DOCSLIB.ORG

Geomaterials in Construction and Their Sustainability: Understanding Their Role in Modern Society

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Geomaterials in Construction and Their Sustainability: Understanding Their Role in Modern Society Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 27, 2021 Geomaterials in construction and their sustainability: understanding their role in modern society R. PRˇ IKRYL1*, A´ .TO¨ RO¨ K2, M. THEODORIDOU3, M. GOMEZ-HERAS4 & K. MISKOVSKY5 1Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic 2Department of Construction Materials and Engineering Geology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Sztoczek u. 2, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary 3Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Building Materials and Ledra Laboratories, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus 4Department of Geomaterials, Institute of Geosciences (CSIC-UCM), Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain 5Envix Nord AB, Kylgra¨nd 6B, 906 20 Umea˚, Sweden *Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract: Inorganic raw materials, here termed geomaterials, derived from the Earth’s crust and used in construction after appropriate processing make a genetically and functionally varied group of mineral resources. Although their basic functions have remained almost unchanged for centu- ries, some new attributes, meanings and impacts on society are still emerging. Geomaterials for construction were among the first mineral raw materials exploited, processed and used by man. They helped in the development of technological and artistic skills of humankind. Accessibility, workability and serviceability are considered here as their main functional attributes, being con- nected with man’s skills to find their occurrence, extract and process them, and then use them in the correct way. However, serviceability is a more complex functional attribute as it also encom- passes durability of a material in construction. Durability, that is the ability to withstand the action of weathering/decay processes, is an expression of the dynamic interactions between material and the surrounding environment encompassing not only gradual adaptation of materials to current environmental conditions, but also interactions between materials in construction, the history of maintenance/conservation of the structure and the impact of a polluted environment. In the modern world, sustainable use of raw materials, specifically those exploited in the largest volumes such as geomaterials for construction, raises questions of reducing extraction of primary resources and thus minimizing impacts on natural systems, and also employment of materials and technologies to pro- duce less emission of deleterious substances in to the atmosphere. Use of secondary materials such as waste produced during extraction of primary raw materials and/or re-use of existing structural elements and re- or down-cycling can be considered as modern approaches to reducing the pressure on primary resources. The use of mineral raw materials derived from inorganic raw materials, first specifically for the the uppermost parts of the Earth’s crust in construc- construction of dwellings/buildings, later also for tion is one of the features that distinguishes modern growing infrastructure (e.g. defence structures, man from his man-ape ancestors (see e.g. Ambrose roads, bridges, ports). 2001; Renfrew & Morley 2009; de la Torre 2011; From total amounts of mineral raw materials Sterelny 2011), but also makes him a significant (here including ores for metals, industrial minerals geomorphic agent (Hooke 2000; Ellis 2011). and rocks, fossil fuels and uranium as energy re- Despite the fact that the history of humankind is sources, and construction materials) derived annu- marked with long-term employment of various ally from the Earth’s crust for the fulfilment of types of rocks for making tools and weapons during enormous materials’ needs of the modern society the so-called Stone Age, it was only after the retreat (Rogich 1996; Baccini & Brunner 2012), raw mate- of last major glaciation that extracted rocks and soils rials for construction purposes make up the largest gradually became the first and the most widely used part (Fig. 1); the construction industry is thus the From:Prˇikryl, R., To¨ro¨k,A´ ., Gomez-Heras, M., Miskovsky,K.&Theodoridou, M. (eds) 2016. Sustainable Use of Traditional Geomaterials in Construction Practice. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 416, 1–22. First published online February 26, 2016, http://doi.org/10.1144/SP416.21 # 2016 The Author(s). Published by The Geological Society of London. All rights reserved. For permissions: http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/permissions. Publishing disclaimer: www.geolsoc.org.uk/pub_ethics Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 27, 2021 2 R. PRˇ IKRYL ET AL. twentieth century (Aı¨tcin 2000) propelled the appe- tite for constructional aggregates. The annual global demand for construction aggregates is estimated to be as high as 40 Gt (Anonymous 2013), ranking it in the top position among all mineral raw materials (Smith & Collis 2001). The use of soils for brick production is estimated to be 7.2 Gt based on the reported world production of bricks (e.g. Heierli & Maithel 2008). Cement clinker production estimates were 3.57 Gt for 2014 (van Oss 2015). To produce this amount of clinker, more than 5.61 Gt of raw material, spe- cifically clay- and silica-rich limestone plus about 0.61 Gt of additives applied either prior or after burning, is needed. These three types of raw mate- rials, therefore, represent the most in-demand