Paths to Americanization

CEU eTD Collection

Paths to Paths JewishVoices In fulfillment partial of the requirements for the

Nationalism StudiesProgram Americanization Central European University Degree Advise Budapest, Hungary Pamela J.Abels Submitted to

5/29 r: Carstenr: Wilke of Master Arts of

from Pittsburgh /2012

CEU eTD Collection Conclusion Culture Charity Education 3.3 Instituti 3.2 Problems Reform’s with Institutions The Montefiore Hospital Education Charities 3.1 Institutions of the Reform Community Chapter 3 2.4 Residential Clustering 2.3 2.2 Leisure Subculture German of in Jews Pittsburgh 2.1 EthnicJewish Subculture Chapter 2 1.7 Local Level 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 Chapter 1 Lit Introduction Abstract Acknowledgements Table ofContents erature Review

Two Cities Questioning Americanization Americanization in Newspaper Discourse Urging Americanization the Effort Americanization of Orthodoxy Americanization of the Immigrant Americanization ......

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Spaces Subcultures and Discourses Contested Institution ......

ons of the Russian/Orthodox Community ...... —

American IdentityJewish Question in ...... —

...... Pittsburgh andAmericanization

...... on Americanization —

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...... The Path American of Reform Judaism ......

...... - and Residential Separation ...... Building

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63 62 59 57 57 54 53 51 49 48 48 40 38 37 36 36 31 27 24 23 21 20 16 13

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h regards of ideas, symbols, and institutions which aroused institutions ofideas, thedeepestregards and symbols, The Ambivalent American Jew: Politics, R Jew: Politics, AmericanThe Ambivalent Conversely to Liebman’s pessimistic interpretationLiebman’s identity ofJewish to Conversely pessimistic today, -

Winter, 19991998): 3. the apparent tointegrate Jews larger struggleof American intothe found a “ f Synthesis Culture,” American in Jewish

Literature Review singleness of purpose” with Americanism and purpose” Hebraism.singleness of withAmericanism - eminent social scientist of Jews and scientist ofJews Judaism. eminent social 8

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While his implications that Jewish hisimplicationsWhile that Jewish

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has thefollowing In case in the the Jews of Indiana University Press

CEU eTD Collection (Ithaca: CornellU 12 Press, 2004,ch.2. Cooper. “BeyondIdentity,” in Identity,” level.ascertaina Rogers “identity”more to oncomplex Brubaker and Frederick Americaness given in reader andJewishness themay locales, c Americans.goal tovery Due varying tounderstand thesis, of ofthis understandings 11 University Pres 10 5, no.1/2(Autumn, 9 20 immigrantsJewish greatwave America in during late the ofimmigration19 the brethrendiffering national overcome their backgrou the question not enoughI inthe strugglegroupfor survival. allies effectively tobecome will considering be Russian political life. FurthermoreI when dealing be text will considering withGerman this iden obligedthesis toinclude inmy I Americanwithin be freedom. will fundamentalI this think myargument which in be will social q life. Goren’smain examine various strategies fora maintaining collective identityactive whilebeing inAmerican as aminoritysurvival. withwhat essentially There dealt is aregroup case studiesthat ten “Jewishness” inturnmade a him American.” more “enlightened Sarna Jonathan explains, for Kallen, his

Jonathan Sarna, ofSynthesisJonathan Culture,” “The American in Jewish Cult

Jack Glazier,Jack The term and refers “identity” also toa Jews here as basic as ofidentification understanding Arthur Goren, th

tity centuries reveals Jack Glazier’sJack book Arthur Goren 11 - Jewish tensions Jewish orin America notreligionas whether acommonal and , butalsoAmericanize and inAmerican become economicand integrated social, — were their two Jewish Americantwo Jewish were identity:and East their GermanEuropean,or did the s, 1999). Dispersing theGhetto: ofJewish Immigrants The Relocation AcrossAmerica The Politics and Public Culture ofAmerican andPublicCulture The Politics Jews niversity Press, 1998).

10 ; he reveals; he

Winter, 1999

deals essays with about Jewish

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some insightful accountsofthesome insightful difficulties that there was an effort on the part of Jews to maintain a Jewish that thereefforttomaintain aJewish an was of ontheJews part

1998): 8. “

Americaness

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, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard, Cambridge,University Mass.: made nobler in“a Jew”and his hoose torefer to“Beyondhoose 9

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Riv Moshe Rosman, Ibid., 133. Ibid., 132. the American toher community.explanation she argument, explains Jewish Offering more - Ellen Prell isaprofessor religious at who teaches University ofMinnesota both and Riv — particularlygender,class has and women. focusedon she particularly Jewish - Ellen Prells’ concerning Americanconcerning andchildren, children their immigrant Jewish parents.Jewish

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in that same respectin that samea in “battleground middle Jewishness, of of American history Jewish of Fighting toBecomeandthe Trouble between Americans: Assimilation Jewish

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95, no.1(March 2009), (Boston: 14. Beacon 1999), Press, 26

American approaches Hollinger notes history.While thatcommunalist has approach described theunfortunate, dominant toAmerican Jewish

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historians of the field of historians d Beyond: What is the Potential of thePotential Beyond: is What American d Jewish : the “outspoken communalists”: the whoseek to tory atBerkley. UC ofAmericantory Hiscritique 11

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Pamela Nadell, S. “TheAmericanization of theSynagogue, 1820 Leon A. Jick,

Americanization 37 “As congregants andcostly new built and prospered synagogues, ofritual questions The current Americanization whichrelated was directly Judaism to the practice of

d a tendency to reject reformist proposals.reformist Thed a tendencyReform"denounced toreject ideologues The Americanization the Synagogue, of 1820 -

Jewish immigrantsJewish American camereform." tofor withideas Onthe which Germanwhich immigrant Jewish — c t 38 rejects the premise that Reform Judaism in rejects thepremiseReform Judaism that The Path of American 39

nt. The Americanization theS of 0 (2002), first.Brandeis,(2002), (Hannover: 79 1992), 0 erged piecemeal, particular response erged in to questions 16

ution tothe historyution isa American Judaism of s broughtthemwhen. with H Reform sensible - 1870 ynagogue 1820 could be eliminated? Could Could eliminated? could be Judaism : anHistoriographical -

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- 1870 minant form e corrects,e

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CEU eTD Collection eliminated references tothemessianicZion. return and generawholly Hebrew text On the book Minhag other handwhich successful, Wise’s proved America, tobemore was and Hebrew languagealso the eliminated and itunimportant. holiday as Sukkot, hedeemed of Reform be should prayerbook used. which Ei 42 41 (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2005),252. 40 39 tradition was initially German by brought andwhich supporters Wise his urged. Ge considerablefollowing supporters. thatAmerican of TheyJewrywasdependent believed still on sacredIt of thisreality tothem.because thatradical is such Reformers had asa Einhorn learned whenar English they German synagog Having German by were ordained been rabbis, liberal familiarreformedthey with liturgy,the the many was anint Reform later Judaism ofthe immigrants forof Reform German Judaism radical theAmericanizationgoals who Reformer notes thesignificance opposed Meyer ofWise. American scene movement America in were notwitho Itfollowers. be not overlookedeven should more of forefront the thattheReform leaders

Notably there was a dispute between Isaac andNotably betweenWise David adispute Einhorn Mayer concerned therewas the Michael Meyer, Jick, Ibid., 253. rmanyyet values and Jewry’sreligious could therefore it not “Americanized” be inthe way in So whenSo weAmerican understanding not should Judaism, Reform IsaacAmericanization werecentral theconcern and to and of union Wise Mayer hi The Americanization ofthe Synagogue, 1820

ue melodies, to melodies, ue had considerable opponents within its owncamp its considerable opponentshad within Response toModernity: oftheResponse Ref A History

rived,andwas very Germanculture language still much,ina way, lly more user friendly ; both books abbreviated the user service, booksabbreviated and more ;both friendly lly - Jewish immigrants ofthe immigrants laterJewish immigration.“To theof minds

the ideas propagated ofReform leaders. Sowhile they by the 41 ut opposition. Reform Judaism, Reformut opposition. Judaism, 42

Jewish immigrantsJewish theearly nineteenth in is it century,

nhorn’s book,Olat bothGermannhorn’s Tamid,contained 17

- 1870

egralGerman their part heritage.” of , 152

orm Movement in Judaism orm Movementin – 53, 64. — notably as it was evolving onthe

that, whilethe David Einhorn, aDavid

s 40

CEU eTD Collection 44 Harvest HalfaCentury of Journal 43 failure of Theological Jews diverse oftheeffort tounite and Jewish the backgrounds, Seminary American anditself toohadtostruggleinAme it Jews, toredefine Reform religion of theAmerica. Jewish But a Orthodoxynever was majority religion among the new worldthedesiresefforts of despite Rabbinical American and Reform leadershiptomake published daily newspapers throughout the inJewish UnitedStates. spreadOhio, Wise messageAmerican his He thecommunities. ofReform to was Jewish the problem of maintaining identity Jewish Americanhi asFromcitizen. an “MinhagInAmerica,”religion was ofall theAmericanto eyes, histhesolution Jews. Reform J thatReformnotion America Judaismin wouldexpress andcarry existence of outthe dual seeneffort and toreduce as Gentiles. anthedifferencesJews between non viaReform“Assimilation destiny,as was thenineteenth theJewish and centuryEuropean, Jew w To keep elementsto avow wouldmeannationality, allegiance any secular toJewish Jewish religiondiscard ofJewish and any all aspects that weresecularconsidered elements. national, Americanizingand Germanizing influences,as in out Meyer points not synonymous Thoughreligion withGermanReformAmerica in the Judaism. witnessed both ewishness andAmericaness. essential Thereforeit thatReform found be Judaism he the

hich was incongruent with the Jewish commitmentwith the Jewish toaEuropeanhich was incongruentallegiance. national Shevitz, Shevitz, Baron,Saloand W. Emancipation: "Ghetto Revise We theTraditional Shall View?" - Jew, saw it.” Jew, NeedlessneverAmerica.” became “Minhag tosay,carried Reform the Orthodoxy o IsaacAs the American forefront of figure the Judaism, purported Reform Wise Mayer Leaders of Reform

14 (1928), pp.515 Jewish Communities onthe Ohio River 43

Salo Baronargues thatthe Reform entire ess movement could

, Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia: Publication The America, Jewish 1973,61. of

- Judaism understood and supported,Judaism for efforts to part, themost the 526; reprinted in

: Leo Schwarz W. (ed.),: 18

, 85 – 87.

rica.Following theeffective 44 Response toModernity The Menorah Treasury:The

s base inCincinnati, entially be Menorah . n in

CEU eTD Collection 45 paper this interpretation While will take account into in whichReform ofJudaism. that path wave immi ofRussian Jewish congruent values themass come with andsoon American intoconflict with modernity would an effort at German Americanization. inAmerica as championed Jews whoJudaism Reform and unwelcome. immigrants withthe American were notcompatible life way of Americanun was life, tobe uphold the certain which theReformhad unsu deemed traditions movement simultaneously upholding ofAmerica. fundamentalprinciples themost t whicheffort and came shape German made Judaism, outof Reform was tocreate the Jewish Americanized FromofAmericanIsaac theforemostfather Reform, Judaism. the Wise, Mayer atstood aconsiderable fromas remove separate oneifintwo Jewis another, andgeographically, even and Central Eastern Jews European Reform Jews European Orthodox immig Je representative of inAmericaReform turned Judaism exclusivity. was toapolicyof situated as tobe Reform create itselfas religionAmerica” the“Minhag American Jewish by orthe all practiced Jews, movement part hadfor successf themost leadersOrthodox struggledJewish Orthodoxy toredefine in “The antithesis ofthe unruly Yiddish radition originally, a centralthereligion into religion most whichupheld of the tenets while

ws ws Jonathan Sarna,Jonathan who opposed Reform. was YetReform forconsidered part themost Judaism then rant coreligionists from Easternculturally,economically, Socially, Europe. religiously, It thoug understand important to is works exemplifyThis point to thewidelybelief was held thatReform Judaism

the Americanthe Je American JudaismAmerican

- American. Simply, some ofthe beliefs Jewish Russian and practices grantsAmerican rejected wholargely modernized this

ws of German descent,certainly there though were

- (London: University194. Yale 2004), Press, speaking Orthodoxy to Reform Jews associated Orthodoxyspeaking with their toReform Jews ully ully h, that American Reform Judaism was Reform inand ofh, thatAmerican itself Judaism consolidated itself. While Reform itself. While consolidated hadfailed to 19

America. the Meanwhile, — therefore they were unwanted To be Orthodox, to be Orthodox, To itable for modern h worlds.”

German 45 Refor —

m CEU eTD Collection communalencouraged the reconstructionorder Jewish and of ifnotpushed the thesynagogue old presence of side locks; Reform had an Jews issue withkeeping a dietor strictkosher keepingtraditional beardand the the category “old of with non not trimming ones beard, maintaining traditional side arecategory, lendsomeexamples: a butto the vague adherence tostrict dietary (kashrut), laws were with American incompatible deemed mod perhapscriteria hazywas most to the public schoolstobe where theyhow wouldlearn like discarding Americans any means traditional (this discard their mother tongue i 1.2 Iwhich largelyfound have period. manifests particular time inthis phenomenon of thereplacem was Americanized both Judaism and alsobe contribution Germanized, will made tothe mmigrants importance. immigrants Jewish was ofutmost -

world. Americanization of the Immigrant Still IStill found have that These a are just few For - Jews no doubtthere were established American Jews American established T dedica here were

or non ted - world habits and practices”contestable. all American wereworld also Not -

religious Jews tobe refreshingreligious welcomed these Jews and they remnants ofthe Orthodox Jews. Orthodox

always

examples, but just like thewor just examples, but languages (at the very least limit themtothe private leastlanguages(at limit the very home), dress ent of Judaism withJewishness.an is importantent This development ofJudaism the rhetoric leading figuresAmericanthe and Jewish influence of

exceptio to disregard any and all otherand anyold to disregard m embers of theembers c American Reform of ,

ns to the dominant demand of assimilation. thedominantdemandns to of assimilation. Americanization of themass Jewish ofRussian waves ernity. These “old Theseernity.

- locks or children forbidding ones tomingle European come d “Americanization,” whatd “Americanization,” fell under were expected were

good Americans - Jewish - world habits orpracticesworldwhich habits - world habits and practices”world habits

ommunity

gar to learn English b), send their children ; but

who

the last

found the

and CEU eTD Collection 47 46 Europeancantors wereJewish inthe symbolicoftraditional music new world. that shaped therarefied atmosphere informal temples.” and churches Reform “Dressed robes intheir flowing and the professional cantors caps, for substituted the or andexpensive famous for cantors their services effectively at anallegedly price,European steep seating. made andawe were formal Synagogues During other time synagogues thetrend this began with theof importation choral andconsidered music addresses, vernacular was which tasteful. In explains. impressiveness 1885thesynagoguetotraditionalist demonstratedthe andattention appearances. remarkable Beth Hamedrash and Hagodol themost best is 1880s.This in the mid todetailsmeant ofdecoration payingattention andoverall special effort European New intoshowpiece, modelsynagogues tomake synagoguesYork of began East middle in thatstood waning “They harmony aJudaism traditional withthe that Judaism. concluded of 1.3 and dedication Jewry of ofAmerica. American tothe betterment notio while itcreated that practices(andwere in new traditions) even

Ibid., 176 Ibid., 175.

Americanization of Orthodoxy n ofAmericanization alone isaa part policy of conformity theparticipation of requiring - East European Jewish communities ofEast Newresponded European York communities Jewish firstthe to class valuesand wouldbe thattheytheir espoused children more likelytoendure.” competed with eachcompeted for other impressivenessfactors –

77.

