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Municipal Incinerated Bottom Ash (MIBA) Characteristics and Potential for Use in Road Pavements Lynn, Ciarán J.; Ghataora, Gurmel S.; Dhir, Ravindra

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Municipal Incinerated Bottom Ash (MIBA) Characteristics and Potential for Use in Road Pavements Lynn, Ciarán J.; Ghataora, Gurmel S.; Dhir, Ravindra University of Birmingham Municipal incinerated bottom ash (MIBA) characteristics and potential for use in road pavements Lynn, Ciarán J.; Ghataora, Gurmel S.; Dhir, Ravindra DOI: 10.1016/j.ijprt.2016.12.003 License: Other (please provide link to licence statement Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (Harvard): Lynn, CJ, Ghataora, GS & Dhir, R 2017, 'Municipal incinerated bottom ash (MIBA) characteristics and potential for use in road pavements', International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 185- 201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2016.12.003 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. When citing, please reference the published version. Take down policy While the University of Birmingham exercises care and attention in making items available there are rare occasions when an item has been uploaded in error or has been deemed to be commercially or otherwise sensitive. If you believe that this is the case for this document, please contact [email protected] providing details and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate. Download date: 30. Sep. 2021 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 10 (2017) 185–201 www.elsevier.com/locate/IJPRT Municipal incinerated bottom ash (MIBA) characteristics and potential for use in road pavements Ciara´n J. Lynn, Gurmel S. Ghataora, Ravindra K. Dhir OBE ⇑ University of Birmingham, UK Received 3 September 2016; received in revised form 31 October 2016; accepted 24 December 2016 Available online 31 December 2016 Abstract The characteristics of municipal incinerated bottom ash (MIBA) and its performance in road pavement applications is assessed through systematic analysis and evaluation of the global experimental data. MIBA has been used in unbound, hydraulically and bitumen bound forms. As unbound material, after processing, MIBA exhibits suitable mechanical properties for use as capping, fill and sub-base material, which has been successfully demonstrated in field testing. In hydraulically bound form, MIBA can be a viable aggregate com- ponent in subbase and roadbase layers at low to moderate contents, depending on the performance requirements and binder content. As bituminous bound aggregate in roads, the material can be fit for use at low contents, which is reinforced by a number of completed case studies, with the allowable MIBA fraction controlled by the voids contents, abrasion resistance and bitumen content requirements. Ó 2016 Chinese Society of Pavement Engineering. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Keywords: Municipal incinerated bottom ash; Road pavements; Sustainability; Recycled construction materials 1. Introduction material has been reported as follows in the 28 EU coun- tries in 2013: 28% landfilling, 28% recycling, 27% incinera- Sustainable waste management has become increasingly tion and 16% compositing/digestion [3], representing a important and is incorporated as a core principle in both significant shift in favour of incineration and recycling European [1] and worldwide legislation [2], where an eco- and away from landfilling, compared to past practices. friendly hierarchy of treatments is now prescribed by the The incineration process reduces MSW by approxi- law, ranking recycling and incineration over landfilling. mately 70% by mass and 90% by volume, making it an Municipal incinerated bottom ash (MIBA) is the princi- appropriate treatment to deal with the large volumes pro- pal residue produced from the incineration of municipal duced and the potentially unsafe elements the MSW con- solid waste (MSW). Annual production rates of 241, 654 tains. Of the residues produced, 80–90% is bottom ash and 1840 million tonnes of MSW have been reported in and remainder is fly ash and other air pollution control the 28 European Union countries [3], Organisation for residues. From the above figures, it is estimated that Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) coun- approximately 16 million tonnes of MIBA are produced tries [4] and worldwide [5], respectively. Treatment of the per annum in the EU. Given the great demand for construction materials, ⇑ (global aggregate demand is projected to exceed 50 billion Corresponding author at: School of Civil Engineering, University of tonnes per annum by 2019 [6]), the finite nature of natural Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. E-mail address: [email protected] (R.K. Dhir OBE). resources and problems associated with landfilling, it is Peer review under responsibility of Chinese Society of Pavement becoming increasingly important and legally onerous to Engineering. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2016.12.003 1996-6814/Ó 2016 Chinese Society of Pavement Engineering. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 186 C.J. Lynn et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 10 (2017) 185–201 seek complete utilization of secondary materials. MIBA 100 [10] use in road construction appears to be an appropriate out- 90 [11] A [11] B let, given the large quantity of aggregate used and the less 80 [12] onerous material requirements. 70 [13] [14] In European countries such as The Netherlands and 60 [15] Denmark, with limited space for landfilling, 80% and 50 Type 1 Unbound Mixture 98% respectively of MIBA is reused, predominantly as 40 Limits (SHW Series 800) embankment fill and in pavements [7]. With certain regions 30 using MIBA quite widely and with substantial research 20 available, analysis and coherent dissemination of these 10 PERCENTAGE PASSING, % resources can be useful and timely for enhancing confi- 0 dence with the material to further its practical application. 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 PARTICLE SIZE, mm 2. The project Fig. 1. Particle size distributions of MIBA samples for use in road construction. Ref. [10–15]. This paper assesses the use of MIBA in road pavement applications through the analysis, evaluation and synthesis sieving to meet selected base and surface course grading of the global data on this subject, to ascertain the current requirements. status and advance the sustainable use of the material in unbound, hydraulically and bitumen bound forms. The characteristics of MIBA are dealt with firstly, covering 3.1.2. Classification the physical, chemical and engineering properties, followed Using the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS), by examination of the mechanical and durability perfor- MIBA has been categorised as SW (well graded sands) mance in the resultant road pavements. Though it is recog- [16], SM (silty sands) [17] or as SP-SM (poorly graded sand nized that the environmental assessment is an important with silt) [18]. With the Association of State Highway and aspect of using MIBA in roads, this area is not included Transportation Officials (AASHTO) System, MIBA sam- within this paper, but instead, is dealt with specifically in ples fall into the A-1 category [19,20], which is associated ” a separate publication [8]. with ‘‘excellent to good subgrade rating. Non-plastic A huge amount of research has been published on behaviour has been reported for MIBA [21–23], which MIBA and its use in this area. Literature on the character- may benefit the material’s shear strength properties. istics of MIBA has been limited to the last 10 years due to the vast quantity of data available. Publications providing 3.1.3. Density solely numerical data on the physical and chemical charac- As presented in Table 1, the average specific gravity of teristics of MIBA have been listed in Appendices in the MIBA (2.3) (based on data from references listed in Supplementary data instead of the main reference list, in Appendix A) is lower than typical values for natural sand order to limit the overall length of the paper. Publications (approximately 2.65). The relationship between specific relevant to the specific use of MIBA in road construction gravity/particle density and bulk density is suggestive of a have been cited in the main reference list. This work has porous material. been published from 1976 onwards, originating in 19 coun- tries across Europe (65 publications), North America (25), 3.1.4. Absorption Asia (15), Africa (6) and South America (1), with the lar- Absorptive properties of MIBA (Table 1) (data from gest contributions coming from UK (25 publications), references listed in Appendix B) are considerably higher USA (21), Sweden (13) and Spain (8). than typical natural aggregate values, e.g. 1–3% for sand. This is again symptomatic of the porous nature of this 3. Properties of MIBA material. The absorption of MIBA also increased as fine- ness increased, due to larger particle surface areas. 3.1. Physical properties 3.1.5. Morphology 3.1.1. Grading Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of MIBA In its as-produced form, MIBA contains particles up to supported the previous density and absorption results, 100 mm in size, though the standard screening process typ- revealing a material containing irregularly shaped particles ically removes the oversized fraction greater.
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