice, experience and support of relevant SAHRA investigators and PDRAs, each year Macro-Theme Leaders prepare a proposal that documents past activity, describes activities for the coming year, and proposes the activities and budget for the following year for their macro-theme. These several macro-theme proposals are then examined for mutual consistency and cost-effectiveness during a short retreat of the Executive Committee during late January or early February, before being sent out for external review. Initial editing of the Annual Report to NSF can begin at this stage based on these macro-theme proposals.
Subsequently, the macro-theme proposals and available external reviews of these proposals are examined by the External Advisory Board at a joint meeting of the Executive Committee and External Advisory Board in late February or early March. In this way, the SAHRA External Advisory Board provides final oversight of the proposal review process. The macro-theme proposals and associated budgets may then undergo some final revision in response to guidance from the External Advisory Board before the budgets
70 for the coming year are released to Macro-Theme Leaders and subcontracts issued to SAHRA’s participating institutions. Final editing of the Annual Report to NSF can then begin and reflect any post- review revisions to the macro-theme proposals and budgets for the coming year.
Student-Centered Support SAHRA has also moved from its former PI-centered approach for graduate student support toward a student-centered approach. Under the new system of student-centered support, designation of the areas of activity upon which students are expected to focus their research are determined by SAHRA macro-theme leadership. However, the responsibility for selection of students will remain with the relevant SAHRA PIs, who will supervise the students and the university departments in which these PIs serve. However, once selected, students will be awarded individual SAHRA Fellowships (two-year fellowships for masters students, three-year fellowships for doctoral students continuing after a master’s degree at the same university, and four-year fellowships for doctoral students joining with a master’s degree from elsewhere) and will work full-time on SAHRA-relevant science within a defined macro-theme under the supervision of one or more SAHRA PIs for at least the period of their fellowship. Providing support directly to individual graduate students in this way (rather than indirectly through PIs) will allow the student greater opportunity to undertake interdisciplinary research involving more than one supervisor with different disciplinary strengths. It will also enhance the SAHRA Assistant Director of Education’s ability to encourage and monitor progress towards a population of SAHRA-funded students with diversity in ethnic origin and gender. Documents containing guidelines for students and their contractual obligations (including responsibilities and terms of funding etc.) will be prepared and discussed with each student offered a SAHRA Fellowship, and a regular review process will be initiated and administered by the DOE to track the progress for all SAHRA-funded students.
Consistent with the concept of student-centered support, the funding associated with all SAHRA Fellowships has been transferred to the Education macro-theme (rather than distributed between theme areas as previously), with the associated responsibility for budget oversight of that funding lying with the SAHRA Assistant Director for Education. Separating the funding for student support from the funding of activities in other macro-themes in this way has the advantage that support for individual students can be insensitive to any year-to-year changes in the resources allocated to other macro-themes. As part of the planning process, Macro-Theme Leaders can request new student funding in their macro-theme from the pool made available by previous students leaving. In principle, to maintain equity and balance, student support under subcontracts will be subject to the same guidelines and operating regime as used for UA students.
1b. Performance and Management Indicators
As described more fully in the Management Section, SAHRA is in the process of revising its Strategic Plan to a form that will be consistent with SAHRA’s strategic goals and that complements the revised management and macro-theme structure. This process includes the definition of appropriately revised performance and management indicators. As of this writing, the management strategic goal is have a management structure that is adaptable and responsive to SAHRA’s evolution. More specifically, it is to implement a management structure that: 1) delegates responsibility to SAHRA’s middle management in order to enhance motivation; 2) facilitates improved year-round monitoring of center activity and budgets; and 3) adapts in response to changing understanding, opportunities, and personnel.
New performance indicators to be used by management to evaluate their success in achieving this goal are as follows:
71 ANNUAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS STRATEGIC RESPONSIBLE GOAL INDIVIDUALS QUANTITATIVE INDICATOR QUALITY OR CONTEXT OF INDICATOR
Description of ways in which management Percent of required reports and supports innovation, interdisciplinary budgets that are submitted on time. activities, timeliness of staff products, prioritization of activities. Percent of staff provided with written Description of improvements in J. Shuttleworth performance evaluations and Management administrative processes that promote R. Fox expectations for the next year communication and efficiency B. Sanchez Description of budgeting, data monitoring Number of staff meetings and other and archiving improvements written communication efforts over the Description of management activities and last year progress relative to long-term funding.
Guidance for the qualitative and contextual evaluation of is provided as follows:
STRATEGIC GUIDANCE GOAL Quality of management can be judged relative to the following indicators (does not apply to all projects). Written annual staff evaluations Clear and easily accessible monitoring system Foster innovation and problem solving for documenting activities Encourage interdisciplinary activity by identifying Clear and regular communication of relevant and removing barriers information to all staff and MTL’s Ensure clear expectations about quality and Management Expectation of improvements in administrative timeliness of work products efficiency Incentives for high productivity and motivation, Establishment of fund-raising goals and gage of including positive feedback for good performance success Swift and equitable resolution of personnel issues Accurate budgets with clear explanations, focus with appropriate documentation on avoiding negative consequences and misunderstandings
1c. Problems During the Reporting Period and Anticipated for Year 6
Problems that threatened to hinder progress toward achieving our objectives can be categorized as: a) managing changes in Center leadership; b) financial issues; and c) change of location. All of these were successfully managed.
Managing Changes in Center Leadership In August 2003, Professor Soroosh Sorooshian, the founding Director of SAHRA, and Professor Roger Bales, the founding Deputy Director of SAHRA left the University of Arizona to take up positions in the University of California at Irvine and Merced, respectively, and Professor Hoshin Gupta gave notice of his intent to step down as Associate Director of SAHRA in January 2005. At that time, Professor Jim Shuttleworth was appointed Director of SAHRA and Professor Tom Maddock was appointed Interim Deputy Director for one year. The transition in senior leadership has been seamless and had little if any negative impact on the progress of the Center. In large measure this was due to the continuity of experience provided by the Associate Director and the Assistant Directors for Knowledge Transfer and Education during this critical transition.
72 The new director has instituted several important changes in the management structure of SAHRA and in the assignment of responsibilities for science direction and budget management. Most of the responsibilities of the Associate Director have been successfully transferred to the Director (or, in his absence, the Deputy Director), to the Directors for Knowledge Transfer and Education, or to the co- leaders of the newly defined macro-themes. In January 2005, when Professor Gupta becomes a regular faculty member in the Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, his remaining line-management responsibilities as Associate Director will be shared between three Senior Administrators in SAHRA, specifically, the SAHRA Program Coordinator, Rannie Fox, the Senior Business Manager, Bert Sanchez, and the Senior Systems Analyst, James Broermann. The position of Associate Director of SAHRA will then no longer be required. Professor Gupta will retain his position as Co-Leader of the SAHRA Integrated Modeling macro-theme as a regular faculty member and in the coming years, his continued presence on campus at the University of Arizona will allow valuable ready access to his institutional memory and considerable experience in building and running the Center.
Professor Tom Maddock has accepted the position of Head of the Department Hydrology and Water Resources and will step down as Deputy Director of SAHRA in August 2004. With the approval of NSF and the SAHRA External Advisory Board, Kathy Jacobs, Associate Professor and Specialist in the Department of Soil, Water, and Environmental Science (SWES) and the Water Resources Research Center (WRRC) at the University of Arizona, has been appointed to serve as Deputy Director of SAHRA from August 2004. Professor Jacobs has an outstanding record of success in water resources management and is nationally recognized for her work in the area of stakeholder-scientist interactions. Fostering interaction with stakeholders will be a major priority for SAHRA during the coming years and, in addition to deputizing for the Director in his absence, the new Deputy Director’s primary role will be to provide cross-center leadership in this area of SAHRA activity.
Financial Issues In September 2003, inspection of the SAHRA budget revealed that partly as a result of ERE increases and by drawing on previously unspent carry-forward funding, the Center was spending at a rate in substantial excess of income and that budget revision was required to avoid a deficit at the end of the first five years of Center activity. The Director appointed a Strategic Budget Review Strategic Budget Review Working Group to provide urgent advice on the action required to define a balanced budget, and to review the Director’s proposals for significant changes in the assignment of responsibilities for science direction and budget management within SAHRA.
To ensure balance between SAHRA’s physical and human scientific interests during this review, the six- person review group was lead by two of SAHRA’s Principal Investigators, Professors Tom Maddock and Diana Liverman. The SAHRA External Advisory Board provided oversight of the review process. The review was successfully completed by December 2003 and, acting on the advice of the Working Group and the External Advisory Board, the SAHRA Director made a downward revision of all components of SAHRA’s projected budget of at least 5% and, in many cases, 10%, and cancelled several subcontracts. As a result, a balanced budget was defined for Year 5 (2004) and projected annual rate of spending was reduced to approximately $4M per year, this being the level recommended for Years 6-8 during the successful renewal of SAHRA earlier in the year.
In late December 2003, NSF advised SAHRA that it would not in fact be renewed at the recommended $4M per year level, rather renewal funding during the second five years of SAHRA activity would be at the average level of $3.23M per year. To avoid the need for a immediate additional cut of 20% in the recently defined annual rate of spending and to allow a more gradual adjustment in Center activity or time to seek outside sources of funding, the Director successfully negotiated a funding profile for SAHRA of $4M, $3.75M, $3.5M, $2.7, and $2.1M for Years 6-10, with the additional funding above the $3.25M per
73 year level being provided in years 6-8 by the NSF Hydrology Program, this additional funding subsequently being repaid by receiving less funding in Years 9-10.
In summer 2004, the University of Arizona announced that the Employee Related Expenses (ERE) would again increase by a 2.5% for faculty, 4.1% for staff, and 9.7% for students, primarily to meet the escalating health care costs, and that additional increases of similar size should be expected over the next few years. Although SAHRA is hopeful of gaining some short-term relief from the University of Arizona for the most recently increase in ERE rates, these new ERE rates and likely future increases will necessarily have to be absorbed into the SAHRA budget in due course. This will further amplify the challenge of managing SAHRA science with a decreasing annual budget in the coming years.
Change of Location In March 2004, SAHRA moved from temporary accommodations in the Department of Hydrology and Water Resources to new accommodations on the fifth floor of the newly constructed Marshall Building. The move was well planned and, in general, went smoothly, but the process of moving and remedying shortcomings in the new accommodations and ordering new equipment substantially perturbed SAHRA activities for several months. For example, James Washburne was unable to teach HWR203 Spring 2004 semester due to the move.
2. Management and Communications Systems
The comprehensive Online Management System (OMS) continues to be refined to collect data on research, education, knowledge transfer, diversity, personnel, and management for reports and to help us to evaluate our own efforts. Some changes were also instituted to improve its compatibility with NSF reporting requirements. The OMS aims to 1) serve as a centralized repository of current information on SAHRA personnel, projects, resources, and activities, and 2) eliminate the duplication of effort previously required to request, research, obtain, and compile data for numerous reports.
Many changes to the system in 2004 were initiated to adequately and accurately reflect SAHRA’s evolving focus from thrust areas to macro-theme areas; and to ensure compatibility with our strategic plan and performance and management indicators, which underwent significant review in 2004. Project reports submitted to the OMS will be linked dynamically to the public portion of the website to ensure public access to complete and current information on the status of SAHRA research, knowledge transfer, and education activities.
An internal SAHRA newsletter, Ephemeral Flow, described further in the Knowledge Transfer Section, debuted in Fall 2003. The newsletter, which is published electronically every other month (www.sahra.arizona.edu/newsletter), aims to improved communication and mutual awareness between SAHRA administration and the participants at multiple institutions involved in this STC.
3. Internal and External Advisors
Minutes of the External Advisory Committee meeting are attached as Appendix C.
Name Affiliation 1 Devendra Lal, Scripps Institute of External Advisory Board, Chair Oceanography
74 2 Susan Avery, Univ. of Colorado External Advisory Board 3 John Bernal, Pima County, AZ Public External Advisory Board Works 4 Charles Howe, Univ. of Colorado External Advisory Board 5 Julie Luft, Univ. of Texas at Austin External Advisory Board 6 Harold Mooney, Stanford Univ. External Advisory Board 7 John Schaake, National Weather Service External Advisory Board 8 Bonnie VanDorn, Assoc. of Science- External Advisory Board Technology Centers 9 Larry Winter, NCAR External Advisory Board 10 Fred Phillips, NMT Executive Committee Member 11 Everett Springer, LANL Executive Committee Member 12 Juan Valdés, UA Executive Committee Member 13 David Brookshire, UNM Executive Committee Member 14 Paul Brooks, UA Executive Committee Member 15 David Goodrich, USDA-ARS Executive Committee Member 16 Hoshin Gupta Executive Committee Member 17 Gary Woodard Executive Committee Member 18 Jim Washburne Executive Committee Member 19 Jim Shuttleworth Executive Committee, Chair 20 Thomas Maddock Executive Committee Member 21 Soroosh Sorooshian Executive Committee Ex-Officio Member 22 Victor Baker Executive Committee Ex-Officio Member
4. Changes to the Strategic Plan
Subsequent to the reorganization of activities into a macro-theme format in Spring 2004, SAHRA began the process of substantially revising its Strategic Plan to a form that would complement and be consistent with the new macro-theme structure and could take effect in August 2004. This process includes articulating SAHRA’s strategic goals and appropriately refining performance and management indicators to best evaluate these goals. As of this writing, our revised Strategic Plan is almost complete. SAHRA’s strategic goals were discussed in the Executive Summary; here we discuss the role of SAHRA’s performance indicators.
A strategic planning document merely represents one phase in a continuous circular process of program evaluation, adjustment, and reporting as SAHRA works toward achieving its strategic goals. Essential to this process is the development and measurement of performance indicators. It must be recognized that SAHRA’s performance indicators serve two distinct purposes. First, performance indicators measure our progress toward achieving the seven strategic goals related to science, stakeholder, knowledge transfer, education, diversity, management, and institution. Second, as part of the cooperative agreement, SAHRA is required to develop and maintain a set of management and performance indicators for submission in the annual report to NSF. NSF requires indicators in the following areas: science, knowledge transfer, education, diversity, management and partnerships. The performance indicators SAHRA selected to monitor its performance towards meeting its strategic goals during Phase 2 and for reporting to NSF are detailed in each section of this annual report.
75 For each strategic goal, two related indicators will be evaluated, one quantitative and one qualitative. The quantitative indicators are selected measures that provide an adequate evaluation of progress without imposing onerous information-gathering demands on SAHRA participants, SAHRA staff, and Macro- Theme Leaders. These quantitative indicators will allow analysis of SAHRA’s current status related to its strategic goals. Furthermore, evaluating the trend in these indicators in succeeding years provides a measure of SAHRA’s progress and evolution. However, these quantitative indicators and their trends over time are not by themselves adequate monitors of performance; an interpretation of their intrinsic importance and relevance to SAHRA’s mission is also needed. Consequently, interpretive text will be sought to provide the context and value of the selected quantitative performance indicators. In most cases, guidance on the expected nature of the interpretation is provided. The guidance will allow us to qualitatively evaluate the quantitative indicators in a full spectrum, from planning and initiating activities to obtaining mature results and achievement of SAHRA’s strategic goals.
Performance indicators will be evaluated each summer in the context of the annual review cycle. Quantitative indicators will be provided by SAHRA staff, mainly using data generated from the Online Management System (OMS). The qualitative assessment of these indicators will then be undertaken by the responsible individuals detailed in each section of this report. This information will then be incorporated into SAHRA’s Annual Report to NSF.
76 VIII. CENTER-WIDE OUTPUTS AND ISSUES
1. Center publications (Note: a few publications and presentations listed here are from previous years; they were not included in earlier reports).
Peer-reviewed:
Abbasi, F., F.J. Adamsen, D.J. Hunsaker, J. Feyen, P. Shouse, and M.Th. van Genuchten, Effects of flow depth on water flow and solute transport in furrow irrigation: Field data analysis, J. Irrig. Drain. Eng,. 129(4), 237-246, 2003.
Abbasi, F., J. Feyen, R.L. Roth, M. Sheedy, and M.Th. van Genuchten, Water flow and solute transport in furrow-irrigated fields, Irrig. Sci., 22(2), 57-65, 2003.
Abbasi, F., J. Feyen, and M. Th. Van Genuchten, Two-dimensional simulation of water flow and solute transport below furrows: Model calibration and validation, J. Hydrol. 290(1-2), 63-79, 2004.
Abbasi, F., J. Simunek, J. Feyen, and M.Th. van Genuchten, Inverse estimation of soil hydraulic and solute transport parameters from transient field experiments: heterogeneous soil, Trans. of the ASAE, 46(4), 1097-1111, 2003.
Abbasi, F., J. Simunek, J. Feyen, M.Th. van Genuchten, and P. Shouse, Simultaneous inverse estimation of soil hydraulic and solute transport parameters from transient field experiments: homogeneous soil, Trans. of the ASAE, 46(4), 1085-1095, 2003.
Ajami, K.N., H.V. Gupta, T. Wagener, and S. Sorooshian, Calibration of a semi-distributed hydrologic model for streamflow estimation along a river system, submitted to DMIP Special Issue of J. of Hydrology.