- trained cantorsforliturgies.trained thetraditional synagogues The

— 21 - inspiring in effect. Even went as asfar ineffect. inspiring tohire, Even

this causedthis more tocome people toservices.

of strictrulesand assigned order, permanent - — tune with Americanculture.tune with The

hiring more and more

example, Sarna example, 47 threat ofthe

Furthermore gan music 46

An CEU eTD Collection 48 outnumbered by non Americancities created imbalance population Jewish wereg whereas communities Reform the so tob Reform Judaism leadersinfluential Jewish intellectualsMordecai such and as inparticular He Kaplan. founded Reform movement tochangeand aswell. adapt by American Jews. merely deemed a a selection, appropriate, path, most whether consciouslyconsciouslychosen, or between Amer canWe with synagogue life was andbutit existent throughout rabbis, society Jewish a Itgive adelicate incompletely.was balan had toimproveculture tobeskilled Orthodoxycongruent American aswith butalsonot tobe paradox entailed pride, Orthodoxy was becoming intricatemaking synagoguesand tosuch and establishments fashionable membership a of thing Inneeded, and fees. dues thereforerequired effectcrea membership which the members of the congregation; the community tojoin for tofundthese projectsmoney was congregations needed

Ibid., 249. - called middle class.” upper Reform Judaism tooalso Reformmetamorphisized as Judaism aresponse tocriticismsfrom the likes of thebuilding oftheseWith elaboratesynagogues,expensive and orthodox these

— look at the evolution of Jewishness in America ofin Jewishness look attheevolution ascommon ground aneffort find to creating rabbis who werecreating rabbis able tobe modern the new rabbishad toembodyresistanceAmericanization. and accommodation of He

icanization and Jewishness icanization The AmericanizationThe of Orthodoxy inAmerica ultimatelyinfluen - e devoid ofspirituality “confinedand exclusive, toonestratum ofsociety

Reformed

money to fund these projects. This thesemoney projects. tofund

Russian Jews. As aresponse Jews. growingRussian that signs Reform tothe m 48 odern. It Judaism.Thisalso odern. was AmericanizedOrthodox

On the other hand the continual flow of Russian Jews into into On the otherthecontinual Jews Russian hand flowof — cing act. Thisbalancing actcing act. beautifully is exemplified the result, what Jewishness is today what is the result, Jewishness at is present, 22

American

beckoned open uptoall themto and also and O rthodox. It rthodox. was a s a whole really. s tion oftion large ced the

rea tly — CEU eTD Collection 49 fromfrom various For intheUnited other articles newspapers States. instance, believers,Orthodox paper this inreflectin also useful is sourc newspaper ina tothecatered non way and middle important feature andPittsburghfor whileitwas Jews, thetechnically written widely publicized and hewas respected very much local ona level. learned Jews with so Joseph was not the typical editor for Jewish newspaper at the time. Most editors were Rabbis, or at least an did indeedacross edi get messagesinhis his readers tohis (1875Charles Joseph my research toPittsbu 1.4 an in effortmitzvahs immigrants. attractJewish to Russian congregationswh include again rituals toonce began for examplewere Furthermore undertakeninCincinnati. byTemple Rockdale Reform life restricting of Reform.and arenewed revitalization meant This fo wasyears fallingthe emphasized behind, withering during slowly, theinterwar Reformrabbis

Ibid., 249 advertising clerk a of department store. — Americanization inNewspaper Discourse e of understanding the paths to Americanization, opinions towards opinions immigrants pathsAmericanization, e to ofunderstanding the and the incorporation of special dance, programs andeventssuch asand sewing,drama music, While I While am theuse employing Pittsburgh’s ofaCriterion, asa newspaper, local Jewish studyingWhile communities, Jewish I Pittsburgh’s a amount of considerable dedicated - – classnon biased, 250.

me respectable educational prestige. wasJoseph neither, yet opinionshis were

- rgh’s Anglo 1956) was the effectively opini of part - Jews wereJews

- Jewish newspaper,Jewish the -

Jewish elementJewish This This is an interesting andunique feature in and of itself as

also

known to subscribe to the newspaper. In tosubscribe tothenewspaper. factknown the 23

ich were such previously as eliminated bar .

gworld the Jewish Criterion. torials andpublic 49

- The shaping apparatus. While Joseph shaping Joseph apparatus. While cus onallfacets ofJewish - wide events and opinions andopinions events wide Jewish Criterion

lectures, The long editor term

with Reformed

the Yiddish Daily Yiddish

he was also washe was an CEU eTD Collection 50 the road thelatter. which to leads a conversion warningauthor, seems Jewish toChristianity. imply the against Tothe former to gentile notendanti will half persuasion,only Jewish shemakes for toberejected aclear his all toowilling the tofollow non Germanycould possibly not who assimilated, and moreinthe alsoUnitedStates are be theJews a tacticLamenting be thatshould employed state in ofthe about inthe UnitedStates. theJews theybeenstill by andcenturies triedbytheJews for andexcluded isnot theChristians tried were which isan“old pulled outb skeleton” “Assimilation Ame Americanizationnecessary, is what means, Americanization and alsoagainst warnings immigrantthe Jewish America in withvaryingand provide why ustoward: views 1.5 events. interesting This na comments ofAmerican aboutthe state whole, Jewryas rathertha a Forward

Rebecca Altman, wasofthe best one Questioning Americanization

ricanization immigrant. of theJewish t A fiftharticle pageCriterion September published 25, inthe 1903 by Rebecca Altman The followingarticles ofawriters the opinions reflect stratum diverse ofwho ional levelis something arena

in New York are often in the republished

perspective — A Quack Remedy” totheridiculousness points ofthenotion assimilation,

— a localcoverage level American ofnational newspaper’s and Jewish - Jewish feelings; becauseJewish assimilation beganarticle what as an about

- Jewish American’s the footstepsJewish thedoor summer to hotels, of

The message overall which y“leadersIsrael.” has of assimilation the Arguing that - known American writers time. at Jewish known the

24 discu

Criterion ssed in the next section asssed inthenext it

Altman’s piece . Someti point n just the Jews of theJews Pittsburgh.n just — mes theeditor surrendering tothe — assimilation did not did assimilation brings an makes

divulge

50 on

CEU eTD Collection Criterion 52 completely impractical. brining as tothenot thetheirvast solution United States was Jews theRussian numbers made it deals and of Jews thehowtosolve situation theRussian with theproblem. wasFrench and a publicist historian whospecialized history. inRussian ofthe article Much origin 51 yearsthree, fivealreadyact fourexactly or can like Americans. Youhardlyg swiftly. animportant He note whenexplains, strikes he the argu so how this of insight becoming by tr d speaks more the practical, Americanabsorb Spirit.” asthey losingWithout their warminterest social problems, in theymore moderate, and wiser, become perceive quicklytheUtopian thatrevolutionary are currentand spirit tendencies not of“Most after ofthe breathing Jews, first liberty their intoxication theairin the UnitedStates of after the the beginning of Beaul perspectives. international perspective Tobring in,anarticle this AnatoleLeroyFrenchman by presented with notworkwork will for inAmerica for it inEurope, theJews theJews either. ivergent re paths: ies to maintain a Jewish life,ies tomaintain while aJewish

Anatole Leroy Anatole This article from wasoriginalFrench,Beaulah its It translated language, B.Amram. by was ally delivered as an address before the Societe des Etudes Juives. Anatole Leroy Anatole address desan ally Societe EtudesJuives. delivered asbefore the Jewish Immigrants andJudaism intheUnitedJewish States Immigrants

for the Americanization Americanization for the The author offers the ofthe perspective non As mentioned, the ment suggests that Jews inAmerica Jews already havement suggests that adopted culture American and values

vol. 21,no.3(Pittsburgh, 30,1905), pp 3 June - called “Americanization” anygogeneral canfurther.The defensive forth nature of

a message whicheffect isin thea Reform message against for push Americanization. - Beaulieu, “ Beaulieu, gardless of national origin, one groupgardless ofnationalattached origin, customsandstays one totraditional

real real

new wave of immigration. Jewish Criterion Criterion Jewish American citizens. Jewish Immigrants in the UnitedJewish Judaism States,” and

of theimmigrant Jews has which,tohim,

the progressive groupthe apath ofJews, majority, pursues covered international national but notjust 25 Leroy

- 52 Jew and non and Jew

Beaul an beckons “Children been thathave inAmerica - 5, 7 51

a - 9; quote from p. 7. . 9; quote from ppears ppears - American matter for and that i n 1904,some

answer as or towhat two apparent

He believed that

Here is thereader et admit them to

Jewish Jewish twenty yearstwenty in America.

- but Beaul

CEU eTD Collection 55 thick ofherAmerica. schooling in recalls George thepatriotswhen falling ofthe inlove sheinthe with and nation was Washington sort 54 53 Furthermore, makes being nolessreligious patriotic theindividual religious the andbeing makes allowed they todosuch sothat serving are fullycapable of America totheir requires that manyalo religions,let whichpatriotism wouldfuse diversitywith uniformity America, of being inharmony. a nation Rather,diversityconscientious championsrejects convictions.” it uniformity and incontrast to Hebrew Congregations urging, “ Roosevelt and also ofGerman Israel.those of KallenBeaul would declare, declares too the DeclarationIndependen of like loveandthe nation; worship of attachmentfatherlan to a common public schools the parentschil send their to that they inAmerica.” were notborn Ibid. The case inher ofMaryAntin astold autobiography Leroy

spirit ofAmericaspirit

of instilling this offanatical loveAmerican forFounding nation and the Fathers. the Antin

Oscar S.Straus, - Beaulieu, “Jewish ImmigrantsBeaulieu, “Jewish inthe UnitedStates.” andJudaism

all citizens, Jews, Christians Jews, all citizens, 55

children, —

ne nationalities because andne ethnicities, isable exist tofunctionit and li former United States Secretary of Commerce and LaborUnited States SecretaryCommerce former of President andunder drenschools isindicative ofthe toAmerican public fact the that in berty, equality, and justice. Just aslaterberty,Leibman historians suchasequality, Just and justice. and ce and can recite the Constitution bycecan and recite theConstitution heart.

both

- Jewish origin,Jewish

American liberty Jewish and non Jewish d . Effectively, Jewish children intothe Jewish cult are. Effectively, indoctrinated

they thenames Founding of Fa memorize the 53

As the reader understands, the —

and Protestants alike,believe religions andare intheir t he

delivered an address to the Union ofAmerican theUnion address to delivered an

tenets oftheAmericantenets spirit 26 - J

demands ofabandonment of his nomanthe ewish The Promised Land , develop their national unity 54

willingness of Jewish Jewish willingness of

In so,they doing learn

, is indicative ofthis , is are congru greatest capacity. thers, the — ent with a proud - CEU eTD Collection 1915),No 4edition. VolumeXXXXVI, 57 IssueJanuaryVolume 31, 20,1911), 24edition, 56 Wenational aregreatness growthimpossible. and a great notmerelybecause nation, various thehordesyearthis, ofimmigrantsevery coming toour shoresforeign landswould make from decency.” Jews) Jews America,and stridently most theJewi Immigrant.”ModernIn her essaypresence decriesin population the ofthe she immigrant outcryagainstcertain made a Reppilier myAgnes inthe AtlanticMonthly publication “The titled Jewry’s Americanization.articleupon theJews” The sentiment “An toward titled Attack by lends OscarStraus,also it but Criterion d support and urgency process. Americanization for the 1.6 the virtue of American li applicable the directly battlenoway ofunite all Americanis Reform towards to Jews, tohonor champions diversity religion of and beingpolitical position well nolesspatriotic.individual Oscar and S.Straus, ofAmerican “America theSpirit Judaism,” Agnes Repplier,Attack “An Uponthe Jews,”

Urging the Americanization Effort

, outofall immigrants America, in have tak “The co strength ofour This sectionarrayin the provides an articles, alsopublished of 57 ated 24, September

en so much anden given somuch little

berty. 56

Staus’s words are significant especially because ofhisimportantStaus’s words especially are significant because

1915, runs directly counter to the inspirational optimism displayed1915, runscounter directly optimism tothe inspirational untry lies in its wonderful power Whereuntry wonderful notforassimilation. lies it inits of —

known incite as of tothecauses uniformityand conformity sh population. Effectivelsh population.

owe thanks andbecause respect Americans to owe they thanks to non --

- “ 27 Jews in America. In inAmerica.his messageJews effect

[The Jews’] Jews’] [The Jewish Criterion Jewish

A second pagearticleinthe Jewish at part least of — masterfulness affronts of our sense and this can be understood as and can this y her

(Pittsburgh, September 24, Jewish Criterion

accusations areaccusations thatthe Criterion, established Americanestablished

which reflect

(Pittsburgh,

is an (the CEU eTD Collection conducted of thethe biblical inthelanguage land, rather language than Hebrew. of 60 IssueVolume 60 8editi 59 58 friends andhsun Jewish Jewish associations.LIMIT There is,however,a to everything…Learn laments Joseph Yiddish, “Do notcongregate Thatyou does not mean inGhettos. that should whyYiddish, we?” should paper,very wouldtell been have immigrants. Thi of toAmerican Yiddish children,generally Jewish desirable a originates inthe their old languagesdr to ineffort wereeffectively breaking chastisingcommunity these ofthe trouble members whohad ties with for maintaining ridiculous, broken their language community self. Often inits th Theircommunities. undermininglargely ofidealsis Jewish perpetratedby theestablished passionate and resounding isacceptableit childrencommendable toeducate Jewish Th orinYiddish. American. thearticle questionsbeingabout natureof whethernot The to isaresponse raised or in 1922 as well. assimilationists level oflegitimacy among and America non Jews fuse all these elements.” e lementsentered our nationalbutbecausemanaged havewe to composition, into have sowell

Reform Judaism, evenReform beginnings its Judaism, was service inEurope, unique inthat religious was Charles “Random H.Joseph, Thoughts,” Repplier, “An Att Though words by these voiced areand harsh, Repplier nodoubtthey acarried certain

deals the concepta with oflanguage barrier as and between Americanizing being un Forward, s being republished s beinginthe republished ack Upon theJews.” Upon ack

on. 58 Joseph discusses adebateJoseph

a Russian No

In addition ofcondemning children theinstruction of Jewish in . This is akey of. Thisis inthe Americanization theJewish theme

ese newspapers would scrutini ese would newspapers - ive the assimilation. whole towards tale to the readers that, donotcondone “if Jews talethe Russian tothe readers - Yiddish Newspaper,Yiddish

Jewish Criterion Jewish Criterion Jewish 28 — -

Jews

from York’s New Yiddish, or Yiddish, even or Russian, Hebrew.