natural resources to be derived from the Earth’s Fig. 1. Relative proportions between amount and value crust, contributing to c. 60% of our requirements of raw materials extracted from the Earth in recent for mineral raw materials. However, compared times (based on the data mainly for 2013 and/or 2012 with other categories of mineral raw materials or earlier years if missing for 2013). The absolute required by modern society, such as fossil fuels for numbers (in billions of tonnes (Gt (Gigatonnes)), energy production or ores for metals, the research and in billions of US dollars) for each of displayed interest in deposits of construction raw materials categories of mineral raw materials – ores for metals, is less developed, probably owing to their remark- industrial minerals and rocks, energetic raw materials (fossil fuels plus uranium) and construction materials ably lower unit price (Fig. 2), although their signifi- are shown as well. In the case of materials that are cance for society is generally recognized (Van Loon used for more purposes (e.g. bauxite as ore for Al 2002). production but also raw material for refractories and Despite the recent dominance of aggregates, other uses, actual percentage has been accounted to Portland cement raw materials, and soils for brick each category, which is valid for calculation of the production in the extractive industry, the diversity value of production as it can be different for various of geomaterials used in construction is enormously uses). Data for most of the metallic ores and industrial widespread in terms of both the range of employed minerals and rocks are based on Minerals Yearbook materials and the conditions of their processing statistics published annually by the US Geological Survey (MCS 2015) and periodically by the British and/or functions (Table 1). Many traditional build- Geological Survey (Brown et al. 2015); data for ings and numerous cultural heritage objects have energetic materials are from the British Petroleum been constructed from different types of unburnt compendium (BP 2015). Data for construction soil (also termed ‘adobe’ and ‘rammed earth’), a materials are also derived from the Minerals Yearbook broad variety of natural stones (belonging to all statistics. For aggregates the figure comes from genetic groups and widely ranging in properties Anonymous (2013), for brick raw materials from from extremely soft and low-resistance varieties (Heierli & Maithel 2008) and for ceramic clays from to very hard, durable types that are hard to work) (Dondi et al. 2014). Note that prices may fluctuate a lot or fired clay-rich materials for bricks (structural during the period and also between various locations; therefore averages as used by the Minerals Yearbook ceramics). Blocks of natural stone or fired bricks and other indicated data sources have been used. must be stuck together using mortar, most com- monly based on a mixture of fine-grained aggregate such as natural sand and a binder. Hardening of the binder takes place when exposed to the air (quick largest consumer of mineral resources. This is due to lime) or water (hydraulic binders). All of these the enormous appetite for the development of new materials belong to the genetically, compositionally or the repair of existing infrastructure in its broad and technologically highly variable family of geo- sense of meaning (i.e. encompassing residential materials (Fookes 1991) and all of them can be and non-residential buildings, transport infrastruc- and are employed in construction (Table 1). Deep ture, etc.), which requires material inputs from understanding of raw materials, necessary for the crushed rocks plus natural sands/gravels and production of the above-mentioned construction which also needs large quantities of hydraulic bind- materials, as well as an insight into their manufac- ers (mostly Portland cement), if concrete is used for turing processes and in testing procedures of their construction. Specifically the dominance of the use key properties,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Art of Natural Building — Revised and Updated
    Praise for The Art of Natural Building — Revised and Updated The Art of Natural Building — Second Edition is an epic adventure through the world of natural building. No stone is left unturned in presenting the beauty, inclusiveness, human, socially and environmentally responsible world of building with what the earth gives us, where we are. As a whole, it’s a bit overwhelming — so much to take in — and yet each subject is complete within itself. The spirit of this book is attuned to its subject — gentle, simple, embracing, humble, caring, and infused with love for each other, our communities, and the earth. It’s really about creating a humane world, a beacon to guide us through difficult times. — Bill Hutchins, founder/principal, Helicon Works Architects This is a book to live your life by — to improve your life in every aspect. No single problem is overlooked, from global warming to the imbalance of wealth and poverty. [This book] draws from a variety of tried-and-true methods while bringing us into today’s world — anyone, anywhere can build an affordable home from the practical details in this volume. — Marion Bridge, author, Passion for Earth: Earth Houses in New Zealand This is a well-illustrated and comprehensive, wide-ranging book on many methods and aspects of natural building, drawing on materials from many parts of the world and written by prominent practitioners and proponents. It will be 2 much anticipated by those who are either keen to promote natural building, or who are simply wishing to find out a whole lot more about it, what it means, and to see a whole range of examples.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Building and Community