Anderson, B., H. Kanamaru, and J.O. Roads, The summertime atmospheric hydrologic cycle over the southwestern US and northwestern Mexico, forthcoming in J. of Hydrometeorology.
Bagstad, K.J., S.J. Lite, and J.C. Stromberg. Vegetation and hydro-geomorphology of riparian patch types of a dryland river, submitted to Western N. Amer. Naturalist.
Bagstad, K.J., J.C. Stromberg, and S.J. Lite, Response of herbaceous riparian plants to flooding of the San Pedro River, Arizona, submitted to Wetlands.
Bradford, S.A., J. Simunek, M. Bettahar, M. Th. Van Genuchten and S.R. Yates, Modeling colloid attachment, straining, and exclusion in saturated porous media, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37(10), 2242- 2250, 2003.
Brooks, P.D., D.M. McKnight, and K. Elder, Carbon limitation of heterotrophic respiration under seasonal snowpacks: Implications for carbon balance in seasonally snow-covered ecosystems, submitted to Global Change Biology.
Brooks, P.D, C.A. O’Reilly, S.A. Diamond, D.H. Campbell, R. Knapp, D. Bradford, P.S. Corn. B. Hossack, and K. Tonnessen, Spatial and temporal variability in the amount and source of dissolved organic carbon: Implications for UV exposure in amphibian habitat, forthcoming in Ecosystems.
77 Brookshire, D.S., B. Colby, M. Ewers, and P. Ganderton, Market prices for water in the semi arid West, forthcoming in Water Resour. Res.
Brown-Mitic, C.M., W.J. Shuttleworth, E. Burke, J.R. Petti, and S. Sorooshian, Water and carbon exchange at the Mt. Bigelow semi-arid sky island CEOP reference Site, ed. by R.Schiffer, C.R. Mechoso, and P.D. Try, CEOP Newsletter 5, 2003.
Brown-Mitic, C.M., W.J. Shuttleworth, C.Harlow, J. Petti, E. Burke, and R. Bales, Water, energy and CO2 exchange for a sky island subalpine forest in southwestern USA, forthcoming in Agr. And Forest Meteorol.
Browning-Aiken, A. Davis, and D. Moreno, New survey reveals needs of U.S.-Mexico border groups, article posted October 17, 2003, Interhemispheric Resource Center web site, http://www.americaspolicy.org/reports/2003/0310survey_body.html
Browning-Aiken, A., H. Richter, D., B. Strain, and R. Varady, Upper San Pedro Basin: Fostering collaborative binational watershed management, forthcoming in Intl. J. of Water Resour. Devt.
Browning-Aiken, A., R. Varady, and D. Moreno, Water-resources management in the San Pedro Basin: building binational alliances, J. of the Southwest, 45(4): 611-632, 2003.
Burke, E.J., C.M. Brown-Mitic, W.J. Shuttleworth, J.R. Petti, R.C. Harlow, and P.D. Brooks, Assimilation of remotely sensed data into the biome-BGC ecosystem to improve the prediction of energy and carbon exchange in southwestern mountain island forests, submitted to Agri. & Forest Meteorol.
Burness, S., J.M. Chermak, and D. Brookshire, Water use in a mountain front recharge aquifer: analysis, forthcoming in Water Resour. Res.
Chermak, J.M., R.H. Patrick, and D.S. Brookshire, Economics and transboundary aquifers, forthcoming in J. of Groundwater.
Demarty J., C. Ottli, I. Braud, J.P. Frangi, L.A. Bastidas, and H.V. Gupta, Using a multi-objective approach to retrieve information on surface properties used in a SVAT model, J. of Hydrology, 287(1-4): 214-236, 2004.
Demarty, J., C. Ottlé, I. Braud, A. Olioso, J.P. Frangi, H.V. Gupta, and L.A. Bastidas, Constraining a physically based SVAT model with surface water content and thermal infrared brightness temperature measurements using a multiobjective approach, forthcoming in Water Resour. Res.
Fassnacht, S.R., and R.C. Bales, Physiographic variables as indicators of snowpack state for the Colorado River Basin from snow telemetry (SNOTEL) data, submitted to Water Resour. Res.
Fassnacht, S.R., and R.C. Bales, The relationship between physiographic variables and snow water equivalent from snow telemetry (SNOTEL) sites in the Colorado River basin, USA, submitted to Water Resour. Res.
Fassnacht, S.R., K.A. Dressler, and R.C. Bales, Geostatistical interpolation of point-measured SWE in the Colorado River Basin, Water Resour. Res., 39(8), 1208, doi:10.1029/2002WR001512, 2003.
78 Fassnacht, S.R., K.A. Dressler, and R.C. Bales, Snow water equivalent interpolation for the Colorado River Basin from snow telemetry (SNOTEL) data, Water Resour. Res., 39(8), 1208, doi:10.1029/2002WR001512, 2003.
Faust, A.E., P.A. Ferré, M.G. Schaap, A.C. Hinnell, The effect of pedo-transfer function choice on rates and patterns of large-scale estimates of potential recharge, submitted to Vadose Zone J.
Ferré, T.P.A., G. von Glinski, and L.A. Ferré, Monitoring the maximum depth of drainage in response to pumping using borehole ground penetrating radar, Vadose Zone J., 2: 511-518, 2003.
Franz, K.J., H.C. Hartmann, S. Sorooshian, and R. Bales, Verification of National Weather Service ensemble streamflow predictions for water supply forecasting in the Colorado river basin, J. of Hydrometeorology, 4(6), 1105-1118, 2003.
Furman, A., P.A. Ferré, and A.W. Warrick, A sensitivity analysis of electrical-resistance-tomography array types using analytical element modeling, Vadose Zone J., 2, 416-423, 2003.
Georgakakos, K.P., D. Seo, H.V. Gupta, J. Schaake and M.B. Butts, Characterizing streamflow simulation uncertainty through multimodel ensembles, submitted to DMIP Special Issue of J. of Hydrology.
Gochis, D.J., W.J. Shuttleworth, and Z.-L. Yang, Hydrometeorological response of the modeled North American Monsoon to convective parameterization. J. of Hydrometeor., 4: 235-250, 2003.
González, J., and J.B. Valdés, The mean frequency of recurrence of in-time-multidimensional events for drought analyses, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 4: 17-28, 2004.
Han, J., and J. Roads, U.S. climate sensitivity simulated with the NCEP regional spectral model, J. Climate Change 62, 115-154, doi:10.1023/B:CLIM.0000013675.66917.15, 2004.
Hansson, K., J. Simunek, M. Mizoguchi, L.-C. Lundin, and M.Th. van Genuchten, Water flow and heat transport in frozen soil: Numerical solution and freeze/thaw applications, Vadose Zone J., 3: 693-704, 2004.
Harlow, R.C., E.J. Burke, and T.P.A. Ferré, Measuring water content in saline sands using impulse time domain transmission techniques, Vadose Zone J. 2: 433-439, 2003.
Harlow, R.C., E.J. Burke, T.P.A. Ferré, J.C. Bennett, and W.J. Shuttleworth, Measuring spectral dielectric properties using gated time domain transmission measurements, Vadose Zone J. 2: 424-432, 2003.
Harlow, R.C., E.J. Burke, R.L. Scott, W.J. Shuttleworth, C.M. Brown, and J.R. Petti, Derivation of temperature lapse rates in semi-arid southeastern Arizona, submitted to Hydrology and Earth System Sci.
Hibbs, B., F. Phillips, J. Hogan, C. Eastoe, J. Hawley, A. Granados, and B. Hutchison, Hydrogeologic and isotopic study of the groundwater resources of the Hueco Bolson Aquifer, El Paso, Texas/Juarez, Mexico Area, Hydrol. Sci. and Tech, 19 (1-4): 109-119, 2003.
Hogue, T.S., L.A. Bastidas, H.V. Gupta, S. Sorooshian, and K. Mitchell, Evaluation and transferability of a land-surface model in semi-arid environments, submitted to AMS J. of Hydrometeorology.
79 Hultine, K.R., R.L. Scott, W.L. Cable, and D.G. Williams. Hydraulic redistribution by a dominant, warm desert phreatophyte: seasonal patterns and response to precipitation pulses, forthcoming in Functional Ecology.
Huth, A.K., A. Leydecker, J.O. Sickman, and R.C. Bales, A two-component hydrograph separation for three high-elevation catchments in the Sierra Nevada, California, Hydrological Processes 18(9), 1721- 1733, 2004.
Huxman, T.E., M.D. Smith, P.A. Fay, A.K. Knapp, M.R. Shaw, M.E. Loik, S.D. Smith, D.T. Tissue, J.C. Jak, J.F. Weltzin, W.T. Pockman, O.E. Sala, B.M. Haddad, J. Harte, G.W. Koch, S. Schwinning, E.E. Small, and D.G. Williams, Convergence across biomes to a common rain-use efficiency, Nature, 429: 651-654, 2004.
Huxman, T.E., B.P. Wilcox, R.L. Scott, K. Snyder, K. Hultine, E. Small, D. Breshears, W. Pockman, and R.B. Jackson R.B., Ecohydrological implications of woody plant encroachment, forthcoming in Ecology.
Kelleners, T.J., R.W.O. Soppe, D.A. Robinson, M.G. Schaap, J.E. Ayars, and T.H. Skaggs, Calibration of capacitance probe sensors using electric circuit theory, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 68: 430-439, 2004.
Kim, Jinwon, Jongyoun Kim, J.D. Farrara, and J.O. Roads, The effects of the Gulf of California SSTs on warm-season rainfall in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico: A regional model study, submitted to J. Hydrometeorology.
Kim, T., and J.B. Valdés, A nonlinear model for drought forecasting based on a conjunction of wavelet transforms and artificial neural networks, J. Hydrol. Eng. 8(6): 319-328, 2003.
Kim, T., and J.B. Valdés, Synthetic generation of hydrologic time series based on nonparametric random generation, submitted to J. Hydrol. Eng, ASCE.
Kim, T.W., J.B. Valdés, B. Nijssen, D. Roncayolo, and K. K. Hirschboeck, Linkages between large-scale climatic variations and seasonal variations of precipitation in the Colorado River basin, submitted to J. of Hydrology.
Kim, T., C. Yoo, and J.B. Valdés, A nonparametric approach for estimating effects of ENSO on return periods of droughts, KSCE J. of Civil Eng. 7(5): 629-636, 2003.
Kurc, S., and E.E. Small, Dynamics of evapotranspiration in semiarid grassland and shrubland during the summer monsoon season, central NM, forthcoming in Water Resour. Res.
Leij, F.J., N. Romano, M.G. Schaap, A. Coppola, and M. Palladiono, Topographical attributes to predict soil hydraulic properties along a hillslope transect. Water Resour Res., 40, doi:10.1029/2002WR001641, 2004.
Lewis, D.B., J.D. Schade, A.K. Huth, and N.B. Grimm. Resistance and resilience in a fluvial ecosystem: Variability compared among patch types, submitted to Ecology.
Li, J., X. Gao, R.A. Maddox, S. Sorooshian, and K. Hsu, A numerical investigation of the storm structure and evolution in the 1999 Las Vegas flooding, Monthly Weather Rev., 131(9): 2038-2059, 2003.
Lite, S.J., and J.C. Stromberg, Ground-water and surface water thresholds for maintaining Populus-Salix forests, San Pedro River, Arizona, submitted to Biological Conservation.
80 Lite, S.J., J.C. Stromberg, and K.J. Bagstad, Riparian vegetation water needs: stressor-response model for assessing riparian ecosystem condition, case study of the San Pedro River, Arizona, submitted to River Res. and Applications.
Lite, S.J., J.C. Stomberg, and K.J. Bagstad, Riparian plant richness and abundance across gradients of water stress and flood disturbance, San Pedro River, Arizona, USA, part I: lateral gradients, submitted to J. of Arid Environments.
Lite, S.J., J.C. Stromberg, and K.J. Bagstad, Riparian plant diversity and abundance across gradients of water stress and flood disturbance, San Pedro River, Arizona, USA; part II: longitudinal gradients, submitted to J. of Arid Environments.
Liu, Y., L.A. Bastidas, H.V. Gupta, and S. Sorooshian, Impacts of a parameterization deficiency on off- line and coupled land surface model simulations, J. of Hydrometeorology 4(5): 901-914, 2003.
Liu, Y., H.V. Gupta, S. Sorooshian, L.A. Bastidas, and W.J. Shuttleworth, Sensitivities of land and atmospheric parameters in a locally coupled model, submitted to J. of Geophysical Res.
Liu, Y., H.V. Gupta, S. Sorooshian, and W.J. Shuttleworth, Constraining the Land and atmospheric parameters of a locally coupled single column model using observational data, submitted to AMS J. Hydrometeorology.
Long, J.W., A. Tecle, and B.M. Burnette, Cultural basis for restoring riparian wetlands on the White Mountain Apache Tribe, Ecological Restoration 8(1): 4, 2003. [Online]
Long, J.W., A. Tecle, and B.M. Burnette, Marsh development following passive restoration and upland erosion on the White Mountain Apache Reservation, J. of the American Water Resources Assoc. 39(6): 1345-1359, 2003.
Matthews, O.P., L. Scuderi, D. Brookshire, K. Gregory, S. Snell, K. Krause, J. Chermak, B. Cullen, and M. Campana, Marketing western water: Can a process based geographic information system improve reallocation decisions? Nat. Resour. J. 41(2): 330-371, 2001.
McIntyre, N., T. Wagener, H.S. Wheater, and S.C. Chapra, Risk based modeling of surface water quality: a case study of the Charles River, Massachusetts, J. of Hydrology, 274, 225-247, 2003.
McIntyre, N., T. Wagener, H.S. Wheater, H.S., and Z. Siyu, Uncertainty and risk in water quality modelling and management. J. of Hydroinformatics, 5(4), 259-274, 2003.
McPhee, J., and W.W-G. Yeh, Multiobjective optimization for sustainable groundwater management in semi-arid regions, forthcoming in J. of Water Resources Planning and Management.
Molotch, N.P., R.C. Bales, M.T. Colee, and J. Dozier, Estimating the spatial distribution of snow water equivalent in an alpine basin using binary regression tree models: the impact of digital elevation data and independent variable selection, forthcoming in Hydrological Processes.
Molotch, N.P., S.R. Fassnacht, R.C. Bales, and S.R. Helfrich, Estimating the distribution of snow water equivalent and snow extent beneath cloud-cover in the Salt-Verde River basin, Arizona, Hydrological Processes, 18, doi:10.1002/hyp.1408, 2004.
81 Molotch, N.P., T.H. Painter, R.C. Bales and J. Dozier, Incorporating remotely sensed snow albedo into a spatially distributed snowmelt model, Geophysical Research Letters, 31, doi:10.1029/2003GL019063, 2004.
Moradkhani, H., S. Sorooshian, H.V. Gupta and P.A. Houser, Dual state-parameter estimation of hydrological models using ensemble Kalman filter, submitted to Advances in Water Resour.
Morin, E., D.C. Goodrich, R.A. Maddox, X. Gao, H.V. Gupta and S. Sorooshian, Spatial Patterns in thunderstorm rainfall events: conceptual modeling and hydrological insights, submitted to Water Resour. Res.
Nemes, A., M.G. Schaap, and J.H.M. Woesten, Functional evaluation of pedotransfer functions derived from different scales of data collection, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 67: 1093-1102, 2003.
Orr, P., and B.G. Colby, Institutions and incentives to protect water-dependent amenities, forthcoming in Water Resour. Res.
Paige, G.B., J.J. Stone, J.R. Smith, J.R. Kennedy, The Walnut Gulch rainfall simulator: a computer controlled variable intensity rainfall simulator, Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 20(1): 25-31, 2004.
Phillips, P., and A. Tecle, Variations in riparian area vegetation characteristics along Wet Beaver and Beaver Creeks of North-Central Arizona, Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 33:23-30, 2003.
Potts, D.L., and D.G. Williams, Response of tree ring Holocellulose į13C to moisture availability in Populus fremontii at perennial and intermittent stream reaches, Western North American Naturalist 64: 27-37, 2004.
Qu, Y., and C. J. Duffy, A distributed model for multi-scale water budgets: theory, submitted to Water Resour. Res.
Raat, K.J., G.P.J. Draaijers, M.G. Schaap, A. Tietema, and J.M. Verstraten, Spatial variability of throughfall water and chemistry and forest floor water content in a Douglas fir forest stand, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 6(3), 363-374, 2002.
Roads, J., Experimental weekly to seasonal, global to regional U.S. precipitation forecasts, J. Hydrology, 288: 153-16, 2004.
Schaap, M.G., A. Nemes, and M.Th. van Genuchten, Comparison of models for indirect estimation of water retention in surface soils, forthcoming in Vadose Zone J.
Schaap, M.G., D.A. Robinson, S.P. Friedman, and A. Lazar, Measurement and modeling of the TDR signal propagation through layered dielectric media, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 67: 1113-1121, 2003. Scott, R.L., E.A. Edwards, W.J. Shuttleworth, T.E. Huxman, C. Watts, and D.C. Goodrich, Interannual and seasonal variation in fluxes of water and carbon dioxide from a riparian woodland ecosystem, J. Agr. Forest Meteor, 122: 65-84, 2004.
