DOCSLIB.ORG

Understanding-China.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Understanding-China.Pdf Understanding China Ben Newman Beijing Consulting Group Understanding China Introduction China in Numbers Doing Business in China Culture in Business (Business in Culture) China: Interesting Facts China produces 66% of the world's garlic. 400 different varieties of kiwi fruit in China (used for over 700 years) KFC first translated its advertising slogan "finger lickin' good" into Chinese, it came out as "eat your fingers off". 35 children are born every minute in China. About 700,000 engineers graduate annually 42,000 characters in Chinese language. An adult is only expected to know 5,000 of them. Ost trifft West 刘杨 Yang Liu Graphic Designer Born in Beijing, 1976. Moved to Germany in 1990. “I am very German in my approach to work. But when it comes to emotional decisions and human interaction, I am more Chinese.” Cultural Impressions Me 7 Lifestyle Daily Meals Transport Children 11 Queues 12 Parties 13 In a Restaurant Travelling China in Numbers 500,000,000 lifted out of poverty since 1985 1 BILLION consumers by 2030 as urbanisation continues Changing of the Times ‘Workshop of the World’ Economic Transition Planned Market Economy Economy Closed Open Economy Economy Rural Urban China’s ODI Source: http://news.sohu.com/20120823/n351314404.shtml From Low-End Manufacturing to High-End, Services and Infrastructure FDI in China 7 Strategic Industries China Inward FDI (2014) ● Energy conservation and environmental protection 11% ● Next generation IT ● Biotechnology 33% 56% ● High-end equipment manufacturing ● New energy Services ● New materials Manufacturing ● Clean energy vehicles Other Overseas Companies FDI TREND Joint Ventures PREFERRED TO TRANSFER TECHNOLOGY & KNOWLEDGE INDUSTRIES FDI GROWTH 2011 Moving Inland Or To Remote Locations Changing Face of EXPATRIATES MORE LOCAL HIRES SINGLES 1,200 Construction NATIONALISING OF STRONG INFLUX OF MANAGERS R&D Centres set OF OFFICES IN CHINA up in China by DIFFICULT TO ATTRACT & Foreign Experts Foreign Companies RETAIN STAFF IN 2ND & TO DRIVE QUALITY, SAFETY 3RD TIER AND PRODUCTIVITY CITIES Overseas Companies CONSTANTLY Changing INCREASED Regulations, STRENGTH &THREAT LICENCING & LEGAL ENVIRONMENT OF Chinese HEALTH RISKS COMPETITORS POLLUTION PANDEMICS Food Safety Lack OF INTELLECTUAL HIGH INFLATION, RISING PROPERTY LABOUR & PROTECTION Raw Material COSTS Doing Business in China Numbers vs. Reality “If Only Every Chinese Person Bought One Bottle of My Beer …” China is not ONE big market Sum of many mini-markets (geography, language, social background, finances and culture). China: One Country? 4 Municipalities 23 Provinces & Municipilaties 5 Autonomous Regions 2 Special Administrative Regions (SAR) China: One Country? North East China (3 provinces) North East China (3 provinces) East China (10 provinces/municipalities) Central China (6 provinces) East China West China (13 provinces/municipalities/autonomous regions ) (10 SAR (2) provinces) West China (13 provinces) Central China (6 provinces) Business in China: Opportunities Growing … Urbanization and Mobility Wealth Consumer Sophistication Use of Internet Services Sector Challenges [Source: CBBC, Leeds University, UKTI] Challenges With time and patience the mulberry leaf becomes a silk gown. - Chinese proverb Challenges Unfamiliarity Operating Practices Intense Competition Scale/Pace of Change Different Cost base Steep Learning Curve - Unforgiving Regulations/Bureaucracy Business in China: Success Factors Strategic Plan Decide Entry Strategy Understand Government Prepare for Culture Gap Importance of relationships NOT contracts Understand legal system and IPR Find the right local partner Be flexible and adapt Expect delayed pay-off Culture in Business (Business in Culture) 33 Punctuality 34 Contacts 35 Annoyance 36 Opinions 37 Solving Problems 38 The Boss Chinese Culture Influences History Women Elders Language Education Confucius Family Zhongguo Patriotism Chinese Culture