Livable Community Principles

Memphis, Tennessee June, 2005 Dan Burden, Glatting Jackson and Walkable Communities, Inc.

What is the Purpose of Cities?

1 Before and After

© Citizen Planner Institute

2 In the nextpast fifty years transportation planners/engineers have:will:

In the past traffic plannersfuture and engineers AddRemovedparking parking for safety for safety traffic willhave be been seen as AddRemovedtrees fortrees safety for safety andvillains heroinesseen leading as to the declinethe of citiesheroes and rise leading to RemoveAdded laneslanes for for safety safety quality of life.cities and NarrowWidenedlanes lanes for for safety safety NarrowWidenedIntersections Intersections for for safety safety TakenAdd sidewalks out sidewalks for added for added capacity capacity South Beach, Florida Ocean Drive

What is your vision of Homer, Alaska?

Debbie -- Retired School Teacher

Painted rainbow crosswalks throughout town

3 Dan has learned to see the world through the lens of his camera, carefully picking subjects of interest to illustrate his view of the world.

There is a saying among National Geographic photographers.

“National Geographic photographers stand on top of the garbage cans to photograph the flowers … while Life magazine photographers stand in the flowers to photograph the garbage cans.”

4 Paul Mayors’ Institute on City Design Marty Earl Jon Charleston, South Carolina National Endowment of the Arts and the American Institute of Architects Dale

Dan’s Arm

Photo by Paul

What is “Place?” Littleton, New Hampshire

Thornton, Colorado

5 100% Location

6 Five Minute Walk

100% Location

The World is Changing Expect:

Option One:

25% more traffic every ten years. More intersections failing. More people spreading out into canyons, ridges and other high risk locations.

Also Expect: More cars per household Limited new lanes and limits on intersections being rebuilt •• Bridge Bridge More demand for slowing traffic 100% Location •• Appropriate Appropriate Technology LiftLift More demand for traffic to stay in motion •• Visual Visual TreatsTreats More demand for safer streets •• Activity Activity CenterCenter More demand for quieter streets

7 Los Angeles, Then Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Now

People once fled cities Option Two: … for their health …

Return to Traditional streets and land uses

More connectivity Tennessee Avenue, Tallahassee, Florida More walking, bicycling and transit People living closer to services, shorter trips by time and distance Today people are More funding for well located returning to cities … engine houses Improved and more appropriate … for their health equipment More ways to respond Fewer personal injury auto crashes Portland, Oregon

8 At one time all buildings were built Place Versus No Place for walking speed

Then with the higher speed of the auto we designed buildings with less detail, for the auto.

1910 2000

Corner of Division Avenue and Fulton Street Grand Rapids, Michigan

If it weren’t for the damn pedestrian there would be no traffic problem in Los Angeles… … circa 1972, Traffic Engineer

Compact villages and a strong civilian presence is the only solution to our traffic problems… … circa 1995, San Diego Traffic Engineer

9 America’s high level of dependence upon the automobile has lowered the standard of living, snarled traffic and lowered air quality.

“There is No There There”

…Gertrude Stein Houston, Texas Fifty percent of all American cities are now under concrete and asphalt. (In Los Angeles it is now 66 percent.)

Guanajuato, Mexico

10 Residential c. 1935 Office 1980’s

Retail Retail

Residential Tyson's Corner, VA

Residential Office Narrow streets Retail Short blocks Historic Architecture Tight corner radii Great plazas Trees Beautiful buildings Civic Statue Limited parking Sidewalks Built by Pirates Old Town, Key West, Public Space Florida Washington, DC

11 Designed by college graduates

new Town, Key West, Florida

Victoria, People are British Cars are Happiest Columbi happiest when a When they have there are Unlimited many Freedom -- others around. When few other cars are around Victoria, British Columbia

12 DAN …

I HAVE EMAILED YOU BEFORE. I HAVE A JOB OFFER IN SARATOGA SPRINGS (I'M FROM NEW YORK CITY).

I DON'T DRIVE. IS IT TRULY WALKABLE IF I LIVED DOWNTOWN?

THANKS AGAIN Yes, Jeannie … it is Okay to downtown JEANNIE Saratoga Springs. Great Place. Enjoy!