Seymour, G., and A. Tecle, Impact of slash pile size and burning on ponderosa pine forest soil physical characteristics, Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 33: 55-64, 2003.
82 Shamir, E., B. Imam, H.V. Gupta & S. Sorooshian, Application of temporal streamflow descriptors in downward parameter estimation, submitted to Water Resour. Res.
Shamir, E., E. Morin, B. Imam, H.V. Gupta, and S. Sorooshian, The role of hydrograph indices in parameter estimation of rainfall-runoff models, forthcoming in Hydrological Processes.
ŠimĤnek, J., N.J. Jarvis, M.T. van Genuchten, and A. Gärdenäs, Review and comparison of models for describing non-equilibrium and preferential flow and transport in the vadose zone , J. of Hydrology, 272, 14-35, 2003.
Skaggs, T.H., T.J. Trout, J. ŠimĤnek, and P.J. Shouse, Comparison of HYDRUS-2D simulations of drip irrigation with experimental observations, forthcoming in J. of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering.
Small, E. E., Climatic controls on diffuse groundwater recharge in arid and semiarid environments, submitted to Water Resour. Res.
Small, E.E., and S.A. Kurc, Tight coupling between soil moisture and the surface radiation budget in semiarid environments: Implications for land-atmosphere interactions, Water Resour. Res. 39(10), 1278, 2003.
Stromberg, J.C., K.J. Bagstad, E. Makings, J. Leenhouts, and S.J. Lite, Relationships between stream flow intermittency and channel vegetation of a semi-arid region river (San Pedro River, Arizona), submitted to River Res. App.
Stromberg, J.C., S.J. Lite, and M.K. Chew, Alien plants and riparian ecosystem restoration: the Tamarix case, Southwest Hydrology 2(2): 22-23, 2003.
Uyeda, S., J.A. Luft, J. Madden, J. Washburne, and L.A. Brigham, Transferring and constructing knowledge: designing an STC based teacher workshop, J. of Geoscience Ed., 51(5): 484-489, 2003.
Varady, R.G., A. Browning-Aiken, D. Goodrich, W.J. Shuttleworth, R. Strain, H. Richter, A.L. Ross, and D. Moreno, The Upper San Pedro River basin: stakeholders, science, and policy, forthcoming in special issue of Int. J. or Water Resour. Devt., ed. by L. Andersson, D.W. Moody, and B. Liedberg Jonsson.
Velasco, V. I., J. Aparicio, J. Velazquez, J. Valdés, and T.-W. Kim, Evaluación de índices de sequía en las cuencas de afluentes del Río Bravo/Grande, forthcoming in Revista Ingeniería Hidraulica en México.
Vrugt J.A., W. Bouten, G.B.M. Heuvelink, H.V. Gupta, and S. Sorooshian, Towards improved identifiability of hydraulic model parameters: the information content of experimental data, Water Resour. Res., 38(12): 48.1-48.13, 2003.
Vrugt, J.A., H.V. Gupta, L.A. Bastidas, W. Bouten, and S. Sorooshian, Effective and efficient algorithm for multi-objective optimization of hydrologic models, Water Resour. Res., 39(8), 1214, doi:10.1029/2002WR001746, 2003.
Vrugt, J.A., H.V. Gupta, W. Bouten, S. Sorooshian, A shuffled complex evolution metropolis algorithm for optimization and uncertainty assessment of hydrological model parameters, Water Resour. Res., 39(8): 1.1-1.16, 2003.
83 Vrugt, J.A., H.V. Gupta, C.G.H. Diks, W. Boughten and J. M. Verstraten, Improved treatment of uncertainty in hydrologic modeling: combining the strengths of global optimization and data assimilation, submitted to Water Resour. Res.
Wagener, T., Evaluation of catchment models, Hydrological Processes, 17: 3375-3378, 2003.
Wagener, T., H.V. Gupta, K. Carpenter, B. James, R. Vazquez, S. Sorooshian, and W.J. Shuttleworth, A hydroarchive for the free exchange of hydrological software, Hydrological Processes, 18: 389-391, 2004.
Wagener, T., N. McIntyre, M.J. Less, H.S. Wheater, and H.V. Gupta, Towards reduced uncertainty in conceptual rainfall-runoff modeling: Dynamic identifiability analysis, Hydrological Processes 17: 455- 476, 2003.
Walvoord M., and F.M. Phillips, Identifying areas of basin-floor recharge in the Trans-Pecos region and the link to vegetation, J. Hydrol. 292(1-4): 59-74, 2004.
Walvoord, M.A., F.M. Phillips, D.A. Stonestrom, R.D. Evans, P.C. Hartsough, B.D. Newman, and R.G. Striegl, A reservoir of nitrate beneath desert soils, Science, 302(5647): 1021-1024, 2004.
Wang, X.-P., C.M. Brown-Mitic, E.-S Kang, J.-G. Zhang, and X.-R. Li, Evapotranspiration of Caragana korshinskii communities in a revegetated desert area, forthcoming in Hydrological Processes.
Weber, M., and R. Berrens, Value of instream flow and remote recreation in the Sonoran Desert, submitted to Rivers.
Williams, D.G., W. Cable, K. Hultine, J.C.B. Hoedjes, E. Yepez, V. Simonneaux, S. Er-Raki, G. Boulet, H.A.R. de Bruin, A. Chehbouni, O.K. Hartogensis, and F. Timouk. Components of evapotranspiration in an olive orchard determined by eddy covariance, sap flow and stable isotope techniques, forthcoming in Agr. And Forest Meteorology.
Winter, C.L., E.P. Springer, K. Costigan, P. Fasel, S. Mniewski, and G. Zyvoloski, Virtual watersheds: Simulating the water balance of the Rio Grande Basin, Computing in Sci. and Eng., 6(3): 18-26, 2004.
Xu, J., X. Gao, W.J. Shuttleworth, S. Sorooshian, and E. Small, Model climatology of the seasonal development of the North American monsoon during 1980-2001, forthcoming in J. of Climate.
Xu, J., W.J. Shuttleworth, X. Gao, S. Sorooshian, and E. Small, Soil moisture-precipitation feedback on the North American monsoon system in the MM5/OSU Model, forthcoming in Quarterly J. of the Royal Meteor. Soc.
Yepez, E.A., D.G. Williams, R. Scott, and G. Lin, Partitioning overstory and understory evapotranspiration in a semi-arid savanna ecosystem from the isotopic composition of water vapor, J. Agr. Forest Meteor. 119, 53-68, 2003.
Yuan H., S.L. Mullen, X. Gao, S. Sorooshian, J. Du, and H. H Juang, Verification of quantitative precipitation forecasts over the southwest United States during winter 2002-2003 by the RSM Ensemble System, Submitted to Monthly Weather Rev.
Zhu, J., and B.P. Mohanty, Effective hydraulic parameters for steady state vertical flow in heterogenous soils, Water Resour. Res. 39(8), 1178, doi:10.1029/2002WR001831, 2003.
84 Zhu, J., and B.P. Mohanty, Soil hydraulic parameter upscaling for steady state flows with plant root-water uptake, forthcoming in Vadose Zone J.
Zhu, J., B.P. Mohanty, and A.W. Warrick, Correspondence and upscaling of hydraulic functions for steady state evaporation in heterogeneous soils, forthcoming in Vadose Zone J.
Books and book chapters:
Blasch, K., T.P.A. Ferré, J. Constantz, J.P. Hoffmann, D. Pool, M. Bailey, and J. Cordova, Processes controlling recharge beneath ephemeral streams in southern Arizona, in Groundwater Recharge in a Desert Environment: The Southwestern United States, ed. by J.F. Hogan, F.M. Phillips, and B.R. Scanlon, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., 2004.
Brookshire, D.S., and J.M. Chermak, Benefit and informational transfers, in Environmental Value Transfer: Issues and Methods, ed. by O. Olvar, S. Navrud, and R. Ready, Kluwer Academic Publishers, (forthcoming).
Brookshire, D.S., J.M. Chermak, and R. DeSimone, Uncertainty, benefit transfers, and physical models: a Middle Rio Grande Valley focus, in Environmental Value Transfer: Issues and Methods, ed. by O. Olvar, S. Navrud, and R. Ready, Kluwer Academic Publishers, (forthcoming).
Colby, B.G., Economic characteristics of successful environmental dispute resolution outcomes, Chapter 15 in Evaluating Environmental and Public Policy Dispute Resolution Programs and Policies, ed. by R. Oleary and L. Bingham, Resources for the Future Press, pp. 301-325, 2003.
Colby, B.G., and J. Thorson, Smoke on the Water: One Hundred Years of Litigation and Negotiations Over Tribal Water Rights, University of Arizona Press, forthcoming, 2004.
Duffy, C.J., Semi-discrete dynamical model for mountain-front recharge and water balance estimation: Rio Grande of southern Colorado and New Mexico, in Groundwater Recharge in a Desert Environment: The Southwestern United States, ed. by J.F. Hogan, F.M. Phillips, and B.R. Scanlon, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., 2004.
Eastoe, C.J., A. Gu, and A. Long, The origins, ages, and flow paths of groundwater in the Tucson Basin: results of a study of multiple isotope systems, in Groundwater Recharge in a Desert Environment: The Southwestern United States, ed. by J.F. Hogan, F.M. Phillips, and B.R. Scanlon, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., 2004.
Goodrich, D.C., D.G. Williams, C.L. Unkrich, J.F. Hogan, R.L. Scott, K.R. Hultine, D. Pool, A.L. Coes, and S.N. Miller, Comparison of methods to estimate ephemeral channel recharge, Walnut Gulch, San Pedro River Basin, Arizona, in Groundwater Recharge in a Desert Environment: The Southwestern United States, ed. by J.F. Hogan, F.M. Phillips, and B.R. Scanlon, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., 2004.
Gupta, H.V., K.J. Beven and T. Wagener, Model calibration and uncertainty estimation, in Encyclopedia of Hydrologic Sciences, 3 Volumes, John Wiley and Sons, (forthcoming).
Hogan, J.F., F.M. Phillips, and B. Scanlon, editors, Groundwater Recharge in a Desert Environment: The Southwestern United States, Water Resources Monograph series, Washington, DC, American Geophysical Union, 2004.
85 Lawford, R.G., Landwehr, J.M., Sorooshian, S., and Whitaker, M.P.L., International Hydrologic Science Programs and Global Water Issues, Chapter 11 in Water: Science, Policy, and Management, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., pp. 223-246, 2003.
McConnell, J.R., Role and importance of cryospheric processes in climate system, in Encyclopedia of Hydrologic Sciences, ed. by M.G. Anderson and J.J. McDonnell, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, New York, 2004.
McPhee, J., and W.W-G. Yeh, Optimal experimental design for parameter estimation and contaminant plume characterization in groundwater modeling, in Optimal Design: Their Roles and Applications, ed. by W.K. Wong and M.R.F. Beger, Wiley, New York (forthcoming).
Phillips, F.M., J.F. Hogan, S.K. Mills, and J.M.H. Hendrickx, Environmental tracers applied to quantifying causes of salinity in arid-region rivers: Preliminary results from the Rio Grande, Southwestern USA, in Water Resources Perspectives: Evaluation, Management and Policy, edited by A.S. Alsharhan and W.W. Wood, New York, Elsevier Science, pp. 327-334, 2003.
Phillips, F.M., J.F. Hogan, and B.R. Scanlon, Introduction and overview, in Groundwater Recharge in a Desert Environment: The Southwestern United States, ed. by J.F. Hogan, F.M. Phillips, and B.R. Scanlon, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., 2004.
Phillips, F.M., M.A. Walvoord, and E.E. Small, Effects of environmental change on groundwater recharge in the Desert Southwest, in Groundwater Recharge in a Desert Environment: The Southwestern United States, ed. by J.F. Hogan, F.M. Phillips, and B.R. Scanlon, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., 2004.
Roads, J., R. Oglesby, F. Hoffman, F. Robertson, Acceleration of the global hydrologic cycle, submitted to Encyclopedia of Hydrologic Sciences.
Sorooshian, S., and M.P.L. Whitaker, Hydrology Overview, in Handbook of Weather, Climate, and Water: Chemistry, Impacts, and Applications, ed. by T. Potter and B. Colman, pp. 417-430, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 2003.
Stewart, S., and J. Kahn, A primer on stated preference modeling, in Handbook of Contingent Valuation, ed. by A. Alberini and J. Kahn, Northampton, MA, Edward Elgar, (forthcoming).
Stewart, S., J. Kahn, and R. Bruins, Valuing scientific information: choice model estimates of the value of biodiversity in the Clinch River Valley, in Economics and Ecological Risk Assessment: Applications to Watershed Management, ed. by R. Bruin and M. Heberling, Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, (forthcoming).
Varady, R.G., and B.J. Morehouse, Moving borders from the periphery to the center: river basins, political boundaries, and water management policy, in Water: Science, Policy, and Management, ed. by R. Lawford, D. Fort, H. Hartmann, and S. Eden, American Geophysical Union Water Resources Monograph 16, Washington, DC, American Geophysical Union, pp. 143-159, 2003.
Varady, R.G., A. Browning-Aiken, D. Goodrich, H. Richter, R. Strain, A.L. Ross, W.J. Shuttleworth, and D. Moreno, The Upper San Pedro River HELP basin: An informal, binational approach to watershed management, in The Role of Hydrological Information in Water Law and Policy: Current Practice and Future Potential, ed. by J. S. Wallace, P. Wouters, and S. Pazvakavamba, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishers, (forthcoming).
86 Wagener, T., Watershed modeling, in The Encyclopedia of Water, ed. by J.H. Lehr, New York, John Wiley & Sons (forthcoming).
Wagener, T., Modeling ungauged watersheds, in The Encyclopedia of Water, ed. by J.H. Lehr, New York, John Wiley & Sons (forthcoming).
Wagener, T., H.S. Wheater, and H.V. Gupta, Identification and evaluation of watershed models, in Advances in calibration of watershed models, ed. by Q. Duan, S. Sorooshian, H.V. Gupta, A. Rousseau, and R. Turcotte, Washington, DC, American Geophysical Union, pp. 29-47, 2003.
Wagener, T., H.S. Wheater, and H.V. Gupta, Identification and evaluation of watershed models. In Advances in calibration of watershed models, ed. by Q. Duan, S. Sorooshian, H.V. Gupta, A. Rousseau, and R. Turcotte, Washington, DC, American Geophysical Union, pp. 29-47, 2003.
Wagener, T., H.S. Wheater, and H.V. Gupta, Rainfall-runoff Modelling in Gauged and Ungauged Catchments, London, Imperial College Press, 2004.
Walvoord, M.A., and B.R. Scanlon, Hydrologic processes in deep vadose zones in interdrainage arid environments, in Groundwater Recharge in a Desert Environment: The Southwestern United States, ed. by J.F. Hogan, F.M. Phillips, and B.R. Scanlon, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., 2004.
Wilson, J.L., and H. Guan, Mountain-block hydrology and mountain front recharge, in Groundwater Recharge in a Desert Environment: The Southwestern United States, ed. by J.F. Hogan, F.M. Phillips, and B.R. Scanlon, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., 2004.
Zhu, J., and B.P. Mohanty, Upscaling of hydraulic properties of heterogeneous soils, in Methods of Scaling in Soil Physics, ed. by Y. Pachepsky, D. E. Radclifffe, and H. M. Selim, CRC Press, 97-117, 2003.
Non-peer reviewed:
Brott, E.M., and A. Browning-Aiken, Elusive identity: case study of a binational environmental non- governmental organization on Mexico’s northern border, Tucson, AZ, Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, 2003.
Brown-Mitic, Constance, W. J. Shuttleworth, E. Burke, J. Petti, and S. Sorooshian, Water and Carbon Exchange at the Mt. Bigelow Reference Site, R. Schiffer, C.R. Mechoso, P.D. Try (eds.), http://www.ceop.net, CEOP newsletter No. 5-, pp. 8, 2004.
Rassam, D., J. ŠimĤnek, and M. Th. Van Genuchten, Modelling Variably-Saturated Flow with HYDRUS- 2D. ND Consult, Brisbane, Australia, 2003.