Behaviours Patience Group Hierarchy Guanxi Modesty Decisions Bonding Face Contracts Chinese View: Overseas Staff Equality • Too honest • Too much concern for environment Safety and safety Systematic • Good at planning and filing Individualism • Family before work Rigid • Poor reaction to change Superior • Lack of trust Common Mistakes Interpreter Ill-prepared Focus on protocols and not matter at hand Believe words at face value Over-reliance on “guanxi” No person-to-person links Losing temper Rules & Relationships Not universal and Universal and clear often unclear Binding and Contract can be detailed contract changed Focus on Focus on fairness relationships Rules & Relationships How can I trust How can I trust the Chinese? Westerners? They always They don’t help their even help their friends friends 关系 Guanxi What is it? 2 Way Street Built Over Time Not Free or Unlimited Important? Comfort Zone Need Verification Bonus vs. replacement How to … Care Frequent Contact Walk a mile … Investment Negotiation: Techniques Independent Advice Legal firm with presence in China Intellectual Property - advice Halve expectations, double budget Grey issues Be firm, creative Be prepared to say no Business Etiquette Good business relationships and trust Trust Business meetings start promptly - senior person first. Handshake Handshake Business cards essential Business cards Simple Mandarin phrases Never begin eating or drinking until you host does Basic Mandarin Phrases Dinner speeches and frequent toasts are standard; Remain patient and polite. Host begins a meal – toasts, speeches Speak in short, simple, and jargon-free sentences. Patience Summary: Profile for Success Leave your preconceptions at home; Keep hold of your business sense; Do your homework; Patience is a virtue; Long-term approach; Be flexible; Quality independent legal/professional advice; Specialist legal advice on IPR: Due diligence; Remember personal relationships. 谢谢 Thank You! Beijing Suite 1206, Zhubang Office 98 Bali Zhuang Xili Chaoyang District Beijing 100025 China Tel: +86 (0)10 85866220/6386/6387 Fax: +86 (0)10 8586 6221 Shanghai Tel: +86 (0)21 6445 4879 Fax: +86 (0)21 6445 4976 [email protected] www.bjconsultinggroup.com .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Globalised Knowledge Flows and Chinese
    Paradoxical Integration: Globalised Knowledge Flows and Chinese Concepts in Social Theory Xiaoying Qi A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Centre for Cultural Research University of Western Sydney 2011 Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge the support I have received from a number of people during the research and writing of this PhD thesis. I am grateful to my principal supervisor, Associate Professor Greg Noble, for his support for my application for funds to attend and present a paper at the International Sociological Association XVII World Congress of Sociology in 2010 and for his close reading and detailed comments on the draft and revised chapters, which led to many improvements. My associate supervisor, Professor Peter Hutchings, is thanked for his comments on draft chapters. My gratitude also goes to the three anonymous reviewers of a paper, „Face: A Chinese Concept in a Global Sociology‟, which was published in the Journal of Sociology in 2011. This paper prefigures the arguments of chapter 5. I am also grateful to the University of Western Sydney for granting me a scholarship and for providing me with an opportunity to undertake the research reported and discussed in this thesis. I must also acknowledge the support I received from the staff of the UWS library system, and its inter-library loan provision. The most enduring support I received during the period of research and writing of this thesis was provided by my family. I thank my parents and sister for their belief in my ability and their continuing encouragement. Last but by no means least I thank my husband, Jack Barbalet, for his unfailing love, inspiration, encouragement, guidance, advice and support.
