DOCSLIB.ORG

Liu Xiaobo and the Metaphor of Cross 51

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Liu Xiaobo and the Metaphor of Cross 51 Liu Xiaobo and the Metaphor of Cross 51 Chapter 4 Liu Xiaobo and the Metaphor of Cross An Intellectual Journey of a Post-Tiananmen Dissident Fuk-tsang Ying Introduction All Chinese elites want to be a Crucified Jesus and become a big hero who attracts worldwide attention. However, they are unwilling to be nailed to the cross for eternity, instead preferring to be nailed up for a while before being helped down to bear their cross amid the cheers of the people. This is a special feature of China, or what are called cross-bearing martyrs with Chinese characteristics.1 This statement was made to Liu Xiaobo by Geremie Barmé2 in April 1991, and was a statement Liu approved of deeply. We can understand this kind of “cross- bearing martyr with Chinese characteristics”, which is a phenomenon por trayed by Liu himself; however, what is more important is that after Liu experienced the June Fourth, he engaged in even deeper soul-searching and greater sacrifice over this term. The life and thought of Liu Xiaobo, winner of the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize, has become the focus of investigation among the scholars in different disci- plines.3 As Perry Link pointed out, “although not formally a Christian, or a believer in any religion,” Jesus Christ was an important theme in Liu’s think· ing and writing.4 However, the impact of Liu’s growing understanding of Christianity on his writings and socio-political participation is still an 1 Liu Xiaobo, Mori xingcunzhe de dubai: guanyu wohe liusi [The Monologues of a Survivor of Doomsday: The June Forth and Me] (Taipei: Shibao wenhua chubanshe, 1992), 54. 2 He is the Chinese History Professor of Australian National University College of Asia and the Pacific, and a close friend of Liu Xiaobo. 3 The most recent academic studies included: Jeàn-Philippe Béja et. al. ed., Liu Xiabo, Charter 08 and the Challenges of Political Reform in China (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2012). Perry Link, Liu Xiaobo’s Empty Chair: Chronicling the Reform Movement Beijing Fears Most (New York: New York Review Books, 2011), Electronic Edition. Also Yu Jie, Liu Xiaobo Chuan [Biograpghy of Liu Xiaobo] (Hong Kong: Xinshiji chubanshe, 2012). 4 Perry Link, “Introduction,” in Liu Xiaobo, No Enemies, No Hatred: Selected Essays and Poems, eds. by Perry Link, Tienchi Martin-Liao, and Liu Xia (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University, 2012), xv. © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2017 | doi 10.1163/9789004350694_005 52 Ying important but uncultivated aspect in the field of studies. This paper attempted to rediscover the role of Christian value, and placed it back into the intellectual biography of Liu Xiaobo. In reconstructing the intellectual biography of Liu Xiaobo, it can be seen that the “cross” has always been an important metaphor, although his under- standing of the “cross” in different periods has reflected the evolutionary process of his searching. This article focuses on the “metaphor of the cross” in exploring Liu Xiaobo’s intellectual journey from the mid-1980s onward, par- ticularly his understanding of Christianity, and how this shaping him as a contemporary Chinese public intellectual, along with the relationship between the Christian value and the reality of Chinese context. Transcendental Framework of Anti-traditionalism Critiquing the Cross of Tradition In the 1980s, reform and opening up to the outside world led to China’s gradual emergence from the shadow cast by the cultural revolution, with intellectuals actively participating in soul-searching and debate over the future of Chinese culture, leading to the formation of the so-called “cultural fever” (wenhuare). This phenomenon reflected the Chinese intelligentsia’s exploration and evalu- ation of Chinese culture with its deep real political meaning.5 It is not doubt that Liu Xiaobo is an outstanding and prominent figure of the “cultural fever”.6 Liu Xiaobo was born in 1955 and was sent to live in the countryside (xia xiang) between 1969 and 1974. Graduating from the Chinese Language Department of Jilin University in 1982, he stayed on to teach in Beijing Normal University after taking his doctorate there in 1988.7 Liu attracted attention in 5 See Jing Wang, High Culture Fever: Politics, Aesthetics and Ideology in Deng’s China (Berkeley: University of California, 1996). Also Lowell Dittmer, “Rethinking China’s Cultural Revolution amid Reform,” in Chong Woei Lien ed., China’s Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution: Master Narratives and Post-Mao Counternarratives (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Litterfield Pub., 2002), pp. 15-19. Stacey Bieler, “Contemporary Chinese Intellectual, II: Undercurrents Leading to the Tiananmen Square, 1980-1988,” in Samuel Ling & Stacey Bieler eds., Chinese Intellectuals and the Gospel (New Jersey: P & R Pub., 1999), 33-56. 