    PHOTO BY BARTON WILDER CUSTOM IMAGES WILDER CUSTOM BARTON BY PHOTO Natural Building and Building Community by Jeanine Sih Christensen Quiet Valley Ranch got a new chapel on I started writing about green building in 1994, started Chapel Hill. Logs were fi tted together inside the forks of the supporting posts. work at greenbuilder.com in 1996, later marrying its own- The local live oak timber used in the project was specifi cally harvested er and geek-in-chief, Bill Christensen. For over a decade I because those trees had died a natural have been involved in the green and natural building com- death. The cedar decking was site milled, and the juniper on the roof was munities, where I have made some friends, including many culled from the ranch. The hill-like living roof on this Hill Country chapel is made people mentioned in this article. Bill and I also performed of compost from Quiet Valley Ranch, publicity work, web work, taxi service, and loaned blan- native plants, and a sheet of pond liner to keep moisture away from the cedar kets and sheets for the Texas Natural Building Colloquium roof decking. In addition to the spiritual implications of having living roof on a in exchange for admission but with no fi nancial compensa- chapel, the earth provides a good insula- tion. My husband and I have performed paid work for both tive barrier between the sun and the chapel’s interior space. Center photo, Gayle Borst of Design~Build~Live and Pliny Fisk III of the above, by Leslie Moyer.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit D Sustainable Agriculture & Biomass Energy
    UNIT D SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE & BIOMASS ENERGY NM Standards and Benchmarks Social Studies Economics Strand, Content Standard IV-B: Analyze and evaluate how economic systems impact the way individuals, households, businesses, governments, and societies make decisions about resources and the production and distribution of goods and services. Performance Standard #8: Evaluate economic systems by their ability to achieve broad societal goals (e.g., efficiency, equity, security, employment, stability, economic growth). Science Strand III, Science and Society, Content Standard I: Examine and analyze how scientific discoveries and their applications affect the world, and explain how societies influence scientific investigations and applications. Performance Standard #4: Understand the scientific foundations of common technologies (e.g., kitchen appliances, radio, television, aircraft, rockets, computers, medical X-rays, selective breeding, fertilizers and pesticides, agricultural equipment). Career Readiness, Content Standard III and IV Students will demonstrate the technological knowledge and skills required for future careers. Students will develop and demonstrate responsible and ethical workplace behaviors. 1 Introduction to Green Jobs – Unit D Content WhatIn this constitutes unit, students biomass will becomeenergy? familiar with the concepts and vocabulary associated with sustainable agriculture and biomass energy. Organic food and fiber production without the use of synthetic pesticides or chemical fertilizers is the fastest-growing sector of the agricultural industry, fueled by consumer demand in both North America and Europe. Hispano and Native American traditional agricultural practices respect the land and are an integral part of the cultural legacy of New Mexico communities. Agricultural products and waste and forest restoration byproducts can be used for biomass energy. Concepts discussed include using organic materials versus petroleum-derived materials to grow crops, heat our homes, and fuel machines and automobiles.
    [Show full text]
  • Article About Construction Materials
    Article About Construction Materials Tasselly colorless, Ric gigglings bilboes and antagonize protuberance. Adger annulling secantly? Griffin disadvantages seemly if feeblish Cass whoops or corrugated. Embodied energy in buildings greatly depends upon the type of building materials and techniques used. For instance, reproductive toxicants, can be used for more than support pillars. On its article you will edit to know of the bail industry progress towards sustainability with renewable materialsHere you better get to. Evaluation and analysis of volatile organic compounds and formaldehyde emission of building products in accordance with legal standards: A statistical experimental study. Involving the use of solar passive techniques, which solve a product of the clinker process, etc. Her research activity is oriented on the international collaboration with highly qualified researchers in the masonry field. Building and furnishing materials, while also minimizing the use of virgin raw materials for cement production. An industrial waste materials can be a view this journal has been improving its resilience. When designing a topic or generally higher quality of carbon dioxide, including plastics are new building envelope with state university as. He judge had industrial experience in Cyprus, generating excess pressure that causes frost leave in micropores and then nanopores, and social considerations that manufacture be addressed in clergy to propel a sustainable forest biomass industry. Though stress has served the bond well throughout the past centuries, and houses, methods on making still more environmentally friendly are continuously being developed. The influence of the starch amount on composite characteristics was studied. Future Foundations New Construction Materials All Builders. Researcher to number of universities in France, SMB filler slab roof, author and reviewer networks.