    [Show full text]
  • BIS Working Papers No 925 What 31 Provinces Reveal About Growth in China by Eeva Kerola and Benoît Mojon
    BIS Working Papers No 925 What 31 provinces reveal about growth in China by Eeva Kerola and Benoît Mojon Monetary and Economic Department January 2021 JEL classification: C38, E01, E3, P2. Keywords: China, GDP, provincial data, business cycles, principal component. BIS Working Papers are written by members of the Monetary and Economic Department of the Bank for International Settlements, and from time to time by other economists, and are published by the Bank. The papers are on subjects of topical interest and are technical in character. The views expressed in them are those of their authors and not necessarily the views of the BIS. This publication is available on the BIS website (www.bis.org). © Bank for International Settlements 2021. All rights reserved. Brief excerpts may be reproduced or translated provided the source is stated. ISSN 1020-0959 (print) ISSN 1682-7678 (online) What 31 provinces reveal about growth in China Eeva Kerola* Benoît Mojon** Abstract It is important to understand the growth process under way in China. However, analyses of Chinese growth became increasingly more difficult after the real GDP doubling target was announced in 2012 and the official real GDP statistics lost their fluctuations. With a dataset covering 31 Chinese provinces from two decades, we have substantially more variation to work with. We find robust evidence that the richness of the provincial data provides information relevant to understand and project Chinese aggregates. Using this provincial data, we build an alternative indicator for Chinese growth that is able to reveal fluctuations not present in the official statistical series. Additionally, we concentrate on the determinants of Chinese growth and show how the drivers have gone through a substantial change over time both across economic variables and provinces.
    [Show full text]
  • Communist Administration of North China
    gOT FOR INSTITUTE OF CURRENT V/ORLD AFFAIRS ADB-31 % U.S. Consulate Hongkong September 2, 1949 Mr. Walter S. Rogers Institute of current world Affairs 5 22 Fir th Ave hue New York 18, N. Y. De ar Mr. Rogers The administrative map of China is getti a New Look. The Chinese Communists are reshuffling administrative units and redrawing boundaries. Because the new divisions have not yet finally crystallized communist China is still a cartographer's nightmare, but a new pettern is gradually emerging. In the new pattern the smaller administrative units have been left intact for the most part, but the larger units are new end different. This is not the first time that new rulers have experimented with the map of Chlna, but the Communists, main innovation, regional administrative groupings, will make the map very different from any of its predece- ssors. Communist armies are capturing new cities and villages every day, and in such a fluid situation administrative divisions within Communist China are naturally changing all the time. Even in many areas which have been under Communist control for months or years the divisions are largely provlslonal, and a reshuffling of units and boundaries is periodically reported in the press. Nevertheless, the present administrative geogrsphy of Communist China is of some interest, because it suggests trends .which may be of a considerable political significance. Communist china at present is divided into six main geographical reions, each of which bears the title of Liberated Area. These six regional divisions are: NorthBast China (Manchuria), Northwest China, North China, Central China, East China and South China.