alike, surprisingly

in Pittsburgh, German a

(Pittsburgh, November 3,1922),

ze the ze there were lessextreme more, feature

Russian immigrants Jewish

Yiddish D Yiddish So this article this So which for Russian

condemned e responsee a was aily - Jewish Jewish

the teaching

Forward - Reform Reform 60

They - 59

CEU eTD Collection of author an and Society, Jewish Romanian the in active Jewry, Romanian on expert an Congress, 63 offer theyare ofthe if truly servicecitizens nation tothe state considereda for tobe majorofthe citizens factor theJews nation they in.They reside should 62 61 justifiable stereotype,Leo Wolfson initiating counter stereotype. members of including societytodolaborious work, unwilling military wascommon service a supportive of suchand notions preconceptions. example, theJews For towards by Jews the th beshould done benefit inorder to the whole conformity writers,and newspapers, ainto specific character.Allspheresaffectedwere oflifeby politicians, influential intellectuals, members of American Jewrymolded and coalescedofAmerican inasense Jewry themorphing chose Joseph to presentreaders his to immigrants about the Jewish inPittsburgh New in York. accusesclannish. and forexpression particular This this being them is theone image inwhich no sympathy their understand plightextendingto for noeffort their and cir anda inmillion half Jews Newlike animals Yorkthestuffy living in City, tenements. Voicing y to know

at Jewish stereotypesat Jewish were n After wereconscription also Jews for Thisis Emancipation, and service. liablemilitary Leo wrote article Wolfson this the for Ibid. The Questionin Roumania(1919). ofthe Jews We seeWe effortscommunity by Americanized Jewish co the to The expressions, words, speeches, opinions,

our Gentile neighbor.” our 62 —

they preached what was the norm, what was expected of the American preached whatwas norm,what expectedthey wasof Jews, the the This haslongand a been accusation stereotypeofEuropean Jewry. - behavior. Forexample,s behavior. gentiles, and thereforeencouraged

rabbis. figures Thesevoices influential were ofAmerican the various

ot reinforced. T ot reinforced. 61

63 He theghettoized goes criticize onto waysof oflifethe

the Jewish Criterion.Jewish honorary president of the United Roumanian Jews ofpresident Jews honorary ofthe UnitedRoumanian eeking eliminateas this to aconsiderable or — hey knew stereotypeshey of Jewish thevarious held furthermore, care tomake they sure tookspecial 29

and encouragement ofthe influential

the Jews to abandon anything toabandon the Jews thatwas

He American active was Jewish inthe at heart. mbat these stereotypes by as being physically

cumstances, Joseph

- lazy lazy

CEU eTD Collection 66 Soldiers,” 65 Issue50, 11edition. 64 seemingly wouldbe acculturation. thesuggestion Itnewcomers. alsoindicative favors is attitude thatthis eliminati overarching ofthe mainconcern community established Jewish Jewish Russian towards the who would beacceptablyin“our” country. seemingly tothe their immigrants, brethren,and conflicting having demands certain negativeIt imageevident emigrants were thatGerman ofthe America. in of is inthe Jews midst simultaneous American soldiers inEurope. women inPittsburgh,Jewish for far packages example,went as as to tosendingChristmas werecommunities activewareffort incredibly inthe participated atthesameBut onthetime, fronttheAmerican effort inthewar line. Jewish our services.” our country fromhesitation ingiving theverybeginning…we had boys no and in our tofeelJews and aperfectidealsalso time aims andthis we were withAmerica’s sympathy with pacifistic. as apeoplethat Jews generally ortotake are uparms fight are reluctant as to they inherently (1918) America, American defended Jewryagainst ac this

Glazier, Charles “Sisterhood H.Joseph, AppointedtoRepre Leo Pacifism, and “Jews Wolfson, , The Anglo articleWolfon’s explicitly hasdefends out, thewho Americanpoints as Jew, he written specifically for the Jewish Criterion Dispersing theGhetto: America Jewish Immigrants The Relocation Across of Wolfson defends byWolfson saying, ly under condemned themaltreatment the Jews Tsar and ofRussian a painted 64

- Jewish pressJewish

(Pittsburgh,Issue 20, December 1918), 17edition. Volume 50, 65

adopted a paternalistic outlook towardsadopted the a immigrants. They paternalistic outlook

Jewish Criterion ” Jewish Criterion

“American liberty longfreedom“American andhad ago the made 66

The the following paragraphepitomizes 30

cusation. , he responds the“Yankee” to preconception — sent Jewish Women in Women Holidaysent Jewish for Work in

(Pittsburgh, 8,1918), November Volume combat butalsoonthe homefront. In article this on of the‘wretchedelement,’ Jews andPacifism Jews criteria for criteria for

offering , 7 –

CEU eTD Collection 69 IssueVolume 12, 41edition. 68 67 ceremony; wasceremony ofthe which aresult athetimes…” demands Reform congre ceremony of Criterion titledJewish “Confirmationarticle Among Jews whowrotefor the the usefulnessall reform and anddisregarded abolished is in congregations.” denounced by Enoch on in the pertainrather a to local,national level than towards opinion the Russian ghettoized livi reluctance children clustering orrefusal school, send topublic to houses, and intenement the “Americanized” strictadherence Jews), to“out Americanized: language, Yiddish the useof 1. secretaryHEAS ofthe of obloquy these wretchesour throw through over thela will race population. theJewish addition to Everypropertyby committed against crime orthe one person Is marks of permanenta onlyinwhichAmerican loweringand pauperism, disgraceofthe opinion

raelites community areresultthe cancontinued held from among this resident by an usofsuch 7 Enoch Among Rauh,“Confirmation theJews,” Jewish Messenger Ibid. certain

Local Level Criterion

The Orthodox Russian element Russian The community Orthodox oftheJewish was infrequently described not “The people modeof ofthese has inRussia life stamped uponthem the ineffaceable Therearecommon themes regarding immigrant some why Jewish theRussian be must

practices which werewhich practices theBar ceremony, as Mitzvah seen outdated; surpr confirmation whichconfirmation at was the time being ng standards. This section revealng This will standards. from discourses the gations. H

as “outmoded”“superstitious.” andconsensus There are definitely reached some — , 8Sept. 1882,2.

Rauh, whoconsidered emptyRauh, onehas its outlived “an which form, it Pittsburgh and Americanization

e explains, thee custom“had explains, beginni its

“disgraceful” was appearance(which reflected onto 31

Jewish Criterion Jewish - dated” practices suchas traditional kashrus,

rather broadly practiced by Americanrather practiced broadly

ngold Bar inthe Mitzvah nd.”

(Pittsburgh, May 10,1901), 67 — - Jewish immigrant.Jewish Jewish Criterion Criterion Jewish 68 AugustusLevey, 69

A very comp

This is interestingThis is ,” considered the isingly, was elling which

CEU eTD Collection Israelite,Chicago 70 synagogue very much“spiritual donotshow by strength”…Eating not does kosher any means that heFriday keepsTheSaturday well hidden. and it night morni inAmericaJew Reform showsmore his are strength spiritual confess brother, than willing we to Noti ofthan inthewhole thefollowers either schooltheRadical of Ethical Reform Culture.” or the notionthatmore “there Russian strength spiritual thecomposition ofthe Jew in orthodox is referenceswhic some claims held such Reform towardstheOrthodox inAmerica; believer Jew yetimportant commenthighly editorial small reflects opinionsandinclinationsCharles certainly avery times, Joseph’s at and swingback forth was it in their mind, divorced spirituality. from in the arguments. legitimate religion, isthemodern Jewish notesof and resentment are Judaism there also Reform Refor confirmation successfully. “confirmation,”as the“Sunday well as a school” asmethodof helping thechildren reach their Americanizing the on Reformpra influenceJudaism), because theinfluences itreveals especially American ofChristianity, Christianity (an

The Nickerdown ng thesarcasticof the tone m to beatbeliefsm to genuine OrthodoxythatReform out the stemsfromtenets are of It is completely transparent that part of this competition, orcase, inthis It that part thefight competition, ofthis completely is transparent of opinions toward the Russian Orthodox theRussianOrthodox toward In editorial,Jewishopinions element.Joseph 1901 this

The believers’ very R Orthodox with natureofthe discontent a interests. newspaper devotedtoJewish

refers to arefers pen to

h were made in

Nickerdown - name used by Dr. Julius Julius usedname by Dr. coverage of the issue, Joseph replies “Ifcoverage replies ofthe issue,the Joseph Russian the Nickerdown the 32 While it has it been While notedthat

cticeand very adoption of the word this typethis onthe part ofresentment of the undoubtedly some of undoubtedly some Wise, who frequentlyWise, wrote inthe

70 , which presented and, which contested presented ng attendance at the orthodox ngatattendance the orthodox Criterion Joseph’s readersJoseph’s eform was that,

editor CEU eTD Collection 74 IssueVolume 13, 5edition. 73 influences.Christian 72 sec. Editorial. 71 Jew. follow the traditional constantly element.” “Orthodox from made the wouldsimplyReform tha Judaism “absorb”of Judaism all forms and reform were dietary the“Mosaic final The note laws.” was he reachedwhen declared that eventually thatthechief become reformers.The Rabbibetween reported difference Orthodoxy view onlyin his in America exists ofimmigration because countrythis gradually they are assimilated ofthe tothe ranks reformers.” even therefo yearsspeech “A at reformer thefifty Conference ago wouldto Raphael on“Reform Benjamin’stake Orthodoxy.” part merely andof Joseph posted theRabbi’s the paths Refor ofOrthodoxy and light research, ofthis inAmericacoverage thereiscompellingofthe ofJudaism future regarding Rabbis,the issuesbeing discussed and therefore should Judaism be discarded. effect theessence practices,that are to thatare therecertain as notsubstantial kashrut, of such indicate spiritualstrength.”

Charles “Progress H.Joseph, oftheChurch,” ChurchThe instead veryof of“synagogue,” theword use“temple,”even isindicative of or Charles H. Ib id., 7.

But too did so Strict adherenceStrict andthe toKashrut was adamantJoseph covering about theproceedings

rmer of ten years ofrmer ten would to ago, Joseph, Joseph,

the traditional chederschool Jewish

Jewish Criterion Shabbat

Haggadah This view also thetenets reinforces Reform ofAmerican m. Inm. — ofInalways which he offered own interpretation his of.

(Pittsburgh,Issue July 12,1901), Volume13, 5edition, Progress of the Church Progress may have certainly tothe Americanizedmay foreign have seemed unyielding -

day beday ‘behind immigrants the times.’ As landin 74 33 Jewish Criterion Jewish

determination of the Orthodox to ofJew determination theOrthodox ; f — or the

of the Conferences of American of the Conferences of but these Orthodox Orthodox but these - day be a very orthodox Jew, and beJew, day a veryorthodox , 72

German Jews inPittsburgh, German Jews

t exist, ast exist, converts are (Pittsburgh, July 12,1

Joseph introducesJoseph Rabbi 73

The orthodox elementThe orthodox immigrants — 901), in CEU eTD Collection said. The original source ismissing inthe 77 1918)”, n.d. 76 FebruaryVolume XIV,edition. 7,1902), No 9 75 philanthropic organizations andJewish charitablesocieties, manywere of which created tohelp provided classeslanguage,culture. butalsoAmerican onEnglish historyand the community adap immigrant in assist asJewish means to very created theimmigrant. first theReform Americanizing task in institutions by The history language. through theEnglish AshinskyBeth Hagodol at be Hamedresh educati to providingsufficient merely instruction.They resorted tocheder onlythat of “minyanim” Rabbi one declared They hadwere failed merely career who pursuit ineverywhich other men venturedand they had education inthe c of thetwo conducted He a onthe survey Out of threat inPittsburghwith the Orthodox its over schoolwith Jews theofconversion. Settlement youngmisunderstanding the c in even American born picturesque Theobstruction.” cheder fanaticism wasthesource lore of“old and that Jewish 1902, “ wrote in theCriterion in theAmericaninto Ahead work setting. these oftherelic schools werepast, a apre See, “Charles Criterion (Pittsburgh,‘The Jewish inPittsburgh,’ Cooper, ofJews 31, Story May Levy,Sadie “Some Aspec

Barbara Burstin,Barbara curiosity In a following chapter, subculture will be discussed in depth. InIna indepth. followingbe chapter, subculture effect, will surge discussed of the - hundred fifty school children fiftyhundred (ages 5

a group, small heder but the Hebrew but heder teachers were

Steel City Jews City Steel ts ofSocial Settlement Work,” brew cheders in the Hill district. TheHill conclus chedersbrew inthe

from the fraternal Germanfrom the fraternal Where

Jewish Criterion Burstin but Jewish provides inciteas towhat it 76

, First. (Apollo, Pa: Barbara Pa: , First. (Apollo, 2008),310 Burstin, S. 77 Americanization is vigorously is Americanization thecheder isa pushed, er froer

Indeed thelearning ofthe language English was the - modern institution which should institution havemodern brought been m the Columbian Council m the Columbian

34 - 14) eighty 14)

an be traced.” ill - equipped - Jewish organization B’nai organization Jewish Brith

percent received tradi received percent Jewish Criterion ting life toAmerican

to be successful educator to be 75

But the chederfavor had School on in Judaism and on inJudaism ion was made that out

(Pittsburgh,

, Sadie Levy,, Sadie

tional Hebrew always – 11. s.

CEU eTD Collection Volume 50,No. 3edition, sec. Editorial. 79 1edition. 30, 1918), Volume50,No HereMonth. IsIsDone.,” That TellsHow This theStory 78 unnecessaryunfriendly misunderstandings and and toexcite spirit." countrycontinuearmy tospeak whileinthe toYiddish know We service. military. month help themrules understand “in the witharmy connection life.” are then for responsible helping teach theEnglish language communityas tothe immigrant to so culture…toviews helpfuse theoft of sothat view proper of the regard life immigrant, mayhismodeof and had his for be policiesAmericanization comments, and“ThiscourseemphasizesJoseph thepoint assimilation Boarda particular inPittsburgh. Regarding immigrants this in Theinstance Welfare theirparticularinstitution upon arrival. istheJewish written by accurately helped how Joseph Charles exemplifies these community institutions immigrants,aid Jewish were of theimmig for also Americanization forces

Charles “Speak H.Joseph, English,” WelfareCharles “TheJewish BoardWorkers H.Joseph, Trains Every aScoreof Welfare prior to this one, which an apparent issue arose with Jewish youngprior one, tothis which anarose apparentmenintheAme issue withJewish "There is no occasion for Jewish young occasion"There thelanguage isno menwho for Jewish areable tospeak ofthis

he theview immigrant with of theAmerican.” workers The

Jewish Criterion

course beingcourse tothe offered workerson 35

(Pittsburgh, September 13, 1918), Jewish Criterion Jewish 78

We canWe from see an editorial a 79

rant. Anarticlerant. that it tendstocreatethat it

(Pittsburgh, August

rican (1918)

CEU eTD Collection still inhabit is It i is concentrated incertain locals separate the non which from were inasense inthe city.from Jews were Reform bothcommunities Americanized densely Second, in in Pittsburgh existed in close proximity toJews. yearsinterwar simply suchfeelconnectedness thatone Jew inAmerica being could to a by living least asan instead option Jewishness ofJudaism. This leads the andhelps into explain to considerable inthe ci communities ontheof polarization impact theJewish In cultural materialaddition to and practices, consumption separationalso hada spatial ma still One subculture development characteristicJewish ofthe Am in inAmericaJews ofphilanthropycharity, onthebasis and 2.1 Jewish Ethnic nteresting day, tothis inthat even which theneighborhood theAmericanized intain adegreespatial separateness thenon of from The spatialelementimportant featureAmericanization an the is concept because of it Jonathan overwh

Sarna and elming

Subculture

many immigrants First Jewish quiteseparately forms. Russian lived We will learn will We inthepreceding separatenessJewish subchapters that David David composed of Jewish residents. Jewish composed of Spaces and Subcultures Sorkin evolution orat ofthe concept Judaism, over ofJewishness

and and Residential Separation

have pointed to the cooperation ofgroups different of Chapter 2 36

concept grew during the ofJewishness

which Ifind evidencewhich ofinPittsburgh. - Jewish membersgivenJewish oftheir local.

erica isthetendency of Jews

- Jewish Pittsburghers.Jewish

ty ofPittsburgh.

