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U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Energy and Commerce
U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND COMMERCE December 8, 2016 TO: Members, Subcommittee on Commerce, Manufacturing, and Trade FROM: Committee Majority Staff RE: Hearing entitled “Mixed Martial Arts: Issues and Perspectives.” I. INTRODUCTION On December 8, 2016, at 10:00 a.m. in 2322 Rayburn House Office Building, the Subcommittee on Commerce, Manufacturing, and Trade will hold a hearing entitled “Mixed Martial Arts: Issues and Perspectives.” II. WITNESSES The Subcommittee will hear from the following witnesses: Randy Couture, President, Xtreme Couture; Lydia Robertson, Treasurer, Association of Boxing Commissions and Combative Sports; Jeff Novitzky, Vice President, Athlete Health and Performance, Ultimate Fighting Championship; and Dr. Ann McKee, Professor of Neurology & Pathology, Neuropathology Core, Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Boston University III. BACKGROUND A. Introduction Modern mixed martial arts (MMA) can be traced back to Greek fighting events known as pankration (meaning “all powers”), first introduced as part of the Olympic Games in the Seventh Century, B.C.1 However, pankration usually involved few rules, while modern MMA is generally governed by significant rules and regulations.2 As its name denotes, MMA owes its 1 JOSH GROSS, ALI VS.INOKI: THE FORGOTTEN FIGHT THAT INSPIRED MIXED MARTIAL ARTS AND LAUNCHED SPORTS ENTERTAINMENT 18-19 (2016). 2 Jad Semaan, Ancient Greek Pankration: The Origins of MMA, Part One, BLEACHERREPORT (Jun. 9, 2009), available at http://bleacherreport.com/articles/28473-ancient-greek-pankration-the-origins-of-mma-part-one. -
The Evolution from Martial Arts to Self Defence
The Evolution from Martial Arts to Self Defence There is no doubt that Jujitsu has changed along with human evolution. Currently, this art has shifted to more functional practices to suit present needs. With this change in Jujitsu practices, it has taken it away from being a martial art and transformed to a self-defence style, combat sport or combat art. The etymology of martial art is of importance in determining whether Jujitsu can still be classified as such. In this context, martial means ‘of war, warlike’ and art a ‘nonscientific branch of knowledge’. Taking this description into account, can it be stated still that Jujitsu is a warlike art? Jujitsu was originally a martial art from Japan created to defeat an opponent without using weapons or only a short weapon. Jujitsu was developed among the samurai of feudal Japan and also, limited to this upper class group. The Samurais knew that striking against an armored opponent was ineffective, hence they learned to neutralize the enemies by using forms of pins, joint locks, and throws. These techniques were developed based on the principle mentioned above that seeks to use the attacker's energy against them. There are many variations of the art, which leads to a diversity of approaches. Jujutsu schools (ryū) may utilize all forms of grappling techniques to some degree, for example, throwing, trapping, joint locks, holds, gouging, biting, disengagements, striking, and kicking. In addition to jujitsu, many schools teach the use of weapons. Then, to describe Jujitsu as a martial art would no longer be correct as it is no longer used to defeat opponents that wear armour or carry small weapons in battle fields. -
Health Benefits & Risks in the Young Judo Athlete
Health Benefits & Risks in the Young Judo Athlete USA Judo Sports Medicine Subcommittee Robert S. Nishime, M.D. The goal of USA Judo Sports Medicine is to promote and facilitate a healthy athletic lifestyle through safe judo participation. The health and safety of judo participants should always remain the number priority when advising or caring for our athletes. History and Philosophy Judo is one of the most participated sports worldwide, with practitioners spanning all age groups, gender lines, and ethnicities. Judo was originally derived from a truly “combat” oriented martial art known as jujitsu. Jujitsu was basically developed in medieval feudal Japan for battlefield ‘hand-to-hand/sword’ confrontations when a Samurai warrior lost his sword during combat. Therefore jujitsu became by necessity, a “dangerous” form of combat for survival and an adjunctive tool for victory during war. However, through the founder of judo, Professor Jigoro Kano, jujitsu made a profound transition from a dangerous, primarily combative art form. Professor Kano modified various styles of jujitsu into a “safe”, life enhancing martial art, which he called Judo or the “gentle way”, that is now an Olympic sport. He accomplished this in part by removing many of the striking, kicking, gouging, and joint locking techniques that were primarily intended to maim or injure an opponent. He retained and created techniques that could be practiced relatively safely and harmoniously between practitioners. He placed much emphasis on achieving “mutual benefit” when individuals train together. Professor Kano redirected the primary goals of training in his martial art from self-defense and survival to the development of mind, body, and character. -