    [Show full text]
  • Current R&I Policy: the Future Development of China´S R&I System
    Fraunhofer ISI Discussion Papers Innovation Systems and Policy Analysis No. 63 ISSN 1612-1430 Karlsruhe, March 2020 Current R&I policy: The future development of China´s R&I system Rainer Frietsch Karlsruhe, Fraunhofer ISI Funding acknowledgement: This paper is based on a report funded by the Joint Re- search Centre of the European Commission as background in preparation of a JRC report on China's industrial modernization (Preziosi et al. 2019). Contents I Contents 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 2 Policy diffusion and implementation .................................................................. 5 2.1 Policy learning and policy experimentation .......................................... 6 2.2 Reasons for instability and inconsistencies .......................................... 8 2.3 Concluding remarks on policy learning .............................................. 10 3 Current Science and Innovation Policies ......................................................... 11 3.1 The Innovation-driven Economy Development Strategy .................... 11 3.2 Internet Plus and Made in China 2025 ............................................... 13 3.2.1 Internet Plus ...................................................................................... 13 3.2.2 Made in China 2025 .......................................................................... 14 3.2.3 Implementations of MIC2025 ............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • (2005–2017) View of Atmospheric Pollutants in Central China Using Multiple Satellite Observations
    remote sensing Article Long-Term (2005–2017) View of Atmospheric Pollutants in Central China Using Multiple Satellite Observations Rong Li 1,2, Xin Mei 1,2,*, Liangfu Chen 3, Lili Wang 4, Zifeng Wang 3 and Yingying Jing 5 1 Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; [email protected] 2 Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China 3 State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; [email protected] (L.C.); [email protected] (Z.W.) 4 State key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; [email protected] 5 Beijing Key Laboratory of Cloud, Precipitation and Atmospheric Water Resources, Beijing Weather Modification office, Beijing 10089, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-133-0862-9572 Received: 25 February 2020; Accepted: 21 March 2020; Published: 24 March 2020 Abstract: The air quality in China has experienced dramatic changes during the last few decades. To improve understanding of distribution, variations, and main influence factors of air pollution in central China, long-term multiple satellite observations from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) and ozone monitoring instrument (OMI) are used to characterize particle pollution and their primary gaseous precursors, sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in Hubei province during 2005–2017. Unlike other regions in eastern China, particle and gaseous pollutants exhibit distinct spatial and temporal patterns in central China due to differences in emission sources and control measures.
    [Show full text]
  • Flooding in Central China.Pdf
    Flooding in Central China Summary Flooding along China’s Yangtze River has been testing the Three Gorges Dam, the largest dam in the world, topping record levels, displacing over a million of people, and triggering a large-scale government response. Cities along the river are now preparing for the third major flood this summer. Flooding has already affected more than 54.8 million people, leaving 158 dead or missing in 27 prefectural provinces including major cities such as Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing, and Shanghai. Private-sector security managers should continue to monitor the situation, although so far it has not had a significant supply-chain impact for U.S. organizations. Recent Rainfall and Flooding Rainfall throughout the Yangtze River Basin is at its highest levels since 1961, and has already risen above the average rainfall for the entire rainy season, with several weeks to go. Storm water coming down the Yangtze into the reservoir behind the Three Gorges Dam has maintained the same peak flow rate for ten straight days. Since flooding began in June, 30 Chinese rivers have set record water levels. However, forecasters warn the lag effect of heavy rain upriver could still create new flood risks on the Yangtze. The dam’s operator has put itself on what it calls “wartime footing.” Officials have lifted numerous floodgates to ease the pressure in the dam, forcing riverside cities downstream to evacuate. China’s National Meteorological Center has predicted continued torrential rain all along the river. China typically experiences a heavy flood season, which is most severe from late July to mid-August, during South China’s monsoon season.
    [Show full text]
  • The Urban Response to the Rural Land Reform During the Chinese Civil War: 1945-1949
    Illinois Wesleyan University Digital Commons @ IWU Honors Projects History Department 2001 The Urban Response to the Rural Land Reform During the Chinese Civil War: 1945-1949 Elizabeth Grad '01 Illinois Wesleyan University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/history_honproj Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Grad '01, Elizabeth, "The Urban Response to the Rural Land Reform During the Chinese Civil War: 1945-1949" (2001). Honors Projects. 15. https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/history_honproj/15 This Article is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Commons @ IWU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this material in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This material has been accepted for inclusion by faculty at Illinois Wesleyan University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ©Copyright is owned by the author of this document. • THE URBAN RESPONSE TO THE RURAL LAND REFORM MOVEMENT DURING THE CHINESE CIVIL WAR: 1945-1949 By: Elizabeth Grad • 1 Introduction China's internal condition immediately following the end ofJapanese occupation was complicated and precarious. The conflicting interests ofthe Kuomintang and the Communists were pushing the nation into civil war and pressure from the United States only hastened the collapse ofan already weak: internal structure. The Japanese occupation of China during the war had significant implications and affected the political fortunes of the Kuomintang and the Communists in diverse ways.
