DOCSLIB.ORG

Last 10 Years the Traditional Model of the Doctor Having a Total Control Over the Infant Has Been Questioned

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Last 10 Years the Traditional Model of the Doctor Having a Total Control Over the Infant Has Been Questioned The Intersex Baby From a Social Emergency to a Human Rights Challenge Author: Marika Komboki Lancing Human Rights Bachelor Thesis 15 Credits Spring 2018 Supervisor: Mikael Spång ABSTRACT This paper aims to shed light on the intersex infant, a baby born with an unclear gender. The main goal of the paper is to discuss whether unnecessary gender normalizing surgeries on infants, also called intersex genital mutilation (IGM) that is not necessary to preserve the life or physical health of the infant is in the best interest of the child. Legal method will be used to frame the topic in a legal context and discourse analysis in combination with content analysis will be applied in order to understand the transformation of intersex, from being a social emergency to becoming a human rights issue. The use of the concept, the best interest of the child will serve as an analytical framework together with a theoretical framework consisting of queer theory. Together it will help to map out the human rights challenges regarding IGM as a socially constructed medical product that needs to be highlighted and prevented in order to secure the rights of the child. Hopefully, the concluding results will contribute to further awareness on the issue of unnecessary infant intersex surgery and frame it in a human rights context. Keywords: Children´s Rights, Intersex Genital Mutilation, Jus Cogens, Human Rights, Activism, Queer Theory. 2 Acknowledgments I would like to give my gratitude to the Students, Professors and Guest Teachers from the Human Rights Bachelor Program that provided me with input and different perspectives. I specifically thank my thesis supervisor, Associate Professor Mikael Spång for his patience and trust to develop my own ideas. I would not have been able to complete this study without his guidance and inspiring inputs. I also thank my mother Maria Lancing and father Anestis Kombokis for their endless time of support throughout my life and during this Bachelor programme. I further thank my husband John Ekström for encouraging and believing in me and for always being there for me when I most need him. Finally, I thank my beloved children, Nestor, Inga and Dante for inspiring me with their humble way of approaching life and its challenges. 3 List of Abbreviations CAH - Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia CAT - Convention against Torture and Other, Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment CRC - Convention on the Rights of the Child DSD - Disorder of Sex Development or Difference of Sex Development ECHR - European Convention on Human Rights ECtHR - European Court for Human Rights FGC - Female Genital Circumcision FGM - Female Genital Mutilation GIGESC Act - Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Act 2015 ICCPR - International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICESCR - International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights IGM - Intersex Genital Mutilation ISNA - Intersex Society of North America LGBT - Lesbian, Gay Bisexual and Transgender OII - Organization Intersex International UDHR - Universal Declaration for Human Rights UIIS – Unnecessary Infant Intersex Surgery 4 Table of Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………...…2 Keywords…………………………………………………………………………….…...……2 Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………….………3 List of Abbreviations…………………………………………………………….……..……...4 1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………....7 1.1. Introduction of Topic………………………………………………………………….7 1.1.1. Terminology and Conditions……………..……….……….……………...……8 1.1.2. Frequency………………………………………….…………..……………..…9 1.2. Research Problem and Human Rights Relevance…………………………..…………9 1.3. Aim and Research Question……………………………………….…………………10 1.4. Previous Research………………………………………………………………...….11 1.5. Theory, Method and Material…………………………………..........…………....…13 1.6. Delimitations………………………………………………………………………....14 1.7. Ethical Aspects……………………………………………….…………………...….15 1.8. Chapter Outline…………………………………………………………………..…..15 2. THEORY…………………………………………………………………………...…….16 2.1. Queer Theory………………………………………………………………..………17 2.2. The Concept of the Child´s Best Interest……………………………………………18 3. METHOD AND MATERIAL……………………...………………………………….…20 3.1. Legal Method…………………………………...………………………………...…20 3.2. Discourse and Content Analysis……………………………………………….