6 Chong Woei Lien, “Philosophy in an Age of Crisis: Three Thinkers in Post-Cultural Revolution China: Li Zehou, Liu Xiaobo and Liu Xiaofeng,” in China’s Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 223-230. 7 “Liu Xiaobo.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/ 1656918/Liu-Xiaobo>. For the complete biography of Liu, see Yu Jie, Biograpghy of Liu Xiaobo, Ch. 1..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Confession, Redemption, and Death: Liu Xiaobo and the Protest Movement of 1989
    Confession, Redemption, and Death: Liu Xiaobo and the Protest Movement of 1989 Geremie Barmé1 There should be room for my extremism; I certainly don’t demand of others that they be like me... I’m pessimistic about mankind in general, but my pessimism does not allow for escape. Even though I might be faced with nothing but a series of tragedies, I will still struggle, still show my opposition. This is why I like Nietzsche and dislike Schopenhauer. Liu Xiaobo, November 19882 I FROM 1988 to early 1989, it was a common sentiment in Beijing that China was in crisis. Economic reform was faltering due to the lack of a coherent program of change or a unified approach to reforms among Chinese leaders and ambitious plans to free prices resulted in widespread panic over inflation; the question of political succession to Deng Xiaoping had taken alarming precedence once more as it became clear that Zhao Ziyang was under attack; nepotism was rife within the Party and corporate economy; egregious corruption and inflation added to dissatisfaction with educational policies and the feeling of hopelessness among intellectuals and university students who had profited little from the reforms; and the general state of cultural malaise and social ills combined to create a sense of impending doom. On top of this, the government seemed unwilling or incapable of attempting to find any new solutions to these problems. It enlisted once more the aid of propaganda, empty slogans, and rhetoric to stave off the mounting crisis. University students in Beijing appeared to be particularly heavy casualties of the general malaise.
    [Show full text]
  • Testimony of Phelim Kine, Asia Researcher, Human Rights Watch
    Testimony of Phelim Kine, Asia Researcher, Human Rights Watch: Congressional Executive Commission on China Hearing on “Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Liu Xiaobo and the Future of Political Reform in China” November 9, 2010 The Nobel Committee’s October 8, 2010 decision to award the Nobel Peace Prize to imprisoned Chinese writer and human rights activist Liu Xiaobo has put China’s human rights deficit squarely back on the international agenda. It does so at a time when rights and freedoms guaranteed by both China’s constitution and international law are under renewed attack by the Chinese government. Liu Xiaobo is an outspoken critic of the Chinese government, a 54-year-old former university professor imprisoned in 2009 on “subversion” charges for his involvement with Charter ‘08, a political manifesto calling for gradual political reforms in China. Liu was also jailed in 1989 for his role in the Tiananmen Square protests and again in 1996 for criticizing China’s policy toward Taiwan and the Dalai Lama. Human Rights Watch honored Liu Xiaobo with the 2010 Alison Des Forges Award for Extraordinary Activism for his fearless commitment to freedom of expression and freedom of assembly in China. What does the average Chinese person know about Liu Xiaobo? What do those who know who Liu Xiaobo is think about him? To a large extent, the debate about Liu Xiaobo and his winning the Nobel Prize has occurred outside China due to strict censorship of state media and the internet. Inside China, Liu Xiaobo has been relatively unknown outside of literary and intellectual circles, dissidents, human rights defenders, and civil society activists.