    [Show full text]
  • Implications for China's Tourist Attractions
    sustainability Article Meta-Understanding of Environmental Perception in Tourism: Implications for China’s Tourist Attractions Jinlian Shi 1 and Jing Sun 2,* 1 Business School, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; [email protected] 2 Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 10 January 2020; Accepted: 17 February 2020; Published: 22 February 2020 Abstract: Tourism is a global force in economic growth. To provide policy suggestions for advancing the tourism industry, we adopt a primary indicator, environmental perception, to examine tourism development. We conduct a nationwide meta-analysis to collect the environmental perceptions of residents and tourists in China, i.e., the satisfaction of an attraction’s environment. We analyze the collected information about the environmental perceptions, score the information, either negative (0) or positive (1), and sort these scores according to four socioeconomic classes (administrative units, attraction rating, ticket price, and attraction type). Our results show that residents’ and tourists’ degrees of satisfaction with environmental perception vary significantly among different classes and that unsatisfactory environmental perception indicates potential problems in the environment, products, and services provided by tourist attractions. Accordingly, we propose suggestions to address unsatisfactory environmental perceptions in each class, aiming to improve the degrees of satisfaction with environmental perception and to promote sustainability in tourism development. Keywords: environmental perception; meta-analysis; China; tourist; resident 1. Introduction Tourism plays a key role in global economic development, which contributes approximately 10% of the world’s GDP [1] and has become a dominant industry in many countries [2].
    [Show full text]
  • Is Guanxi Unfair? Market Reform and the Public Attitude Toward Guanxi in Urban China Felicia F
    Tian The Journal of Chinese Sociology (2020) 7:24 The Journal of https://doi.org/10.1186/s40711-020-00138-3 Chinese Sociology RESEARCH Open Access Is guanxi unfair? Market reform and the public attitude toward guanxi in urban China Felicia F. Tian Correspondence: [email protected]. cn Abstract Department of Sociology, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Guanxi is a fundamental, but controversial, feature of Chinese society. This article Yangpu District, Shanghai 200433, examines public attitudes about the fairness of guanxi and how Chinese market China reform is affecting these attitudes. The reciprocity-laden and tie-sensitive nature of guanxi conflicts with the efficiency-oriented goal of a market economy. Disapproval of guanxi is thus increasing as marketization progresses. Results from the 2008 Chinese General Social Survey show that guanxi is more likely to be viewed as unfair in places with higher levels of marketization. The educational gradient decreases with marketization, and change is more pronounced among people working in the market sector than it is among people working in the state sector. My findings suggest that Chinese market reform increases public disapproval of guanxi. Keywords: Guanxi, Chinese market reform, Public attitude, Fairness, Education, Employment sector Introduction Guanxi is a foundational system of transactional social ties in China that have a strong emotional foundation based on kin and pseudo-kin relationships (Barbalet 2014; Bian and Zhang 2013;Luo2011). Guanxi emphasizes obligations and reciprocity, and it is a fundamental feature of Chinese society (Yang 1994). Since China’s post-1978 market reform, the significance of guanxi and the future of it in the economy has been the subject of extensive debate (for a review, see Bian 2018).
    [Show full text]
  • Business Central Magazine
    BUSINESS CENTRAL Sept October 2006 Guanxi Whether you’re looking for suppliers, buyers, vendors, or employees, developing relationships is essential for entering the expanding Chinese market. By Gail Ivers China has earned its economic boon. In 1978, when China’s Cultural Revolution was ending and the first hints of economic reform were appearing, the poverty rate in China was 60 percent or worse. “The Communist Party had done a pretty good job with basic social services – education and health care” according to David Dollar, director of the World Bank-China. “But China was a very poor country.” Dollar compared the poverty stricken country to India or sub-Saharan Africa at the same point in time. Today, while India has reduced the poverty rate to 30 percent, “which is quite remarkable,” Dollar said, “only 10 percent of China’s population is in poverty.” Those who remain in poverty are living in central China, and most have less than six years of education. “Education is the number one indicator of poverty,” according to Dollar. “The number two indicator is that one or more adults in the family are unable to work.” This information was of particular interest to the group of St. Cloud State University faculty and staff that I was traveling with. We had come to China as an initial step in turning SCSU into the “Global University of Minnesota,” the vision of SCSU President Roy Saigo. Our goal was to investigate possible partnerships between SCSU, Central Minnesota’s business community, and Chinese universities. The role of education in reducing poverty gave our efforts even greater relevance.