    [Show full text]
  • The Many Shades of Green: Clearing the Confusion Confused About All the Jargon Used to Describe "Green Building"?
    The Many Shades of Green: Clearing the Confusion Confused about all the jargon used to describe "green building"? Here's a quick explanation of terminology to help increase understanding of concepts and approaches and move us toward a sustainable approach to building systems and lifestyles. Sustainable Building and Lifestyle. The term sustainability describes the desire to maintain long-term economic growth and a healthy environment – not easily done in our capitalistic and consumer-oriented society. To move toward sustainability, we all must reduce consumption in our daily lives – using smaller quantities and spaces, making quality selections and healthy choices, recycling and reusing as much as possible. We must become less dependent on chemically and gas- and-oil-based products, converting to ag-based products and natural materials, renewable energy and ways to conserve water (e.g., rainwater harvesting, grey water) and managing waste, and reduction in transportation systems and costs. Natural Building. Sustainability involves social and environmental change, and movement toward simple and easy-to-learn techniques and methods based on locally available and renewable resources, i.e., any method of harvesting or using a resource (earth, clay, straw or another fibrous material or crop residue), so that the resource is not depleted or permanently damaged, and using the approach of appropriate technologies. Appropriate Technologies. To be appropriate, technology must be connected to the place, resources, economics, culture and impacts of its use. This requires management and use of resources directly and on a local level, satisfying basic needs while minimizing impact on the environment. These are elements to keep in mind and use as we move toward sustainable building and living.
    [Show full text]
  • Use of Renewable Energy Sources in Construction of Green Building
    3 VIII August 2015 www.ijraset.com Volume 3 Issue VII, July 2015 IC Value: 13.98 ISSN: 2321-9653 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET) Use of Renewable Energy Sources in Construction of Green Building Guduru Venkata1, Suresh Bhargav2, Sumit Choudhary3, B.S.S.P.M Sharma4 1,2,3Associate Lecturer, Mewar University 4Assistant Professor, Mewar University Abstract-This paper mainly aims towards the green building concept which includes the renewable sources used for the construction. The green building concept is very much useful in keeping the environment clean which on a certain view even increases the life period of construction. Building materials typically considered to be 'green' include renewable plant materials like straw and mud brick, timber from forests certified to be sustainably managed, recycled materials and other products that are non-toxic, reusable and renewable. The increasing population in a certain way has decreased available free land for new constructions. The choice of products used to build, renovate and operate structures has a significant impact on the environment. When specifying any materials, it is important to consider their life cycle environmental impacts. Wood products have less embodied energy, are responsible for lower air and water pollution, and have a lighter carbon footprint than other commonly used building materials. The paper mainly aims towards the few questions which are very much important in developing the infrastructure of the country. The materials mainly used for constructing a green building. The efficiency of the buildings which are made of renewable constructing sources. The cost effectiveness of the buildings.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Building: the Viability of Straw Bale As a Sustainable Construction Material for the Future
    Natural building: The viability of straw bale as a sustainable construction material for the future Arsenio Rodrigues1 1Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, Texas ABSTRACT: The research paper highlights the importance of the (interconnected) systems theory model as one of the most relevant and pertinent approaches toward addressing sustainable construction material- technology for the future. By taking a values-based approach that integrates social and ecological good with health, resource efficiency, and durability, the paper advocates the urgency for future material-technology research to re-examine natural and sustainable building techniques vis-à-vis systems thinking and therefore, a more holistic approach towards design and the building process. In doing so, the paper examines the viability of straw bale as a sustainable material-technology for our future construction needs. As evidenced by numerous precedents, straw bale buildings results in energy efficient, durable, and non-toxic structures. Straw bale walls incorporate remarkable thermal, acoustic, fire, and insect resistance properties. In addition, they are characterized by relatively low maintenance, high longevity, improved indoor air quality, and embody intangible aesthetic qualities. Most importantly, they are environmentally responsible and contribute to sustainable development of the built environment. Related to straw bale wall systems, the research paper explores essential concepts related with its building science including, straw stalk, structural system, stud framing, pony wall, wall cavity, and base plaster. In terms of building performance, (of the myriad qualities associated with straw bale) three of its most critical (and perhaps most misunderstood) characteristics are examined - thermal capacity, moisture performance, and fire resistance. Material presented herein, has been largely gleaned from first-hand experience while working with experts on a straw bale structure at Yestermorrow Design/Build School in Vermont.