Southwest Hydrology, vols. 2, no. 5 through 3, no. 4 (Sept./Oct. 2003 through July/Aug. 2004) were produced, edited, and published by SAHRA. Contributions by SAHRA authors included the following: • Black, M., Australians cope with long-term drought. (vol. 3, no. 2) • Brookshire, D., P. Ganderton, M. Ewers, B. Colby, and S. Stewart, Water markets in the Southwest: Why and where? (vol. 3, no. 2) • Hong, Y., W.J. Shuttleworth, K. Hsu, and S. Sorooshian, Satellites provide data to estimate rainfall at global and regional scales. (vol. 3, no. 1) • Hancock, E., Water camps and exhibits for Summer 2004. (vol. 3, no. 2)
87 • Hong, Y., W.J. Shuttleworth, K. Hsu, and S. Sorooshian, Satellites provide data to estimate rainfall at global and regional scales. (vol. 3, no. 1) • Whitaker, M., Dig into the GLOBE Soil Moisture Campaign. (vol. 3, no. 1) • Woodard, G., Climate-change articles note worldwide ice mass reduction. (vol. 3, no.1) • Woodard, G., Is water weird or just a common commodity? (vol. 3, no. 2) • Woodard, G., ACE professional educational initiative creates opportunities for all. (vol. 2, no.6) • Woodard, G., K. Carpenter, and K. Blasch, Real-time data in educational displays enhance hydrologic literacy. (vol. 2, no. 5) • Woodhouse, B., The real-time data network of the U.S. Geological Survey. (vol. 2, no. 5) • Woodhouse, B., Pharmaceuticals and other wastewater products in our waters – a new can of worms? (vol. 2, no.6) • Woodhouse, B., and T. Hansen, Meeting the challenges of real-time data transport and integration: HPWREN and ROADNet. (vol. 2, no. 5) • Woodhouse, B., and G. Wildeman, The Arizona Water Banking Authority: a nonprofit water storage facilitator. (vol. 3, no. 2)
Varady, R.G., Global water initiatives: their evolution and significance, IAHR/AIRH Newsletter 42(2): 22, 2004.
Varady, R.G., A. Browning-Aiken, R. Merideth, B. Morehouse, and D. Goodrich, Water and climate in the San Pedro River basin of Mexico and Arizona: Pioneering an informal binational dialogue. Final Report to the Dialogue on Water and Climate, Tucson, 2003.
Winter, L., and E. Springer, Virtual watershed: Simulating the water balance of the Rio Grande Basin, Los Alamos Science, no. 28, 2003.
1b. Conference presentations
Bales, R.C., D. Brookshire, C. Brown, H.V. Gupta, J. Hogan, F. Phillips, S. Sorooshian, J. Villinski, and G. Woodard, Sustainability, hydrologic science and the balance between water supply and demand in the Southwestern U.S., presented at the EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, Nice, France, April 7-11, 2003.
Bastidas, L.A., Multi-objective approaches for parameter estimation and uncertainty, presented at International Workshop on Uncertainty, Sensitivity Analysis and Parameter Estimation, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Rockville, Maryland, August 19-21, 2003.
Bastidas, L.A., S. Li, N.L. Miller, A scheme for application of non-uniform grids for land surface modeling, presented at AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, December 8-12, 2003.
Brooks, P.D., D.M. McKnight, and K. Elder, Carbon limitation of heterotrophic respiration under seasonal snowpacks: Implications for carbon balance in seasonally snow-covered ecosystems, invited talk presented at the AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, December 2003.
Brookshire, D., Comparing consumer response for water demand in and out of the laboratory, panel presentation, British Hydrological Society International Conference, London, UK, July 2004.
Brookshire, D., Consumer demand response, data gaps, and demand management of water in the Southwestern U.S., presentation to the Association for the Advancement of Science, Denver Colorado, Feb. 2003.
88 Brookshire, D., The demand for water: Consumer response to scarcity, invited talk, Southern Economic Association Annual Meeting, Oct. 2001.
Brookshire, D., Economics and the silvery minnow, presentation at the Governor’s Symposium: The Rio Grande Silvery Minnow Science and Policy in the Bosque, Albuquerque, NM, Oct. 2003.
Brookshire, D., Endangered species and integrated modeling, presentation to the New Mexico Tech Department of Hydrology, Socorro, NM, March 2002.
Brookshire, D., Lab and field studies of experience, presented at the Second World Congress of Environmental and Resource Economists, Monterey, CA, June 2002.
Brookshire, D., Water demand: consumer response to scarcity, invited talk, 2nd World Congress of Environmental and Resource Economists, Monterey, CA, June 2002.
Brookshire, D., Water scarcity, market based incentives, and consumer response, invited talk, Invited Talk, European Geophysical Society-American Geophysical Union-European Union of Geoscience Joint Assembly, Nice, France, April 2002.
Brookshire, D., J. Chermak, K.Krause, P. Ganderton, and M. Ewers, presenting session, Sustainability of semi-Arid Hydrology and Riparian Areas, at the Universities Council on Water Resources (UCOWR) annual conference, Allocating Water: Economics and the Environment, Portland, Ore., July 20-22, 2004.
Chermak, J., Consumer response to scarcity, Hydrological Sciences Session, EGS-AG-EUG joint assembly, Nice, France, April 2003. Chermak, J., Development of a model for the reallocation of water and assessment of the hydrological effects of climate change in the Upper Rio Grande Basin, Southwestern USA, presented at the Dubai International Conference on Water Resources and Integrated Management in the Third Millennium, London, UK, 2002.
Chermak, J., Experimental investigations in the consumer demand for water, Latin American and Caribbean Congress of Environmental and Resource Economics, Cartagena, Colombia, July 2003.
Chermak, J., Mexico-U.S. Transboundary water issues: An economic view, International Education Week Symposium, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, Nov. 2003.
Chermak, J., Urban water, prices, and scarcity, invited talk, State of New Mexico Legislative Committee on Natural Resources and Water, Red River, NM, July 2003.
Desta, A., and A. Tecle, Water balance in Upper Lake Mary, Flagstaff, Arizona, presented at Annual Meeting of the Arizona Nevada Academy of Science Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, April 10, 2004.
Duffy, C., Dynamical models and hillslope hydropedology, invited talk, Soil Science Society of America Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, Nov. 2003.
Eastoe, C.J., Age and origin of water in Tucson basin, talk presented at October 2002 meeting, Arizona Hydrological Society.
Eastoe, C.J., Isotope geochemistry and groundwater studies, invited talk, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juarez, Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Nov. 2003.
89 Eastoe, C.J., B.J. Hibbs, A. Granados Olivas, J. Hogan, and E. Bangs, Isotopes (O, H, tritium) as indicators of water movement near the international boundary in the El Paso (Texas)-Ciudad Juarez (Chihuahua) metropolitan area, presented at Geological Society of America, Annual Meeting, Seattle, October, 2003. Fritchel, P.E., D.P. Boyle, and J.R. McConnell, Evaluation of a hydrologic model of the Rio Grande using a long-term dataset of land surface fluxes and states, presented at the AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, 2003. Goodrich, D.C., A. Farid, S.N. Miller, D. Semmens, D.J. Williams, S. Moran, C.L. Unkrich, Airborne Laser Swath Mapping (ALSM) for enhanced riparian water use estimates, basin sediment budgets, and terrain characterization, AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, 2003. Goodrich, D.C., D.G. Williams, C.L. Unkrich, R.L. Scott, K.R. Hultine, D. Pool, A. Coes, and J. Hogan, Multiple approaches to estimate ephemeral channel recharge, presented at the First Interagency Conference on Research in the Watersheds, October 27-30, 2003.
Greden-Mathews, L., S. Kask, S. Stewart, L. Rotegard, and G. Johnson, How much do visitors value scenic quality? Results from the Blue Ridge Parkway Scenic Experience Project, George Wright Society/National Park Service Joint Conference, San Diego, CA, March 2003.
Guan, H., and J.L. Wilson, Are slope and bedrock topography important influences on water percolation into mountain bedrock? Paper presented at NM Symposium on Hydrologic Modeling, Socorro, New Mexico, USA, 2003.
Guan, H., J. L. Wilson, B D. Newman, and J. ŠimĤnek,, Modeling investigation of water partitioning at a semi-arid hillslope, paper presented at AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, Dec. 2003.
Gupta, H.V., E. Springer, D. Brookshire, & T. Wagener, Multi-resolution integrated modeling for basin- scale water resources management and policy analysis, presented at the International Conference on Hydrology: Science and Practice for the 21st Century, Session on Integrated Catchment Management, Imperial College London, UK, July 12-16, 2004.
Gupta, H.V., J. Vrugt, and T. Wagener, Advances in methods for identification of hydrological models, presented at the EGS-EUG Joint Assembly, Nice, France, April, 2004.
Gupta, H.V., E. Springer, D. Brookshire, and T. Wagener, Multi-resolution integrated modeling for basin- scale water resources management and policy analysis, presented at joint UCOWR-NIWR conference on Allocating Water: Economics and the Environment, Portland, OR, July 20-22, 2004.
Hancock, E.S., Integrating science, education, and knowledge transfer, paper presented at the Annual Meeting of STC Directors, Santa Cruz, CA, Aug. 20, 2003.
Hancock, E.S., B. Austin, G. Roehrig, and T. Slater, Understanding the impact of undergraduate research from the perspective of program intentions, paper presented at Annual Meeting, National Association for Research in Science Teaching, Vancouver, Canada, April 2004.
Hogue, T.S., L.A. Bastidas, and S. Sorooshian, Evaluation of the NOAH land surface model for semi-arid sites in the southwestern United States. AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, December 8-12, 2003.
Huiling, Y., S.L. Mullen, and X. Gao, A case study of ensemble forecasting on an extensive precipitation in the West USA using RSM, panel presentation, 4th International RSM Workshop, Los Alamos, NM, July 31-Aug. 2, 2002.
90 Hultine, K.R., W.L. Cable, D.G. Williams, P.Z. Ellsworth, and R.L. Scott, Transpiration by mesquite on a desert river floodplain, invited talk, The American Geophysical Union Chapman Conference on Eco- Hydrology of Semiarid Landscapes: Interactions and Processes, Taos, NM, Sept. 2002.
Huxman, T.E., K.A. Snyder, B.P. Wilcox, R.L. Scott, D.D. Breshears, E.E. Small, R.B. Jackson, W.T. Pockman, and K.R. Hultine, Ecohydrology and woody plant encroachment: a conceptual framework for evaluating landscape consequences. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco, California, December 8-12, 2003.
Jacques, D., J. ŠimĤnek,, D. Mallants, and M.Th. van Genuchten, The HYRDUS-PHREEQC multicomponent transport model for variably-saturated porous media: Code verification and application, presented at MODFLOW and More 2003: Understanding Through Modeling Conference, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, Sept. 2003.
Kim, T.-W., J.B. Valdés, C. Yoo, C., and J. Aparicio, Bivariate drought characterization using nonparametric approaches, presented at the AGU Fall Meeting 2003, San Francisco, CA, Dec. 2003.
Krause, K., and D. Brookshire, Including tradeoffs in stakeholder water allocation decisions: An experimental approach, invited talk, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 2004.
Krause, K., and J. Chermak, Residential water prices and conservation, invited talk presented at Economic Science Association Meetings, Tucson, AZ, Nov. 2003.
Krause, K., and J. Chermak, Water allocation in the Middle Rio Grande, invited talk, Economic Science Association Meeting, Tucson, AZ, Nov. 2003.
Lewis, D.B., J.D. Schade, and N.B. Grimm, Resistance and resilience in a fluvial ecosystem: variability compared among patch types, panel presentation at the Ecological Society of America, Annual Meeting, Portland, OR, Aug. 2004.
Lewis, D.B., J.D. Schade, A.K. Huth, and N.B. Grimm, Hydrological drivers of nutrient cycles in arid fluvial ecosystems, presented at the USDA Water Conservation Lab Seminar Series, Phoenix, AZ, Oct. 2003.
Liu, Y., H.V. Gupta, S. Sorooshian, and L. A. Bastidas, Parameter estimation for locally coupled land surface-atmosphere models: sensitivity analysis and model calibration, invited talk presented at the AMS 84th Annual Meeting. Seattle, WA, Jan. 2004.
McPhee, J., Yeh, W. W-G., Inverse problem and management applications in groundwater modeling: equivalent model sets and data sufficiency evaluation, AGU Fall Meeting, American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, CA., Dec. 2003.
Mohanty, B.P., and J. Zhu, Hydraulic property upscaling in heterogeneous soils, AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, December 8-12, 2003.
Mohanty, B.P., and J. Zhu, Soil hydraulic properties: pore-scale to landscape-scale, “Changing Sciences for a Changing World: Building a Broader Vision” 2003 ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meetings, Denver, CO, Nov. 2-6, 2003.
Mohanty, B.P., Scale issues in rangelands, invited seminar talk, Texas A&M University, College Station,
91 TX, Nov. 2002.
Molotch, N. P., T.H. Painter, M.T. Colee, C.W. Rosenthal, J. Dozier, and R.C. Bales, Analysis of the spatial variability of snow cover depletion in an alpine watershed, Tokopah Basin, Sierra Nevada, California, USA, Proceedings of the 69th Western Snow Conference, Sun Valley, Idaho, USA (Best Student Paper Award).
Molotch, N. P., T.H. Painter, and R.C. Bales, Incorporating net radiation data into an index snowmelt model in an alpine basin, panel presentation at the 71th Western Snow Conference, April 2003.
Molotch, N.P., T.H. Painter, M.T. Colee, R.C. Bales, and J. Dozier, Incorporating remotely sensed snow surface grain size into spatially distributed snowmelt modeling, presented at the Fall AGU Meeting, San Francisco, CA, Dec. 2002.
Moradkhani, H., H.V. Gupta, S. Sorooshian, and P.R. Houser, Combined parameter and state estimation of hydrological models using ensemble Kalman filter, panel presentation at the AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, 2003.
Moradkhani, H., S. Sorooshian, H. V. Gupta, P. R. Houser, and K. Hsu, Sequential data assimilation framework for hydrologic state-parameter estimation and ensemble forecasting, presented at CAHMDA- II workshop, Princeton University, Princeton, N.J., October 25-27, 2004.
Poss, B., D. Leao, and A. Tecle, Recording watershed boundaries and calculating watershed area using GPS, DEMS, and traditional methods: A comparison, presented at the American Water Resources Association’s Spring Speciality Conference on GIS and Water Resources III, Nashville, TN, May 17-19, 2004.
Rychener, T., M.D. Dixon, and J.C. Stromberg, Interaction between landscape pattern and disturbance: the response of a southwest riparian forest to fire, International Assoc. of Landscape Ecology Symposium, USIALE, Las Vegas, NV, 2004.
Schaffner, M., S. Yatheendradas, T. Wagener, S. Scott, C. Unkrich, H.V. Gupta, A distributed real-time flash-flood forecasting model for the semi-arid West, presented at the 10th Biennial Arid Regions Conference on Restoration and Management of Arid Watercourses, co-sponsored by the AZ Floodplain Manager’s Association and other floodplain management associations in NM, CA, and NV, Fall 2004.
Shamir, E., B. Imam, H. Gupta, and S. Sorooshian, In-stream indicators to reduce parameter uncertainty in hydrological models, presented at the AGU meeting, San Francisco, Dec. 8-12, 2003.
Sorooshian, S., An overview of sahra: its role in making water information accessible, International Arid Lands Consortium (IALC) Conference and Workshop, Tucson, AZ, Oct. 22, 2002.
Sorooshian, S., H.V. Gupta, and K. Hsu, The application of systems approaches to hydrologic science, invited presentation at the Department of Systems and Industrial Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, Feb. 27, 2003.
Springer, E. P., C.L. Winter, K. Costigan, S. Mniszewski, and P. Fasel, Integrated modeling of river basins to assess water security, presented at Water Security in the 21st Century, Washington DC, July 30 – August 1, 2003.
Springer, E., H.V. Gupta, D. Brookshire, and Y. Liu, SAHRA integrated modeling approach to address
92 water resources management in semi-arid river basins, presented at joint UCOWR-NIWR conference on Allocating Water: Economics and the Environment, Portland, OR, July 20-22, 2004.
Tecle, A., Evapotranspiration estimates for southwestern United States, presented at the Annual Meeting of the Arizona Nevada Academy of Science at Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, April 10, 2004. Tecle, A., Predicting event-based peak discharge resulting from thinning and wildfire for the Upper rio de Flag Watershed, Flagstaff, Arizona, invited talk presented at Arizona-Nevada Academy of Sciences, Glendale, AZ, April 2004.
Varady, R.G., A. Browning-Aiken, and M.A. Moote. 2001. Watershed councils along the U.S.-Mexico border: the San Pedro Basin. Presented at AWRA/Dundee WLPP international water conference, “Globalization and Water Management: The Changing Value of Water,” Dundee, Scotland, Aug. 2001.
Vrugt, J.A., H.V. Gupta, W. Bouten and S. Sorooshian, A shuffled complex evolution metropolis algorithm for confronting uncertainly in hydrologic models, presented at the EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, Nice, France, April 7-11, 2003.
Wagener, T., and H.V. Gupta, Treatment of uncertainty in hydrological modeling, presented at the EGS- EUG Joint Assembly, Nice, France, April, 2004.
Wagener, T., H.V. Gupta, and S. Sorooshian, Stochastic formulation of a conceptual hydrologic model, presented at the British Hydrological Society meeting, London, July 2004.
Wagener, T., H.V. Gupta, J. Vrugt, T.S. Hogue, H.S. Wheater, and S. Sorooshian, Identification and evaluation of hydrological models, presented at the XXIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, IUGG 2003, Sapporo, Japan, June 30-July 11, 2003.