    [Show full text]
  • China Jails Dissident Liu Xiaobo for 11 Years
    China jails dissident Liu Xiaobo for 11 years Fri, Dec 25 2009 By Chris Buckley BEIJING (Reuters) - China's most prominent dissident, Liu Xiaobo, was jailed on Friday for 11 years for campaigning for political freedoms, with the stiff sentence on a subversion charge swiftly condemned by rights groups and Washington. Liu, who turns 54 on Monday, helped organize the "Charter 08" petition which called for sweeping political reforms, and before that was prominent in the 1989 pro-democracy protests centered on Tiananmen Square that were crushed by armed troops. He stood quietly in a Beijing courtroom as a judge found him guilty of "inciting subversion of state power" for his role in the petition and for online essays critical of the ruling Communist Party, defense lawyer Shang Baojun said. Liu was not allowed to respond in court to the sentence. "Xiaobo and I were very calm when the verdict was read. We were mentally prepared for it that he would get a long sentence," said Liu's wife, Liu Xia, who was allowed in to hear the verdict. She was barred from the trial on Wednesday. "Later we were allowed 10 minutes together, and he told me he would appeal, even if the chances of success are low," she said. Liu has been among the most combative critics of China's one-Party rule. His case attracted an outcry from Western government and rights activists at home and abroad. The unusually harsh sentence drew a fresh outcry that is likely to grow. China "sees Liu Xiaobo as a representative figure, and think they can scare the others into silence with such a harsh sentence," said dissident writer and Christian activist Yu Jie.
    [Show full text]
  • European Development Days
    2006 European Development Days 8 years of policy debates from the European Consensus to the post-2015 agenda /1 3 European Development Days 2006-2013 Eight years of policy debates from the European Consensus to the post-2015 agenda Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union. Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2014 Paper version ISBN 978-92-79-38970-2 doi: 10.2841/47722 PDF ISBN 978-92-79-38969-6 doi: 10.2841/47692 © European Union, 2014 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Belgium Printed on elemental chlorine-free bleached paper (ECF) European Development Days 2006-2013 Eight years of policy debates from the European Consensus to the post-2015 agenda Forward by José Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission. This book has been published by the European Commission's Directorate-General for Development and Cooperation - EuropeAid in August 2014. European Commission FOREWORD by JOSÉ MANUEL BARROSO President of the European Commission I have always passionately believed in a Europe that I fought hard to preserve our high aid levels in our is open; a Europe that is committed to the values of multi-annual budget 2014-2020. In addition, my freedom, development and global solidarity. These Commission has stepped up special measures for the values have been central to the European project poorest, like the EUR 1 billion Food Facility or our ever since its inception and continue to inspire our strong support for the United Nation's Sustainable Union today.
    [Show full text]
  • MEDIA RELEASE June 26, 2017 CHINA RELEASES 2010 NOBEL
    MEDIA RELEASE June 26, 2017 CHINA RELEASES 2010 NOBEL PEACE PRIZE LAUREATE AND FREEDOM NOW CLIENT LIU XIAOBO ON MEDICAL PAROLE Liu reportedly has terminal liver cancer; he and his wife Liu Xia must immediately be given access to counsel and international community Washington, D.C. – Liu Xiaobo, China’s most prominent dissident and recipient of the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize, has been released on medical parole after he was diagnosed with terminal liver cancer. Dr. Liu is receiving treatment in the north-eastern city of Shenyang after receiving the diagnosis in May, according to his local lawyers. “We are grateful for Dr. Liu’s release, but are deeply disturbed by the circumstances under which the Chinese government granted him parole,” said Jared Genser, Founder of Freedom Now and pro bono international counsel to Liu Xiaobo and Liu Xia since mid-2010. “It is unconscionable that the government neglected Dr. Liu’s health, despite repeated calls from the international community to ensure proper care. The Chinese authorities must provide Liu Xiaobo open access to his counsel and to the international community so that his wishes at this difficult time can be ascertained and honored,” he added. Liu Xiaobo is a scholar and pro-democracy activist imprisoned for his role in drafting Charter 08, a political manifesto that calls for increased rule of law, greater respect for human rights, and the end to one-party rule in China. The Chinese government detained Dr. Liu on December 8, 2008 — two days before the official release of Charter 08. The government held him in solitary confinement and denied him access to his lawyers.
