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Present Relative Sea Level Rise in the Northern Adriatic Coastal Area

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Present Relative Sea Level Rise in the Northern Adriatic Coastal Area View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Scientific Open-access Literature Archive and Repository Present Relative Sea Level Rise in the Northern Adriatic Coastal Area L. Carbognin1, P. Teatini1, L. Tosi1, T. Strozzi2, A. Tomasin1 1, Institute of Marine Sciences, CNR, Venezia, Italy 2, GAMMA Remote Sensing Research and Consulting AG, Gumligen,¨ Switzerland [email protected] Abstract Relative sea level rise (RSLR), that has been occurred along the entire coastal areas of the Northern Adriatic Sea, includes land subsidence, both natural and man- induced, and eustacy. Their combined effect has produced relative ground settle- ments ranging from centimetres to meters. RSLR represents one of the geologic haz- ards threatening the low-lying coast. Recent progresses made in understanding these two processes are presented. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometry has significantly improved the knowledge of actual land subsidence. In particular, com- prehensive maps of the vertical displacements occurred over the period 1992-2009 in the region between Venice and Ravenna reveal a significant spatial variability, rang- ing from a slight 1 to 2 mm·yr−1 uplift, to a serious subsidence of more than 15 mm·yr−1. The availability of tide gauge data in Trieste, Venice, and Ravenna allows accurate assessment and meaningful observations on sea level change. The period 1896-2006 is characterized by an average rise of 1.2±0.1 mm·yr−1. The analyses here performed show that a time series at least 50 yr long must be used to obtain sta- tistically significant results and reliable trend, due to the 7-8 year pseudo-cyclicity, recorded at many Mediterranean coastal stations. In Venice and Ravenna the influ- ence of land subsidence on the RSLR amounts to 57% and 85%, respectively. This percentage has been estimated in 95% at the Po Delta. 1 Introduction phology over millennia, and is still to- day one of the major environmental haz- The Northern Adriatic (NA) Sea is char- ards. The NA coastland developed after the acterized by a shallow water depth and a last glacial maximum during the Holocene subsiding sedimentary basin underlies its transgression and from about 5,000 yr BP, western side (Figure 1). The Italian coast- over highstand times, the coastline began to land is characterized by low-lying environ- prograde seaward due to the sediment sup- ments such as deltas, lagoons, wetlands, ply from major rivers, and delta and lagoon and farmlands subjected to a marked an- systems developed. During the last mil- thropogenic impact and at great hydroge- lennium, the NA coastland has been even ological risk. The relative sea level rise more affected by anthropogenic impacts. (RSLR), i.e. the interaction between land The formation of the modern deltaic sys- subsidence and eustacy, has been responsi- tem of Po River dates back to about 500 yr ble for significant changes in coastal mor- BP. In general the whole coast reached the Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning Figure 1: DEM of the NA region with the location of the most important cities. The coastland lying below the m.s.l. is highlighted by the blu-scale colour. present setting only a couple of centuries dence rates. However, land subsidence is a ago under the strong influence of human in- process that is still affecting the study area. terventions [5, 6]. Rise of the sea level during the 20th cen- Man-induced land subsidence has greatly tury and at present is a well documented affected the NA coastland over the 20th process worldwide that is linked to cli- century, and especially after World War II, mate changes, mainly ice melting and the when overexploitation of subsurface fluids consequent variation in the mass and vol- was responsible for a general lowering of ume of the oceans. The relatively mod- the coastal plain and a significant coastline est warming recorded throughout the last retreat [7, 8]. After the 1960s-1970s, when century has however induced global rises the relationships between land settlement of sea level that have approached 1.2-2.0 and fluid withdrawal clearly emerged, the mm·yr−1 [9]. In this respect, it is im- drastic reduction of the pumping rates pro- portant to point out that the comparison duced a significant decrease of the subsi- between long tide-gauge records around 1124 Marine research at CNR Figure 2: Land subsidence monitoring networks in the a) Venetian, and b) Emilia- Romagna costal plains. White dots represent the position of the persistent scatterers detected by PSI on ERS-1/2 acquisitions and the red dots are the location of the levelling benchmarks. The information are provided after [1] and [2] for the Venice region and after [3] and [4] in Emila-Romagna. the world shows an eustatic rate in