Jews cameJews to

to CEU eTD Collection 81 80 enactmentsexample theplaysof for Concordia culturecelebration partook talentJewish by of inthe Jewish American of way balls, weddings, dan be locatedclub as onStocktonThewas Avenue. avenuefor used such events as special charity 21, 1874.Agroup oftheoriginal German werefounders Reform club of Jews whichcame to the indicatorSarna’s which parallels explanationis common struggle. Americawere ofaffiliationsableeye members thesetosee thatthese and toeye unite ina conflicts et anddisagreements, sects anddisagreements highlights th is thatit is society from standingapart it.” while self that gave every“atAmerica appearanceofbeing home” in bu distinctly allover States. “The the neighborhoods Population United Jewish resultaJewish was This was partially self effectively reinforced pat response, Jewish built counterparts Jews establishments tothese country Asaorganizations,clubs, hotelsclubs, andresorts and denialadmission. of Jewish 2.2

Sarna, Ibid., 222. - Leisure Subculture ofGerman Jews in contained subculture, acontained parallel the subculture, thatsharedtrappings many universe of the large The subculture developmenta inPittsburgh Jewish the best of andperhaps isevident resorts AmericaJewish in erupted ofan because American Judaism American

ces and parties ofand ces all kinds

- imposed and hadthe externally butit effectimposed imposed, ofcreating separate e result of conflict and chaos. Ine result ofconflict chaos. andJewry short,American had many splits, — ters ofresidential thatconfined across segregation Jews thecountry.” Reform, Zionist Orthodox; andnon Conservative, , 221.

c. But was of it during times w

Ein Americaner 81

What is striking is What theory about subculture which this Sarna . Also the Jews who attended theJews the . Also 37 the founding onJanuary ofthe Club Concordia

Pittsburgh in 1881. There were membershipin 1881.There dueswere of ti - Semitic actionsSemitic onthe part of America t that actually inhabiteda largelyt that actually arexternal and threats fr — “In resorts Jewish sodoing,

- Zionist; secularist

events atthe om within om within 80

CEU eTD Collection 85 84 83 82 economically religiouslycities and twodifferent inasense into accuratelynature denotes it inPittsburgh the were inwhichJews ofpolarization thePittsburgh’s communities Jewish as“A Cities.” of Tale Two Two2.3 Cities but Reformed groaned membership.” Jews because certain denied Pittsburgh Jews societies wasconcerning element “The unconcerned, provokes orthodox segregation muchthought, this had de specially andvariousDuquesne Club wealthyclubs country which totheadmitted non demonstrated...in Pittsburgh toclubs.” refusalJews toadmit by the “Theexplained, anti same discriminated against. A the reasonstill wasbecause time thisdevelopment byandat largewerethe for Jews way whichthose mimic ofinstitutions project regards community ofthe ofthe Jewish with tothecreation ofPittsburgh subculture by the cost ofanysynagogue Pittsburgh at that time. 1892 reconstruction of theclub how important the Concordia clubfor wasthePittsburghcommunity Jewish is indicated by the $ 25 dollars a year25 dollars a butwere in1888.Perhapsraised eventuallytelltale sign the most to$50 of

Burstin, Feldman, Ibid. Ibid., 245. nied membership to wealthy Jewish applicants. Jacob Feldman’s Jacob towealthyapplicants. nied membership Jewish interesting note

University Pittsburgh of Steel Jews City The Jewish Experience in Western ExperienceThe Jewish in

t the 1903Zionist Pittsburgh convention, a , 135. , - Semitism which causedSemitism the massacres and inRussia Rumania isdaily

houses at a cost of $125,000 costhouses ataof

Professor hasBurstin Barbara of the non

Pennsylvania 38 - 82 Jewish asSarna community. as explained Just

The be Concordia thefirst may Club massive — , 123. a sum described thenature ofthe ; Allegheny separated ethnically,separated

83 ttorney A. LeoA. ttorney Weil

which waswhich Weil wasWeil referring

city and Pittsburgh 85 much more than

Mo re - Jews but Jews 84

CEU eTD Collection ev financialBut arguealso statuses.to betoignore thisview would dissatisfactions evident for of twocities” based oneof nationaloriginsbecause into ondifferent different cities of veryIneconomicoutcome. muchan this fromways, Jews theestablished theRussian of theseparatenessGerman Pittsburgh of Jews is t desire tobewithones those from asrituals prevented Jews awhole merging from the Russian Therea together. washeartfelt In 1920,twenty synagogues foods. Hebrews, sot German Jewryin the middle and inPittsburgh’s district, the immigrant Hill and settled contactwith Pittsburgh’s had little livedtheSide Central prosperous European were only by theAllegheny separated River bridges. butconnected by various Onthe Allegheny he maintenance of ident indiscourses at the twocommunities from the time. This is reflectedThis is traditions,different bytheir and separate dialects varying and — hey were called, Polish, Hungarian,Lithuania,Polish, Slovak, etc Russian, allown hadsy their - five congregations existed ontheHill.congregations The variousfive differences existed dialectic and landmanschaften - class(see neighborhoods figure1for illustration). had many groupshadwith their own many beliefs, languages, traditions and motherland

was a means was ameans respect we can de

Jews (alongJews ofcourse), nationalities withmany other

who sharedwho th 39

to helpadjustAmericanIn life. many - e same folkways ande folkways language same and ethnicize a theseparation “tale from

The Hill nagogues. CEU eTD Collection development andemigrational patterns key ofPittsburgh He Jews. themes discerned two inhis 2.4 darm ew=detail;resnum=9;view=entry;lastview=thumbnail;cc=darlmaps;entryid=x idx?rgn1=ic_all;med=1;image_search%20btn=Go;q1=Pittsburgh;size=20;c=darlmaps;back=back1333108065;subvi http://images.library.pitt.edu/cgi Source: Figure(yellow) and 1:Alleghenycities Pittsburghbefore (red) in1907. were united they

ap0089;viewid=DARMAP0089.TIF. Residential Clustering

“Darlington Digital LibraryMaps: Digital “Darlington Leonard dedicated hisd Kuntz - bin/i/image/image

DARMAP00 octoral tothe study dissertation ofthe spatial - 40 89

DARMAP0089.TIF”, n.d., DARMAP0089.TIF”, -

CEU eTD Collection 88 87 Company, A Earliest& from 228Pages.Pittsburgh A BellSettlement 1963.Dissertation, to Howell 86 butcher, Hebrew newspaper synagogue, oneYiddish bookstore, and could theater, feel etc) present practices whereand Jewish of events andpart a neighborhood the ideal theconcept setting by inwhich could manifest. spatiallocation ofJewishness By being resid the downtown Reformlived area farther away while city Jews center, from theprimarily in communityJewish gravitated different social reflected class;and economicthe Orthodox toward theaters. Wylie,and Fifth Avenue.” stores; pawnpoultry shops; Centre lined and shops; delicatessens Avenue,LoganLower Street, carp; kosher“challah,” with bakeries thetraditional the noises, and ghetto…Kosher odorsbarrels ofthe butchershops,fishand stores with ofherring nature communityHill ofthe tobethatghetto. “TheLower ofa Hill acquired thelookand feel, funds torelocateprosperousrecall remainedKuntz neighborhoods tomore ontheHill. the citygivenadjoininga butremained concentrated few neighborhoods. in theme was“clustering” which population, thecontinual dispersed never Jewish ofthe thr Pittsburgh’s who were Jews squalidghetto tobreakfromofthe able Hill.” the of Oakland, E East fromstudy: ofmovement downtownadjoininga eastward into firstthere thrust neighborhoods is

Shevitz, Shevitz, Leonard Irvin. Kuntz, The ofthe Pattern theJewish Changing of of Population Distribution Ibid., 41. ential neighborhoods. As was thecase inmo On the otherhadnotacquired who and hand, still necessary Jews immigrant Jews the

Jewish Communities onthe Ohio River

nn Arbor. Printed in1996 nn Arbor.Printed nd and Squirrelnd and Hill

88 87

The maintenance ofseparatewas neighborhoods effectively Jewish The ownritualbath house “ghetto” alsoand hadits Yiddish st Americancities, inPittsburghresidential of the patterns

, xi. — “this movement reflectsrise therapid inaffluence for

, 139. twisted bread; secondhand dingy clothing

took place (i.e. kosher

The second s the oughout CEU eTD Collection UniversityColumbia 1997), 182. Press, 91 90 89 “Americans religious ofthe Jewish persuasion.” of Judaism. AmericanizationAmericanand of Judaism,but different not toAmericanization Jewries, paths Moving2.5 Together language,Yiddish literature, and folk songs. Volksscule District inthe Hill wher FederationSocialist school ofYiddish callednational Pittsburgh a opened Radical the large languageYiddish by by opening schools teachers. Yiddish Notably, run volunteer in1918the Yom Kippur theprayer orworship book; they from rather fou culture as areligion.tofast ratherthan inparticular Judaism Jews on Socialists didnoturge groupsand workerscircles inPittsburgh whosupported as the a desire Judaism toperpetuate known for There for their social battles Judaism. of were justices aspart many secul history, literatureand Jewish culturalgroups wishedtobe practices.the Manysecularist of and organization whic life.” in Jewish religion, advocatedas secularist a the sharedcivilization Jewish language and binding elements helped createof understanding theadvantages this of themselves connected secularism Alsothe “inescapably”nature tobeing Jewish. ofJewish

Arthur Hertzberg, Feldman, Sarna, The Jews ofThe Pittsburgh Jews demonstrate nottalk aboutAmerican that Jewry, we should but American Judaism American The Germans continued tohopethat thewouldfollowthem Russians The Jewish Experience in Western ExperienceThe Jewish Pennsylvania in 89

We seeWe thesegrowing manifestations Pittsburgh in withthe ofsocieties number The Jews in America: Four Centuries of anUneasy inAmerica: of Jews Encounter FourCenturies The

h teachand languagesand shared emphasize Yiddish, Jewish ofHebrew

, 223.

e approximatelye classes took seventy in toninetystudents

42 91

They had

J ewishness over found Americanization byfound Americanization creating , 239 nd it more important to emphasize to morend it important – 241.

Judaism. “InJudaism. place of

and become

(New York: arist

CEU eTD Collection pp. 3 92 predicted"itpredictable istherefore some ofthe is thatof congregations the life 1 his dissertation in that matter, from andseat burialtime fees than rather fees.Atthe membership district hadtheir own oftheir cemeteries.most money synagogues made These for more money, sense a lucrative business, andquite Ten one. function of thesynagogues notonly traditionally.Burial ina a is religious is butit obligation changing butthere economic migration patterns, alsoan Burying was feature. thedead isa synagogueseastward.Orthodox decreasingNot only followe the number was of and Americans, TheneighborhoodsJews. Jewish theformer homes inhabiting began of shifted to immigrantgroup the theHillsame into neighborhoodsfrom of their well cornerBut the t city. of Americanized memberscity inthe Reform resided upscale ofthe theEast in neighborhoods immigrantRussian District was theghettoized Hill element largely while confinedto the continuedcommunities apart tolive despi largely resentedrefusing for offered course their brethren’s inAmerica. largelyof and Americanization rejectedfound path their this ownpaths tobecongruentReformProtestantis American Judaism, with subculture

David Sorkin, move intomore desirab - 9. The Hill because less and less Jewish asThe theRussian because lessJewish acquired Hill lessand Jews

congruent non with The Transformation ofGerman Jewry, The Transformation 943, it seems existed, asthough theseas still Pine some such of synagogues

ime and improved financial situations wouldeventuallyime and situations improved financial theformer lead le middle class neighborhoods.

- Jewish AmericanJewish their and culture religion, they also adapted te mutual concerns both at home and concerns bothatinEurope. home te mutual 43

of the old Orthodox synagogues the oldOrthodox Hill of inthe

1780 Other minorities, notably African m; theirm; brethren from Russia - 1840 , New und 1987, Oxford York — - Residentially, the to for this they this for were

the - do brethren. necessary finances Kurt Pine a very rs aof result

restricted

wrote

The CEU eTD Collection 94 G1BaaQofGTdox. bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBRecID=1014533&v2=1&SEQ=20120427112620&PID=t5aZ_WilIGfSDf Pittsburgh,(Pittsburgh: 1943), University of 40,http://pittcat.pitt.edu/cgi 93 affluent Jews moreinto affluent neighborhoods immigrant lived inthe ghetto ontheHill only Jews they haduntil sufficientfundstomove saved immigrant immediately strove for themidd the middle class. Despite their impoverishment initial when inPittsburgh theythe first arrived economic, which was, inmany it ways largely outastheimmigrantgroup succeeded died into yetimmigration conflict, period, beitreligious, whichby and this largeit much tension and inPittsburgh disagreement communities between Jewish duringentire the tothe Russian immigrants.Reform Jewish Judaism wasother polarized difficulttheforeignnature thetwocommunities problem which ofAmerican congregatio homeless whichwas shelter for fullyby funded Life, Jews Rodefof theReform Shalomand Tree socialfor servicesandBenevolent theHebrew theimmigrants; relief Society of the 1883opened the Hill. The German more affluent Jews homes inSquirrel andimmigrants Europe Hill gradually residency fromaccumulated Eastern on continue." one and thatinthefuture near onlyfinancial from otherthe help areas of

She Kurt Pine, vitz, vitz, Nevertheless, tobefact whatsostriking seemingly appears isthe thatexisted there so Pittsburgh’s became Hill increasingly as impoverished wealthy sought German Jews new 93 Jewish Communities onthe Ohio River ns.

The Je

of German originofresided German hadlongbefore. 94

Despite apart economicfactorswhichthe communities set residentially, the

ws in the Hill District of Pittsburgh, of District 1910 intheHill ws

— neighborhoods whichneighborhoods were almost wholly by occupied the

in Pittsburghresponsibility tookontheofproviding le class. Thele class. thefact evidencein remains ofsuch that 44

, 136.