…....21 3.3. Material……………………………………………………………….…….……….23 4. BACKGROUND…………………….………………………………………………...…25 4.1. Before Modern Medicine…………………….……………………………………...25 4.2. Modern Medicine and Gender Assignment…………………………………………26 5 5. ANALYSIS………………………………………………………..……….…….………...27 5.1. Legal Framework…………………………..……………….……………..……..........…27 5.1.1. International Dimension…………………………….……………..………….27 5.1.2. National and Regional Dimension………………..…………………...……..28 5.2. From a Social Emergency to a Human Rights Issue.……………………….…...…30 5.2.1. Human Rights Activism……….……………………….………………….…30 5.2.2. Is IGM a Human Rights Violation? …………..…………………………..…32 5.2.2.1. IGM - a Western Form of FGM? …………..…………………….…34 5.2.3. The Right to Bodily Integrity……..…………………...…………….……….35 5.2.4. Consent……..…………………...……………………………………………….……36 6. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………….…………….….40 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………….……………........42 6 1.1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Introduction of Topic As a child, in biology class, I would learn about the XY and XX chromosomes that formed the genders of babies. What I was not taught however, was about the condition of intersex, and that there are babies being born with genitals halfway between male and female types every year. In short, intersex can be described as an umbrella term for people that are born with an unclear gender that do not fit stereotypical gender roles, such as man or female (Medlineplus 2018). The current praxis for intersex babies is medical treatment either by surgeries - a medical praxis that today also is referred to as intersex gender mutilation (IGM), hormone treatment or both (Coran 1991: 812-820). This thesis does not discuss gender normalizing surgeries that is needed in order to preserve the life or physical health of an intersex baby. It instead focuses on the issue of unnecessary, or as some say “cosmetic” infant intersex surgeries, aimed to change the genitals or internal bodily structures in ways that are not necessary to the life or physical health of the infant. To put it simply, the thesis discusses surgical intervention on infants with a purpose of creating heterosexual typically male or typically female gender characteristics. As an example, it could be a conversion of a “micro penis” into a clitoris, feminising the infant with hormones and creating a urinary opening where none exists, not in order to prevent the death of the infant but in order to make the child fit into a gender stereotypical role that meets the societal demands expected form the child. A friend once told me that considering the great variations of intersex and high number of intersex babies being born every year, gender should be seen as a spectrum rather than the stereotypical roles of typically male or typically female, it was this thought, together with the fact that there is little available information and awareness about intersex given in the Swedish societal context that made me interested in writing my thesis about intersex babies and the challenges they face from their first moment of breath. In order to reach my goal of highlighting the issue of unnecessary infant intersex surgery in a human rights context, I will apply a discourse and content analysis on the dimension of intersex activism and social movements that have contributed to many of the recent changes in the intersex arena. In order investigate whether IGM is in the best interest of the child, a legal method will be applied. The theoretical framework consists of the concept of the child´s best interest, combined with queer theory in order to map out the human rights challenges and problematise the binary constitution of sex which I find central to IGM. 7 1.1.1. Terminology and Conditions As explained in the introduction, intersex can be described as an umbrella term for people that are born with an unclear gender that do not fit stereotypical gender roles, such as man or female (Medlineplus 2018). The name intersex however is a contested term and the conditions varies. Therefore, I find it important to clear out the different terms and conditions from the start. Since intersex covers a variety of different biological gender variations I find it important to give a short explanation of the different names, conditions and the frequency. The terminology of intersex is under dispute and has no current consensus. Hermaphroditism, intersex, disorder of sex development, atypical sex characteristics, difference of sex development or diversity of sex development are some of the terms that are used for people born with intersex conditions. It is important to point out that intersex is different compared to terms such as bisexual or transgender. Intersex is a biological condition that has nothing to do with sexuality, an intersex person can be either straight, homosexual, bisexual or even asexual. Historically intersex people has been called hermaphrodites, this was mainly during antiquity, in stories and myths. At first not in a specific negative way but the term was later on perceived as stigmatizing, similar to “monsters” and “freaks” (Reis 2007: 536-537). Later on, in the twentieth century together with the development of modern science in the term atypical sex development and intersex was introduced and was later on followed by the term disorder of sex