Rules and Regulations
1 / 21 World Professional Boxing Federation 1 United States Boxing Council RULES AND REGULATIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS Article 01. General Introduction Article 02. Championship Committee Article 03. Meeting and Vote Article 04. Weight Divisions Article 05. Weight and Weigh-In 5.1 Timing of Initial Weigh-In 5.2 Weight Determines the Championship. 5.3 Champion's Failure to Make Weight. 5.4 Challenger's Failure toMake Weight. 5.5 Failure to Make Weight for Vacant Title or Elimination Bout. 5.6 Both Boxers Failure to Make Weight. 5.7 Weigh-ins For Postponement. Article 6. Defense of Title A. Heavyweight Division 6.1 Mandatory Defense Periods. 6.2 Mandatory Defense Periods For Vacant Title. 6.3 Mandatory Defense Periods For New Champion. B. All Other Weight Divisions 6.4 Mandatory Defense Periods. 2 / 21 6.5 Mandatory Defense Periods For Vacant Title. 2 6.6 Mandatory Defense Periods For New Champion. 6.7 Voluntary Defense. 6.8 Time Limitations. 6.9 Notice of Mandatory Defense. Article 7. Leading Available Contender Article 8. Failure of Champion to Fulfill Contract and Rules Article 9. Unsanctioned Championship or Non-Championship Bout Article 10. Procedure When Title Is Declared Vacant Article 11. Draw Decision Article 12. Rematch Article 13. Disqualification Article 14. Return Bouts Article 15. Purse Bid Procedures 15.1 Call For Purse Bid. 15.2 Notification of Purse Bid. 15.3 Promoter's Obligation. 15.4 Form of Purse Bid. 15.5 Contents of Purse Bid. 15.6 Minimum Purse Bids. 15.7 Winning Bidder. 15.8 Non-Transfer. 15.9 Purse Offer Contracts. -
The Safety of BKB in a Modern Age
The Safety of BKB in a modern age Stu Armstrong 1 | Page The Safety of Bare Knuckle Boxing in a modern age Copyright Stu Armstrong 2015© www.stuarmstrong.com Contents Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 3 The Author .......................................................................................................................................... 3 Why write this paper? ......................................................................................................................... 3 The Safety of BKB in a modern age ................................................................................................... 3 Pugilistic Dementia ............................................................................................................................. 4 The Marquis of Queensbury Rules’ (1867) ......................................................................................... 4 The London Prize Ring Rules (1743) ................................................................................................. 5 Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 7 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................ 8 2 | Page The Safety of Bare Knuckle Boxing in a modern age Copyright Stu Armstrong 2015© -
FIGHTER LICENCE WCA Weight Divisions
FIGHTER LICENCE WCA Weight Divisions WCA Men’s Weight Divisions (KB, K1, Boxing, MMA) Superatomweight 50.5kg and below Flyweight 50.6kg - 51.8kg Superflyweight 51.9kg - 53.2kg Bantamweight 53.3kg - 54.5kg Superbantamweight 54.6kg - 56.4kg Featherweight 56.5kg - 58.2kg Lightweight 58.3kg - 60.0kg Superlightweight 60.1kg - 62.3kg Lightwelterweight 62.4kg - 64.5kg Welterweight 64.6kg - 66.8kg Superwelterweight 66.9kg - 69.5kg Lightmiddleweight 69.6kg - 72.3kg Middleweight 72.4kg - 75.0kg Supermiddleweight 75.1kg - 78.1kg Lightheavyweight 78.2kg - 81.4kg Lightcruiserweight 81.5kg - 84.6kg Cruiserweight 84.7kg - 88.2kg Supercruiserweight 88.3kg - 91.8kg Heavyweight 91.9kg - 96.4kg Superheavyweight 96.5kg and above WCA Women’s Weight Divisions (KB, K1, Boxing, MMA) Atomweight 49.1kg and below Superatomweight 49.2kg - 50.0kg Flyweight 50.1kg - 51.8kg Superflyweight 51.9kg - 53.2kg Bantamweight 53.3kg - 54.5kg Superbantamweight 54.6kg - 56.4kg Featherweight 56.5kg - 58.2kg Lightweight 58.3kg - 60.0kg Superlightweight 60.1kg - 62.3kg Lightwelterweight 62.4kg - 64.5kg Welterweight 64.6kg and above World Combat Arts PO Box 337. Bristol BS9 4WT W. worldcombatarts.org E. [email protected] T. 00 44 (0) 7962 800 800 Fight Record For Official Use Only Fight 1 Fight 2 Fight 3 Fight 4 Date Event Weight Rules Pro-Am Rounds Medical Opponent Club Record Weight Pro/Am Result KO Rounds Fight Record For Official Use Only Fight 5 Fight 6 Fight 7 Fight 8 Date Event Weight Rules Pro-Am Rounds Medical Opponent Club Record Weight Pro/Am Result KO Rounds Fight -
CHAPTER 165-X-8 Professional Bare