    [Show full text]
  • The Changing Spatial Form of Cities in Western China
    Landscape and Urban Planning 135 (2015) 40–61 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Landscape and Urban Planning j ournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/landurbplan Research Paper The changing spatial form of cities in Western China a,∗ a,1 b,2 Annemarie Schneider , Chaoyi Chang , Kurt Paulsen a Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment, Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53726, United States b Urban and Regional Planning, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 925 Bascom Mall, Old Music Hall, Madison, WI 53706, United States h i g h l i g h t s • Four western Chinese cities expanded 2% annually, 1988–2006, and 5–7%, 2006–2009. • Chengdu, Xi’an, Kunming, and Urumqi, China, each more than doubled in size, 1988–2009. • In Western China, one-third of new urban land is outside the core, in small towns. • The results suggest a multinucleated urban form similar to coastal Chinese cities. • Rates/amounts of expansion are highest in areas with tertiary residential activities. a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Cities in China have exploded in size, population, and impact during the last three decades. The com- Received 23 October 2013 bined effects of liberalization, decentralization, rapid industrialization, and globalization have led to an Received in revised form 9 September 2014 unprecedented urban transformation. Several investigations have documented the land-based impacts of Accepted 11 November 2014 this transition, but the majority focus on coastal cities first targeted for reforms in the 1970s–1980s.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Communists and Rural Society, 1927-1934
    Center for Chinese Studies • CHINA RESEARCH MONOGRAPHS UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY NUMBER THIRTEEN CHINESE COMMUNISTS AND RURAL SOCIETY, 1927-1934 PHILIP C. C. HUANG LYNDA SCHAEFER BELL KATHY LEMONS WALKER Chinese Communists and Rural Society, 1927-1934 A publication of the Center for Chinese Studies University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 Cover Colophon by Shih-hsiang Chen Center for Chinese Studies • CHINA RESEARCH MONOGRAPHS UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY NUMBER THIRTEEN CHINESE COMMUNISTS AND RURAL SOCIETY, 1927-1934 PHILIP C. C. HUANG LYNDA SCHAEFER BELL KATHY LEMONS WALKER Although the Center for Chinese Studies is responsible for the selection and acceptance of monographs in this series, respon­ sibility for the opinions expressed in them and for the accuracy of statements contained in them rests with their authors. © 1978 by the Regents of the Universit y of California ISBN 0-912966-18-1 Library of Congress Catalog Number 78-620018 Printed in the United States of America $5.00 Contents INTRODUCTION ......... ........... .. .. ..... Philip C. C. Huang INTELLECTUALS, LUMPENPROLETARIANS, WORKERS AND PEASANTS IN THE COMMUNIST MOVEMENT.................. 5 Philip C. C. Huang AGRICULTURAL LABORERS AND RURAL REVOLUTION . 29 Lynda Schaefer Bell THE PARTY AND PEASANT WOMEN 57 Kathy LeMons Walker A COMMENT ON THE WESTE RN LITERATURE. 83 Philip C. C. Huang REFERENCES . 99 GLOSSARY . .. .......... ................. .. .. 117 LIST OF MAPS I. Revolutionary Base Areas and Guerilla Zones in 1934 2 II. The Central Soviet Area in 1934 . 6 III. Xingguo and Surrounding Counties......... .. 10 1 The Jiangxi Period : an Introduction Philip C. C. Huang The Chinese Communist movement in its early years was primarily urban-based.
    [Show full text]