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Island Tourism : Towards a Sustainable Perspective / Edited by Jack Carlsen and Richard Butler

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Island Tourism : Towards a Sustainable Perspective / Edited by Jack Carlsen and Richard Butler ISLAND T OURISM Sustainable Perspectives Ecotourism Book Series General Editor: David B. Weaver, Professor of Tourism Management, George Mason University, Virginia, USA. Ecotourism, or nature-based tourism that is managed to be learning-oriented as well as environ- mentally and socioculturally sustainable, has emerged in the past 20 years as one of the most important sectors within the global tourism industry. The purpose of this series is to provide diverse stakeholders (e.g. academics, graduate and senior undergraduate students, practitioners, protected area managers, government and non-governmental organizations) with state-of-the- art and scientifi cally sound strategic knowledge about all facets of ecotourism, including external environments that infl uence its development. Contributions adopt a holistic, critical and interdis- ciplinary approach that combines relevant theory and practice while placing case studies from specifi c destinations into an international context. The series supports the development and dif- fusion of fi nancially viable ecotourism that fulfi ls the objective of environmental, sociocultural and economic sustainability at both the local and global scale. Titles available: 1. Nature-based Tourism, Environment and Land Management Edited by R. Buckley, C. Pickering and D. Weaver 2. Environmental Impacts of Ecotourism Edited by R. Buckley 3. Indigenous Ecotourism: Sustainable Development and Management H. Zeppel 4. Ecotourism in Scandinavia: Lessons in Theory and Practice Edited by S. Gossling and J. Hultman 5. Quality Assurance and Certifi cation in Ecotourism Edited by R. Black and A. Crabtree 6. Marine Ecotourism: Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea C. Cater and E. Cater 7. Ecotourism and Conservation in the Americas Edited by A. Stronza and W.H. Durham 8. Island Tourism Edited by J. Carlsen and R. Butler Now in paperback 1. Nature-based Tourism, Environment and Land Management Edited by R. Buckley, C. Pickering and D. Weaver 2. Environmental Impacts of Ecotourism Edited by R. Buckley ISLAND T OURISM Sustainable Perspectives Edited by Jack Carlsen Curtin University Western Australia and Richard Butler University of Strathclyde Scotland CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI Head Offi ce CABI North American Offi ce Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © CAB International 2011. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Island tourism : towards a sustainable perspective / edited by Jack Carlsen and Richard Butler. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84593-679-2 (alk. paper) 1. Sustainable tourism. 2. Islands--Economic conditions. 3. Islands-- Environmental aspects. 4. Sustainable development. I. Carlsen, Jack. II. Butler, Richard, 1943–. G156.5.S87I85 2010 910.68c4--dc22 2010030664 ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 679 2 Commissioning editor: Sarah Hulbert Production editor: Kate Hill Typeset by Columns Design Ltd, Reading, UK. Printed and bound in the UK by MPG Books Group. Contents Contributors vii Preface xii Acknowledgements xiii Dedications xiv 1 Introducing Sustainable Perspectives of Island Tourism 1 Jack Carlsen and Richard Butler PART I ECOLOGICALLY SUSTAINABLE PERSPECTIVES OF ISLAND TOURISM 9 2 Aliens in an Ancient Landscape: Rabbits, Rats and Tourists on Macquarie Island 11 Julia Jabour 3 From Sand Mining to Sand Bashing in About 30 Years: a Diffi cult Journey Towards Sustainable Tourism for Fraser Island 26 Malcolm Cooper and Patricia Erfurt-Cooper 4 Managing Tourism on Green Island, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: Conservation, Commerce and Compromises 38 Heather Zeppel 5 Tourism and Sustainability in the Lakshadweep Islands 54 Jithendran Kokkranikal and Tom Baum 6 The Risk of Climate Change for Tourism in the Maldives 72 Susanne Becken, John Hay and Stephen Espiner v vi Contents PART II SOCIALLY SUSTAINABLE PERSPECTIVES OF ISLAND TOURISM 85 7 Host and Guest Perceptions of Tourism Impacts in Island Settings: a Malaysian Perspective 87 Fathilah Ismail, Brian King and Ranjith Ihalanayake 8 Island Casino Development: an Antithesis of Socioculturally Sustainable Tourism. The cases of St Croix and Christmas Islands 103 Janne Liburd and Jack Carlsen 9 Social Sustainability of Tourism in a Culture of Sensuality, Sexual Freedom and Violence: Trinidad and Tobago 118 Johnny Coomansingh 10 Sustainable Host–Guest Interactions on Islands: Bruny and