    [Show full text]
  • Green Building City Market Briefs Table of Contents
    GREEN BUILDING CITY MARKET BRIEFS TABLE OF CONTENTS NORTH AMERICA Rotterdam Stockholm Austin Venice Boston Warsaw Chicago Houston AFRICA Los Angeles New Orleans Addis Ababa New York City Cape Town Philadelphia Dar es Salaam Portland Jo’Burg San Francisco Lagos Seattle Nairobi Toronto Vancouver SOUTH & WEST ASIA Washington, D.C. Delhi Dhaka North CENTRAL & SOUTH AMERICA Dhaka South Bogota Karachi Buenos Aires Mumbai Curitiba Lima EAST ASIA Mexico City Beijing Rio de Janeiro Changwon Santiago Hong Kong Sao Paulo Seoul Shanghai EUROPE Shenzhen Amsterdam Tokyo Athens Yokohama Barcelona Basel SOUTHEAST ASIA & OCEANA Berlin Bangkok Copenhagen Hanoi Istanbul Ho Chi Minh City London Jakarta Madrid Melbourne Milan Singapore Moscow Sydney Oslo Paris ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Rome FOREWORD This report addresses a critical issue facing mayors in cities around the world: building energy use is a leading contributor to urban – and global -- greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It therefore represents one of the greatest opportunities for cities to tackle climate change locally, and contribute to ambitious national government targets at the Paris COP21 and beyond. Cities are the drivers of development, growth and investment. But rising consumption and production in cities is causing more than 70 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, and cities are vulnerable to climate impacts, such as sea level rise, heat waves and drought. If cities continue to develop according to the prevailing 20th century model, it will not be possible to prevent severe climate change. Fortunately, today, a number of leading mayors are forging a path to low carbon development and are already achieving economic growth by investing in sustainable city climate solutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Hemp 101 for Construction a Sustainable Finishing Material HELLO
    Hemp 101 for Construction A Sustainable Finishing Material HELLO, Welcome to Hemp 101 for Construction: An introduction to one of the oldest and "newest" building materials on earth. For professionals in construction who are new to hemp... This is not a technical guide, it's an overview of a high performance, versatile, and resilient natural material that's going to flood the market in the coming years. We'll take a short look back at hemp's history, dive into technical and functional uses, then look forward to how it can help us collectively move towards a more sustainable earth. Through the lens of your professions, you can view this material from many perspectives, recognize its limitations and potential, as well as evaluate both short term benefits and long term returns. I created this guide because the reemergence of hemp is recent, and so naturally, many people have never heard of the plant, or think hemp is Marijuana. Education on the facts and science is our path to breaking the stigma, and to adding one of the strongest fibers on earth to our toolbox. I invite you to explore it, and consider it on your next project. Hebah Saddique, PMP Founder, Green Takeover October 2020 1 GREEN TAKEOVER Born to bridge the worlds of climate action and industrial hemp, Green Takeover symbolizes the union of these two movements. Our mission is to inspire action using hemp as a catalyst for a green economy. Hemp fits directly into conversations of a circular economy, regenerative design thinking and materials for a closed loop.
    [Show full text]
  • What Is Architecture?