165-X-8-.01. Definitions., AL ADC 165-X-8-.01 Alabama Administrative Code Alabama Athletic Commission Chapter 165-X-8. Professional Bare-Knuckle Boxing Ala. Admin. Code r. 165-X-8-.01 165-X-8-.01. Definitions. Currentness (1) “Applicant” means any persons, corporations, organizations or associations required to be licensed before promoting, holding, organizing, participating in, or competing in a professional boxing match, contest, or exhibition. (2) “Body jewelry” means any tangible object affixed to, through, or around any portion of the contestant's body. (3) “Official” unless otherwise indicated is an exclusive term collectively meaning “judge,” “referee,” “timekeeper,” and “inspectors” (4) “Sanctioning Organization” means a national or international organization generally recognized in the bare-knuckle boxing community and which: ranks bare-knuckle boxers within each weight class; sanctions and approves championship matches in those weight classes; and awards championship status and championship prizes (belts, rings, plaques, etc.) to the winner of those matches. (5) “Special Event” means a bare-knuckle boxing card or bare-knuckle boxing show, which has among its contests a championship match, a pay-per-view or subscription television match, a national televised match, or any other match of significance to boxing in this state as designated by the commission. (6) “The Commission” is reference for the Alabama Athletic Commission. Authors: Dr. John Marshall, Joel R. Blankenship, Larry Bright, Stan Frierson, Shane Sears Credits Statutory Authority: Code of Ala. 1975, § 41-9-1024. History: New Rule: Filed July 16, 2010; effective August 20, 2010. Repealed: Filed December 27, 2013; effective January 31, 2014. New Rule: Published February 28, 2020; effective April 13, 2020. -
Rules and Regulations of the World Boxing
WORLD BOXING COUNCIL RULES & REGULATIONS OF THE WORLD BOXING COUNCIL (“WBC”) 1. ARTICLE I - APPLICABILITY AND INTERPRETATION 1.1 Applicability and Interpretation of these Rules & Regulations. In all WBC-sanctioned championship and elimination contests, these Rules & Regulations, the WBC Championship Rules as promulgated by the WBC from time to time, and all other rules, regulations and rulings issued by the WBC shall apply, unless a written modification or an exception is issued by the WBC in its sole discretion on a case-by-case basis. The WBC shall have sole authority and discretion to interpret these Rules & Regulations. All actions and positions of the WBC shall be interpreted solely in accordance with these Rules & Regulations, which for the limited purpose of interpreting these Rules & Regulations shall supersede and control any conflict or inconsistency with any enforceable national or local law, or with any applicable regulation of a boxing commission. These Rules & Regulations are promulgated in the WBC’s official languages of English and Spanish. In the event of any inconsistency, or conflict of interpretation or translation, between the English and Spanish versions, the English version shall control. Any reference in these Rules & Regulations to the masculine gender shall be taken to include the feminine gender, as applicable. 1.2 Interpretation of Rules and Power of WBC President to Act in the Best Interests of Boxing. As special and unique circumstances arise in the sport of boxing, not all of which can be anticipated and addressed specifically in these Rules & Regulations, the WBC President and Presidency, in consultation with the WBC Board of Governors, has full power and authority to interpret these Rules & Regulations, and to issue and apply such rulings as he shall in his sole discretion deem to be in the best interests of boxing. -
Ibf/Usba Rules Governing Championship Contests
IBF/USBA RULES GOVERNING CHAMPIONSHIP CONTESTS Effective September 1, 2006 with amendments of October 21, 2010, February 25, 2011, October 7, 2011, December 2, 2011, April 18, 2013, October 17, 2013, and January 27, 2014. Posted and Effective: January 29, 2014 International Boxing Federation/United States Boxing Association 899 Mountain Ave., Suite 2C Springfield, NJ 07081 Phone: (973)564-8046 Fax: (973)564-8751 IBF/USBA RULES GOVERNING CHAMPIONSHIP CONTESTS Table of Contents Rule Page 1. Weight and Weigh-Ins ..................................................................................................... 1 A. Timing of Initial Weigh-In ...................................................................................... 2 1. Champion’s Failure to Make Weight .......................................................... 2 2. Challenger’s Failure to Make Weight ......................................................... 2 3. Failure to Make Weight in Fight for Vacant Title or Elimination Bout ...... 2 4. Both Boxers’ Failure to Make Weight ........................................................ 2 B. Timing of Second Day Weigh-In ............................................................................ 2 1. Champion’s Failure to Make Weight or to Appear for the Second Day Weigh-In ...................................................................................................... 3 2. Challenger’s Failure to Make Weight or to Appear for the Second Day Weigh-In ..................................................................................................... -