- 1940: a study of trends 1940: astudy - city will permitcity will themto was, orbe social it and

CEU eTD Collection Jewish onthe Ohio River Communities 95 neighboring larger of thelocal Though thesmall totravel sometimes town patrons kosher had butchers. to andIn smaller towns, familie communities many outlyingOrthodox Pittsburgh’s immigrantsOrthodox Jewish was dietwhich thestrict of them kosher most adheredfervently. to Reform and the townsof westernand“American Pennsylvania, inPittsburgh. The etc. benefitsJewish effectively philanthropies and were Jewish charities nolongerfor strictly raising purely funds families,Israel. caringandcourseZionist thefor needy,andaid sick ofto for the cause So now turnedgoals: aiding todifferent victims, raising war for American funds work,contributed aidingefforts oftheirfunds most immigrants and thepauperized Jewish to t generationwere waningcause the immigrants, ofthe largelya conflict heated of once between membersaway. had movedchildrento say, Andthe ofimmigrants, andneedless thethird alongside thei Furthermore, residents Hill theneighborhoods Jewish movedformer into reside as to the andgroups, Americans, variousethnicAfrican othertheHill. primarily topopulate began residentsthe Jewish even by of the history he The varying communities. philanthropic and Jewish charitablewhichonce societies

Feldman,

While oldreligiousWhile waned tensions ceased (thoughentirely) never declinedin Orthodoxy Though cover not research my does 1940s,evidence thefrom 1930sand the scholarship

The Jewish Experience in Western ExperienceThe Jewish Pennsylvania in Conservatism. Perhaps tell Conservatism. one ofthe most

of Pittsburgh's neighborhoods shows Pittsburgh's neighborhoodsof shows r German Reform brethren, the Orthodox synagoguesReformr Germangradually brethren, theOrthodox closed — these new efforts were towns

or evenmeat PittsburghtoattainBut supply. inorder their kosher as

mid 1930s. The Jews had 1930s.Themid almost Jews completelyabandoned theHill

aimed to help allAmericanaimed to 45

that theHill was only populated sparsely by - tale symbols way ofthe oflifethe of ; Burstin, s

regardless ofregardless religion, race, - Steel City JewsCity Steel born element” adopted born

soldiers and their s were patrons — ; Shevitz, ; Shevitz, their their 95

CEU eTD Collection 96 European Rabbis Squirrel in Hill.”Jewishness not be,they andtheyof theroot thework said, began establishingthecongregation, ofthe ofluxuryin the midst contentmentIt foundresponse and in their hearts. trembled. must They interesting note former Je commun synagogue beamost wouldbe the Pittsburgh. The newwas design and temple’s locationdiscussedemphasized and thatthis was it CommunityJewish Ort tokeep their Thetraditional practices. author,discussed the Shoop, Norman of desire thePittsburgh in aneditorial in1922 Synagogue of Squirrel The Hill. inthe neighborhood alongside German their the former to andfr kosher meat, regulations. wouldhave Although, be it answer liesin kosher meat. Feldman research, notesin his after1924, increasing nu

Feldman, An interestingaspect andthe connectiontothe relationships in om for the kosher meatom for thekosher ity in Pittsburgh. The author stresses how justified it is to create isto it justified ity The masterpiece author this inPittsburgh. how stresses for the wish immigrants who suffered yet whosufferedwish immigrants - immigrant element when they move into more live when to immigrantelement affluent theyneighborhoods moveinto The Jewish Experience in Western ExperienceThe Jewish Pennsylvania in

96 for those have livingfor an beenchore outsidethecitywould inconvenient it totravel succeeding succeeding

ThoughFeldman does lendexplanation not suggests as towhy,thefact thatthe is

who warnedagainst Jews immigrating tothe trefe land struck

— - Reformis reflected brethrencreation minded of a intheOrthodox new , “The, fear, theapprehension that painful the article championed the importance of the Orthodox communitythe articlechampioned importance the Orthodox the and of generations’found more it discard dietary convenient to the Curious

hodoxy alive inWestern Pennsylvania,inparticular and .

utiful inthe area;utiful fact in wouldbe it ly, en easierfornatives ofthe toattain city ofPittsburgh

the author expresses thecommon author the survive 46

d and mad

Beth Shalom CongregationBeth Shalom celebrated was mbers of Jews resorted oftousing Jews mbers un , 213 e aftercoming it – the Jew wouldthe Jew forget God his 14.

the corner naturecontact between of — concern held by for landone inthis

to America. An - stone of Jewish Jewish stone of - CEU eTD Collection synagogue Jewishness. isthe core of and notedwhi would sacrifice hisspirituality prosperity.concern at ofexpressed the altar economic is this So le duallycommon German declaring a

- Jewish tradition, that the congregation,Jewish the CEU eTD Collection community,Jewish Philanthropies thecreationFederationof Jewish ofof the Pittsburgh coupled charitable and com clubs societies, 3.1 Squirrel Oakland East Hill, and End. their co centering of wealth.distribution uneven Thelived onthis poor,Jews Russian ontheHill while communityJewish evident was thattherecertain it a was theentirecommunity riftwithin the Itactioncombat inefforts thepoverty try to crisis. to well k was immigrants was. Oncethese revealinggap serious povertyhow of aandthepauperization heinous highlighting just microcosmUnited States. The the of findings entire tosay ofthe were theleast, survey stark Pittsburgh was Survey it of1907 conductedbecause was aparticular until not shocking ofevents. tookplacethatreallycaused survey a turn The established decadesand ofthe well doing for century.However, turn Pittsburgh, before it the and philanthropicPittsburgh, societies charitable as organizatio hasbeen show, Indeed philanthropya Jewish rolealleged playsinthis which subculture SarnaIn highlights.

impoverished were persons ofwhich district. For immigrants,inthe most resided Hill Institutions theof Reform Community While manyWhile inPittsburghexistence Jews ofa of the viewed smorgasbord synagogues, Philanthropy have issomething knownfor Jews States. well become inthe United - religionists — the Centralthe European Reformers, livedinwe

results were made public the Jewish community theJewish results werepublic made tookimmediate Contested Institution munal affairs as

Chapter 3 48

a mainsource chaosand conflict of the within

was believed thatthecity was a effectively

- Building nown that for part, themost nown that that althier suchas neighborhoods

ns were being the CEU eTD Collection 100 99 98 Issue 725, 1907), edition. Volume24, 97 differences community.” the Jewish within traditions self of relying carry to kinship faith and onties of themthrough so often hard before, times. As the greatestend thatthe number may thelargest in benefit measure possible.” to“assurewith aims ofcommunity thefunds distribution equitable collected the a and fair tothe Charities philanthropies. Jewish Pittsburghmajor was theonly would “weld thecommunity entire one into (wheredistrict andthe East weal End opposedPittsburgh theF Jews separationexisting between Easter Pittsburgh’s rather incomparison toallmajor American disorganized charity cities’ organizations. Criterion while alsomaintaining building and thenon connectionswith wereinstitutions intend with the American Congress(national) Jewish a Both provided remedyfor thesituation.

Burstin, Charles “Rabbi H.Joseph, Coffee UrgesFederation,” Ibid., 266.

Sarna, “As turned theseanother Jews primarily 1930s, examplesindicate, to one during the A Inmember communityan of anonymous Jewish thePittsburgh 1903 the wrote Federation was of Philanthropies Pittsburgh formallyin1912 of Jewish established p American Judaism American Steel Jews City ointing out that Pittsburgh ofcharity inthe realm and structure organization was

Rabbi Coffee urged - help and mutual aidovercamehelp and religious,ideological,

98 ed tomanifest goals common among andpurpose communities Jewish

, 263 , , 257.

ederation. “This only serves to widen the gap between ederation.gap Hill “Thisserves towiden only the cityStates inthe United – 65. the city the

n European Jews and German Yetn European Jews Jews.

thier German Jews were Jews thier German moving

to move to a Jewish F a Jewish to move to 100 united activity.”Butunited the fact remainedthat

which Jewish Criterion

- lackedanF organized Jewish membersJewish oftheir societies. ederation namely tobri ).” and generationaland 97

(Pittsburgh, January 99

He feltHe thefederation

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CEU eTD Collection Men’s Hebrew(YM Association societies1912. Some were exc Philanthropiescommittee effectively thecharitiesJewish of Pittsburgh the united inJanuary into charities.was Acommittee appointed 1911,Aaron inOctober presided by Cohen. over The ato the toput stop notion of misuse thecharity organi chariwerereceivingmultiple aid from unnecessary they people thatsome ofthe receivingmoney found funding were the infactusing the society After run. cond investigation be should years feats. 1910theorganization in became death Uponhis afew within headed Cohen; by Aaron nature,generosity, fact and the that he was Onthe not. whole he himself would discernand who whichdeserved families who was deservingand and who more been largelyLippman directedsinglehandedlybyLippman. a wealthybenefactor Abraham crucial inPittsburgh comm organization Jewish for the homogenous segregation a more light be positive can in seen these certain subculture the communit Lookinglocal level Pittsburgh.evolution in ofthe atcommunity the structure,thelocations of , there TheBenevolent Hebrew Society, as theUnited also was Hebrew known Charities a W hat happened inAmerica withJews onalevel demonstrated national is equally ona commendations ofpatronscommendations sought of theorganization a —

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viewed in viewed luded or refused to join theunitedcausejoin luded or refused to

which which HA subculture tothis development.is dueinpart in Pittsburgh today )

the Orthodox societyOrthodox asBurialFree theHebrewthe known ties, includingBenevolent the S neither entailed a sort of segregation. Issort of segregation.however,a possible, entailed it that

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CEU eTD Collection 102 101 pamphlet weekly; whichwas announced recreational it distributed activitiesbeingorganized by affordable IKSThey alsocreatedPittsburgh provide Visiting to the Association Nurses asa means youthfor Jewish relaxduring to the Emma Kaufman Farm Emma thesummer months, Camp. or play during schools thesu immigrants. jobs. AmericanIKS the newcomers the with learning life; assisted E wasThe tohelp purpose institution of the Settlement, Education LifeTree of and Street Washington synagogues. Federationjoined theJunior Federation,Junior 1915,364students from the Rodef and ShalomRef in thousandworked members whoPresident it. Aaron tosustain Cohen a tocreate made notion a Hebrew FreeLoanFederation successgathered Society. The a was andby 1913had one Homesettlement, for the Jewish CampEmma theAged, Farm,of ShelterHouse the the UnitedIrene HebrewtheGusky theMontefiore Charities, Hospital, the Orphanage, Kaufman Pittsburgh uni Society But tojoin). (refused importantly, most thebest societies successfuland of prominent

Feldman, Ibid., 262.

Until 1906, the IKS 1906,the Until was theonlyin city English institution providing free for classes The IreneThe Kaufman Settlement

medical care to immigrants caremedical IKS to atthe Settlement. a The news small had even

opened in1909 102

The Jewish Experience in Western ExperienceThe Jewish Pennsylvania in

ted under organization, one though theyand titles: didmaintain separate individual

But provided the settlement that;it free reading didmuch more than rooms, baths,

mmer

with the purchase new a buil of —

two branches of the Junior Federationtwo branches Junior the established were at also of , affordable“Better at Baby” milk healthcare clinic, and a place

(IKS) Jewish Jewish , originally known as School and theColumbian , originally known 51 101 immigrants

ding of theHill intheD center from the Hill communityfrom adjust the Hill , 277 nglish and citizenship and finding andnglish citizenship – 286.

orm Sundayorm school

and the istrict

to . CEU eTD Collection September 13,50, 1918), Volume 105 104 103 and soldiers whohad from dinnersAmerican returned Pittsburgh for home and non Jews was unique asreachedinstitution it entire tothePittsburgh community, to offering membership youngthe women men withapproximately and Jewish two to promote Hebraic ideals. and culture group Jewish This particularly became among popular funded time this byteachersIKS rathervolunteers. paidthan and seeingattendants howmany Board were coming,agreed the the English toresume classes, unsuccessfully t received attention from the the end of 1921 therewere over three accommodated ofsixty needs the 1921whenclasses in picked immigration IKS for uponce but immigrants; the more, I, War slowed,with immigrationthePittsburgh English Board ofEducationdiscontinued night Reform inPittsburgh Jews all other immigrantswell. as theater IKS to but thelike.Theartnot just allJews, classes,and ofthese and provided benefits the Settlementgym including plays, swimming classes, activities, performances, clu

Charles “Y.M.H.A toHoldaDance Soldiers,” H.Joseph, for “Young Ibid., 264 The Young Hebrew Men Association and Women’s

Women’s Hebrew Association,” – - 65. Jews alike.Jews o convince toresume classes its

104 —

Pittsburgh ForI, example,duringWar World dances hold YMHA would the the powerand impac

The IKS runbyThe active was and themost successful institution -

seven immigrants who joined the IKS the whojoined immediately. By classes immigrants seven Issue 3edition, sec. Social News. -

hundred immigrants taking night classes at the IKS.hundred at classes the immigrants night taking This Board ofIKShas which Education, tried the Jewish CommunityBook 52

in previous years;in previous uponvisiting theS

t isdemonstrated by factt that, duringWorld the - thousand members bythousand 1920.Th members was thepurpose created in1912with 103

Jewish Criterion

(Pittsburgh, 1921).

on furlough.

(Pittsburgh, b activities, b activities, ettlement 105

e CEU eTD Collection Pe IssueOctoberVolume 64, 3,1924),21edition; Feldman, 107 106 role inestablishing Pittsburgheffort this tradition. Also cutacr operating communityhospitals The UPMC. Jewish effectively a under played very important the andexpand more build branches. considereda huge accomplishmentandespecially community quickly asto thehospital had dedicated toAnglo J Lippman presidentShalom Abraham tothe donated $1,000 enjoyat the handsneighbors.” ofour and upliftmentofthe community a projectheartfelt wishes to“contribute beinthe of should Jews ourshare tothe betterment take projectexpensive the onsuch an community. for “ainitiative higher motive…than forand meat attention” kosher be should Thehospital. Leonard Rabbi leadingLevy RabbiofRodef Reform J Shalom, against the spoke a LadiesHebrew Society; Hospital 1902they across in purchased from landintheHill District groupwas ofa firsttakenseventeen EasternEuropeanwhostarted upby women, the Jewish become t distempered by the beganthe Montefiore Plans the1890swhen in for Hospital. religious thehospital Jews The Montefiore Hospital nother hospital; the women begannother of thefundraising women hospital; the construction intense projectsfor the

nnsylvania

Charles “$1,500,000 Montefiore Drive,” H.Joseph, Hospital Charles H.Joseph, areas are ofOakland, world Squirrel andthe for District Hill, Hill famous their The Institution, , 252 – 59. ewish MosesMontefiore, May philanthropist and in opened 1908.Thisis

Jewish Criterion

in whichPittsburgheven Jews, day, tothis in erecting,great pride take is refe for food inthe Pittsburgh thehospital The hospitals. initiative

... 107 as a

This is averyThis is eventas for important today Pittsburgh Jewry 106

thank offering for thethank offering many for (Pittsburgh, MarchVolume 20, No 13edition. 10,1905), He became fully supportivethough in 53

Rather he argued that the reasonRather argued such that he for The JewishWestern Experience in

hospital Jewish Criterion Jewish oss ethnic and oss ethnic rights and

effort.The was hospital necessary to inorder

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1906 when Rodef

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CEU eTD Collection Reform practices. they todoawaywithpractices, customs and notcommonin wished behaviors which were institution immigrantOrthodox communitythatthelargest the danger, active sensed and charitable obstacles also but andcultural spiritual toassimilation But support aswell. the issue was, and the recognition as acommunity, that Jews a existence ofcharitable specificallyfor immigrants societies Jewish indicative is ofthe PhilanthropicJewish societies inAmericawere certainlyreality sensitive tothis and infactthe worlds, theconflict amongst brethrenplayedall throughout UnitedStates. outdifferently the is particularlythe theway Jews for which striking thecultural theclashing in conflict, oftwo the new.group for This everyethnic States. cansaid But otherin the be United immigrant what inPittsburghof Jews Russian with regards torefusal completely to go the oldandaccept let of and grandchildren. However, there immigrant,true Jewish forcertainly it every Russian single and was forchildren true not their to the past,reenactonAmerican Naturally oldlives to soil. their andsimply cannot this isnot literatureaa possessing way ofAmerican sortof collective in Jewry te of the Americancommunity. Jewish immigrants Jewish are Russian effectively presented inthe 3.2 and for allall created Jews, Pittsburgh institution as an denominational lines Problems Reform’swith Institutions Certainly orsome tomaintain desire Jewishness therewas ofAmericanStudents thematic Jewryarea offered interpretationtheevolution certain on s in the city pushAmericanization to intentions had

— it was started by Eastern European women, yet wasit started by and EasternEuropean women, funded supported by

does seem to bethematic some presentation evidence does ofthis to seem s a needed collective, their practical fors both support 54

residentsof creed. regardless — Americanization inasenseAmericanization that

connections with Judaism. Judaism. connections with ndency holdon to towant

CEU eTD Collection 109 108 American isperhaps pen the brother, onewholiftshis toprotest individual against long believes years the foreignthe position who issopuffed few upover has and Jew attained inthepast who rearedmakes like animalswell ofthem and educated, immigrant families,“[The S he remarks providing language English classes providingshelter tonewly and and arrived financialsupport toPittsburgh.it Commenting specifically onReform Lowerthe inNew Jews York Side East City,isundoubtedly he th using efforts oftheReformcommunity.grievances andrefers deals Though he tospecific voice from like “oriental,”“superstitious,” and practices.” “outmoded” referring when toOrthodox “Theyawareran the weretouse Reformwho theSettlementnegative ofhow tended Jews words women’s underly dances, and classes meetings (Friday). onthe Sabbath Notonly nationalist spirit. Zionists, butOrthodox parents send their children were hesitant to to in did,preferredCouncil instill th to Institute, for which clubsand classes, offered activities immigrantsColumbian asthe just consciousness among immigrantsZionist raising The consciousness. a instead of Jewish Institute,Zionistand thewhich felt that children. Thereinthe city, evolved competitionSchool betweenandSettlement a theColumbian which assistedinstitutions inthe education and immigrants, particularly welfareofJewish

Burstin, Pine, An earlier (1902) front page editorial reflects Joseph’s opinionontheAn earliernoblephilanthropic (1902)front editorial Joseph’s page reflects In CouncilSchoolandSettlement was theColombian a Pittsburgh everything he does is quite goodeverything is interferencewithout does enough he part of onthe his The Pittsburgh, Jews of District intheHill 1910 Steel Jews City ing motives toeffectively motives ing their children the bring influence. under Reform

, 302. ,

e immigrants history anunderstanding and ofJewish ettlement] isanagentettlement] whoare children whichtakes being the Columbian 55

- - 108 run institutions, Settlements, run institutions, which aim at mannered boys and girls.mannered boys and theman Only

Council pushedCouncil toomuch for American

- Theyalso theCouncil suspected 1940: astudy oftrends is example and extending is example n important , 69 – 70, 109 32.