Places of Discovery

13 The Greatest Access on Earth

National Health Epidemics Diabetes Poorly Overweight Developed Neural Pathways Heart Failure Lack of Association Depression

Hypertension Isolation Asthma

14 Point 1: It’s not just an obesity epidemic. It’s an epidemic of physical inactivity.

Is Physical Inactivity Obesity* Trends Among U.S. Adults Really a Problem? BRFSS, 1990 29% of adults are (*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’4” person) sedentary 73% are not active enough 36% of young people in grades 9-12 do not participate in vigorous activities 3 or more days a week One-fourth of those aged 6-17 are already overweight No Data <10% 10%-14% 15-19%

Source: U.S. Surgeon General

15 Obesity* Trends Among U.S. Adults Obesity* Trends Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 1995 BRFSS, 2000 (*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’4” person) (*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’4” person)

No Data <10% 10%-14% 15-19% No Data <10% 10%-14% 15-19% ≥20%

For every 10 minutes you spend driving, you are 10% Obesity* Trends Among U.S. Adults LESS likely to get involved in your community. BRFSS, 2001 (*BMI ≥ 30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’4” person)

No Data <10% 10%-14% 15-19% 20-24% ≥25%

16 Building from our Values

Standard Quality Of Of Living Life

Very High Low

17 People Active TransportationLiving By Design

18 Ten Steps To Walkability

Compact, lively Many people of all town center ages and abilities walking many Low speed streets, hours distributed volumes Celebrated public space and public life, parades, Fine grained markets, festivals, streets, many awards trails, transit links Public places with Land use and inviting features: transportation Neighborhood benches, partnerships schools and restrooms, shade, parks, within water and art Affordable, one quarter inspiring, well mile or one Convenient, safe and maintained eighth mile efficient crossings streets and homes.

Not Walkable Walkable The High Car Dependency Low Car Dependency Serious Congestion Moderate Congestion Popsicle Test

Can you take a Popsicle to your your brother or sister from the store to your house before it melts?

19 Context Sensitive Design

Design for people for place for climate for multiple use for multiple function to link to past

Portland, Oregon to link to future

Vancouver, BC, Canada

20 Sprawl 2001 National Geographic Magazine Article Origins and on Sprawl Photo by: Sustainability Newsday Levittown New York

21 Pattern: Low Density(1-3 units/acre) 1550 feet from NOTHING Orlando, Florida Sprawl Costs: •Does not pay its fair share •Takes money from and weakens town center •Takes over valuable forests, fields wetlands, preserves •Moves town resources outward •Fuels urban flight •Forces other harmful land use •Builds traffic congestion •Adds to isolation, NIMBYism

Trip Generation and Trip Quality

22 Trip Assignment: Conventional Trip Assignment: Traditional

Linked Trips: CSD Park Once District

Shop

Park Once District MOC’s Office School

Park Walk

P Park Drive

23 Linked Trips: CSD Traditional Conventional Land Use1 2 Patterns

9 Park Once District 3 Soccer

Shop 4

Park Once 5 Home District

MOC’ s 8 6 Office School

Park 7 Walk P Park Drive

Connectivity Options Disappearing Trips

Traditional Interior Perimeter Single Entry B B A

Connected 400’ – 600’ 1000’ 1000’ – 2000’ None Street A Spacing C

Ped/Bike 400 – 600 400 – 600 400 – 600 None Spacing C

Connected All Streets Connectors Connectors (No Road Fronted Fronted Walled Connection) Character 3 Destinations 3 Destinations 6 ITE Trips 2 ITE Trips

24 Rerouting “Chain Reaction” Rerouting “Chain Reaction”

New B ypass

M

o F

s r

t e e E

f w f

i a Main Street Main c

s y i s e a n p t y B Main Street Main

Most Rewarding

Bigger is Provide Not better Services Downtowns Parks should provide It is always easier to leaveChurches essential services problems behind than itShopping is to solve them Postal Postal Lack of courage? Residential Commercial Today we are learning to Public Space The bigger the attraction, the Restrooms Face these challenges… Fewer peopleWhat have Is access This? and We areThe running more people out of haveroom to ask And resources Ferndale for a ride. California

25 Not a good Lane Width and Safety place Seniors

Poor Not a good Loca place people 24 Feet 30 Feet tion for Ok S ay with hopping Lo ca Plaza S ti B disabilities ho on e P pp fof s la in or t L Difference za g P r o l Sh c az o at a pp io in n Crossing Time 8 Seconds 10 Seconds 2 Seconds g