Watts, C., R. Scott, J. Garatuza-Payan, E. Edwards, J. Rodriguez, D. Goodrich, and D. Williams, Medición de la distribución de flujos de energía y vapor de agua en un bosque de mesquite ribereño, Simposio Internacional Sobre Bosque, Suelo y Agua, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Nov. 2001.
Williams, D.G., Precipitation pulse use by plants in arid and semiarid environments, invited talk, Centre d’’Etudes Spatiales de laBiosphere, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, March 2003.
Williams, D.G., Precipitation pulse use by plants in arid and semiarid environments: an isotopic perspective, invited talk, Department of Renewable Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Jan. 2002.
Williams, D.G., Resource pulses in arid and semiarid environments: responses from leaf to catchment scales, invited talk, Natural Resources Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, Nov. 2003.
Williams, D.G., and G. Lin, Stable isotope composition of water vapor and CO2 of air in mesquite-C4 grass savanna. International symposium: Arid Regions Monitored by Satellites: From Observing to Modeling for Sustainable Management, Marrakech, Morocco, Nov. 2002.
Winter, C., E. Springer, K. Costigan, P. Fasel, S. Mniewski, and G. Zyvoloski, Coupled basin-scale water resource models for arid and semiarid regions, AGU Spring 2003 Joint Assembly, Nice, France, April 2003.
93 Woodard, G., Factors of domestic water demand in growing cities: looking beyond population and price, presented at the British Hydrological Society International Conference, London, UK, July 2004.
Woodard, G., Structuring Internet-based water resources information: supporting research synergies and informing policy makers, invited talk, Assessing Capabilities of Soil and Water Resources in Drylands: The Role of Info Retrieval & Dissemination Technologies, Tucson, AZ, Nov. 2002.
Woodard, G., SAHRA’s Education and Knowledge Transfer programs, invited talk, City of Tucson Flood Control Advisory Committee, Tucson, AZ, July 2003.
Yalcin-Sumer, D., and K. Lansey, Evaluation of conservation measures in the Upper San Pedro Basin, paper presented at the Arizona Hydrological Society Annual Meeting, Mesa, AZ, Sept. 17-20, 2003.
Yatheendradas, S., L.A. Bastidas, H.V. Gupta, and S. Sorooshian, Calibration and application of a distributed land surface model for a semi-arid basin using remotely sensed data, presentation at AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, Dec. 8-12, 2003.
Yilmaz, K.K., T.S. Hogue, K.L. Hsu, H. Gupta, S.E. Mahani and S. Sorooshian, Evaluating satellite- based rainfall estimates for basin-scale hydrological modeling, presented at the AGU Fall meeting, San Francisco, CA, Dec. 8-12, 2003.
Yuan H., S.L. Mullen, X. Gao, S. Sorooshian, J. Du, and H.H. Juang, 2004: Verification of quantitative precipitation forecasts over the southwest United States during winter 2002-2003 by the RSM Ensemble System. Presentation: 20th Conference on Weather Analysis and Forecasting/16th Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction. The 84th AMS Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA, Jan. 2004.
1c. Other Dissemination Activities
With UA’s Institute for the Study of Planet Earth, SAHRA also continued a series of briefings related to water and climate for media professionals in Tucson, Phoenix, and Albuquerque. The following SAHRA participants made presentations:
Tucson, November 12, 2003: Greg Garfin, “The 2003 Monsoon and Tropical Storm Season: Did It Help the Drought?” Holly Hartmann, “Current El Niño, Climate, and Palmer Drought Severity Index Forecasts” Katharine Jacobs, “Development of the Arizona Drought Plan” Tom deGomez, “2002 – 03 Bark Beetle Outbreak: The Perfect Storm” James Shuttleworth, “Impact of Drought on SAHRA’s Research on Mount Bigelow”
Tucson, May 25, 2004: Jonathan Overpeck, “Climate Change Basics and Glaciers” Vic Baker, “What do Paleo Flood Records Tell Us about Extreme Storm Events?” Noah Molotch, “Climate Change Impacts and Snowpack” Julia Cole, “El Nino and Drought”
94 2. Awards and Honors
Recipient Reason for Award Award Name and Date Sponsor 1 Richard Allen For “outstanding contribu- Royce J. Tipton Award, May 2003 tions to irrigation engineering American Society of Civil through system simulation, Engineers software development, teaching, and research and for advancements in the know- ledge of evapotranspiration theory and concepts for world-wide application” 2 Richard Allen “In recognition of a Service Award, United May 2003 distinguished career in water States Committee on resources engineering and Irrigation and Drainage education and for exceptional contributions to the irrigation and drainage profession” 3 Rosalind Bark First prize, poster, Business UA Graduate & Nov. 2003 Administration, Law, Professional Student Economics and Public policy Council, Student graduate division. Showcase 4 Karletta Chief one of two doctoral-level 2003 Centennial Award, May 2003 students recognized for UA outstanding achievement and contributions by graduate students 5 Sharon Desilets Poster Presented at 14th Hargis Poster Award, 2nd March 2004 Annual El Dia de Agua place, Hargis & Associates Student Showcase 6 Alex Furman Presentation at 14th Annual El UA HWR Departmental March 2004 Dia de Agua Student Award, best presentation Showcase 7 Huade Guan Application of mathematics Allan Gutjahr Memorial 2003 in hydrology research Fellowship, NMT 8 Candice Marburger Graduating senior Outstanding senior Award, April 2004 achievement UA Dept. of Geosciences
9 Candice Marburger 1st prize poster, Education UA Graduate & Nov. 2003 category Professional Student Council, Student Showcase 10 Gretchen Oelsner Poster Presented at 14th UA HWR Departmental March 2004 Annual El Dia de Agua Award, best poster Student Showcase 11 Jesse Roach Poster presented at 14th Hargis Poster Award, 1st March 2004 Annual El Dia de Agua place, Hargis & Associates Student Showcase
95 12 Aregai Tecle For “exceptional service to Elected Fellow, Arizona April 2004 the Arizona Nevada Academy Nevada Academy of of Science and for what it Science stands.” 13 Aregai Tecle Exceptional services to NAU President's Award 2003-2004 Native American education, for Ethnic Diversity research and services 14 Rien vanGenuchten Honorary doctorate, May 2003 Hannover University, Germany 15 Dave Williams Scholarly exchange and Fullbright Research 2003-2004 collaboration with French Fellowship research lab
96 3. M.S. and Ph.D. Graduates During Reporting Period
Student Name Degree(s) Yrs. to Placement Degree 1 Constance Brown postdoc Asst. Prof., Indiana Univ., Bloomington (Sept. 2004) Ji Chen postdoc Asst. Prof., Univ. of Hong Kong (Oct. 2004) 2 Jason Dadakis M.S. 2 Orange County Water Dist. 3 Kevin Dressler (ABD) Faculty research hydrologist, Penn State U. 4 Alex Furman Ph.D. 5 Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Israel 5 Yang Hong Ph.D. Research Assoc., UC Irvine 6 Chawn Harlow Ph.D. 5.5 Postdoc, UA HWR 7 Andrew Hinnell M.S. 2.5 Continuing on at UA for Ph.D. 8 Kevin Hultine Ph.D. 3 Postdoc, Univ. of Utah, Dept. of Biology 9 Gabrielle Katz postdoc Faculty position, Appalachian State University 10 Tae-Woong Kim Ph.D. 3.5 Postdoc, Ntl. Park Service, Homestead, FL 11 Jamie Krezelok M.S. 2 Ntl. Park Service, Grand Teton Ntl. Park 12 Michelle Lemon M.S. 2 D.B. Stephens consulting firm, Albuquerque, NM 13 Yuqiong Liu Ph.D. SAHRA postdoc at UA (integrated modeling) 14 Suzanne Mills M.S. 2 unknown 15 Noah Molotch Ph.D. Postdoc, U. Colo. 16 Keara Moore M.S. 2 Working at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory through August 2004 18 Thorsten Wagener postdoc Faculty position, Penn St. Univ. 19 Jonathan Whittier M.S. 3 Hargis & Assoc. consulting firm, Tucson, AZ
4a. Patents, Licenses, and Start-Ups
None to report yet.
4b. Other Outputs of Knowledge Transfer Activities
The SAHRA Hydroarchive software exchange site allows the creators of hydrologic software – including many SAHRA investigators – to share their work. The Hydroarchive website became operational in late 2003, and currently offers 18 software applications or modules in seven categories. See the Knowledge Transfer Section for more information.
97 5. Participants and Affiliates (Affiliates are asterisked)
NAME INST. CATE- DEPT. UNIT. GEN- DISABILITY ETHNICITY RACE CITIZEN- AFFIL. GORY DER STATUS SHIP 1 Beery Adams UA j SAHRA F None Not H/L White US 2 Newsha Ajami UCI b CEE F None Not H/L White PR 3 *Richard Allen U Ida e KREC M None Not H/L White US 4 Javier Aparicio IMTA e Hydrol Tech Div M None H/L White other non 5 Matthew Baillie UA b HWR M None Not H/L White US 6 Roger Bales UCM c Env Sys M None Not H/L White US 7 Rosalind Bark UA b Arid Lands F None Not H/L White other non 8 Luis Bastidas USU c CEE M None H/L White other non 9 *Peter Beeson PSU b CEE M None Not H/L White US 10 Eric Bhark U Colo b Geological Sci M None Not H/L White US 11 Mary Black UA j SAHRA – HWR F None Not H/L White US 12 Kyle Blasch USGS e Water Resour Div M None Not H/L White US 13 *Paul Blowers UA c ChEE M None Not H/L White US 14 Douglas Boyle DRI c Hydrol Sci M None Not H/L White US 15 L. Brand CSU f Fish & Wildlife Bio F None Not H/L White US 16 Jim Broermann UA J HWR M None Not H/L White US 17 Paul Brooks UA c HWR M None Not H/L White US 18 David Brookshire UNM c Economics M None Not H/L White US 19 Constance Brown UA f HWR F None Not H/L B/AA other non 20 Anne Browning-Aiken UA f Udall F None Not H/L White US 21 *Wendy Burroughs PCW I Natural Resour F None Not H/L White US 22 *Jessica Cable UA b EEB F None Not H/L White US 23 William Cable USDA j ARS M None Not H/L White US 24 Kyle Carpenter UA j HWR M None Not H/L White US 25 Alejandro Castellanos USON d M None H/L White other non 26 Janet Chen UA a EEB F None Not H/L Asian US 27 Ji Chen UCSD f ECPC M None Not H/L Asian other non
98 28 Janie Chermak UNM c Economics F None Not H/L White US 29 Karletta Chief UA b HWR F None Not H/L AI US 30 Gunhui Chung UA b CEEM F None Not H/L Asian other non 31 Bonnie Colby UA c ARE F None Not H/L White US 32 *Debra Colodner UA I Flandrau F None Not H/L White US 33 Martha Conklin UCM c Env Sys F None Not H/L White US 34 *Cynthia Connolly NMT h F None Not H/L White US 35 Jeremy Cook UNM b Economics M None Not H/L White US 36 *Keeley Costigan LANL e F None Not H/L White US 37 *Don Coursey U Chi c Pub Policy M None Not H/L White US 38 Jason Dadakis UA b HWR M None Not H/L White US 39 *Donald Davis UA c HWR M None Not H/L White US 40 Amy Defreese UA b HWR F None Not H/L White N/A 41 *Luis De Goncalves UA b HWR M None H/L B/AA other non 42 Julio del Hierro UACJ b CIG M None H/L White other non 43 Sharon Desilets UA b HWR F None White White US 44 *Bill DeStefano MUSD I M None Not H/L White US 45 *Tara Deubel UA b Udall F None Not H/L White US 46 *Noah Dillard ASU b Life Sci M None N/A US 47 Mark Dixon ASU f Life Sci M None Not H/L White US 48 Carolyn Dragoo UA b HWR F None Not H/L White US 49 Kevin Dressler UA b HWR M None Not H/L White US 50 Christopher Duffy PSU c CEE M None Not H/L White US 51 Christopher Eastoe UA e Geosci M None Not H/L White PR 52 Brenda Ekwurzel UA c HWR F None Not H/L White US 53 *Wendell Ela UA c ChEE M None Not H/L White US 54 *Lisa Elfring UA c GBPTB F None Not H/L White US 55 James Elliott NMT b EES M None Not H/L White US 56 Ernesto Esparza UACJ b CIG M None H/L other non 57 *Mary Ewers UNM b Economics F None Not H/L White US 58 Ali Faridhosseini UA b HWR M None Not H/L White other non
99 59 Patricia Fasel LANL e F None Not H/L White US 60 *Steven Fassnacht CSU c Watershed Sci M None Not H/L White other non 61 *Abigail Faust UA b USGS F None White White US 62 Paul Ferre UA c HWR M None Not H/L White US 63 *Katherine Fleming NMT b EES F None Not H/L White US 64 Luke Fletcher UA a Physics M None Not H/L White US 65 Dana Flowers UA j WRRC/SAHRA F None Not H/L White PR 66 Rannie Fox UA j SAHRA F None Not H/L White US 67 Patrick Fritchel DRI b Hydrol Sci M None Not H/L White US 68 *Kristie Franz UCI b CEE F None Not H/L White US 69 *Colby Fryar PCW b M None Not H/L White US 70 Xiaogang Gao UCI c CEE M None Not H/L Asian US 71 *Jaime Garatuza ITSON c DRN M None H/L other non 72 Jesus Gastelum UA b HWR M None H/L other non 73 Janet Gemmill UA a HWR F None Not H/L White US 74 Alisha Gibson UA a F M/OI H/L White US 75 Jill Gibson UA j SAHRA F None Not H/L White US 76 Channa Gilan CSU-LA b Geol Sci F None Not H/L AI US 77 Erin Gleeson UA a HWR F None Not H/L White US 78 David Goodrich USDA- e M None Not H/L White US 79 Kyle Goss UA b ChEE M None Not H/L White US 80 *Howard Grahn GSI j M None Not H/L White US 81 Alfredo Granados UACJ c CIG M None H/L White other non 82 *Warren Grantham UA a SAHRA M None Not H/L White US 83 *Michael Greer UNM a Economics M None Not H/L White US 84 Nancy Grimm ASU c Biology F None Not H/L White US 85 Ailiang Gu UA b Geosci M None Not H/L Asian other non 86 Huade Guan NMT b EES M None Not H/L Asian other non 87 Jessica Guggi UA a SAHRA F None Not H/L B/AA US 88 Hoshin Gupta UA c HWR M None Not H/L Asian US 89 *Jennifer Hamblen UA b HWR F None Not H/L White US