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Shape of Sex
    The Shape of Sex Nonbinary Gender from Genesis to the Renaissance Leah DeVun Columbia University Press Ne w York © Columbia University Press Columbia University Press wishes to express its appreciation for assistance given by the Rutgers University Research Council in the publication of this book. Columbia University Press Publishers Since 1893 New York Chichester, West Sussex cup.columbia.edu Copyright © 2021 Columbia University Press All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: DeVun, Leah, author. Title: The shape of sex : nonbinary gender from genesis to the renaissance / Leah DeVun. Description: New York : Columbia University Press, [2021] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020030685 (print) | LCCN 2020030686 (ebook) | ISBN 9780231195508 (hardback) | ISBN 9780231195515 (trade paperback) | ISBN 9780231551366 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Intersex people—Europe—History. | Sex—Europe—History. | Gender nonconformity—Europe—History. Classification: LCC HQ78.2.E85 D49 2021 (print) | LCC HQ78.2.E85 (ebook) | DDC 306.76/85094—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020030685 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020030686 Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper. Printed in the United States of America Cover image: Alchemical “hermaphrodite.” Aurora consurgens. Zürich, Zentralbibliothek Zürich, MS Rh. 172, front paste-down. Photo: www.e-codices.ch. © Columbia University Press Contents Acknowledgments ix List of Illustrations xiii Introduction: Stories and Selves 1 1. The Perfect Sexes of Paradise 16 2. The Monstrous Races: Mapping the Borders of Sex 40 3. The Hyena’s Unclean Sex: Beasts, Bestiaries, and Jewish Communities 70 4. Sex and Order in Natural Philosophy and Law 102 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Situating the Biomedicalisation of Intersex
    Somatechnics of Consensus: Situating the Biomedicalisation of Intersex Erika Alm Introduction Iain Morland describes his vision of an ethics of intersex as that of an opening up of a discussion that has come to a stalemate: ‘The ethics of intersex, in this historical postmodern moment, begin when we no longer rush to pronounce the single right way to manage intersex, but admit uncertainty, replace dogma with discussion’ (Morland 2006: 331). Morland’s vision stands in stark contrast to an inclination towards consensus that has coloured both clinical and activist discussions on intersex in recent years. One might go so far as to talk about an orientation towards consensus in the phenomenological sense: as organising certain types of relations, procedures, and intra- actions as agreeable, understandable, and necessary, and ignoring, marginalising, and delegitimising others (Ahmed 2006, 2007).1 In this article I will investigate this orientation towards consensus as it frames the somatechnics of intersex2. With the introduction of the idea of a somatechnics of intersex Nikki Sullivan set the grounds for a different approach to feminist interventions in issues of intersex (Sullivan 2009a, 2009b). The term somatechnics captures the notion that our bodies and beings are shaped by technology and narratives alike, in intra-action. Sullivan deploys it to think through the varied and complex ways in which bodily-being is shaped not only by the surgeon’s knife but also by the discourses that justify and contest the use of such instruments. In arguing that the conceptions of, debates around, and questions about specific modificatory practices are themselves technologies that shape corporeality at the most profound level, I aim to make a critical Somatechnics 3.2 (2013): 307–328 DOI: 10.3366/soma.2013.0100 # Edinburgh University Press www.euppublishing.com/soma Somatechnics intervention into, and open up new spaces for reflection in, existing debates about the somatechnics of intersexuality.