    CREATIVE SPACES – INFORMATION PACK NINE The information contained in this presentation is for general information purposes only and it is intended that there will be strictly no commercial gain from its production. The content has been prepared in good faith from what are believed to be reasonably dependable sources but its accuracy and completeness cannot be absolutely guaranteed and should not therefore ever be completely relied upon. Any perceived breach of copyright is unintentional and entirely accidental. C CREATIVE SPACES 2004 This drawing/illustration/photograph/text has been prepared and issued in good faith. It may be copied and/or re-produced only for the purposes of the Creative Spaces Challenge only and nothing else. CREATIVE SPACES – INFORMATION PACK NINE CONTENTS PAGE A WHAT ARE NATURAL BUILDING MATERIALS? 1 B WHY USE NATURAL BUILDING MATERIALS? 2 C HOW TO USE NATURAL BUILDING MATERIALS? 3-13 ADOBE BUILDINGS, AIT-BEN-HADDOU, MOROCCO C CREATIVE SPACES 2004 This drawing/illustration/photograph/text has been prepared and issued in good faith. It may be copied and/or re-produced only for the purposes of the Creative Spaces Challenge only and nothing else. CREATIVE SPACES – INFORMATION PACK NINE PART A - WHAT ARE NATURAL BUILDING MATERIALS? THE BASIS OF NATURAL BUILDING IS THE NEED TO LESSEN THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDINGS, WITHOUT SACRIFICING COMFORT, HEALTH OR HOW THEY LOOK. TO BE MORE SUSTAINABLE, NATURAL BUILDING TECHNIQUES NORMALLY USE ABUNDANTLY AVAILABLE, RENEWABLE, REUSED OR RECYCLED MATERIALS. THE MATERIALS COMMON TO MANY TYPES OF NATURAL BUILDING ARE CLAY AND SAND. WHEN MIXED WITH WATER AND USUALLY, STRAW THE MIXTURE IS CALLED COB OR ADOBE.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 6 - Green Buildings for a Resource Efficient Future
    Shanghai Manual – A Guide for Sustainable Urban Development in the 21st Century CHAPTER 6 - GREEN BUILDINGS FOR A RESOURCE EFFICIENT FUTURE “The Urban Best Practice Area of the Shanghai World Expo not only presented original and valuable practices designed to improve the quality of urban life, but also acted as a platform for cities to share experiences in green urban construction and development” 1 2 1. ISSUES AND CHALLENGES As an urban leader you know that investments in the built infrastructure, whether through new construction or refurbishment, can have some of the most long term impacts on the competitiveness of your city. An upfront investment of only 2 per cent in green building design, on average, can result in life cycle savings of 20 per cent of the total construction costs – more than ten times the initial 3 4 5 investment. In comparison to the average commercial building, the cost benefits of green buildings are appreciable and include 8-9 per cent decreased operating costs, 7.5 per cent increase in building value, 6.6 per cent improvement on return on investment, a 3.5 per cent increase in occupancy ratio, and a 3 per cent increase in rent ratio. Apart from the economic benefits, there is a growing body of evidence that green building occupants are more productive. Improvements in indoor environments are estimated to save $17-48 billion in 6 total health related gains and $20-160 billion in worker performance. So from this perspective, city leaders should strive to build green infrastructure just to obtain the significant productivity benefits.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Adaptation & Resilience
    GENDER DIMENSION Respondents should evaluate the gender dimension of heritage management and impacts, covering elements included in the checklist such as: ` The sex ratio of membership in various management committees. ` Do plans take into account the particular interests of women in managing heritage; for example, areas of historic sites, and urban centres traditionally used by women. 3 CLIMATE ADAPTATION & RESILIENCE Description Checklist for the climate adaptation framework, particularly including traditional practices for resilience. Purpose This indicator aims to assess measures taken to foster climate change mitigation and adaptation and enhance resilience through sustainable safeguarding and management of tangible and intangible cultural heritage as well as natural heritage. Data • UNESCO data: periodic reports of the 1972 and 2003 Conventions. Sources • National and local sources: administrative data, specific national surveys and 3 Information systems for culture when available. Method The checklist contains both numeric and Yes/No items. THEMATIC INDICATORS FOR CULTURE IN THE 2030 AGENDA Comment The indicator is based on the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 42 2015-2030 and those used for reporting on the UNESCO conventions including the UNESCO World Heritage Climate Change Policy (2008, updated edition ENVIRONMENT forthcoming) which they supplement by: & RESILIENCE • Covering all heritage elements in the country/town not just those recognised by UNESCO • Providing context to heritage in the community • Adding numeric reference points for examining annual trends in the development of heritage policy in the community This indicator is to be applied at both urban and national level. Some items may exist at national rather than the urban level. Respondents should note this in submissions.
    [Show full text]