CEU eTD Collection 113 culture/practices. environment, case this whichisin characterized by languagethe dominance ofYiddish a women from effectively District. the Hill These part women of were theimmigrant 112 Volume XX, No 7edition. 111 Volume 15,No. 7edition. 110 “inculcates” intheir everydayrhetoric. unlikely womenYiddish group thata of program. coverage Feldman commentedinhis Jacob asIt onthis well Joseph. of highly is oftheto bethe Women’ssociety words theHouse andran operated opinions of whoand Shelter with commits which commentthathe this is Joseph effectively mak condition can ofthe house, which accommodate at only 19persons atime.” acti double reasonfor existence.It its the inculcates ofseekingemployment, necessity therefore number ofdays newcomers toreside:were thatJewish permitted “This limitationhas oftime a Similarly, 1905,Joseph inApril sortofattitude this Jews, is areflection ontheopinionof astonished. Gazette chasm andchildren thatseparates homes.” parents writer manyThe inso Jewish of the Lower Settlements.”

Feldman, “Yiddish women”was theHouserun by because organized of andsome 250Jewish Shelter Charles “HouseofShelter,” H.Joseph, Charles “ H.Joseph, ngasand acts aspur its orlazytoanovercrowded tothe phlegmatic asa preventive inclined,

East Side, which apparently whichEast Settlements Side, “are reported thecause of thatthe the wide Thoughaforementioned article the Russian commentaryYork ontheNew ismerely

was asking for the abolishment ofthewas the Settlement progra asking for

The Jewish Experience in Western ExperienceThe Jewish Pennsylvania in 110

This response was by the provoked

Random Thoughts,”

comments aboutthe ofthe Houseandlimitation ofShelter the 113 112

would employ“phlegmatic” thewordsand Jewish Criterion Jewish Criterion Jewish 56

Jewish Gazette

(Pittsburgh, January 27,1905), Criterion’s

, 144. (Pittsburgh,25, 1902), July ms, and to this Joseph was Joseph ms, andtothis

es the previous statement out previous es the , a Yiddish newspaperYiddish , a

editor, Charles Joseph. 111

The great injustice Jewish nd

in the CEU eTD Collection 116 115 Pittsburgh,(Pittsburgh: 1943), University of 29. 114 Innot asuccessful atall. of Sundayfactefforts ofthe institution created dozens by school style commonly school was practiced immigrants by Jewish theHill, Sunday on were schools collected overattendance an 1,000 of in1924 district whichwasHill by established andtothe inceptives Ashinsky large due ofRabbi education "cheder,"Institute from"melamdim." schools inthe traditional inthe or Hebrew The childrenJewish between5 Eastern European immigrants." fir observance butthis young." isfastJews, disappearing among the the wine cup…The alsoprevalent ofthe oldgenerations observing lawsof dietary among is the at the Synagogue for hou many clingingHill Saturday customs. conscientiously religious toold by is observed strictattendance highlights "Weand bePeopleinthe should Jewish mentioned. found importanta are majority of D public school andreceive supplementary inthe religious orSabbath education school. Sunday rabbis the thatall Jews were proponentsnotion learnshould of the language ofthe the acceptedIsaac norm Wise Mayer especiallyofRabbi Education 3.3 istrict neighborhoodvery ina Pine 194 well is studiedby Kurt st with Jewish education, outthe importance points Jewish Pine st with Hebrew education ofamong "pious

Kurt Pine, Ibid., 31. Ibid. Institutions theof Russian/Orthodox Community In for theevidence effortsmaintainJe Pittsburgh to Even receivedAmerican by1870 themajority Jews publicschoolwasof this education,

The Pittsburgh, Jews of District 1910 intheHill

- 14 years14 age,eightypercent of (primarilyatt boys)

rs, the day ending byrs, theending by day a themalefamily prayer head ofthe over 115

The Jewish Criterion . 116 57

While tra

— reported ofthe 5,200 in1913that wishness theimmigrant in Hill ditional Hebrewditional school the in but even some leading Orthodox - 1940: a study of trends 1940: astudy 3 dissertation. The trends Pine 114

Beginning hisexplanation ended Hebrew land inthe

c h eder eder

CEU eTD Collection 118 117 tradition. TheInstitute offered Hebrew Hebrewcourses and well by attended Hill was in to American importance the life,a ofhaving saw connectedness language Jewish with and in Pittsburgh inP Jews Russian district. DedicatedHill tomaking language aamong and Hebrew modern popular incredibly the Rabbieffort AshinskyOrthodox Institute toestablishthe Hebrew of community maintaining in feltessential Jewishness. was such history,as literature, Yiddish Jewish folk songsmusic, whichclassical the and Yiddish wereeducated thin onpractical Ireneyears.the only Kaufmann lastedpupils Settlement but a Jewish totalNevertheless of seven school 1920butalsofailed. Folk in Finally theYohoash opening. Arbeiter Ring The Laboreffort due Lyceum, but tolack ofthe ofinterest, theschool closed shortlyafterits languageinstructions onYiddish and culture.a openedan Eventuallynew Yiddishas school Zion affiliated theyalmost always On Sundays were withthe Workmen's Circle.w in 1912byZion. fromunder organization aof Poale Poland Jewish the Group Members ofPoale numerous attemp believed thattheir wouldbe children prepared successful. parents for the explanation "the theOrthodox schools The unpopularity was of that onlyPittsburgh Jews, which w one

Ibid., 35 Ibid., 32. Perhapsfor more themainta successful –

6. —

both sides, thoughboth sides, was concerned Yiddish retarding immigrants’adjustment the ts to establishschoolsin Yiddish ts to The theHill district. first attemptwas made ittsburgh, mutual concernsby also Ashinsky shared voiced theReformRabbis

(Workmen’s Circle)

gsreading, also writing,grammar, but suchasareas composition, as run by the Irenerun by the as was even Kaufmann Settlement mildly to be'mshumodim' (converts)." ining of Jewishness and Jewish education ofJewishnessandJewish ining was the 58

made a similar

118 - schule succeeded withthe supportofschule succeeded

attempt toestablishaYiddish

(1916) (1916)

in the heart of the 117

There were ould hold ould hold CEU eTD Collection 121 Is 1916),(Pittsburgh, Volume47, 3, November 120 119 was also Shelter with t organized theHouseand runof people of notahealthy likewiseis theHill; this the new ofaffairs.” hospital. And state defensively community, a leader is grave AsOrthodox this overgeneralization. Rabbi Coffee pointe affluent German Charity people included: the Bible, language, religion, Hebrew ofthe history, andideals Jewish tradition girls, thatInstituteyear andboys matter, for the eight offered courses inHebrew education which girlsattentionpeople, tothe Jewish of weoftoday, t turnoutthemothers must Hebrewgeneration bring education, wishto a “Ifwe imbuedand upwiththe spirit ideals ofour admittancegirls of a congregations, Conservative Reform, and Orthodox the synagogue. the effort understa alimited more preferred Pittsburgh actually attende andHill Ea andHill theNorth theInstitute Hebrew Side, branches established outsi residents.

Joseph, “Rabbi CoffeeJoseph, Urges Federation.” Burstin, Israel andAbrams, ActivitiesofInstitute,” theHebrew A. “Aims — While it isoftentaken it ofWhile forAmerican cities, the granted communities that Jewish in and study of the Talmud,and which ofthe study was specif 119

st Liberty.st at only But most twenty , Steel Jews City

In ofcomplaintsa from result 1919as Jewish parents inSquirrel neighborhoods in “ The old people’s home was largely financed home oldpeople’s wasandalmost whollyThe is largely controlled by the

Though, the Hebrew Institutethe Hebrew from Though, all cooperated withpupils and had - Jews provided the necessary provided immigrantJews funding impoverished for the s well. s well.

d the Hebrew Instituted theHebrew because , 299. , Israel

Abrams in particularAbrams in girls pointedtotheimportance having of nding of

sue 11edition. sue percent of the Jewish youth thecity in oftheJewish percent of 59

, it , it icallyreserved boys. for Hebrew tra he s was alsoexceptional received that it in the parents parents trenuousand efforts workof two

ining which could beattainedat whichining who were less adamantwho were about Jewish Criterion Jewish de of the inSquirrelde Hill of

omorrow.”

121 d out

120 So to So

For CEU eTD Collection in Pittsburgh 125 (Pittsburgh,Issue 1932), September 20edition. Volume 80, 23, 124 IssueVolume 26, 5edition. 123 122 year.”these of times the was aspecial concerntheSociety, ofand ofwere extradeliveries traditional foods during made wee neighborhood. collect Theybasketsand andassemble would containingfoodstuffs bread every living District1918.The inthefoodgifts Hill in group donations provided and for the “create chaos.” federation thanthere more(beggars).”Fora schnorrers isfor federation editorial commented, “there for reason a isabsolutelynomore present conditions under vote forFederation a interestingly, Reform headand congregation Shalom supported theleader ofthe the“ Rodef reached. Theremany was pleas eventually es indicative ofthe properFederation. for need accusedyoung proper priorities, lack thecaring thatis of the children, for Jewish was the organizations, notably the united Federation inPittsburgh, of charities reported thelack of hundred fifty

“Rauh Archives,” Archive, Jewish “Baskets D for ofFood Poor Charles “Pittsburgh H.Joseph, Charities,” Burstin, k at the Bethk at synagogue. the Jacob Lechem Aniyum Steel Jews City tablished in Pittsburgh, tablished in , n.d.,http://www.jewishhistoryhhc.org/timeline Yiddish women from theHill women Yiddish 123

—

Rabbi Levi co ofRodefRabbi Shalom 125

Society (Bread for the Poor) was founded by a group of Orthodox (Bread foundedgroup theJews Society byOrthodox a Poor) for was of

, 265. ,

u sky Orphanage, and Court Emma Juvenile Farm association

istributed by Lechem Aniyum byistributed Lechem Society,”

published 124

but

A Tradition A Tradition “Providing during andHigh food Holidays Passover the

it wasit alongrocky success and before road was in the . 122

Rabbi Coffee,hispushinga for for knownwell Jewish Criterion Jewish

60 A Federation

Criterion

of Giving: Philanthropy Theof History Jewish - edited the Criterion, whenedited theCriterion, in1908an

asking for thefederation, but

of Jewish of Jewish

(Pittsburgh, January 10,1908),

cooperation Philanthropies

Jewish Criterion Jewish would becostlywould and

between charitable

was

— the no”

CEU eTD Collection Paper. (Pittsburgh: 4. University ofPittsburgh, 1976), 127 Archives ServiceUniversity Center, Library University System, ofPittsburgh”, n.d. 126 the Pittsburgh except paper, newspapers for thelocal Socialist between 1909 national labor movement becauseiron andisimportant it steel strikes, thiswas workers ineffectofthe part stogy workersinPittsburgh were and small very today increases working and conditions. better and sanitation the end a thestrikes fifty achieved andraisemassive support onthe$10,000by Hill charityandIn for benefits dancestheworkers. approximately workers 2,000Jewish inthestogy industry. sanitary andconditions for livingtheir families. wereoutof They able torecruit 1,200 I group like the most Internationalthe World(IWW) workers sought tounite Workersof inthePittsburgh area. While became centerimmigrant of the thePittsburgh. in labor movement Bakers’ union others, were theAmalgamate frequentlyfood striking moneydonations toraise forand steelworkers, coalminers, among few, of unions inPittsburgh in1917.Some theunionswhich butactive, mettheir labor Jewish

Patrick Lynch,Patrick “BakeryandInternationalLocal Confectionery 44Records, Union 1917 of The Union movement animportant is fe LaborThe Lyceum intheHill Distric located

the

Orthodox workingOrthodox Jews - — 1914. There be areaboutshould notasmany as the strikeas details allof there WW, they saw the importance of protecting the they importance of saw poor andWW, the all of which wereallLabor ofwhich affiliatedwith the Workman’s Circle.Lyceum The The Pittsburgh Stogy IndustryThe Pittsburgh inTran

which American d Clothing workers, the stogyd ClothingAmerica, workers, workersofand theHebrew

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Jewish labor unions wereJewish particularl ature of 61

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are much the Hill Jews inPittsburgh.In Jews Hill the Though sition andthe IWWsition 1906 127

The able strikers torally were Justice,

the strikes led by the Jewish bythe strikesJewish led the less heard ofcomparedless heard tothe 126

refused tocover the achievinggreater - 1937, AIS.1978.21, yactive in - growing 1920

1913, , Seminar CEU eTD Collection 129 Scene 1905 128 generation imm remnants carried fromEurope over eventually largely were and by forgotten third fourth alive bythroughgenerations, theend along passingin it and theimmigrant old spirit Schenley theaters. Theater also district, but non Hill intheof heart the Goldstein were andMolly tohave toPittsburghLando Picon at toperform come noted the such as Boris Sigmund Mogulesko, Thomasshefsky, actors city wouldfrequent several inits the Stars and establishments. theater perform Yiddish largeto this American Yiddish speakerswell(primarilyHill) Jewish known populationof onthe approximately thecity in 20,836individuals moth reported was thatYiddish their in Pittsburgh was thepresence theatersIn ofprofessional inthecity. Yiddish 1910 Culture workers’activities.” “radicals” strike

Pine, Pine, Edwin Moser, M. A differentwe orJewish canefforts aspectwhichtomaintain culture Jewishness observe The Pittsburgh, Jews of District intheHill 1910

- 1914 igrants. . “The whole Hilllived District whereswarmed Jews . “Thewhole hummed with and the , Seminar 129 128

Jewish Labor in Pittsburgh: Its Pittsburgh: in Labor tothe National IdeologyJewish andIts Relation Despite what

Paper. (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, 1961), 9.(Pittsburgh:Paper. University 1961), ofPittsburgh,

seemed to be promising attempts to keep Yiddish cultureYiddish seemed attempts promising tokeep tobe 62

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Morris Schwartz, Jacob ben Ami, Jennie Schwartz, ben Jacob Ami,Jennie Morris - 1940: a study oftrends e Nixon and e Nixon , 32

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CEU eTD Collection young American Jew. highlightedHorovitz problems facing theAmerican Jewry all of society,republished in the words this were at was the time HarvardBoston, t Menorah Mass.Horvitz Societyin 131 Issue1911),14 edition. Volume32, 130 real traditional dress, nobody what onehad back remained ofdoctrine to fall uponthatcould explain immigrants did emphasizesJudaism act Nathan Glaz may Americanevolution in toJewishness notreally Judaism a phenomenon be doesthis and proclaim especiallyindividual Furthermore, it. an today, Effectively, souniqueof is Jewishness because concept the this individual even by somethingas rec comparatively such small as throughareceived particulareducation,knowingancestors havingfrom Jewish thatone or has history,not practice religion. as Jewish a find connectedness cancommon Judaism One a with Pittsburgh Jewries. highlighted; observationhas alsoa been detailed very about made the particularitiesof are concrete tangible realities, this source of inspiration must be brought home to the Jewish youth. This the Jewish to brought home be must ofinspiration source this tangiblerealities, concrete are “Judaism iseven more“Judaism vulnerable given to youwhen have spoken will been have only America in ideals Jewish of development in word the last“The our younganmen all our their inspiration and the guidance for their lives. This all This theirlives. for the guidance and theirinspiration

Aaron ofPittsburgh, gave Horvitz,aaddress resident attheThird Banquet an Annual ofthe Aaron Jewry Horvitz,“American a ly

important than So farSo the American various within factions from discourses different Jewrybeen have n ot necessarily“theyneed as prac tobeunderstood er suggests in er suggests — that it was more convenient to work wasshavethat it onSaturdays more ortoabandon to convenient orto - inclusive Jewishness, from which Reform and Orthodox, Zionist and and Zionist Orthodox, and Reform whichfrom Jewishness, inclusive Let

the rituals establishedword.” byGod’s

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From Judaism toJewishness?