    [Show full text]
  • Lessons from the Octopus
    INTRODUCTION: LESSONS FROM THE OCTOPUS Iain Morland The paternalistic surgery-centered model of intersex treatment has been inci- sively critiqued in recent years. Feminist and antihomophobic analyses have shown how traditional medical protocols privilege male genitalia and heterosexual relationships, in particular through the assumption that penis-vagina penetration within the context of heterosexual marriage is proof positive of a successful surgi- cal outcome. And queer analyses have begun to show that the dichotomous ossi- fication of a patient’s gender identity — another clinical goal — is both unrealistic and politically objectionable. First-person testimonies by patient advocates have largely substantiated these critiques of medical practice. There seems, then, to be a clear narrative of contestation and subsequent change emerging in the treat- ment of intersex. In other words, we have learned “lessons from the intersexed,” as Suzanne Kessler puts it, initially about genders and gonads, but subsequently about the meaning of ethical patient care.1 Yet, the history of intersex treatment, which now includes the recent his- tory of its ethical critique, is marked by a curiously disjointed temporality. If there is a lesson to be learned from the intersexed, it is structured by multiple deferrals: the deferred revelation of the outcome of David Reimer’s medical management, on which much intersex treatment has been based; the now seemingly self-evident barbarity of surgical procedures that for years appeared reasonable to many cli- nicians
    [Show full text]
  • Books & Journalsspring & Summer 2 0
    DUKE UNIVERSITY PRESS BOOKS & JOURNALS SPRING & SUMMER 2009 contents general interest latin american studies Reggaeton, Rivera, Marshall, and Pacini Hernandez 1 The Enduring Legacy, Tinker Salas 27 A Language of Song, Charters 2 Tropical Zion, Wells 28 The Real Hiphop, Morgan 3 The Dictator’s Seduction, Derby 29 The Indonesia Reader, Hellwig and Tagliacozzo 4 Reckoning, Nelson 29 The Alaska Native Reader, Williams 5 La Patria del Criollo, Martínez Peláez 30 Inherent Vice, Hilderbrand 6 Women Build the Welfare State, Guy 30 The Sopranos, Polan 7 Looking for Mexico, Mraz 31 Punishing the Poor, Wacquant 8 Revolutions in Mexican Catholicism, Wright-Rios 31 Bricks Without Straw, Tourgée 9 Uneven Encounters, Seigel 32 Art for a Modern India, 1947–1980, Brown 10 A Place in Politics, Woodard 32 The Indian Craze, Hutchinson 11 Imperial Subjects, Fisher and O’Hara 33 Photographies East, Morris 12 City/Art, Biron 33 The Woman in the Zoot Suit, Ramírez 13 Feminist Agendas and Democracy in Latin America, Jaquette 34 The Speed Handbook, Duffy 14 history anthropology Contested Histories in Public Space, Walkowitz and Knauer 34 Cosmopolitan Archaeologies, Meskell 15 Tours of Vietnam, Laderman 35 Anthropological Futures, Fischer 16 The Irish Question, McGrady, Ó Drisceoil, and Gosse 35 The Palm at the End of the Mind, Jackson 17 Missing, Maira 17 lesbian & gay studies Genocide, Hinton and O’Neill 18 Intersex and After, Morland 36 theology south asian studies Political Myth, Boer 18 Chocolate and Other Writings on Male Homoeroticism, Sharma 36 Theology of Money, Goodchild 19 Stages of Capital, Birla 37 Marriage and Modernity, Majumdar 37 cultural studies Theodor W.