Average Gap 36 Seconds 30 Seconds 0.6 Seconds

Probability of Crash +40%

Severity of Crash +40% Not a good place for multi-family Not a good Probability of Injury +196% place for the town hall

The Cycle of Strip Development Breaking The Cycle of Strip

INPUTS OUTCOMES Development •Auto Oriented Business •Wider Roads INPUTS •Single Use Zoning •Induced Traffic •Diversity of Business •Single Family Residential •More Traffic •Mixed Use Zoning •Diversity of Residential Units •Context Sensitive Solutions GROWTHGROWTH LandLand Use Use •Community Involvement PlanningPlanning LandLand UseUse CommunityCommunityTransportationTransportation PlanningPlanning PlanningPlanning PlanningPlanning TransportationTransportation PlanningPlanning GROWTHGROWTH OUTCOMES OUTCOMES OUTCOMES INPUTS •Healthy Neighborhoods •Increased Mobility •Isolated Neighborhoods •Traffic Demand •Choices of Transportation •More Walking & •Multiple Automobile Trips Forecasting •More Open Space GROWTHGROWTH Bicycling •Poor Mobility •Congestion •Sense of Place •Increased Access •Difficult Walking •Sense of Community

26 Five keys Density with Design to Success of Place Security Convenience Efficiency Comfort Welcome

Dover Kohl & Partners

1980s & 90s: Density, but…

Density with Design Density with Design

Dover Kohl & Partners Dover Kohl & Partners

In New Projects: Maintain the Relationship of In New Projects: Make the Streets Good Building and the Street Neighbors

27 Density with Design

Dover Kohl & Partners Victoria In New Projects: Promote the Street as an British Amenity, and Inspire Investment Columbia

28 Welcoming Eatery and Defensible Space

29 Broadway, Vancouver , British Columbia

30 31 32 Is This a House or a Garage? Chicago, Illinois

Build for Multiple Uses

Beauty Function Open Space Diversity, Inclusiveness Art/Music Green Friendly Economic prosperity

Chicago, Illinois

33 Which building looks most like Southern Texas??

34 Attracting the Best Attracting the Best Higher-density 40% of apartment Some of the same solutions to our development offers residents choose growth-related to rent for challenges, homes that are within lifestyle reasons can help support reach of vital new housing options. community members — not because they have to. Crime and other such as: social issues are – Teachers highly correlated to –Nurses • Nearly one-quarter of lack of ownership, renters earn $50K or – Fire fighters investment and – Police officers more. pride. • Sources: Fannie Mae Foundation; –and our own U.S. Census Bureau children!

A Plan for Tomorrow

Build a new model. 30-35 du/a Strong, healthy 12-15 16-20 du/a 12-15 communities have: du/a

– Walkable, mixed-uses – mixed income – A rich mix of homes for a wide range of residents 6-9 du/a – Many conveniences – Green space – Ownership/pride – Strong economies – Low crime – Balanced budgets

35 Sources: Massachusetts Citizens Housing and Planning Association; Byrne McKinney & Associates and Goody Clancy Attract new retail Attract new retail Architecture, Planning and Preservation development. development.

20-30 du/acre – Densities of 8 to 12 – Densities of 8 to 12 homes per acre can homes per acre can create compact low-rise create compact low-rise centers that can support 20-30 du/acre centers that can support a lively business a lively business district, mixed uses, and district, mixed uses, and public transit nodes. public transit nodes.

12-15 du/acre – 1,000 to 2,000 new – 1,000 to 2,000 new houses and apartments houses and apartments within a 10-15 minute within a 10-15 minute walk can support new walk can support new retail areas. retail areas.

20-30 du/acre

36 Thornton Park, Orlando, Florida

Du/a 9-12 Commercial, Retail, Residential

37 Du/a 15-22 Du/a 22-28

Du/a 6-7

38 Density Distribution

Robinson Speeds reduced from 35-40 to 25-30

39 Old School House Site, Claremont, California

Glen Cove, New York (Glen Isle Project)

40 41 South Corridor Station Areas Scaleybark Station New Bern Station

Woodlawn Station

Freeway Tyvola Station

Archdale Station

Arrowood Station

Sharon Road West Station

Arrowood – Existing Conditions Arrowood Pedestrian Vision

42 Arrowood Bicycle Vision

ARROWOOD URBAN DESIGN VISION

43 44 Civic Center and Lake Mead

45 Civic Center and Lake Mead Los Vegas Boulevard and Lake Mead

46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66