    [Show full text]
  • Liu Xiaobo BT 20 3
    Liu Xiaobo 1955- Chinese Writer and Human Rights Activist Winner of the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize BIRTH Liu Xiaobo was born on December 28, 1955, in Changchun, China, a large, industrial city in the northeastern part of the country and the capital of Jilin province. His parents were intellectuals, and his father was employed as a university professor. He has an older brother, Liu Xiaoguang, and a younger brother, Liu Xiaoxuan, who heads the engineering college at the Guangdong University of Technology. YOUTH Little information is available about Liu’s early life. After middle school, he followed his parents to a rural area in Inner Mongolia, an autonomous region in northern China, where they lived from 1969 to 1973 during the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution—a social movement initiated by Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong to align the areas of education, art, and literature with communist ideology. As was typical of the educated youth of his generation, he was sent to the countryside at age 19 and spent two years laboring in a people’s commune in his home province of Jilin. Referencing this time in Liu’s life, his close friend Yang Jianli, now in exile, told the Guardian: “Some took it as suffering and thought they should reward themselves when they had power and money later. Liu Xiaobo took it as experience that helped him understand the real suffering of the Chinese people at the hands of the Chinese government.” In 1976 Liu got a job as a construction worker in his hometown of Changchun, the automotive hub of China.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Liu Was the Recipient of the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize
    Honorary Co-Chairs The Honorable Václav Havel The Most Reverend Desmond M. Tutu MEDIA RELEASE For Immediate Release Contact: Beth Schwanke +1 (202) 617-0744 (Print/Radio/Other) [email protected] Maran Turner +1 (646) 596-5064 (TV – In London, UK) [email protected] FREEDOM NOW CLIENT LIU XIAOBO SELECTED AS 2010 RECIPIENT OF NOBEL PEACE PRIZE STATEMENT FROM LIU XIAOBO’S WIFE, LIU XIA October 8, 2010 I am grateful to the Nobel Committee for selecting my husband, Liu Xiaobo, to be the recipient of the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize. It is a true honor for him and one for which I know he would say he is not worthy. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to former Czech Republic President Václav Havel, His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Archbishop Desmond M. Tutu, and so many others who courageously nominated him for the Prize. I hope that the international community will take this opportunity to call on the Chinese government to press for my husband’s release. As the Committee recognized, China’s new status in the world comes with increased responsibility. China should embrace this responsibility, have pride in his selection, and release him from prison. BACKGROUND Liu Xiaobo is a Chinese scholar and democracy activist who was sentenced to 11 years in prison for “inciting subversion of state power” on December 25, 2009, for his role in drafting Charter 08. The Chinese government previously detained Dr. Liu for his peaceful democracy advocacy on four occasions, including his participation in the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests.