    [Show full text]
  • “An Unnamed Blank That Craved a Name” a Genealogy of Intersex As Gender
    1 “An Unnamed Blank That Craved a Name” A Genealogy of Intersex as Gender This chapter traces a genealogy of intersexuality’s underrecognized but historically pivotal role in the development of gender as a concept in twentieth-century American biomedicine, feminism, and their globalizing circuits. According to Michel Foucault, genealogy “rejects the metahistorical deployment of ideal significations and indefinite teleologies.”1 Genealogy opposes itself to the search for monocausal origins. As a critical methodol- ogy, it focuses instead on the conditions of emergence and force relations that shape diverse and discontinuous embodied histories. The task of genealogy, Foucault writes, is to “expose a body totally imprinted by history and the process of history’s destruction of the body.”2 As an analysis of the will to knowledge, genealogy reveals the exclusions by which dominant historical formations constitute themselves and focalizes the roles of interpretation and “the hazardous play of dominations” in the materialization of bodies in particular spaces and times.3 Genealogy, then, proves immanently valu- able for a queer feminist science studies project informed by intersectional and transnational perspectives. Contrary to the view that intersex is only relevant to a small sexual minority, this chapter suggests that the western medicalization of inter- sex centrally shaped the very idea of gender as a generalizable rubric for describing what came to be seen, starting in the mid-twentieth century, as a core, fundamental aspect of human intelligibility: self-identification and expression as masculine or feminine. The category of gender found quick uptake in both the production and contestation of other intersectional hierarchies of difference, especially those of race, class, sexuality, ability, and nation.
    [Show full text]
  • Progress and Politics in the Intersex Rights Movement Feminist Theory in Action
    PROGRESS AND POLITICS IN THE INTERSEX RIGHTS MOVEMENT Feminist Theory in Action Alice D. Dreger and April M. Herndon Since 1990, when Suzanne Kessler published her groundbreaking feminist analysis of the understanding of gender among clinicians treating children with intersex, many academic feminists have produced important scholarly work on intersex and intersex rights.1 A notable few have also lent their energies to actively working for intersex rights in medical and mainstream social arenas. Although the intersex rights movement and feminist scholarship on intersex have both pro- gressed considerably since 1990, there remains theoretical and political irresolu- tion on certain key issues, most notably those involving intersex identity and the constitution of gender. This essay considers the progress made in intersex rights since 1990 and delineates important points of contention within feminist intersex scholarship and intersex politics. We argue that in the last fifteen years much progress has been made in improving medical and social attitudes toward people with intersex, but that significant work remains to be done to ensure that children born with sex anomalies will be treated in a way that privileges their long-term well-being over societal norms. We also argue that, while feminist scholars have been critically important in developing the theoretical underpinnings of the intersex rights move- ment and sometimes in carrying out the day-to-day political work of that move- ment, there have been intellectual and political problems with some feminists’ approaches to intersex. The authors have a foot in both camps considered here — academic feminism and intersex rights work. We are academic feminists who also worked GLQ 15:2 DOI 10.1215/10642684-2008-134 © 2009 by Duke University Press 200200 GLQ: A JOURNAL OF LESBIAN AND GAY STUDIES as paid directors at the Intersex Society of North America (ISNA), the longest- running, best-funded, and historically most influential intersex advocacy group.
    [Show full text]
  • Just About All of the Biomedical, Academic, Popular
    Distribution Agreement In presenting this thesis or dissertation as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree from Emory University, I hereby grant to Emory University and its agents the non-exclusive license to archive, make accessible, and display my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known, including display on the world wide web. I understand that I may select some access restrictions as part of the online submission of this thesis or dissertation. I retain all ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis or dissertation. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. Signature: ___________________________ ______________ David Rubin April 15, 2010 Intersex Before and After Gender By David Rubin Doctor of Philosophy Women‘s Studies ______________________________________ Lynne Huffer, Ph.D. Advisor ______________________________________ Rosemarie Garland-Thomson, Ph.D. Committee Member ______________________________________ Holloway Sparks, Ph.D. Committee Member Accepted: _____________________________________ Lisa A. Tedesco, Ph.D. Dean of the James T. Laney School of Graduate Studies ______________ Date Intersex Before and After Gender By David Rubin M.A., University of Arizona, 2004 M.A., University of Arizona, 2003 B.A., University of Washington, 2000 B.A., University of Washington, 2000 Advisor: Lynne Huffer, Ph.D. An abstract of a dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the James T. Laney School of Graduate Studies of Graduate Studies of Emory University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Women‘s Studies 2010 Abstract Intersex Before and After Gender By David Rubin The term intersex names the myriad conditions and features of people born with sexual anatomies that society considers to be nonstandard.