100 90 Elizabeth Hancock UA f HWR F None Not H/L White US 91 Tamara Harms ASU b Biology F None Not H/L White US 92 Geneva Hartbarger UA b F None Not H/L White N/A 93 Jan Hendrickx NMT c EES M None Not H/L White US 94 Barry Hibbs CSU-LA c Geol Sci M None Not H/L White US 95 Andrew Hinnell UA b HWR M None Not H/L White other non 96 James Hogan UA c HWR M None Not H/L White US 97 Yang Hong UCI f CEE M None Not H/L Asian other non 98 Sung-ho Hong NMT b EES M None Not H/L Asian other non 99 Kuo-lin Hsu UCI c CEE M None Not H/L Asian PR 100 Kevin Hultine UA b RNR M None Not H/L White US 101 *Anne Huth UA b HWR F None Not H/L White US 102 Travis Huxman UA c EEB M None Not H/L White US 103 *Danielle Ignace UA b EEB F None Not H/L AI US 104 Matthew Iles-Shih Udall b Anthro M None Not H/L White US 105 *Bisher Imam UCI c CEE M None Not H/L White US 106 Filipe Ip UA b HWR M None Not H/L Asian other non 107 *Katharine Jacobs UA c SWES/HWR F None Not H/L White US 108 Bradley James UA j HWR M None Not H/L White US 109 Dean Jones UA j HWR M O Not H/L White US 110 *Pamela Justice UA j Coop. Ext. F None Not H/L White US 111 George Kalli UA b HWR M None Not H/L White US 112 *Gabrielle Katz App SU e Geog & Planning F None Not H/L White US 113 Jonathan Katz UA a SAHRA M None Not H/L White US 114 Thijs Kelleners USDA- f USSL M None Not H/L White other non 115 Mehrdad Khatibi Faculty NAU c NAU M None Not H/L White other non 116 Tae-woong Kim NPS b M None Not H/L Asian other non 117 Joshua Koch UA b HWR M None Not H/L White US 118 Joshua Koch UA b HWR M None Not H/L White US 119 *Cathy Kochert ASU j CES/Biol F None Not H/L White US 120 Kate Krause UNM c Economics F None Not H/L White US
101 121 Jamie Krezelok UA b HWR F None Not H/L White US 122 *Kathy Krucker TUSD (ret) I F None Not H/L White US 123 *Mukesh Kumar PSU b CEE M None Not H/L Asian other non 124 Heather Lacey NMT b EES F None Not H/L White US 125 *Devendra Lal UCSD c Scripps Inst. M None Not H/L Asian other non 126 *Gregg Lamorey DRI c Hydrol Sci M None Not H/L White US 127 David Lane UA j HWR M None Not H/L White US 128 Kevin Lansey UA c CEEM M None Not H/L White US 129 *David Lawler UA b HWR M None Not H/L White US 130 *Ashley Leach UNM a Economics F None Not H/L White US 131 Stanley Leake USGS e Water Resources Div M None Not H/L White US 132 George Leavesley USGS e Water Resources Div M None Not H/L White US 133 Michelle Lemon UA b HWR F None Not H/L White US 134 *David Lewis ASU f Biol & CES M None Not H/L White US 135 *Jialun Li UCI e CEE M None Not H/L Asian other non 136 *Shujun Li USU b CEE M None Not H/L Asian other non 137 Sharon Lite ASU f Life Sci F None Not H/L White US 138 Yuqiong Liu UA f HWR F None Not H/L Asian other non 139 *Diana Liverman Ox U c Env Change Inst F None Not H/L White US 140 Austin Long UA c Geosciences M None Not H/L White US 141 *John Loomis CSU c Economics M None Not H/L White US 142 Melissa Lopez UA a SAHRA F None H/L White US 143 Evan Lue UA a HWR M None Not H/L Asian US 144 *John Madden MVHS h M None Not H/L White US 145 Thomas Maddock UA c HWR M None Not H/L White US 146 Mohammed Mahmoud UA b HWR M None Not H/L B/AA other non 147 *Constantinos Manoli UA b TTE M None Not H/L White other non 148 Candice Marburger UA a Geosci F None Not H/L White US 149 *Steve Markstrom USGS e Ntl Research Prog M None Not H/L White US 150 Dean Martens USDA- e SWES M None Not H/L White US 151 Mike Mason UA a RNR M None Not H/L White US
102 152 Kazungu Maitaria UA b HWR M None Not H/L B/AA other non 153 Joseph McConnell DRI c Hydrol Sci M None Not H/L White US 154 Kathleen McHugh UA b SAHRA F None Not H/L White US 155 James McPhee UCLA b CEE M None Not H/L White other non 156 *Sharon Megdal UA c WRRC F None Not H/L White US 157 Luis Migoni UA a Udall M None H/L White US 158 *Norman Miller LBNL e Earth Sci M None Not H/L White US 159 Suzanne Mills NMT b EES F None Not H/L White US 160 Susan Mniszewski LANL e F None Not H/L White US 161 Binayak Mohanty Tex AM c BAE M None Not H/L Asian PR 162 Noah Molotch UA b HWR M None Not H/L White US 163 *Daniel Montoya SVPS h M None H/L White US 164 *Keara Moore UA b HWR F None Not H/L White US 165 Hamid Moradkhani UCI b CEEM/HWR M None Not H/L White other non 166 Denise Moreno UA b Udall F None H/L White US 167 *Jean Morrill UA f HWR F None Not H/L White US 168 *Reagan Murray LANL f CNLS F None Not H/L White US 169 Mansel Nelson NAU I ITEP M None Not H/L White US 170 *Paul Neville UNM e EDAC M None Not H/L White US 171 *Brent Newman LANL e M None Not H/L White US 172 Bart Nijssen UA c HWR/CEEM M None Not H/L White PR 173 *Ana Nunes UCSD f F None N/A other non 174 Gretchen Oelsner UA b HWR F None Not H/L White US Citizen 175 *Kim Ogden UA c ERC F None N/A White N/A 176 *Dan Osgood UA c ARE M None Not H/L White US 177 *Ginger Paige USDA- f RNR F None Not H/L White US 178 *Nikita Patel UA g SAHRA F None Not H/L Asian US 179 Jonathan Petti UA j HWR M None Not H/L White US 180 Fred Phillips NMT c EES M None Not H/L White US 181 *William Pockman UNM c Biology M None Not H/L White US 182 Daniel Potts UA b EEB M None Not H/L White US
103 183 Yizhong Qu PSU b CEE M None Not H/L Asian other non 184 *Konrad Quast UA f HWR M None Not H/L White US 185 Laura Rademacher CSU-LA e Geol Sci F None Not H/L White US 186 Jesse Roach UA b HWR M None Not H/L White US 187 John Roads UCSD e ECPC M None Not H/L White US 188 Marisa Rogdriguez UA J HWR F None H/L White US 189 Carlos Rojas Udall b M None H/L White other non 190 Jill Rubio UA I WRRC F None Not H/L White US 191 Tyler Rychener ASU b Life Sci M None Not H/L White US 192 Seth Saavedra UNM a Economics M None H/L White US 193 Scott Salmond UA a HWR M None Not H/L White other non 194 Bert Sanchez UA j HWR M None H/L White US 195 Renee Sandvig NMT b EES F None Not H/L White US 196 Justin Sawyer UNM a Economics M None Not H/L White US 197 Marcel Schaap UCR e Env. Sci. M None Not H/L White PR 198 *Karen Schedler AGF i Info & Ed F None Not H/L White US 199 Wolfgang Schmid UA b HWR M None Not H/L White other non 200 Russell Scott USDA- e SWRC M None Not H/L White US 201 Aleix Serrat UA b HWR M None Not H/L White other non 202 *Farhang Shadman UA c ERC M None Not H/L White US 203 Louise Shaler UA j SAHRA F M/OI Not H/L White US 204 Pete Shouse USDA- e M None Not H/L White US 205 *Jinaabah Showa UA g SAHRA F None Not H/L AI US 206 Grant Shreve UA a SAHRA M None White White US 207 W. James Shuttleworth UA c HWR M None White White US 208 Jirka Simunek UCR c Environ Sci M None White White PR 209 Eric Small U Colo c Geol Sci M None White White US 210 *Diana Solter-Goss UNR a Geology F None Not H/L Asian US 211 Soroosh Sorooshian UCI c CEE/Earth Sys Sci M None Not H/L White US 212 Gretchen Sprehe UA a HWR F None Not H/L White US 213 Everett Springer LANL e M None Not H/L White US
104 214 Steven Stewart UA f HWR M None Not H/L White US 215 *Jeff Stone USDA- e SWRC M None Not H/L White US 216 Juliet Stromberg ASU c Life Sci F None Not H/L White US 217 Derya Sumer UA b CEEM F None Not H/L White other non 218 Aregai Tecle NAU c Forestry M None Not H/L B/AA US 219 *John Thorson (ret) j AZ Spec Master M None Not H/L White US 220 Vincent Tidwell Sandia e Geohydrology M None Not H/L White US 221 Nina Townsend UA a HWR F None Not H/L White US 222 Steven Uyeda UA b Science M None Not H/L Asian US 223 Juan Valdés UA c CEEM M None H/L White US 224 Remke Van Dam NMT f EES M None Not H/L White other non 225 Rien VanGenuchten USDA- e USSL M None Not H/L White US 226 Robert Varady UA c Udall M None Not H/L White US 227 Monica Vasquez UA b HWR F None H/L White US 228 Ramon Vazquez UA j HWR M None H/L White PR 229 Roland Viger USGS e Ntl Research Prog M None Not H/L White US 230 Enrique Vivoni NMT c EES M None H/L White US 231 Gerd von Glinski UA b HWR M None Not H/L White US 232 Thorsten Wagener UA f HWR M None Not H/L White other non 233 Arun Wahi UA b HWR M None Not H/L Asian US 234 Alan Wang UA a M None Not H/L Asian US 235 *Arthur Warrick UA c SWES M None Not H/L White US 236 James Washburne UA c HWR M None Not H/L White US 237 *Chris Watts USON c Physics M None Not H/L White other non 238 Matthew Weber UA b SAHRA M None Not H/L White US 239 *Shawn Wheelock UA b HWR M None Not H/L White US 240 Jacqueline White ASU b Life Sci F None Not H/L White US 241 Jonathan Whittier UA b HWR M None Not H/L White US 242 David Williams U Wyo c Ren Resour M None Not H/L White US 243 Kathleen Wilson UA b HWR F None Not H/L White US 244 John Wilson NMT c EES M None Not H/L White US
105 245 *Larry Winter LANL e M None Not H/L White US 246 Gary Woodard UA c SAHRA M None Not H/L White US 247 Betsy Woodhouse UA f HWR F None Not H/L White US 248 Jianjun Xu NOAA/NC e JCSDA M None Not H/L Asian other non 249 Soni Yatheendradas UA b HWR M None Not H/L Asian other non 250 William Yeh UCLA c CEE M None Not H/L Asian US 251 Enrico Yepez UA b RNR M None H/L White other non 252 Koray Yilmaz UA b HWR M None Not H/L White other non 253 James Yoon UCLA a CEE M None Not H/L Asian US 254 *Deborah Young UA c Ag & Life Sci F None Not H/L White US 255 Huiling Yuan UCI b CEE F None Not H/L Asian other non 256 Hong Zhao UA b ChEE F None Not H/L Asian other non 257 Xiaobing Zhu NMT b EES M None Not H/L Asian other non 258 *George Zyvoloski LANL e M None Not H/L White US
Category: (a) undergraduate students, (b) graduate students, (c) faculty, (d) visiting faculty, (e) other research scientists, (f) postdocs, (g) pre- college students, (h) teachers, (i) educators and (j) other participants (click underlined terms for definitions)
Institutional Affiliation Key
AGF = Arizona Game and Fish LANL = Los Alamos National Laboratory App SU = Appalachian State University LBNL = Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory ASU = Arizona State University MUSD = Marana Unified School District CSU = Colorado State University MVHS = Mountain View High School CSU-LA = California State University, Los Angeles NAU = Northern Arizona University CUNY = City University of New York NMSU = New Mexico State University DRI = Desert Research Institute NMT = New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology GSI = Geosystems Analysis, Inc. NOAA = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration IMADES = Instituto del Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo NPS = National Park Service Sustenable del Estado de Sonora PCW = Pima County Wastewater IMTA = Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua PSU = Penn State University ITSON = Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora Sandia = Sandia National Laboratory
106 SVPS = Sierra Vista Public Schools U Ida = University of Idaho Tex AM = Texas A&M UNM = University of New Mexico TUSD = Tucson Unified School District USDA-ARS = Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of UA = University of Arizona Agriculture UACJ = Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juarez USGS = U.S. Geological Survey U Chi = University of Chicago USON = Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo UCI = University of California, Los Angeles USSL-ARS = U.S. Salinity Laboratory, Agricultural UCLA = University of California, Los Angeles Research Service, USDA UCM = University of California, Merced USU = Utah State University U Colo = University of Colorado, Boulder UT = University of Texas, Austin UCR = University of California, Riverside UTEP = University of Texas, El Paso UCSD = University of California, San Diego U Wyo = University of Wyoming Udall = Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy WRRC = Water Resources Research Center
Department Key ARE = Agricultural and Resource Economics ECPC = Experimental Climate Prediction Center BAE = Biological and Agricultural Engineering Env Sys = Environmental Systems BMB = Biochemistry and Molecular Biphysics Flandrau = Flandrau Science Center CEE = Civil and Environmental Engineering GBPTB = General Biology Program for Teachers CEEM = Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics Biophysics CES = Center for Environmental Studies GLOBE -= Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the ChEE = Chemical and Environmental Engineering Environment CIG = Centro de Información Geográfico HWR = Hydrology and Water Resources CLAS = Center for Latin American Studies ITEP = Institute for Tribal Environmental Professionals Coop Ext = Cooperative Extension JCSDA = Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation Curr Inst = Curriculum and Instruction KREC = Kimberly Research and Extension Center DRN = Dirección de Recursos Naturales PC = Politics and Culture ECPC = Experimental Climate Prediction Center, Scripps RNR = Renewable Natural Resources EDAC = Earth Data Analysis Center SWES = Soil, Water, and Environmental Sciences EEB = Ecology and Evolutionary Biology TTE = Teacher Training and Education EES = Earth and Environmental Sciences Udall = Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy ECPC = Experimental Climate Prediction Center USSL = U.S. Salinity Laboratory WRRI = Water Resources Research Institute
107 Key to all other categories Gender: Female (F), Male (M). Disability: Hearing Impairment (HI), Visual Impairment (VI), Mobility/ Orthopedic Impairment (M/OI), Other (O), None. Ethnicity: Hispanic or Latino (H/L), Not Hispanic or Latino (Not H/L). Race: American Indian or Alaskan Native (AI), Asian, Black/African American(B/AA), Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, White. Citizenship: U.S. Citizen (US), Permanent Resident (PR), Other non-U.S. Citizen (other non).