    [Show full text]
  • China's Fear of Contagion
    China’s Fear of Contagion China’s Fear of M.E. Sarotte Contagion Tiananmen Square and the Power of the European Example For the leaders of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), erasing the memory of the June 4, 1989, Tiananmen Square massacre remains a full-time job. The party aggressively monitors and restricts media and internet commentary about the event. As Sinologist Jean-Philippe Béja has put it, during the last two decades it has not been possible “even so much as to mention the conjoined Chinese characters for 6 and 4” in web searches, so dissident postings refer instead to the imagi- nary date of May 35.1 Party censors make it “inconceivable for scholars to ac- cess Chinese archival sources” on Tiananmen, according to historian Chen Jian, and do not permit schoolchildren to study the topic; 1989 remains a “‘for- bidden zone’ in the press, scholarship, and classroom teaching.”2 The party still detains some of those who took part in the protest and does not allow oth- ers to leave the country.3 And every June 4, the CCP seeks to prevent any form of remembrance with detentions and a show of force by the pervasive Chinese security apparatus. The result, according to expert Perry Link, is that in to- M.E. Sarotte, the author of 1989: The Struggle to Create Post–Cold War Europe, is Professor of History and of International Relations at the University of Southern California. The author wishes to thank Harvard University’s Center for European Studies, the Humboldt Foundation, the Institute for Advanced Study, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the University of Southern California for ªnancial and institutional support; Joseph Torigian for invaluable criticism, research assistance, and Chinese translation; Qian Qichen for a conversation on PRC-U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • THE POWER of the POWERLESS in CHINA Panel Discussion
    THE POWER OF THE POWERLESS IN CHINA Panel Discussion Wednesday, September 26, 5 p.m. Since 2016, The Vaclav Havel Library Foundation recognizes writers who share Havel’s passionate commitment to human rights and have suffered unjust persecution for their beliefs. The award for a Courageous Writer at Risk is given each year to a writer of a distinguished work of fiction, literary nonfiction, biography/memoir, drama, or poetry, who is courageous in dissent and has been punished for challenging an oppressive regime. The winner of the 2018 Disturbing the Peace, Award for a Courageous Writer at Risk is Chinese author, reporter, musician and poet – Liao Yiwu (aka Lao Wei). As a vocal critic of China’s Communist regime, he spent four years in prison after publicly reciting his poem “Massacre” in memory of the victims of the Tiananmen Square military on June 4, 1989. He currently lives in Germany, under asylum but will be attending the award ceremony at The Bohemian National Hall in New York on September 27, 2018. In his books The Corpse Walker and God is Red, Liao Yiwu recounts the stunning life stories of ordinary men and women who live at the margins of Chinese society – Christian believers as well as oddballs and outcasts who have been battered by life and state repression yet who have managed to retain their irrepressible personality, invincible spirit, and innate human dignity. These stories raise the inevitable question that Vaclav Havel persistently posed as an underground playwright: Can a totalitarian state prevail against the human spirit it tries so hard to stifle? Liao Yiwu will be joined in this discussion by Liu Xia, an artist herself and the widow of Nobel Laureate and Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo; and by Professor Andrew Nathan, a leading China specialist and human rights advocate.
    [Show full text]
  • REMEMBERING LIU XIAOBO Analyzing Censorship of the Death of Liu Xiaobo on Wechat and Weibo
    REMEMBERING LIU XIAOBO Analyzing censorship of the death of Liu Xiaobo on WeChat and Weibo By Masashi Crete-Nishihata, Jeffrey Knockel, Blake Miller, Jason Q. Ng, Lotus Ruan, Lokman Tsui, and Ruohan Xiong JULY 16, 2017 RESEARCH REPORT #97 Copyright © The Citizen Lab Licensed under the Creative Commons BY-SA 4.0 (Attribution-ShareAlike licence). Electronic version first published in 2017 by the Citizen Lab. This work can be accessed through https://citizenlab.ca/2017/07/analyzing- censorship-of-the-death-of-liu-xiaobo-on-wechat-and-weibo/. Document Version: 1.0 The Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 license under which this report is licensed lets you freely copy, distribute, remix, transform, and build on it, as long as you: • give