    [Show full text]
  • This PDF Contains the Complete Keywords Section of TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly, Volume 1, Numbers 1–2
    This PDF contains the complete Keywords section of TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly, Volume 1, Numbers 1–2. Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/tsq/article-pdf/1/1-2/232/485677/19.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 KEYWORDS Abstract This section includes eighty-six short original essays commissioned for the inaugural issue of TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly. Written by emerging academics, community-based writers, and senior scholars, each essay in this special issue, ‘‘Postposttranssexual: Key Concepts for a Twenty- First-Century Transgender Studies,’’ revolves around a particular keyword or concept. Some con- tributions focus on a concept central to transgender studies; others describe a term of art from another discipline or interdisciplinary area and show how it might relate to transgender stud- ies. While far from providing a complete picture of the field, these keywords begin to elucidate a conceptual vocabulary for transgender studies. Some of the submissions offer a deep and resilient resistance to the entire project of mapping the field terminologically; some reveal yet-unrealized critical potentials for the field; some take existing terms from canonical thinkers and develop the significance for transgender studies; some offer overviews of well-known methodologies and demonstrate their applicability within transgender studies; some suggest how transgender issues play out in various fields; and some map the productive tensions between trans studies and other interdisciplines. Abjection ROBERT PHILLIPS Abjection refers to the vague sense of horror that permeates the boundary between the self and the other. In a broader sense, the term refers to the process by which identificatory regimes exclude subjects that they render unintelligible or beyond classification.
    [Show full text]
  • 1089268020963622.Pdf
    RGPXXX10.1177/1089268020963622Review of General PsychologyHegarty et al. 963622research-article2020 Article Review of General Psychology 2021, Vol. 25(1) 101 –114 Drawing the Line Between Essential and © 2020 The Author(s) Nonessential Interventions on Intersex Article reuse guidelines: sagepub.com/journals-permissions Characteristics With European DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/1089268020963622 10.1177/1089268020963622 journals.sagepub.com/home/rgp Health Care Professionals Peter Hegarty1 , Marta Prandelli2, Tove Lundberg3, Lih-Mei Liao4, Sarah Creighton4, and Katrina Roen5 Abstract Human rights statements on intersex characteristics distinguish legitimate “medically necessary” interventions from illegitimate normalizing ones. Ironically, this binary classification seems partially grounded in knowledge of anatomy and medical interventions; the very expertise that human rights statements challenge. Here, 23 European health professionals from specialist “disorder of sex development” (DSD) multidisciplinary teams located medical interventions on a continuum ranging from “medically essential” to nonessential poles. They explained their answers. Participants mostly described interventions on penile/scrotal, clitoral/labial, vaginal, and gonadal anatomy whose essential character was only partially grounded in anatomical variation and diagnoses. To explain what was medically necessary, health care professionals drew on lay understandings of child development, parental distress, collective opposition to medicalization, patients “coping” abilities,
    [Show full text]
  • After Queer Theory
    After Queer Theory Penney T02732 00 pre 1 08/10/2013 08:16 Penney T02732 00 pre 2 08/10/2013 08:16 After Queer Theory The Limits of Sexual Politics James Penney Penney T02732 00 pre 3 08/10/2013 08:16 First published 2014 by Pluto Press 345 Archway Road, London N6 5AA www.plutobooks.com Distributed in the United States of America exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010 Copyright © James Penney 2014 The right of James Penney to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 0 7453 3379 3 Hardback ISBN 978 0 7453 3378 6 Paperback ISBN 978 1 8496 4985 8 PDF eBook ISBN 978 1 8496 4987 2 Kindle eBook ISBN 978 1 8496 4986 5 EPUB eBook Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data applied for This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental standards of the country of origin. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Typeset from disk by Stanford DTP Services, Northampton, England Simultaneously printed digitally by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham, UK and Edwards Bros in the United States of America Penney T02732 00 pre 4 08/10/2013 08:16 Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduction: After Queer Theory – Manifesto and Consequences 1 Setting