the 2 Data and methods NA Sea, along with the whole Mediter- ranean Sea, significantly lower (by approx- Levelling surveys, though not made on a imately 35%) than the global mean value. regular basis, have been periodically car- This is likely due to Northern Atlantic Os- ried out in the NA coastland since the end cillation (NAO)-induced changes in atmo- of the 19th century. Significant enlarge- spheric pressure, temperatures, and salin- ment of the levelling networks has been ity variation, on account also of the spe- carried over the last 20 yr in the areas cific features of this almost closed sea (e.g., characterized by the stronger land sinking. [10]). Global Positioning System (GPS) has been In this work we investigate the present used to monitor vertical movements mostly RSLR by using Synthetic Aperture Radar from the 1990s when GPS measurements (SAR)-based interferometry and long and reached a millimetre-level accuracy. nearly continuous tide gauge records that Differential and Continuous Global Posi- allow to separate the two components, i.e. tioning System (DGPS and CGPS) surveys vertical land movements and eustacy, re- have then been extensively used to comple- spectively. ment the ground-based surveys. Furthermore, land subsidence monitoring has been significantly improved over the last couple of decades by space-borne earth observation techniques based on SAR in- terferometry. The measurements were ini- 1125 Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning tially carried out by the DInSAR approach 3 Relative sea level rise [11] and more recently by Persistent Scat- terer Interferometry (PSI) [12]. RLSL is due to the superposition of natural Recently, SAR-based interferometry has land subsidence, anthropogenic land subsi- been widely adopted in the NA coastland. dence, and eustacy. The separation of each Two classes of PSI process i.e., the Perma- contribution is a difficult task and an accu- nent Scatterers (PS) (e.g., [13]) and the In- rate computation at a regional/local scale terferometric Point Target Analysis (IPTA) is possible for the last century over which (e.g., [14]), have significantly improved the data are available from regular instrumen- knowledge of the land movements for the tal records. In fact, from the beginning areas North and South of the Po River, re- of 1900 spirit levelling and, presently GPS spectively. Levelling and GPS measure- and SAR have been used to survey land el- ments have been processed with the main evation. Moreover, starting from the end of purpose of calibrating the SAR surveys 1800 tide-gauge has been adopted to mon- (Figure 2). itor sea level height. Here we present the PSI results obtained with the following satellite images: 3.1 Land subsidence: an • ERS-1/2 satellites: available scenes are overview acquired on a 100×100 km2 area with Vertical displacements in the NA coastal a 35-day frequency. The images have areas are caused by both natural and an- been processed to map the movements thropogenic factors. Their understanding is occurred in the whole coastland from essential to estimate land loss or gain and, 1992 to 2002 [13, 15, 3, 1, 16, 17, 4]; consequently, predict the relative sea level • ENVISAT satellite: available scenes are changes. Natural and anthropogenic com- acquired on a 100×100 km2 area with a ponents act on different timescales (mil- 35-day frequency. The images have been lions to thousands years and hundreds to analyzed to monitor the recent coastland tens years, respectively), reflecting the ge- displacements from the northern portion ological history and the human develop- of the Po River delta to the Tagliamento ment of the territory. The role played by River between 2003 and 2007 [16] ; the long-term natural causes, i.e. tectonics • TerraSAR-X satellite: available scenes and glacio-isostasy, is negligible in mod- are acquired on a 30×60 km2 area with a ern times, while natural compaction of re- 11-day frequency. The images acquired cent alluvial fine-grained deposits has as- from March 2008 to February 2009 have sumed a major importance. As a general been used to measure the present ground statement, a certain correlation exists be- movements along the littoral strips of the tween the thickness of the Quaternary for- Venice Lagoon [18]. mations and the amount of natural subsi- Concerning the sea level observation, we dence, so that the sinking rate exhibits a analyze the tide gauge measurements from non-uniform space distribution [20]. Natu- the Trieste, Venice, and Ravenna stations. ral land subsidence occurred and continues The available records span the period be- to occur unevenly at different rates. In par- tween 1896 and 2006 (Regione Emilia Ro- ticular it has been estimated in the range of magna, 1996, [19]). 0.5-1.0 mm·yr−1 in the Venetian territory 1126 Marine research at CNR Figure 3: Map of the average displacement rates (mm·yr−1) in the Venice region over the decade 1992-2002 (after [8, 1] and [31]).
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