Magnetic Islands 129 Brent Moyle, Glen Croy and Betty Weiler 11 Sustainable Tourism in High-latitude Islands: Shetland Islands 140 Richard Butler PART III ECONOMICALLY SUSTAINABLE PERSPECTIVES OF ISLAND TOURISM 155 12 Rejuvenating Paradise: Changing Products, Changing Markets and Changing Visitor Behaviour in Mauritius 157 Girish Prayag 13 Sustainable Island Tourism: the Case of Okinawa 171 Hiroshi Kakazu 14 Tourism in Mediterranean Islands: a Comparative Analysis 186 Giovanni Ruggieri 15 Sustainable Tourism Transportation in Hawaii: a Holistic Approach 197 Gui Lohmann and David Ngoc Nguyen 16 Planning for Sustainable Island Tourism Development in the Maldives 215 Mariyam Zulfa and Jack Carlsen 17 Conclusions and Implications for Sustainable Island Tourism 228 Richard Butler and Jack Carlsen Index 239 Contributors Professor Tom Baum is Professor of International Tourism and Hospitality Management in the Strathclyde Business School, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland. He holds fi rst and masters degrees from the University of Wales, Aberystwyth and a PhD in tourism labour market studies from the University of Strathclyde. Tom has published extensively on tourism-related topics and is author and/or editor of seven books and over 150 scientifi c papers. He has researched and written extensively on the theme of small island development and the role of tourism. Dr Susanne Becken is an Associate Professor at Lincoln University, New Zealand, where she is currently leading two government-funded programmes, namely ‘Tourism and Oil’ and ‘Preparing the Tourism Sector for Climate Change’. Susanne is on the editorial boards of the Journal of Sustainable Tourism, International Tourism Review, and Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, and she is a Resource Editor for Annals of Tourism Research. She co-authored (with Professor Hay) a book on tourism and climate change, and acted as a contributing author to the Fourth IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) Assessment Report. Professor Richard Butler is Emeritus Professor in the Business School of the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland. He has published widely in tourism journals, and produced 15 books on tourism and many chapters in other books. His main fi elds of interest are the development processes of tourist destinations and the subsequent impacts of tourism, issues of carrying capacity and sustainability and tourism in remote areas and islands. He is a founding member and past president of the International Academy for the Study of Tourism. Professor Jack Carlsen is Professor of Sustainable Tourism at Curtin University, Western Australia and Founder and Codirector of the Curtin Sustainable Tourism Centre, Western Australia. He has an extensive research track record, having produced more than 200 scholarly publications on various topics related to tourism planning, markets, development and evaluation. He was leader of the vii viii Contributors Sustainable Enterprises Research Program for the Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre and leader of the Technical Team that developed the Maldives Third Tourism Master Plan 2007–2011. His other books include The Family Business in Tourism and Hospitality (CAB International, 2004), Global Wine Tourism: Research, Management and Marketing (CAB International, 2006) and Innovation for Sustainable Tourism (Goodfellow Publishers, in press). Dr Johnny Coomansingh was born and raised in the town of Sangre Grande, Trinidad and Tobago, and received his education from Kansas State University, Fort Hays State University, Kansas and Andrews University, Michigan. He read for his masters and doctoral degrees in geography at Kansas State University, after which he accepted a position at Minot State University, North Dakota, where he serves as an Assistant Professor of Geography. Before his appointment at Minot State, he served as a tourism/geography lecturer at Missouri State University. His research interests include sacred and contested landscapes, Caribbean culture, festivals and tourism, and global Afro–Indo confl icts. Dr Malcolm Cooper is Pro-Vice President Research and Professor of Tourism Management at Ritsumeikan Asia Pacifi c University, Beppu, Japan. He is a specialist in tourism management and development, environmental planning, water resource management and environmental law, and has published widely in these fi elds. He has held appointments at the Universities of New England, Adelaide and Southern Queensland, Australia, at Waiariki Institute of Technology, New Zealand and in the environmental planning and tourism policy areas for federal, state and local governments
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