Bare-Knuckle Prize Fighting
Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Faculty Publications and Other Works by History: Faculty Publications and Other Works Department 3-2019 Bare-Knuckle Prize Fighting Elliot Gorn Loyola University Chicago, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/history_facpubs Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Gorn, Elliot. Bare-Knuckle Prize Fighting. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Boxing, , : 34-51, 2019. Retrieved from Loyola eCommons, History: Faculty Publications and Other Works, This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Publications and Other Works by Department at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in History: Faculty Publications and Other Works by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. © Cambridge University Press, 2019. 34 2 ELLIOTT J. GORN The Bare- Knuckle Era Origins of the Ring Fistic combat goes back at least as far as ancient Greece and Rome. Pindar , in 474 BC , celebrated Diagoras ’ victory in the Greek Olympiad: “But do thou, O father Zeus, that rulest over the height of Atabyrium, grant honour to the hymn ordained in praise of an Olympian victor, and to the hero who hath found fame for his prowess as a boxer; and do though give him grace and reverence in the eyes of citizens and of strangers too. For he goeth in a straight course along a path that hateth insolence.” Worthy of Zeus’ blessing, the successful boxer was a man of moral as well as physical excel- lence. -
ONE Championship Kicks Off ONE: HEROES of HONOR in Manila with Press Conference
ONE Championship Kicks Off ONE: HEROES OF HONOR in Manila with Press Conference 17 April 2018 – Manila, Philippines: Asia’s premier martial arts organization, ONE Championship, is back in Manila for its second of four shows in 2018. In a press conference held at the Grand Ballroom of the City of Dreams in Manila, the promotion kicked off its latest event, ONE: HEROES OF HONOR, which is set for Friday, 20 April, at the Mall of Asia Arena. Photos of the event can be downloaded here. In attendance were Chairman and CEO of ONE Championship, Chatri Sityodtong, main event combatants Kevin “The Silencer” Belingon of Baguio City, Philippines and Andrew Leone of Cortland, New York, USA, global kickboxing superstar Giorgio “The Doctor” Petrosyan and opponent ‘Smokin’ Jo Nattawut of Thailand, among others. Belingon (17-5), who is currently riding a four-bout winning streak, takes on former bantamweight world title challenger Leone (8-3) in a contest with huge title implications. Both Belingon and Leone are seeking a rematch against reigning ONE Bantamweight World Champion Bibiano “The Flash” Fernandes, but will have to go through each other to secure it. “I know Andrew Leone is a tough opponent, and I need to be at my best to win. It’s going to be one of my biggest matches to date,” said Belingon. “I am very thankful to ONE Championship for allowing me to be a part of this historic event. I can’t leave anything to chance. I have to give another great performance. Beating Leone would be the next step to the title.” Belingon’s opponent Leone also knows what’s at stake in this matchup, and he isn’t taking the Filipino lightly by any means. -
Professional Boxing
For current rules, please see Chapter 0145: http://publications.tnsosfiles.com/rules/0145/0145.htm RULES OF THE TENNESSEE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND INSURANCE DIVISION OF REGULATORY BOARDS CHAPTER 0780-5-1 PROFESSIONAL BOXING TABLE OF CONTENTS 0780-5-1-.01 Definitions 0780-5-1-.19 Knockdown and Knockout 0780-5-1-.02 Applicability 0780-5-1-.20 Technical Knockout 0780-5-1-.03 Advance Notice of Bout 0780-5-1-.21 No Contest 0780-5-1-.04 Licensing 0780-5-1-.22 Drugs and Stimulants 0780-5-1-.05 Temporary Permits 0780-5-1-.23 Treatments or Hospitalization 0780-5-1-.06 Ring 0780-5-1-.24 Repealed 0780-5-1-.07 Bell 0780-5-1-.25 Time Limitations 0780-5-1-.08 Bandages 0780-5-1-.26 Responsibilities of Promoter 0780-5-1-.09 Gloves 0780-5-1-.27 Resolution of Disputes 0780-5-1-.10 Protective Equipment 0780-5-1-.28 Contracts 0780-5-1-.11 Shoes 0780-5-1-.29 Financial Interest in Contestants 0780-5-1-.12 Weights 0780-5-1-.30 Emergency Medical Services 0780-5-1-.13 Weigh-in 0780-5-1-.31 Female Boxing 0780-5-1-.14 Seconds 0780-5-1-.32 Foul Related Injuries 0780-5-1-.15 Referee 0780-5-1-.33 Boxer Identification Card 0780-5-1-.16 Timekeeper 0780-5-1-.34 Federal Standards 0780-5-1-.17 Scoring 0780-5-1-.35 Civil Penalties 0780-5-1-.18 Ring Officials Generally 0780-5-1-.01 DEFINITIONS. (1) As used in this chapter, unless the context otherwise requires: (a) Director shall mean the commissioner of Commerce and Insurance, or his/her designee.