appropriate credit; • indicate whether you made changes; and • use and link to the same CC BY-SA 4.0 licence. However, any rights in excerpts reproduced in this report remain with their respective authors; and any rights in brand and product names and associated logos remain with their respective owners. Uses of these that are protected by copyright or trademark rights require the rightsholder’s prior written agreement. Suggested Citation Masashi Crete-Nishihata, Jeffrey Knockel, Blake Miller, Jason Q. Ng, Lotus Ruan, Lokman Tsui, and Ruohan Xiong. “Remembering Liu Xiaobo: Analyzing censorship of the death of Liu Xiaobo on WeChat and Weibo,” Citizen Lab Research Report No. 97, University of Toronto, July 2017. Acknowledgements Authors are listed in alphabetical order: Masashi Crete-Nishihata, Jeffrey Knockel, Blake Miller, Jason Q. Ng, Lotus Ruan, Lokman Tsui, and Ruohan Xiong. Special thanks to Ron Deibert for review and supervision.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Domestic Politics on Foreign Policy Decision Making Written by Zaara Zain Hussain
    The effect of domestic politics on foreign policy decision making Written by Zaara Zain Hussain This PDF is auto-generated for reference only. As such, it may contain some conversion errors and/or missing information. For all formal use please refer to the official version on the website, as linked below. The effect of domestic politics on foreign policy decision making https://www.e-ir.info/2011/02/07/the-effect-of-domestic-politics-on-foreign-policy-decision-making/ ZAARA ZAIN HUSSAIN, FEB 7 2011 Foreign Policy includes all interactions of individual nation – states with other states. In the wake of globalization, in the 21st century it is particularly important, owing to the interdependence of states. With the advent of international society and globalization implications of foreign policy for each nation-state are far greater. The study of Foreign Policy therefore has become ever more critical and important. The study of Foreign Policy is not limited to any particular school of social science but is a relevant subject for all. In International Relations this study is particularly important as foreign policies form the base for international interactions between individual states. In the 21st century, decisions by one state affect more than just the participating countries. Scholars as well as well policy analysts and even the general public, have a greater desire to understand foreign policy decisions and what motivates the head of government in his foreign policy decision making. Scholarly research on leadership and foreign policy decision making show a far more sophisticated and complex view of the issue than most of the simplistic views seen in the popular press.
    [Show full text]
  • Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Liu Xiaobo and the Future of Political Reform in China
    NOBEL PEACE PRIZE LAUREATE LIU XIAOBO AND THE FUTURE OF POLITICAL REFORM IN CHINA HEARING BEFORE THE CONGRESSIONAL–EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA ONE HUNDRED ELEVENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION NOVEMBER 9, 2010 Printed for the use of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.cecc.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 62–290 PDF WASHINGTON : 2012 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate Mar 15 2010 14:11 Jan 18, 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 U:\DOCS\9NOV10.TXT DIEDRE CONGRESSIONAL–EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA LEGISLATIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS Senate House BYRON DORGAN, North Dakota, Chairman SANDER LEVIN, Michigan, Cochairman MAX BAUCUS, Montana MARCY KAPTUR, Ohio CARL LEVIN, Michigan MICHAEL M. HONDA, California DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California TIMOTHY J. WALZ, Minnesota SHERROD BROWN, Ohio DAVID WU, Oregon SAM BROWNBACK, Kansas CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey BOB CORKER, Tennessee EDWARD R. ROYCE, California JOHN BARRASSO, Wyoming DONALD A. MANZULLO, Illinois GEORGE LeMIEUX, Florida JOSEPH R. PITTS, Pennsylvania EXECUTIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS Department of State, To Be Appointed Department of Labor, To Be Appointed Department of Commerce, To Be Appointed At-Large, To Be Appointed At-Large, To Be Appointed CHARLOTTE OLDHAM-MOORE, Staff Director DOUGLAS GROB, Cochairman’s Senior Staff Member (II) VerDate Mar 15 2010 14:11 Jan 18, 2012 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 0486 Sfmt 0486 U:\DOCS\9NOV10.TXT DIEDRE C O N T E N T S Page Opening statement of Hon.
    [Show full text]