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nd the Young Man,”nd theYoung Conclusion Jewish Criterion Criterion Jewish

tha 63 -

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130

– AaronHorovitz ognizing ofthedietary certain facets laws.

Jewish Criterion tice Judaism.” T tice Judaism.” a coupleafter days the banquet.

can claim — the waning enthusiasmthe waning of the 131

he vice president ofthe

that can —

they are Jewish, yettheyare Jewish, (Pittsburgh, May 12, anti his alleged

as somany n be Jewish but but Jewish n be

internally claim it it internally claim at all.Professor - Zionist, can derive derive can Zionist, ianity. is for whatfor is CEU eTD Collection 133 132 “Juedischkeit.” Jewishnessword, waswhich tolife according modeledinfactrefers onthis to it.” givecalled assurances uponto hasnotbeen totheeffectthatagainst it organized reli refreshingly being to Conference, novel, at start, with,thatshould, aRabbinical feel its itself overpromoting Je Judaism Israelite ofReformed which settodeal onthe Rabbis, a EasternCouncil with matter of indifferent. on thebehalf community,a religious of acti their effectively about were religionAmerican unenthusiastic Though they in society. were speaking organizations remained same, secular the and non to be organizationsJewish whichby were once wealthier German dominated which initself, no mattermight howinnocuous wall breachofseparation." the assertiveness readily, more minority any the Jewish sharpenedagainst attack its insistence ofseparation .Asa onthesanctity persisted. pluralistic society . Jewish accepted explains, havehistorians pointed out was ritualand custom. inEurope.communities generally notwell educated,

Ellliot Abrams, Ellliot “Judaism orJewishness?,” Ibid. The word Jewishness The word Jewishness dominated by European inAmerica. East H Jews the Very discussion this is to pertinent onJewishness the commentary American the from Consider

once Americansociety more became accepting"Jewish presence, ofthe Jewish 133

an important feature ofthe

Add to this concept tothis asritual, ofJewishness Add what several Jewish Their connection toJudaismwas muchless religious doctrine than it should beshould understood of wishness. The Heller, author, Max beckons sarcastic a in “It tone is —

and they desire anddistinctiveness. for AsNaomi Cohen separateness

were also not the most devoutalso the most people not were from their

East European Jewish immigrants Jewish European East First First Things 64 ons werereligion against ineffect andor -

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Furthermore – 25. gion, for but

came CEU eTD Collection 135 IssueVolume 34, 23edition. 134 majority ofAmericancan inthe discour society. it see We school atthe that is center of theven versa. reinforceanother one values: voluntarism, individualism, andmission.” ideology.ideology could a attach Jews systematic tot Reform both. Atanincreasingrhetoric respectability pace, modulated theinto rhetoric of of thatwouldsynthesis andJudaism mutuallymessianic ofAmericanism goals reinforce of the appropriateAmericanThis precisely setting. inthe is theop nothing Judai todowith ByEurope.manifest asthecouncilconcerned, thelight, Jewishness, ofrabbis was to has invented as“ghetto,” anegative connections synonym forone has could which in connote there lack isno Sab ofobservance ofthe the characteristicand charity familyaffection…” and theprayerJudaism dietary laws the meaning significantas cherishesthe isactuallynot just it preservation quite of traditions, the

American Jewishness

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, 97.

ses o posite truth, Heller explains. truth,posite Heller

a “ghetto synonym for heir middle n the issue, how this cult howthis n theissue,

(Pittsburgh,July 12,1912),

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CEU eTD Collection Press, 1999 in Jewish Jewish for Identity: Education Implications 137 edition, 11. 1904), Volume18,No 25 136 Thereare that reflect ofplace: manyof dimensions and Jewish density thesize Jewishness presentssocial can scientists orless ofPlace.” theconcept thatmore measure the“Jewishness generalized Americana Jewryisitself false picture.” certa cultures…Jewishness by varies society.inNewa within the same TobeJew York locale City presentvariations isthelocal of study Jewishness Placeof yet. Judaism Butmessage.are there and routes understanding tomanifesting more asopposed Jewishness to significant.Italso for community,approves speaks theJewish and whompublishes ofthe childrenJewish toward making theJewish the best friends the character, A.H. Mr. who donotobserveMosaic code, the Youth int synthesis seems holdtrue. to

Bethamie or New in “Jewishness Rule?,” in York: Horowitz, Exception A. H Superintendent of New York City’s schools, Dr. Shimer, who reported, “I Shimer, York whoreported,Superintendent Dr. am City’s that convinced ofNew schools, inly differs from differs elsewhereinly being Jewish comparing inAmerica,city butnodoubt the to A significantly rele . Fromenson,Trouble “TheInstitutions,” with Our he UnitedStates and specificallyreferencing ), 237.

of the public schoolof system are the public district this in thosewho directtheir efforts make first

Fromenson counters

- vant point to mention and tomention one whichvant also thecharacter point fits ofthis child andIn observant Jew.” effect,the more r class citizens. Regarding the Jewish institutions and theeducation institutions ofRegarding theJewish the Jewish

which in his opinion make opinion inhis forwhich Jewishness. “Jewishness varies “Jewishness Jewishness. 136 with asuggestion that

This is theperspectiveThis is thenon of 66

137

(Albany: University State NewYork of

Leroy In study, Bethamie her Jewish Criterion - Beaulieuhis condoning for Jews

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across nationsor across tion. The argumenttion. of eligious National Variations National Variations

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Horowitz Horowitz ly observant , so it is quite is , soit CEU eTD Collection May51, No13edition. Volume 23,1919), 138 later differed immigration Jews greatly themass of o Russian from from theirEastern brethren was fromspatialpolarization this Europe, only the temporary. While German supportive of Naomi Cohen’s whichwere that institutions point, and once run by initiated has consequentlyZionists greatly the anti outnumber the outnumbers hecommunities, Jew claims thattheOrthodox Reform his brethren; and to those problems w that exists,byJewishness thedesire faithfathers, alive theearnest ofour tokeep the attention by and “We actionscommunities. are Jewish ofWesternimpressed by Pennsylvanian muchthe dedicates pageJoseph hisfront tothe commemor Criterion Americansall creedsbackgrounds, ofand first ofthe from page showsbrightly the during of times of national to power The struggle. catastrophe essential criteriafor theirrespectable ofdiscrepancies being the aPittsburgh Jews Jew, overcame Americaness and Jewishness T culturalJewish center. the in institutions of Jewish community,age community, thegiven of and as thestatus toit a population comparedgroup relevant (Irish toa comparison

Char made aboutPittsburgh, notjust butaboutWesternis Pennsylvaniancommunities Jewish While it has it been livedWhile apart notedindetail Jews that German geographically Reform Despite onwhat entailed thedisagreements Americanization and were themost what - les H. Joseph, “Progressiveles H. Joseph, Pennsylvania Communities,” Reform Jews inAmerica bycommunityOrthodox Jews dominated Reform eventua became the

in 1919.Recounting ofthe mainly war impact world onJewry over, the the Charles hich vitally affectwelfareof In ourpeopleworldall Jewish the theover.”

Let then usconsider inthe following Jewishness Pittsburgh’s sections.

ogether

ation and celebrationation of thetriumphant deeds

- Zionist. Catholics 138 unite the Jews, letunite alone theJews,

This observation which Joseph whichThis observation Joseph Jewish Criterion f German Jews who emigrated Jews f German

for example ), the number

(Pittsburgh, Jewish Jewish lly.

CEU eTD Collection population accounts tenpercentpopulation,"suggestingaround for ofthetotal thatdensityisa percent the The total population. of of population PittsburghJewish t of 53,000out was and by families had Jewish 1850thirty settled Allegheny near Side). City (North ais in given locale. an is important this explained, helps component identifyelement which theaccepted Jewish how consider the Jewishness Pittsburghof is merelychosenforgotten. tobe we notfearthe should ofsometh loss constantlypresent is live in.Jewishness environment they being reinterpreted changed and Jewishnessarediscern andacceptableelements which understanding congruent of totheir ofthe representedof is how Jewishness givenat any time. Furthermor generation.Ineffect, second, and third, generations the are were succeedingarbitratorsand the to boroughs, generation, tothe next was it left thedescendents oftheRussian immigrant backgrounds. all movingtogether children neighborhoods After thesame of into and is evidentthatbothsides saw pu the value ofeducationandtheirAmerica. brethrenwithin stroveIt Americanabroad and tohelp decades also before, Both many they similarities. the shared class, strove middle for emphasized

decidebeliefs which onand and traditions, live be practicesdowntothenext passed should Jews from southernJews Germany started thePitt in settling first Employing Horowitz strategyof“measuring” we the a of first can place, of Jewishness component ofnon component

- Jewish opinions towards opinions Jewish community. the Jewish AsHorowitz blic school education asa of Americanization cornerstoneblic school education tothe

"tipping when point" effect orthreshold theJewish occurs ing spiritual oring primordial, asmuch for islost spiritual nothing it 68

he of total population 588,343,nearly ten e, the childrene, always the will sburgh area inthe early 1840s - Jewish immigrants,Jewish By 1920the — so CEU eTD Collection 140 139 thatheexplained was heZionism asupporter ofsaw because wastogether thatit bringing Jews were oftheenthusiastic, one most so on Forbesa very Avenue,notmanycentral inPittsburgh While street. city Jews minded Reform Annual of Convention the Federation1903 for which theSixth wasZionists, of American held sincerethe PittsburghAnd foreven ofpride Jews. point a de the tenets thePittsburgh ofReform wouldguide themovement, Platform, which wasa indeed played decisive tothe singlemost host inthe conference history Reform ofAmerican Judaism; Reform movement, Pittsburgh notbeoverlooked should symbol theUnited in ofJewish States, and may Cincinnati agreat considered the as be hubof cultural center. Status as Cultural Center fifty residents (approximatelybeing oftheoverall percent 25,905 total residents) Jewish. neighborhood a ofJewish third livi population thecities Jewish with day Tothis their German neighborhoodcoreligionists. Hill isapre theSquirrel residentspopulation was Hill becomingmovedformer eastward as Jewish tojoin denser even the Squirrelneighborhoods andEast Hill ofOakland, End.By thecoming1920s, ofthe concentratedwhich wasother of ontheGerman concentration adjacent the Hill, inthe to Jews highlighted in major socialidentityof theJewish determinant individuals." of

According Urban Hill totheCoalition. 2002Squirrel 237. “Jewishness inHorowitz, or New Rule?,” York: Exception Another importantofthe ofplace feature concept Jewishness status asa thelocale’s is

the spatial distribution section ofdistribution Chapterthe spatial were of 2,theJews Pittsburgh

While undoubtedlyWhile considering York New isthefirst when thought Citythe

notable Cohen figuresofthecommunity, Reform Josiah 69

for cultural its significance. cade and a half latera 7, cade half and onJune 139

Furthermore as was

ng inSquirrel andthe Hill, dominantly dominantly Pi ttsburgh 140

CEU eTD Collection 144 143 reorganization, theonly copy, theauthor’s isin possession. identity, Jewish Marcus.specializing Jacob actual and letter discussing inYiddish The sentto the 142 141 most by of acceptance by orrejection thenon Acceptance Rejectionor Zionist m years published a bookin1893callingthree a state before for jump Jewish Herzl the foundingfatherZionism…Raphael Pittsburgh pre of District. allegedlyPresident’s,at RalphB. washome the inthe Raphael,oftheorganization’s Hill held ZionistMarcus association. aprevious insinuatesthat was there word “re that Pittsburgh was “re believed 1893, AssociationwasZionist in thatBaltimore thehostof there first isevidence allegedly, theHill claims thefirstUnited Zionist States. Whil in chapter page. discussed w topics.to deal Jewish with

two of the foremost historians of historians foremost Pittsburghtwo ofJewry, the Burstin, inaletterTheIda which evidence ofthisexists Selevan,American h an Cohen Feldman, Ibid., 288.

of thenon The cannot lastfeaturemodelofplacewe ofJewishness this whichforgetin isthelevel yetAnother interesting about debatable notion Pittsburgh Jewry’ssignificance isthat,

- Raphael an is organized” which was which organized” allegedly in used ovement clarion withhis call.” Steel Jews City asAnglo thoroughlycovered Jewish newspaper, the inthe The Jewish Experience in Western ExperienceThe Jewish Pennsylvania in

- Jewish inJewish thecity of theHill, the Jews “Hil view didnot the

- important name forasimportant he“hasacknowledged Pittsburgh been Jewry as organizing” a branch of the Lovers FebruaryZionorganizing” ofthe aof branch in of1893. The 141 , 287. ,

Furthermore, the news aboutFurthermore, theand Convention thematerial thenews tobe

- Jewish community.Jewish 144

a letter sent from Idaa letter Selavan sentfrom Cohen toJacob

Jacob Jacob - empted Theodore Herzlempted when Theodore he It

has been argued been has Feldman and BarbaraFeldmanandBurstin , 220. 142

143

The “re Criterion e isgenerally it l Hebrews,” and demonstrated - organization” , onthefirst - started the istorian istorian

in a , that CEU eTD Collection 147 (Pittsburgh, 7edition, 14. 1910), September Volume 31,No 23, 146 145 is located) excellent citizen.” Americanized, adoptsandchildren Americanbecomesan schools, topublic sends his ideals yearswhen York,merchant inNew heas rapidlya setforth a risesfew becomes andin “The pennilessuncouth isindustrious. andunkempt,Jew, Russian andragged he thoug immigrantthe Czar’s ina1904editorial, onthebeland Hill from sayingHebrew that, housewivesvery andseems like it near pandemonium.” scene of were whoappreciated at the some residents indeed unique “Jewtown” seekingOn theHill, everybusiness bargains.” under befound. thesuncould There left allofthe“even thenames the Hill, stores the and shopsnon many of in rare instances...” be seenelse city…wealth inthis nowhere does reside not does culture, there, and neither except push carts, street pianos, peddlers, infact akaleidoscope hucksters, fish marts, togy menwith ill clothing factories, quaint shops, etc, Leader Pittsburg Fascinated energy, “human by its shopping delicatessens, challah at theof dozens bakeries fishshops, and sweetsshops. negative thatevenIt light. non said was

Hartley Phelps, BenjaminL. Ste Ibid., 271. HartleyLeader thePittsburgh Phelps, awriterfor even romanticizes theJewish Another Pittsburghyears Molly resident, Brunwasser,recalledaf some “mo animation and excitement. animation and excitement. only one only st picturesque…It is lined with shops, groceries,linedst picturesque…Itwithshops, dealers,meat bottle shops, is kosher

described theHill Pittsburgh Leader Pittsburgh 145 Furthermore inberg, “Echoesinberg, Re That

murder inthe last murder

PittsburghLeader 271 May 1,1904

, Phelps ” some even saw it asit arich even attraction intheir city.some saw — “

Theon theoutside almost scream barkers to

(Pittsburgh, May 1,1904). 116 years by committed 116 was a Jew.