    [Show full text]
  • Unqueering Transgender? a Queer Geography of Transnormativity in Two Online Communities
    UNQUEERING TRANSGENDER? A QUEER GEOGRAPHY OF TRANSNORMATIVITY IN TWO ONLINE COMMUNITIES by Fred Joseph LeBlanc A thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Gender & Women’s Studies Victoria University of Wellington 2010 ABSTRACT This research implicates gender in the study of sexuality and suggests a genealogy of transgender that consists of both the medicalisation of transsexuality and the articulation of gender performances in gay liberation’s politics of difference. While the transgender subject is often idealised in queer discourses, this research positions the transsexual (one articulation of transgender) as normative: conservative gender politics, the ontological separation of gender and sexuality that echoes assimilationist gay and lesbian politics, an identity based on essentialist biology and psychiatric “wrong body” discourses, and the privileging of passing technologies such as hormone replacement therapies and sex reassignment surgery (themselves justified though the elaboration of wrong body discourses). Further to this, the public rendering of some transgender bodies as nonconformist results in violence and the need to explore alternate spaces of being, namely the internet which has the potential to build community, raise consciousness of gender and transgender oppression, but can also be used to legitimate transnormative (re)productions of the self. The analysis of two online communities of transgender individuals shows the most frequent users tended to be transsexual and privileging conservative gender politics and an essentialist medical etiology of transsexuality. Users were i also typically more knowledgeable in passing biotechnologies than some medical professionals. In one community that are tailored to transgender individuals, subjects felt at ease to discuss a variety of topics and explore the complications of transgender.
    [Show full text]
  • Fleshing out the Self : Reimagining Intersexed and Trans
    Fleshing out the self Reimagining intersexed and trans embodied lives through (auto)biographical accounts of the past Marie-Louise Holm Linköping Studies in Arts and Science No. 712 ISSN 0282-9800 Faculty of Arts and Sciences Linköping 2017 Linköping Studies in Arts and Science No. 712 At the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at Linköping University, research and doctoral studies are carried out within broad problem areas. Research is organized in interdisciplinary research environments and doctoral studies mainly in graduate schools. Jointly, they publish the series Linköping Studies in arts and Science. This thesis comes from Gender Studies at the Department of Thematic Studies. Distributed by: TEMA - Department of Thematic studies Linköping University 581 83 Linköping Sweden Marie-Louise Holm Fleshing out the self: Reimagining intersexed and trans embodied lives through (auto)biographical accounts of the past Edition 1:1 ISBN 978-91-7685-551-5 ISSN 0282-9800 Linköping studies in arts and science, no. 712 ISSN 0282-9800 © Marie-Louise Holm Department of Thematic Studies 2017 Printed by: LiU Tryck, Linköping 2017 Cover design: Marie-Louise Holm Images on cover are (not in order of appearance): Photo by Marie-Louise Holm of the entrance to the Danish National Archive. Photos by Marie- Louise Holm from Billedbladet May 18th 1954 and July 24th 1962, and of archival material from Manglende sager i tidligere afleveringer (1922-1956) case no. 261/35 and Ka-sager (1929-1968) no. 944/62. Revisions and design by Marie-Louise Holm.Archival matrial reproduced with kind permission from the Danish National Archives. I make no promises of answers, but offer the belief that it is only by reconfiguring thought that we can move on to potentially more creative modes both of becoming in ourselves and of encountering others, whatever form those others might take.
    [Show full text]