6. Other Institutional Partners
Organization Name Org. Type Address Contact Type 160 1 Amer. Indian Science and Eng. Society other Albuquerque, NM Div, Ed N 2 Arizona Cooperative Extension other Tucson, AZ Deb Young KT, Ed Y 3 Arizona Game and Fish state govt. Tucson, AZ Karen Schedler Res, Ed N 4 Arizona Hydrological Society other Tucson, AZ Howard Grahn KT, other N 5 Arizona Project Learning Tree other Tucson, AZ Jill Rubio Ed N 6 Arizona Project WET other Tucson, AZ Kerry Schwartz Ed Y 7 Arizona Town Hall other Grand Canyon, AZ Marshall Worden KT N 8 Asociación Regional Ambiental de Sonora NGO Cananea, Sonora, MX Anne Browning-Aiken KT, Div Y y Arizona 9 Audubon Society NGO Sonoita, AZ Bill Branan. Res Y 10 Biosphere 2 Center other Oracle, AZ Steve Russell KT N 11 Bureau of Applied Research in other Tucson, AZ Diane Austin Ed N Anthropology 12 Bureau of Reclamation, Lower Colorado fed. govt. Phoenix, AZ Leslie Meyers Res N Office 13 Canutillo High School local govt. Canutillo, NM Lee Eversole Ed, Div N 14 CATTS other Tucson, AZ Nancy Regens Ed Y 15 Center for Embedded Networked Sensors, other Los Angeles, CA Sara Terheggen Ed, Div N UCLA 16 Central Arizona-Phoenix LTER other Tempe, AZ Nancy Grimm Res Y
106 17 Centre d’Etudes Spatiales de la Biosphere other Toulouse, France Dave Williams Res N 18 City of Albuquerque local govt. Albuquerque, NM Jean Witherspoon other N 19 CLIMAS, Institute for the Study of Planet other Tucson, AZ Gregg Garfin Res Y Earth 20 Cooperative Ext. Service, Cochise County local govt. Wilcox, AZ Susan Pater KT Y 21 Cooperative Ext. Service, Yavapai County local govt. Prescott, AZ Jeff Schalau KT N 22 Dividing the Waters Project NGO Western U.S. John Thorson KT N 23 Earth Data Analysis Center, Univ. of New other Albuquerque, NM William Hudspeth Res Y Mexico 24 ECOSTART other Tucson, AZ Anne Browning Ed, Res Y 25 El Paso Water Utilities local govt. El Paso, TX Scott Reinert Res Y 26 Elephant Butte Irrigation District local govt. Las Cruces, NM Henry Magallanez Res Y 27 ERC other Tucson, AZ Kim Ogden Ed Y 28 EWRI NGO Reston, VA Mark Killgore KT N 29 Flandrau Science Center other Tucson, AZ Debra Colodner KT, Ed Y 30 FUNDEA NGO Mexico City, MX Rodolfo Ogarrio Res, KT Y 31 General Biology Program for Teachers other Tucson, AZ Lisa Elfring Ed Y 32 Geo-ecology Group, UNM other Albuquerque, NM Cliff Dahm Res Y 33 GEWEX-CEOP fed. govt. Boulder, CO Steve Willliams Res Y 34 GLOBE other Tucson, AZ Jim Washburne Res, Ed Y 35 GWADI other Paris, France Mike Edmunds KT, Ed, Res Y 36 Hawley Geomatters other Albuquerque, NM John Hawley Res N 37 HELP (UNESCO) other Washington, DC Mike Bonell KT N 38 HyDIS other Irvine, CA Bisher Imam Res N 39 IAEA - Isotope Hydrology Section other Vienna John Gibson Res N 40 IBWC other El Paso, TX Rong Kuo other N 41 ICSC-World Lab NGO Lausanne, Switz. Antonio Zichichi Res, Ed, Div N 42 IMADES intl. acad. Hermosillo, Son., MX Chris Watts Res, Div Y 43 IMTA intl. acad. Jiutepec, Morelos, MX Javier Aparicio Res, Div Y
107 44 INRAM other Las Cruces, NM Jan M.H. Hendrickx Res Y 45 International Community Foundation NGO San Diego, CA Anne McEnany Res, KT Y 46 International Joint Commission NGO Washington, DC Lisa Bouget KT N 47 ITEP/EEOP other Flagstaff, AZ Mansel Nelson Ed, Div Y 48 ITSON intl. acad. Obregon, MX Jaime Garatuza Res N 49 Kartchner Caverns State Park state govt. Benson, AZ Kelly Jackson, Rick KT, Res Y Toomey 50 Laboratory of Tree Ring Research other Tucson, AZ David Meko Res Y 51 Los Alamos National Laboratory ntl. lab Los Alamos, NM Everett Springer Y 52 Montessori of the Rio Grande School other Albuquerque, NM Brenda Bobinsky Ed N 53 NASA Cold Land Processes Program fed. govt. Ft. Collins, CO Kelly Elder Res N 54 Nature Conservancy, Upper San Pedro NGO Tucson, AZ Holly Richter Res, KT Y Project Office 55 New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission state govt. Santa Fe, NM Rolf Schmidt-Peterson Res N 56 NM Master of Science Teaching Program state govt. Socorro, NM Marisa Wolfe Ed N 57 NM Office of the State Engineer state govt. Santa Fe, NM Rolf Schmidt-Peterson Res N 58 NOAA/NAME SMEX04 Ground Support fed. govt. Boulder, CO Wayne Higgins Res, Ed N Network 59 Pima Association of Governments local govt. Tucson, AZ Claire Zucker Res, KT, other Y 60 Pima County Nat. Resources local govt. Tucson, AZ Julia Fonseca Res N 61 Pima County Parks & Recreation local govt. Tucson, AZ Wendy Burroughs 62 Rivers Academy other Las Cruces, NM Kathy LeMone Ed N 63 Sacramento Mts. Watershed Restoration NGO Alamogordo, NM Rick Warnock Res N Corporation 64 San Juan Elementary School local govt. San Juan Pueblo, NM Lupe Griego Ed N 65 Sandia National Laboratories ntl. lab Albuquerque, NM Vince Tidwell Res, Ed Y 66 Science and Math Education Center other Tucson, AZ Selina Johnson Ed N 67 Semi-Arid Land-Surface-Atmosphere other Toulouse, France Ghani Chehbouni Res N (SALSA) Program
108 68 Sevilleta Long-term Ecological Research other Socorro County, NM Cliff Dahm Res Y site 69 Soc. for the Advancement of Chicanos & other Santa Cruz, CA Div N Native Americans 70 Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers other Los Angeles, CA Div N 71 SUDMED other Marrakech, Morocco A. Ghani Chehbouni Res N 72 Tucson Unified School District local govt. Tucson, AZ Gail Paulin and Rachel Ed Y Hughes 73 Universidad Autonoma de Ciudad Juarez intl. acad. Cd. Juarez, Chih., MX Alfredo Granados Res, Ed, KT Y 74 Universidad de Sonora - Hermosillo intl. acad. Hermosillo, Son., MX Alejandro Castellanos Res, Ed Y 75 Upper San Pedro Partnership NGO Sierra Vista, AZ Holly Richter Ed, KT, Res Y 76 US ACE Institute for Water Resources fed. govt. Alexandria, VA Paul Bourget, Duane KT, Ed, Res Y Baumann 77 US ACE (URGWOM) fed. govt. Albuquerque, NM Gail Stockton Res Y 78 US ACE, Engineer R&D Center fed. govt. Hanover, NH Robert E. Davis Res N 79 US Army Fort Bliss fed. govt. El Paso, TX Paul Raisch Res N 80 US Army Fort Huachuca fed. govt. Fort Huachuca, AZ Russell Scott Res Y 81 US Salinity Lab ntl. lab Riverside, CA Rien van Genuchten Res Y 82 USGS Albuquerque Basin Study fed. govt. Albuquerque, NM Laura Bexfield Res N 83 USGS NASQAN Program fed. govt. Northbourgh, MA Rick Hooper Res N 84 USGS National Water Resources Div. fed. govt. Denver, CO George Leavesley Res Y 85 USGS San Diego Office fed. govt. San Diego, CA Randall T. Hanson Res N 86 USGS Southern Arizona Office fed. govt. Tucson, AZ Stan Leake Res N 87 Water Educators’ Roundtable other All over AZ None KT N 88 Water Quality Center other Tucson, AZ Ian Pepper KT, Ed Y 89 Water Resources Research Center state govt. Tucson, AZ Sharon Megdal KT, Ed Y 90 Water Sustainability Project state govt. Tucson, AZ Peter Wierenga KT, Ed, Res Y 91 Yavapai County Water Advisory local govt. Prescott, AZ John Munderloh KT, Res N Committee
109 7. Summary Table
1 the number of participating institutions (all academic 14 institutions that participate in activities at the Center)
this value should match the number of institutions listed in Section I, Item 1 of the report 2 the number of institutional partners (total number of non- 91 academic participants, including industry, states, and other federal agencies, at the Center)
this value should match the number of partners listed in the table in Section VIII, Item 6 (above) 3 the total leveraged support (sum of funding for the Center $1,335,135 from all sources other than NSF-STC)
this value should match the total of funds in Section X, Item 4 of “Total” minus “NSF-STC” for cash and in-kind support 4 the number of participants (total number of people who 181 utilize center facilities; not just persons directly supported by NSF) . Please EXCLUDE affiliates (click for definition)
this value should match the total number of participants listed in Section VIII, Item 5 (above)
8. Media publicity
Miscellaneous Articles Deborah Baker, “User-fee supporters: N.M. water too cheap,” Santa Fe New Mexican, Jan. 28, 2004. (quotes David Brookshire on price of water and impact on water conservation)
John Bianchini, “San Juan School District revisits snowmaking on San Francisco Peaks,” The Observer, http://www4.nau.edu/eeop/summerscholars/ss2003/news/sjsd_revisits.html
John Bianchini, “‘To’ bee iina’’ Water is life,” Navajo-Hopi Observer, July 23, 2003, http://www4.nau.edu/eeop/summerscholars/ss2003/news/Navajo-Hopi%20Observer.htm
“Bill introduced to boost water supplies and promote conservation,” news release, State of New Mexico, House of Representatives, Jan. 27, 2004. (quotes David Brookshire on cost of water and conservation)
“Camp WildFire studies fire’s effect on local ecosystems,” UA News services release, June 21, 2004.
Kylee Dawson, “Flandrau’s Camp WildFire entertains, instructs children in fire prevention,” Arizona Summer Wildcat, July 14, 2003.
“Distant mountains influence river levels 50 years later,” press release, National Science Foundation, May 18, 2004. (describes Chris Duffy’s work on recharge and the Rio Grande)
110 Tim Ellis, “Monsoon won’t cure six-year ills,” Arizona Daily Star, July 11, 2004. (Gary Woodard, Kathy Jacobs, and Gregg Garfin on Tucson’s water resources during a possibly extended drought)
“Exchanging hydrological software in PUB,” IAHS Newsletter 79, Jan. 2004. (describes Hydroarchive)
Felicia Fonseca, “New project helps conservation plans,” Daily Lobo, Jan. 28, 2004. (describes economics research on water at UNM and SAHRA in general)
Jeff Harrison, “Cool, clear water: dealing with a scarce commodity in our desert environment,” Report on Research, University of Arizona, Office of the Vice President for Research, Jan. 2004. (describes water research efforts at the University of Arizona, including SAHRA)
David Huff, “Collaboration connection,” Tech Connect 1(2): pp. 20-24, Summer 2004. (talks about water resources research at SAHRA and UA, quoting Woodard and Shuttleworth)
“No end in sight for heat wave,” Arizona Daily Wildcat, Dec. 2, 2003. (quotes Kathy Jacobs on SW drought)
“Our forests are the main victim,” Star Roundtable on Drought, Arizona Daily Star, July 11, 2004. (panel of experts, including Woodard, Jacobs, and Garfin talk about effects of drought on S. Arizona water resources, conservation efforts, cost of water, and impact of monsoon rains)
“Researchers improve snowpack prediction,” CLIMAS Update, 6(4): Nov. 2003. (describes SAHRA work on improving snow water equivalence predictions)
“SAHRA provides UNM economists with avenue to promote management of water resources and public policy,” press release, Office of Public Affairs, UNM, Jan. 15, 2004. (describes SAHRA’s mission related to public policy)
Tania Soussan, “Fees for all water users proposed,” Albuquerque Journal, Jan. 28, 2004. (quotes David Brookshire on price of water)
Tania Soussan, “1950s drought may be to blame for low Rio, aquifer,” Albuquerque Journal, July 6, 2004. (describes Chris Duffy’s research on impact of past droughts on recharge to Rio Grande)
“Splashy headlines,” Science, v. 303, Jan. 16, 2004. (announces availability, scope, and URL for Global Water News Watch).
Mitch Tobin, “Walkup, Volgy pipe up about water,” Arizona Daily Star, Oct. 28, 2003. (quotes Gary Woodard and Kathy Jacobs on water issues related to mayoral election)
David Watson, “Get real,” National Erosion Control Association, News to Use, v.11, no. 6, Nov. 2003. (describes GLOBE soil testing program)
“UNM Economics Department to Present Research at 2004 UCOWR Annual Conference,” UNM press release, June 30, 2004.
111 Publicity From SAHRA Media Briefings
From Tucson 11/12/03 briefing: • Bill Hess, “Expert: Drought likely to get worse,” Sierra Vista (AZ) Herald, Nov. 13, 2003. • Blake Morlock, “Will winter rains wash away Arizona’s 6-year drought?” Tucson Citizen, Nov. 13, 2003. • Mitch Tobin, “Wet weather falling far short,” Arizona Daily Star, Nov. 13, 2003. • Kendrick Wilson, “Humans may be responsible for desert’s drought,” Arizona Daily Wildcat, Nov. 17, 2003.
From Tucson 5/25/04 briefing: • Jimmy Stewart, “Ask Jimmy,” Arizona Daily Star, May 27, 2004.
TV/Radio Coverage
The 11/12/03 briefing was covered by: • KUAT, Channel 6 Tucson (PBS) • KGUN, Channel 9 Tucson (ABC) • KOLD, Channel 13 Tucson (CBS) • KUAT/KUAZ Radio Tucson • UA News Services
The 5/25/04 briefing was covered by: • The Arizona Daily Star • KGUN, Channel 9 Tucson (ABC) • KUAT, Channel 6 Tucson (PBS) • KAET, Channel 8 Phoenix (PBS) • KOLD, Channel 13 Tucson (CBS) • KJZZ 91.5 FM, Phoenix • Water Resources Research Center
112 IX. INDIRECT/OTHER IMPACTS
Nothing to report.
113 X. BUDGET University of Arizona Year 5 (2004) Total Award Actual Expenditure Estimates of Projected Expenditures PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR/PROJECT DIRECTOR
A. SENIOR PERSONNEL: PI/PD, Co-PIs, Faculty and Other Senior Associates List each separately with name and title. (A.7. Show number in brackets) 1 William J. Shuttleworth, Director $24,758 $32,744 ($7,986) 2 Thomas Maddock, III, Deputy Director $10,663 $28,583 ($17,920) 3 Hoshin Gupta, Assoc. Director $103,308 $72,583 $30,725 4 James Washburne $60,197 $41,227 $18,970 5 Gary Woodard $79,792 $23,722 $56,070 6. ( 11 ) OTHERS (LIST INDIVIDUALLY ON BUDGET EXPLANATION PAGE) $79,643 $239,558 ($159,915) 7. ( 16 ) TOTAL SENIOR PERSONNEL (1-6) $358,361 $470,765 ($112,404) B. OTHER PERSONNEL (SHOW NUMBERS IN $0 BRACKETS) 1. ( 4 ) POSTDOCTORAL ASSOCIATES $149,908 $70,290 $79,618 2. ( 2) OTHER PROFESSIONALS (TECHNICIAN, PROGRAMMER, ETC.) $78,409 $12,170 $66,239 3. ( 9 ) GRADUATE STUDENTS $187,846 $106,179 $81,667 4. ( 6 ) UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS $24,240 $4,327 $19,913 5. ( 2) SECRETARIAL - CLERICAL (IF CHARGED DIRECTLY) $48,017 $27,015 $21,002 6. ( ) OTHERS (LIST INDIVIDUALLY ON BUDGET EXPLANATION PAGE) $0 $0
TOTAL SALARIES AND WAGES (A + B) $846,781 $690,746 $156,035
C. FRINGE BENEFITS (IF CHARGED AS DIRECT COSTS) $178,509 $154,462 $24,047
TOTAL SALARIES, WAGES AND FRINGE BENEFITS (A + B + C) $1,025,290 $845,208 $180,082 D. EQUIPMENT (LIST ITEM AND DOLLAR AMOUNT FOR EACH ITEM EXCEEDING $5,000.) $0 TOTAL EQUIPMENT $20,000 $6,284 $13,716
E. TRAVEL 1. DOMESTIC (INCL. CANADA, MEXICO AND U.S. POSSESSIONS) $40,000 $15,747 $24,253
2. FOREIGN $10,000 $8,586 $1,414 F. PARTICIPANT SUPPORT $0 1. STIPENDS $0 2. TRAVEL $0 3. SUBSISTENCE $0 4. OTHER Workshops $35,225 Total Participants: 200 $35,225 $16,666 $18,559 G. OTHER DIRECT COSTS $0
1. MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES $84,577 $56,163 $28,414 2. PUBLICATION/DOCUMENTATION/DISSEMINATION $0 $1,848 ($1,848)
3. CONSULTANT SERVICES $0 $28,000 ($28,000) 4. COMPUTER SERVICES $0 $0 $0
5. SUBAWARDS $1,251,496 $1,161,636 $89,860 6. OTHER $30,200 $1,161 $29,039 TOTAL OTHER DIRECT COSTS $1,366,273 $1,248,808 $117,465 H. TOTAL DIRECT COSTS (A THROUGH G) $2,496,788 $2,100,300 $396,488
I. INDIRECT COSTS (F&A) (SPECIFY RATE AND BASE) Rate 51.5000 Base: $630,122 $630,122 $0 $1,223,537 J. TOTAL DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS (H + I) $3,126,910 $2,730,422 $396,488 K. RESIDUAL FUNDS (IF FOR FURTHER SUPPORT OF CURRENT PROJECT SEE GPG II.D.7.j.)
L. AMOUNT OF THIS REQUEST (J) OR (J MINUS K) AGREED LEVEL IF DIFFERENT $ M. COST SHARING: PROPOSED LEVEL $ 1,289,454 FOR NSF USE ONLY PI/PD TYPED NAME AND SIGNATURE DATE INDIRECT COST RATE VERIFICATION
Date Checked Date Checked Date Checked ORG REP TYPED NAME & SIGNATURE DATE
NSF form 1030 (10/99) Supersedes All Previous Editions *SIGNATURES REQUIED ONLY FOR REVISED BUDGET (GPGII.C) 114 115
Appendix A Biographical Sketch - Enrique R. Vivoni
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Phone: (505) 835-5611 New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology Fax : (505) 835-5634 Socorro, NM 87801 E-mail: [email protected]
EDUCATION Ph.D., Hydrology, 2003, Massachusetts Institute of Technology M.S., Fluid Mechanics, 1998, Massachusetts Institute of Technology B.S., Environmental Engineering, 1996, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE 9/03-present New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology Assistant Professor 9/03-present New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology Research Hydrologist 9/99-6/03 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Research Assistant 5/98-7/98 Camp, Dresser and McKee Water Resource Eng. 8/98-6/99 CSA Group Env. Scientist
SUMMARY Dr. Enrique R. Vivoni specializes in surface and subsurface hydrological modeling, rainfall-runoff processes, hydrometeorology, weather radar, terrain analysis, remote sensing from ground and satellite platforms, geographic information systems, environmental sensors and mobile computing. He has developed an integrated surface-subsurface hydrological model currently copyrighted by MIT: TIN-based Real-time Integrated Basin Simulator (tRIBS). A patent is currently pending on a new method for constructing finite element meshes using hydrologic and geomorphic process behavior to drive model resolution. Has been a P.I. on projects funded by Microsoft, Sandia National Labs, NASA, NSF and NM Water Resources Institute. Industry experience with DuPont (Delaware, Texas), CDM (Massachusetts) and CSA (Puerto Rico).