- pointed Jews flocked to the Hill flocked tothe Hill Jews - Echo From Pittsburg’sFrom Ghetto,”Echo 71

out that in that in out

146

mosphere of this “gmosphere ofthis

Allegheny

- neighborhood todotheir fitting clothes and high hats, of color, lifeof and color, activity to

C ounty (where Pittsburgh - Jews went Jews to 147

Jewish Criterion hetto life.” It life.”hetto a is ter the Jews had Jews ter the attract In 1904the h he be

the

CEU eTD Collection s_middle_east_news. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703374104575336692368479502.html?mod=rs (Pittsburgh, July 2,2010), 148 strollers onthe Sabbath. tocarryOrthodox boundary whichJews permits the ofthe likebooksand things neighborhood, conflict. the community has discrepancies, still butthe issuesaroundIsrael revolved the Englis tothe Similar immigrantsJewish arriveda centurytoo received who them,theyfree before demonstrated hundredsrefugees wellduring by the ofSoviet Jewish whoarrived the1990s. Church.Catholic The si of which,grown theConservative school, has hasoverspace solargeit taken the a former of neighborhood schools,one thantwenty containsJewish more functioning synagogues and three urban neighborhoods thenation.” in Jewish article Street refers inthe Wall as Journal Hill densely “one toSquirrel ofthe most populated such denominations anddisagreementturmoil between Jewish thevarious inPittsburgh. MilkyIndeed WayKosherday restaurant. inpresent there ishard that it used tobelieve t facilities Jewsof orthefewOrthodox whocan the presence be a entering favorite, seen local Community Center, t the city celebrated is today; throughout and the past memorialized the city Bookkosher foodSynagogues. Store, isvery and stores, the Pinsker’s alive in Jewishness much today One they when visit. need drive only dow Pittsburgh Jewry Today

Clare Ansberry, “Diverse Views on Israel Emerge in Jewish Enclave,”ClareIsrael Views Ansberry, inJewish “Diverse on Emerge h classes at the Jewish Communityath classes the Jewish and Centerschools.Today at free the Jewish tuition People canand acknowledge“Jewishness” respect of thePittsburgh the neighborhoods A more symbolic feature theeruv, is A more the ofthe wall symbolic neighborhood

he Chabad house on University of Pittsburgh campus, thekosherChabad dining Pittsburgh house onUniversity campus, he of

gnificance the ofSquirrelontoday Jewishness lives and Hill of is

148

Just 72 n Murray andsee Hill n Avenue inSquirrel the

four square Squirrel inarea, miles Hill the — Wall Street Journal that encompasses the be it in the Jewish be inthe Jewish it - Palestine o be o be An

CEU eTD Collection Holocaust influencetheevolutionarygiven Jewishnessin path locale? of are theeventsassimilated, welcomed Furthermore, do treated, ofthe ornot welcomed. how war. interesting these interactgroups tocomparevarying ofJews how before andrelate afterthe relations play outduringtheonset anddurationtheSecond It War. ofWorld wouldbe immigration inthe UnitedStates, was restricted have continue to research,year intentions this year the ended which 1924, has at inwhich the sources been well howeverhaveas not preserved the benefitedhave HebrewPit newspapers and Yiddish researchassessed my from to and thepresent into Asfaras day. assessing newspapergreatly wouldhave discourses, it looking present research in anoverarching studyevolution ofsuch, onPittsburgh andthe Jewishness oforrecreationtransmission Jewishness intheIplan future ofAlso Jewishness. touse this studying how different factors Particularly the how This study from would benefit For in acomparative approach. historical example, closely at how cultural developmentscultural closelythe entire manifested at have howthroughout 20

community deals with refugees after the Holocaust, how the how community refugeesafter the refugees with deals Holocaust,

in varying national contexts inhibited orcontexts in varying facilitated national 73 and interfaith continue Jewish observing how

Jewish Criterion hasIn been.Ifuture the

tsburgh. These

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CEU eTD Collection Horowitz, Bethamie. “Jewishness New in York: Exception Rule?”or In Hertzberg, Arthur. Heller, Max. “Judaism Against Jewishness.” Stuart.Hall, “Cultural Identity and Diaspora.”the In Goren, Arthur. Glazier, Jack. Glazer, Nathan. Fromenson, A. H. “The Trouble with Our Institutions.” Feldman, Jacob. HasiaDiner, R. Dicker, Susan “USJ. Immigrants and the Dilemma of Anglo “Darlington Digital Library Maps: Cohen, Naomi. “CMU Libraries: The Pittsburgh NewspaperJewish Project: [Carnegie Mellon “CMU Libraries: The Pittsburgh “Charles Cooper, ‘The Story Jews in of Pittsburgh,’ Jewish Criterion (Pittsburgh, May 31,1918)”, n.d. Burstin, Barbara. “Baskets of Food for Poor Distributed by Lechem Aniyum Society.” “Bakery andConfe Ansberry, Clare. “Diverse Views onIsrael Emerge in Jewish Enclave.” Abrams,Israel A. “Aims and Activities of the Hebrew Institute.” Abrams, Ellliot. “Judaism or Jewishness?” Bibliography Press, 1999. Identity: Implications for Jewish E University Press, 1997. Issue 23edition. ed. Lawrence and Wishart Ltd, 2003. Press, 1999. Cornell University Press, 1998. Volume 18,No25edition. Western Pennsylvania, 1986. http://sdonline.org/48/us Journal of the Research Group onSocialism andDemocracy darmap0089;viewid=DARMAP0089.TIF. 1333108065;subview=de idx?rgn1=ic_all;med=1;image_search%20btn=Go;q1=Pittsburgh;size=20;c=darlmaps;back=back http://images.library.pitt.edu/cgi Philadelphia: Jewish Publicati t0/copy0&file=0003. http://pjn.library.cmu.edu/books/pages.cgi?call=CRI_1915_046_004_09241915&layout=vol0/par t0/copy0&res=high&file=0009. http://pjn.library.cmu.edu/books/pages.cgi?call=CRI_1911_031_024_01201911&layout=vol0/par Septem Service Center, University Library System, University Pittsburgh”, of n.d. _middle_east_news. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703374104575336692368479502.html?mod=rss July 2,2010. 3, 1916, Volume 47, Dispersing the Ghetto: The Relocation of Jewish Immigrants Across America The Politics andPublic Culture Americanof Jews ber 23,ber 1932, VolumeIssue 80, 20edition. Encounter Emancipation:with The German Jews in Unitedthe States 1830 The Jews of the United States, 1654 to 2000 American Judaism The Jewish Experience Westernin Pennsylvania Steel City Jews

The Jews America: in Four Centuries of an Uneasy Encounter ctionery International Union Local 44 Records, 1917

Issue 11edition.

- . First. Apollo, Pa: Barbara S.Burstin, 2008. Jewish NewspaperJewish Project: [Carnegie Mellon Libraries]”, n.d. tail;resnum=9;view=entry;lastview=thumbnail;cc=darlmaps;entryid=x immigrants

. Second. Chicago: University Chica of DARMAP0089

on Society America, of 1984.

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DARMAP0089.TIF”, n.d. , 223 74 Identity: Community, Culture andDifference - dilemma

, no.74 (July 1997): 18 Jewish Criterion – 240. Albany: State University of New York

- . University California of Press, 2004. - Conformity| Socialism andDemocracy.” . Pittsburgh, July 12, 1912, Volume 34, - of . Pitt Jewish Criterion . Bloomington: Indiana University - anglo

Jewish Criterion

22, sburgh: The Historical Society of Wall Street Journal - - National Variations Jewishin . Pittsburgh, 3, 1904,June conformity/.

1937, AIS.1978.21, Archives no. 3(n.d.). go Press, 1957.

– Libraries]”, n.d. 25. . New York: Columbia . Pittsburgh, November

. Pittsburgh,

- . Pittsburgh, . Ithaca: 1914 . 1st ed. . 2nd

- CEU eTD Collection Meyer, Michael. Meyer, Gerald. “The Cultural Pluralist Response Americanization:to Horace Kall Lynch, Patrick. Liebman, Charles. Levy, “Some Sadie. Social Aspects of Settlement Work.” Leroy Kuntz, Leonard Irvin. The Changing Pattern of Distributionthe of the Jewish Population Pittsburghof ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— ——— Joseph, Charles H. Jick, LeonA. Horvitz, Aaron. “American Jewry andthe Young Man.” - Beaulieu, Anatole. “Jewish Immigrants and Judaism the in United States.” . “Y.M.H.A Holda to Dance for Soldiers.” . “The Jewish Welfare Board Trains Score a of Welfare Workers Every Month. Here Is Story the . “Speak English.” . “Sisterhood Appointed Representto Jewish Women Holiday in Work for Soldiers.” . “Random Thoughts.” . “Random Thoughts.” . “ . “Progressive Pennsylvania Communities.” . “Progress of the Church.” . “Pittsburgh Charities.” . “House of Shelter.” . “$1,500,000 Montefiore Hospital . page&q=Germanizing%20and%20Americanizing%20trends%20meyer&f=false. OPiQ_DnZvYAuO6Q6Y4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TKuvT_H9CIXAtAbet7i4Bg&redir_esc=y#v=one and+Americanizing+trends+meyer&source=bl&ots=DBaL4FKAh_&sig=qBqVL http://books.google.hu/books?id=E097BTUssM4C&pg=PA235&lpg=PA235&dq=Germanizing+ State University Press, 2005. bourne http://sdonline.org/48/the Adamic,Louis Leonard and Covello | Socialism and Democracy” 22,no.3 (n.d.). Pittsburgh: University Pittsburgh, of 1976. Life Volume XIV, No 9edition. Pittsburgh, 30, 1905,June Volume XXI, No 3ed Arbor. Printed 1996in from Volume 50,Issue 3edition, Social sec. News. edition. That Tells How IsThis Done.” Editorial.sec. Criterion edition. Issue 7edition. 51, No 13edition. edition. edition. 64, Issue 21edition. Volume 32,Issue 14edition. Jewish Criterion Rabbi Coffee Urges Federation.” . 1st ed. Jewish Pu Earliest Settlement to 1963. Dissertation, 228Pages. ABell& HowellCompany, Ann The Americanization of the Synagogue, 1820 -

louis The Pittsburgh Stogy INdustry Transitionin and the IWW 1906 R . Pittsburgh, December 20,1918, Volume 50,Issue 17edition. esponse Modernity:to A History of Reformthe Movement in Judaism The Ambivalent American Politics,Jew: Religion, and Family Americanin Jewish Jewish Criterion - adamic

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- Jewish Criterion and lication Society America, of 1973. Jewish Criterion Jewish Criterion , n.d. Jewish Criterion - - leonard cultural Jewish Criterion

. Pittsburgh, July 12,1901, Volume 13,Issue 5edition, sec. Editorial.

Jewish Criterion - - covello/. Drive.” pluralist . Pittsbur Jewish Criterion . Pittsburgh, January 27,1905, Volume No 7edition. XX, . Pittsburgh, . Pittsburgh, July 25,1902, Volume 15,No.7 edition. . Pittsburgh, January 10,190 Jewish Criterion Jewish Criterion

response 75 Jewish Criterion . Pittsburgh, 12,1901,July Volume 13,Issue 5 gh, September 13, 1918, Volume 50,No.3edition,

. Pittsburgh, August 30,1918, Volume 50,No1 Jewish Criterion ition. Jewish CriterionJewish -

1870 . Pittsburgh, January 25,1907, Volume 24, November 3,1922, Volume 60Issue 8 - to

- americanization .

First. Hannover: Brandeis, 1992. . Pittsburgh, September 13,1918, . Pittsburgh, October 3, 1924, Volume . Pittsburgh, May 23,1919, Volume . Pittsburgh, May 12,1911, . Pittsburgh, February 7,1902, 8, Volume 26,Issue 5 -

- 1920 horace Jewish Criterion en, Randolph Bourne,

. Seminar Paper. - . Detroit: Wayne kallen

Mkr Jewish - - randolph .

CEU eTD Collection “Young Women’s Hebrew Association.” Woocher, Jonathan. Wolfson, Leo. “Jews and Pacifism.” Straus, Oscar S. “America and the Spirit of American Judaism.” Steinberg, Benjamin L. “Echoes ReThat Silberstein, Laurence J. Shevitz, Amy Hill. ——— Sarna, Jonathan. Rosman, Moshe. Repplier, Agnes. “An Attack Upon the Jews.” “Rauh Archives.”Jewish Archive. Rauh, Eno Riv Prell, Pine, Kurt. Phelps, Hartley. Nadell, Pamela S. “The Americanization of the Synagogue, 1820 Moser, Edwin M. Michels, Tony. “Communalist History andBeyond: What is Potentialthe of American Jewish History?” . “The Cult of Synthesis American in Jewish Culture.” University Press, 1986. 11 edition. t0/copy0&res=high&file=0009. http://pjn.library.cmu.edu/books/pa 1911, Volume 31,Issue 24 edition. September 23, 1910, Volume 31,No7edition. 2007. (Autumn, 2007. XXXXVI, No 4edition. da1e2a1c7863. Pittsburgh Issue 41edition. and Jewish Men G1BaaQofGTdox. bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBRecID=1014533&v2=1&SEQ=20120427112620&PID=t5aZ_WilIGfSDf University Pittsburgh, of 1943.http://pittcat 1870%3A+an+historiographical... http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Americanization+of+the+Synagogue, - 1914 http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_jewish_history/v095/95.1.michels.html. Project Muse

- Library”. Online Free American Jewish Historical Society, March 1,2002. Ellen. Ellen. ch. “Confirmation Among the Jews.” The Jews in the DistrictHill Pittsburgh,of 1910 . Seminar Paper. Pittsburgh: University Pittsbu of

Pittsburgh Leader Fighting to Become Americans: Assimilation and Troublethe Between Jewish Women American Judaism How Jewish is Jewish History? Jewish Labor in Pittsburgh: Its Ideology and Its Relation to the National Scene 1905 , n.d.

- Jewish Communities on the OhioRiver

Winter, 1999 1998):Winter, 52 Sacred Survival: The Civil Religion Ame of

95, no. 1(March 2009).

Mapping Jewish identities http://www.jewishhistoryhhc.org/timeline.aspx#0ef3accb . Boston: Beacon Press, 1999.

. Pittsburgh, May 1, 1904. A Tradition of Giving: TheHistory Jewishof Philanthropy in . London: Yale University Press, 2004. Jewish Criterion

- Jewish Community Book Echo From Pittsburg’s Ghe - a097756568. ges.cgi?call=CRI_1911_031_024_01201911&layout=vol0/par – 79 Jewish Criterion . Jewish Criterion

Oxfo . First. New York: NYU Press, 2000. 76 .pitt.edu/cgi . Pittsburgh, November 8,1918, Volume 50,Issue

rd: rd: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization,

. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, - 1940: a study of trends

Indiana University Press rgh, 1961. . Pittsburgh, September 24,1915, Volume rican Jews - Jewish Criterion . Pittsburgh, May 10,1901, Volume 12, - 1870: anhistoriographical1870: appreciation. . Pittsburgh, 1921. tto.”

Jewish Criterion . Bloomington: Indiana

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- 5, no.1/2 4a27 - . Pittsburgh, - b84e - -