PUBLICATIONS (Selected publications related to this proposed research effort) 1. Vivoni, E.R., Ivanov, V.Y., Bras, R.L., Entekhabi, D. 2003. Generation of Triangular Irregular Networks based on Hydrological Similarity. J. Hydrological Engineering. (In Press). 2. Grassotti, C., Hoffman, R.N., Vivoni, E.R. and Entekhabi, D. 2003. Intercomparison of Two Radar Products and Rain Gauge Observations. Weather and Forecasting. 18(6): 1207-1229. 3. Ivanov, V.Y., Vivoni, E.R., Bras, R.L. and Entekhabi, D. 2003. Development of a TIN-based Distributed Model for Continuous Hydrologic Forecasting. Sub. Water Resources Research. 4. Vivoni, E.R., Teles, V., Ivanov, V.Y., Bras, R.L. and Entekhabi, D. 2003. Embedding Landscape Processes into Triangulated Terrain Models. Sub. Int. J. of Geo. Inf. Science. 5. Vivoni, E.R., Entekhabi, D., Bras, R.L., Ivanov, V.Y., Grassotti, C. and Hoffman, R.N., 2003: Space-time Predictability of Hydrometeorological Flood Events. Sub. J. of Hydromet. 6. Ivanov, V.Y., Vivoni E.R., Bras, R.L. and Entekhabi, D. 2003. Preserving high-resolution surface and rainfall data in operational-scale basin hydrology. J. of Hydrology (In Press) 7. Vivoni, E.R., Ivanov, V.Y., Bras, R.L. and Entekhabi, D. 2003. On Triangulated Terrain Resolution, and Hydrologic Model Accuracy. Hydrological Processes. (In Press) 8. Vivoni, E.R., Entekhabi, D., Ivanov, V.Y. and Bras, R.L. 2003. Coupled Surface-Subsurface Response to Rainfall: Nonlinearity and Scale-dependence. Sub. Water Resources Research. 9. Vivoni, E.R., Entekhabi, D., Bras, R.L., Ivanov, V.Y., Van Horne, M.P., Grassotti, C. and Hoffman, R.N. 2003. Space-time Predictability of Hydrometeorological Flood Events. Sub. Journal of Hydrometeorology $SSHQGL[%ದ 2UJDQL]DWLRQDO&KDUW3UH$XJ V. Baker W.J. Shuttleworth T. Maddock Department Head Director Deputy Director HWR
H. Gupta Associate J. Washburne ***G. Woodard Director J. Hogan Staff Scientist Assistant Assistant Center Director Director Integration
Technical Business Administration Basin Scale River Systems Integrated Education Knowledge Support Support Support Water Balance Modeling Trans. & Int. **J. Broermann J. Gibson R. Fox Co-leaders Co-Leaders Co-Leaders Co-Leaders Co-Leaders Sr. Systems Sr. Business Program *P. Brooks *D. Brookshire *H. Gupta *J. Washburne *G. Woodard Analyst Manager Coordinator *F. Philips *D. Goodrich *E. Springer *G. Woodard *J. Valdes
TBD M. Rodrigez PDRA PDRA PDRAs PDRA PDRA D. Jones Business Secretary TBD A. Brand Y. Liu E. Hancock B. Woodhouse Manager Systems S. Stewart T. Wagegner Analyst M. Lopez David Lane Workstudy Investigators Investigators Investigators Investigators Accountant Student Associate R. Bales Investigators L. Bastidas A Tecle R. Varady C. Duffy M. Conklin X. Gao M. Nelson A. Browning LaQ George J. Hendrix T. Ferre J. McConnell T. Maddock Workstudy C. Eastoe N. Grimm K. Lansey Student B. Ekwurzel J. Hogan T. Maddock B. Hibbs M. Schaap J. Roads Subcontracts Subcontracts J. Shuttleworth J. Stromberg *S. Sorooshian NAU TBD E. Small V. Tidwell
Subcontracts NMT Subcontracts Subcontracts Staff Staff UCMa UNM UCI Dana Flowers K. Carpenter PSU UCMb DRI/USU Pam Justice Markt. Spec. CU ASU Sandia/LANL Educational B. James CalStateLA Specialists Graphic Design R. Vazquez Notes: Staff Staff Students Database Spec. Management and 1. * Denotes Executive Committee member J. Petti TBD monitoring of all M. Black 2. ** Denotes also provides support to HWR Research Database Specialist Specialist SAHRA students Editor 3. *** Denotes also has responsibility for managing HWR’s L. Shaler M.Eng. Newswatch course in water resource management and SAHRA activity in collaboration with Sandia National Lab., and has shared responsibility with Shuttleworth for SAHRA’s participation in the UA’s Water Sustainability program. $SSHQGL[%ದ 2UJDQL]DWLRQDO&KDUW3RVW$XJ
T. Maddock W.J. Shuttleworth K. Jacobs Department Head Director Deputy Director HWR
J. Washburne ***G. Woodard J. Hogan Associate Associate Staff Scientist Director Director Ctr Integration
Technical Business Administration Basin Scale River Systems Integrated Education Knowledge Support Support Support Water Balance Modeling Trans. & Int. **J. Broermann **B. Sanchez R. Fox Co-leaders Co-Leaders Co-Leaders Co-Leaders Co-Leaders Sr. Systems Sr. Business Program *P. Brooks *D. Brookshire *H. Gupta *J. Washburne *G. Woodard Analyst Manager Coordinator *F. Philips *D. Goodrich *E. Springer *G. Woodard *J. Valdes
TBD M. Rodrigez PDRA PDRA PDRAs PDRA PDRA D. Jones Business Secretary TBD A. Brand Y. Liu E. Hancock B. Woodhouse Manager Systems S. Stewart Analyst M. Lopez David Lane Workstudy Investigators Investigators Investigators Investigators Investigators Accountant Student Associate R. Bales M. Conklin X. Gao M. Nelson A. Browning C. Duffy T. Ferre J. McConnell TBD J. Hendrix J. Hogan K. Lansey Workstudy B. Ekwurzel J. Stromberg T. Maddock Subcontracts Student B. Hibbs *S. Sorooshian Subcontracts TBD J. Shuttleworth V. Tidwell NAU E. Small
Subcontracts Subcontracts Subcontracts Staff Staff NMT UNM UCI Dana Flowers K. Carpenter UCMa UCMb DRI/USU Pam Justice Markt. Spec. PSU ASU Sandia/LANL Educational B. James CU Specialists Graph. Design CalStateLA R. Vazquez Staff Staff Database Spec. J. Petti TBD Students Notes: Research Database Management and M. Black Specialist Specialist monitoring of all Editor 1. * Denotes Executive Committee member SAHRA students L. Shaler 2. ** Denotes also provides support to HWR Newswatch 3. *** Denotes also has responsibility for managing HWR’s M.Eng. course in water resource management and SAHRA activity in collaboration with Sandia National Lab., and has shared responsibility with Shuttleworth for SAHRA’s participation in the UA’s Water Sustainability program.
119 $33(1',;& 0LQXWHVRIWKH([WHUQDO$GYLVRU\%RDUG0HHWLQJ 0DUFK
Marshall Building Conference Room
Attendees: EAB: John Bernal, Devendra Lal, Julie Luft, John Schaake, Larry Winter. Executive Committee: Paul Brooks, David Brookshire, Dave Goodrich, Hoshin Gupta, Kathy Jacobs, Tom Maddock, Jim Shuttleworth, Soroosh Sorooshian, Juan Valdes, Gary Woodard. Research Associates & Staff: Mary Black, Constance Brown, Rannie Fox, James Hogan, Yuqiong Liu, Steve Stewart, Betsy Woodhouse.
PROCEEDINGS
After introductions, Jim Shuttleworth, Director, gave a short welcome address. He introduced Kathy Jacobs as our newest Executive Committee Member, who will assume the Deputy Director role in August.
Jim S. introduced the new management process, and handed out an “Activities” document being used for planning. He explained that for more effective direction, the new organization will consist of five macro- themes plus an administration component. He also gave an overview of the new review cycle. Plans are being made for the reduction of funding during the last two years of NSF funding, and for SAHRA legacy, both scientific and stakeholder.
A question was asked and discussion followed about how the three guiding questions were determined, and if stakeholders had input. It was explained that there had been many discussions with stakeholders, and comments from them were considered in creating the questions.
PowerPoint presentation: Examples of Science & Stakeholder legacies, and KT & Education legacies. A discussion followed about determining and creating legacies.
Jim Shuttleworth explained that we are looking for advice from the Advisory Board. We have provided comments received from exernal reviewers at the end of the packet that was handed out, with reviews and comments sorted by macro-themes.
PowerPoint presentation: General recommendations of external reviewers.
Macro-Theme Reports:
Basin Scale Water Balance (Paul Brooks): PowerPoint presentation.
A suggestion was made that we need to make the public aware that this is working, what Fred has done with isotopes. It was agreed that we need to be careful, particularly where international issues are involved. But there are things we need to let people know, such as that pumping ground water affects the river flow. A discussion followed about how we measure and indicate uncertainty in our models, and how to reduce uncertainty.
River Systems (Dave Goodrich & David Brookshire): PowerPoint presentation. It was noted that there is a lot of blending between the two science M-Ts. The division is more organizational in nature rather than actual science division. One primary area discussed was Water Banking vs. Water Marketing.
Integrated Modeling (Hoshin Gupta): PowerPoint presentation.
The core activities of this M-T are science legacy & stakeholder legacy. To improve decision making, we need to integrate information. “Best available science.” Needs to be testable, repeatable, and verifiable. Modeling is being done in three resolutions. Discussion followed on whether mid-range models can be generalized. Larry W. stated that there is generality in the processes, but in parameterizations they differ – every river basin is totally different. We will never have a complete representation, which raises uncertainty – the model needs to indicate this. The fine scale we understand very well, but moving them up to the larger system is the challenge.
Knowledge Transfer (Gary Woodard): PowerPoint presentation
Betsy Woodhouse introduced the SW Hydrology Journal. Suggested that anyone not receiving the journal let her know and she will add them to the mailing list.
Juan Valdes discussed international issues.
Discussion: In the introduction to KT, a shift to an emphasis on specific water managers was mentioned. Question was asked, do we know who they are, have we identified them. Gary responded that for each project there will be a different list, and we will need to get that info from the PIs of the projects. Suggestions were made that we go to the State Engineers office, and the Bureau of Reclamation (will need specific names). Paul commented that with stakeholders, there needs to be a long-term building of trust. Gary stated that we need a policy for getting information to policy makers. We are struggling to make this happen, but don’t know how to do it.
Jim Shuttleworth agreed that we need a list of people, and we are taking some steps in that direction, both with Kathy joining, and with the KT/Education review this fall. Policy is tougher to work with than stakeholders. Policy is to some degree the area of WRRC, and Kathy will also bring that link. We struggle with the concept of reaching policy makers because politics are involved. Soroosh stated that there is a lot to be learned from others, i.e. GEWEX. You can’t do everything and satisfy everyone. But we need to take one or two aspects and show that they work. Start with the science – can’t yet show that the science is impacting, but it is making a difference to some of the groups. Larry stated that for policy, decisions can’t wait until the science is perfect – need to keep them aware of the process. Tom mentioned that another problem is that there isn’t one “right” policy. Larry suggested that we have a stakeholder meeting hosted by SAHRA. Dave G. responded that getting San Pedro stakeholders together is an easier process than what it will take in the Rio Grande. John S. said that we need to look at what we can do to accomplish what we can.
Report back from EAB:
In the afternoon, the EAB met, then provided feedback to the Executive Committee.
Devendra Lal, Chair, stated that the Board is pleased that, compared to last year, the presentations reflected very well the accomplishments, linkages between users, and modeling activities. The Board was very happy to hear the presentations, and they were much better organized than in the past. There are
121 many aspects of what SAHRA is doing that can only be commended, and those are evident. However, since the Board was asked to give feedback for improvements, this report will concentrate on those areas that could be improved upon.
The Board recommends that SAHRA should “follow on” – but should give more emphasis on how evolving science can meet stakeholders’ needs. Need to hold workshops with stakeholders, to have them tell you what they need, and to let them know what you can provide. This has been done very well in the San Pedro, but not as well for Rio Grande. Presentations are very exciting, such as the role of vegetation in water balance – but could be more clear about what is meant by “banking,” such as in mesquite banking. This is a good direction to go, to discover that plants bank water; this is a big achievement for SAHRA if done properly. This could be used with water management, which would be very valuable. Do it all the way in the time you have; don’t leave it for others to take over.
Another concern is that there should be a plan, SAHRA has five more years – one has to think about the final point, and how to continue afterwards. The Board believes strongly that projects need to be completed; don’t leave them half-done at the end of NSF funding. Keep in mind when you take on projects that there is an ending point. The Board felt that, in the case of modeling, the plan has controls, and there is a good chance that this will come to a good completion before the end of SAHRA. The products, and the information to others about the products, should be done by the five years.
Julie asked that the Education M-T people think about self-evaluation and how that affects policy. For many reasons, there needs to be people supporting what Education is doing, and if you have policy people on your side saying you are helping, there is value. Need to be able to evaluate your projects to show they are valuable. It’s very exciting – had been thinking about what science could be brought to the classroom, and now we’re starting to see it. Liz responded that integrated science is not accepted in schools. A powerful thing to do is to think about how integrated science is helpful with educators. Need to get to people before they get to college. Good research is going on that can be brought to K-12 classroom.
Larry Winter began a discussion on modeling uncertainty, stating that we need to look at quantifying uncertainty through all of these activities. Stakeholders understand that we are talking about ranges, but they need to know what those ranges are. Also, he suggested that while we are aware that there is great science going on, we need to let others, like stakeholders and educators, know about it, even if it is not “mature science” yet.
John Schaake indicated that NSF has been trying to develop a strong water area, but it is not yet well- focused. They are seeing that we need a bigger program of science nation-wide. SAHRA is beginning to show how this can be done. He suggested that SAHRA get some constituents behind it, and be a model for the rest of the nation. Regarding modeling, the strategy has a lot of merit, but it may not work as smoothly as we would like it to. May want to make a hypothesis statement and see if our work can support that.
Devendra suggested that a fourth question on our list be: How can evolving science meet stakeholders’ needs? We don’t know what the answer is, but the question itself is fundamental to the stakeholders, and helping to develop the support from your constituents can help answer the question. Jim S. suggested that we use the same process for the KT area as well.
Hoshin stated that an important function (per Vince Tidwell) of Modeling effort and science is a bridge to the education and KT functions. That was done in a planned fashion, because they realized that the value of education is to bring the science to the forefront.
122 Discussion of modeling followed, considering the structural complexity between fine, medium, and coarse resolutions. John S. again suggested a hypothesis statement be formulated, and determine how to test it. Hoshin said that the first step is to build a fine model and a medium model. What SAHRA is doing it step one – setting up the framework. Soroosh agreed, and commented that the mid-scale is what will help the end user (stakeholder), not the scientist. Larry stated that you need to make sure your stakeholders understand that there is a degree of uncertainty in the model. Hoshin stated that there will be a meeting in Los Alamos on modeling, and plans for the Modeling M-T will be more clear after that meeting. What is not clear is who would support this effort long-term, and who has a vested interest. Soroosh responded that we may not have the organizations we need now, but should show that we are moving ahead in the right direction. No one is going to support us until we have the concepts in place. So that is where the modeling needs to go first. And not a small vision – need to look ahead.
Jim S. concluded the meeting, and thanked all for attending.
123 $33(1',;'
Global Water News Watch & email subscriptions www.sahra.arizona.edu\newswatch
UA Water Sustainability Program Website www.uawater.arizona.edu 124
Southwest Hydrology Magazine Free subscriptions at www.swhydro.arizona.edu
UA Water Sustainability Project, Brochure
125 $33(1',;( $FURQ\PV8VHG
AGU – American Geophysical Union ARE – Dept. of Agricultural and Resource Economics at the University of Arizona ASU – Arizona State University CATTS – Collaboration to Advance Teaching Technology and Science, UA CEDEX – Centro de Estudios y Experimentación de Obras Públicas CEEM – Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics at the University of Arizona CPC – Climate Prediction Center of the National Centers for Enivironmental Prediction CSU – Colorado State University CUAHSI – Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science DRI – Desert Research Institute EBWD – Elephant Butte Water District ECPC – Experimental Climate Prediction Center, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, UCSD EEB – Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UA EES – Earth and Environmental Sciences, NMT EPWD – El Paso Water District ERC – NSF/SRC Engineering Research Center for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacturing EWRI – Environmental and Water Resources Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers FUNDEA – Fundación Mexicana para la Educación Ambiental GEWEX-CEOP – Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment, Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period GLOBE – Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment G-WADI – Water and Development Information for Arid Lands – A Global Network HELP – Hydrology for the Environment, Life and Policy HWR – Dept. of Hydrology and Water Resources at the University of Arizona HyDIS – Hydrologic Data and Information System IAEA – The International Atomic Energy Agency IBWC – International Boundary and Water Commission IMADES – Instituto del Medio Ambiente y el Desarrollo Sustenable IMTA – Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua INRAM – Inst. of Nat. Resources Analysis & Management ITEP/EEOP – Institute for Tribal Environmental Professionals, Environmental Education Outreach Program at NAU ITSON – Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora IUGG - International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics LANL – Los Alamos National Laboratory LBL – Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory MUSD – Marana Unified School District NAME – North American Monsoon Experiment NAU – Northern Arizona University NCEP – National Centers for Environmental Prediction NESDIS – National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service of NOAA NMISC – New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission NMSU – New Mexico State University NMT – New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology
126 NOAA – National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NPS – National Park Service (DOI) OMS – Online Management System PAG – Pima Association of Governments PSU – Penn State University Sandia – Sandia National Laboratories SCERP – Southwest Center for Environmental Research and Policy START - Science Teachers and Reformed Teaching SWRC – Southwest Watershed Research Center of the USDA-ARS TAMU – Texas A&M University UA – University of Arizona UACJ - Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juarez UCI – University of California at Irvine UCLA – University of California at Los Angeles UCM – University of California at Merced UCR – University of California at Riverside UCSD – University of California at San Diego U Colo – University of Colorado Udall – Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy U Ida – University of Idaho UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization USON – Universidad de Sonora UNM – University of New Mexico UNR - University of Nevada, Reno US ACE – U.S. Army Corps of Engineers USDA-ARS – U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service USDA-CSREES - U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service USGS – U.S. Geological Survey USPP – Upper San Pedro Partnership USU – Utah State University UTEP – University of Texas, El Paso U Wyo – University of Wyoming WMO – World Meteorological Organization WRRC – Water Resources Research Center, UA
127