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FM 6-20-1: Field Artillery Cannon Battalion

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FM 6-20-1: Field Artillery Cannon Battalion «h ^M) dl^ u- si<^v Field Manual FM 6-20-1 No. 6-20-1 HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMEIMT OF THE ARMY Washington, DC, 5 July 1979 Field Artillery Cannon Battalion Unless otherwise noted, where the third person singular is used in this publication, the word "he" will be understood to stand for both masculine and feminine genders. Users of this field manual are encouraged to submit recommended changes or comments to improve the publication. Comments should be keyed to the specific page, paragraph, or line of the text in which the change is recommended. Reasons will be provided for each comment to insure understanding and complete evaluation. Changes and comments should be prepared, using DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms), and forwarded directly to: COMMANDANT US ARMY FIELD ARTILLERY SCHOOL ATTN: ATSF-TD-TM FORT SILL, OKLAHOMA 73503 The Army Library (ANRAL) ATTN: Military Documents Room 1Ä518, Pentagon Washington, D.C. 20310 FM 6-20-1 FIELD ARTILLERY CANNON BATTALION TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction v Chapter 1. Field Artillery Cannon Battalion Operations 1-1 Target acquisition 1-3 Meteorology, survey, and technical fire direction 1-7 Tactical fire direction 1-11 Field artillery fire planning 1-16 Plans and orders 1-17 Positioning 1-24 Reconnaissance 1-29 Displacement 1-30 Communications 1-32 Combat service support 1-32 Survivability 1-33 Chapter 2. Offense 2-1 Offensive fundamentals 2-1 Enemy defensive tactics 2-7 Forms of offensive maneuver 2-9 Types of offensive operations 2-12 Movement to contact 2-17 Hasty attack 2-22 Deliberate attack 2-24 Exploitation and pursuit 2-29 Chapters. Defense 3-1 Defensive fundamentals 3-1 Enemy offensive tactics 3-6 Defensive maneuver and operations 3-9 Covering force 3-12 Main battle area 3-15 Supporting light infantry in the MBA 3-19 Delay and withdrawal operations 3-21 Chapter 4. Operations Security 4-1' Enemy intelligence 4-1 OPSEC planning 4-2 OPSEC countermeasures 4-5 Electromagnetic intelligence 4-11 Evaluation 4-13 Recognition and identification of forces on the battlefield 4-13 FM 6-20-1 Page Chapter 5. Combat Service Support Operations 5-1 Organization for combat service support 5-1 Trains operations 5-5 Supply operations 5-8 Maintenance operations 5-17 Personnel support and administration 5-20 Medical support 5-21 Other services 5-22 Chapter 6. How to Train to Fight 6-1 Training philosophy 6-1 Training materials 6-3 Responsibilities 6-8 Training management 6-9 Battalion training 6-9 The training crosswalk 6-15 Appendix A. Divisional and Nondivisional Cannon Battalions A-i Divisional cannon battalions A-l Separate brigade cannon battalions A-8 Nondivisional cannon battalions A-12 Appendix B. Functions of the Primary Staff B-i * The battalion staff B-l Staff functions B-2 Appendix C. Communications C-i Communications-electronics responsibilities C-l Communications-electronics staff officer C-2 Battalion communications platoon C-3 The battalion telecommunications center C-3 The battalion communication system C-3 Communications operations C-5 Appendix D. The Cannon Battalion in Special Environments and in Support of Special Operations D-i Military operations on urbanized terrain D-2 Arctic environment D-4 Desert environment D-6 Mountain environment D-8 Jungle environment D-10 Nuclear and chemical environment D-12 Airborne and airmobile operations D-14 River crossing operations D-16 Support of allied maneuver forces D-18 Counterguerrilla operations D-20 Amphibious operations D-22 in k FM 6-20-1 FIELD ARTILLERY CANNON BATTALION Page Appendix E. Road Marches E-l Planning E-2 Training E-2 Standing operating procedures.. E-2 Preparing for road marches E-2 March columns E-3 March organization E-4 March column control E-5 Road march planning factors E-8 Movement order E-15 Road movement graph E-16 Road movement table E-17 Appendix F. Tactical Scenarios F-l Movement to contact scenario F-2 Deliberate attack scenario F-13 Exploitation/pursuit scenario .... F-23 Covering force scenario F-30 Main battle area scenario F-43 Appendix G. Glossary G-l Appendix H. Relevant References H-l Appendix I. Standardization agreement 2129 1-1 4 IV FM 6-20-1 INTRODUCTION f* 10> v4 vr TO ^r> k^- 7" j' -«ÄS ••-ift/íy Á.3. «Tí '-*~îSKZ3*>* «y In the battles of the next war, effective use of firepower will be more critical than in any land battle the US Army has ever fought. Changes in battle tempo, mobility, and firepower will challenge field artillerymen as never before as they plan, coordinate, and execute fire support. V FM 6-20-1 FIELD ARTILLERY CANNON BATTALION The firepower that can be provided by cannon artillery has increased significantly as a result of more lethal munitions, better accuracy, and increased range. CANNON FIREPOWER HAS BECOME MORE LETHAL Coverage area: 250m 1970s: 25,000 155-mm SP square meters 570-pound HE 100m 1 WWII: 7,500 L LJ ! i square meters r. ITUS i SL - .i f 150m 1 MOST CANNON ARTILLERY IS MORE ACCURATE. Caliber World War II 1970s 105-mm 22.1 14.6 155-mm 25.8 11.4 Accuracy ratios by Circular Error Probable (CEP) (charge 7 at 7,000 meters) VI INTRODUCTION FM 6-20-1 CANNON BATTALIONS OF HEAVY DIVISIONS HAVE AN INCREASED RANGE CAPABILITY 1970s 155-mm SP (6 guns) ^ -4 WW II 105-mm < .u-i Towed (6 guns) V, -, Kilometers 10 11 18 20 Cannon battalions are found in all US Army corps, divisions, and separate maneuver brigades. They are generally organized with a headquarters battery to provide for command control and some combat service support, a service battery ^ to provide other combat service support, and three firing batteries to provide the firepower. In some battalions, the headquarters and service batteries are combined with a single headquarters and service battery. Tables of organization and equipment detail manpower and equipment authorizations for US Army units. However, all Army units are organized under modified tables of organization and equipment (MTOE). To determine manpower and equipment authori- zations for a specific unit, it is necessary to refer to the authorization document (MTOE) for that unit. Cannon battalions are in armored, mechanized, infantry, airborne, and air assault divisions. They are also in field VII FM 6-20-1 FIELD ARTILLERY CANNON BATTALION artillery and separate maneuver CALIBER brigades. US Army cannon battalions CLASSIF CATION can be classified into three categories according to the caliber of the cannon in the battalion. As a general rule, light and medium battalions are in infantry, Si airborne, and air assault divisions; ft medium and heavy battalions are in armored and mechanized infantry LIGHT divisions. (120-mm or less) Cannon battalions are part of a combined arms team of tanks, infantry, cavalry, air defense, and field artillery. They are organized to deliver a variety of nuclear and nonnuclear munitions in support of maneuver arms. This manual describes how cannon battalions fight, how they are organized, MEDIUM and how they operate to support combined arms operations. Battle in (121-mm—160-mm) Central Europe against forces of the Warsaw Pact is the most demanding mission the US Army could be assigned. Because the US Army is structured primarily for that contingency and has large forces deployed in that area, this it- r- manual is designed mainly to deal with such operations. The principles set forth HEAVY in this manual, however, apply to military operations anywhere in the (161-mm—210-mm) world. FM 6-20- CHAPTER 1: Field Artillery Cannon Battalion Operations The mission of the field artillery is to destroy, neutralize, or suppress the enemy by indirect fires and to integrate all fire support into combat operations. Successful execution of this mission demands effective integration of field artillery fires into the scheme of maneuver and swift, exact execution from the time a target is acquired until ordnance is delivered on target. IN SUPPORT OF THE FIELD ARTILLERY MISSION, THE FIELD ARTILLERY CANNON BATTALION PROVIDES: O Fires on enemy command posts and logistical installa- tions. □ Close support to maneuver DFire support planning and units in combat. coordination resources and facilities to all levels of □Counterfire against enemy supported maneuver ele- indirect fire systems. ments. 1 FM 6-20-1 FIELD ARTILLERY CANNON BATTALION For the cannon battalion to support This chapter will discuss field artillery maneuver forces on the battlefield cannon battalion operations in terms of successfully, it must accomplish 10 basic these 10 tasks and how to survive to tasks. perform them. CANNON BATTALION BASIC TASKS TARGET ACQUISITION » 4 POSITIONING METEOROLOGY, SURVEY, » TECHNICAL RECONNAISSANCE FIRE DIRECTION •Jan AY8001 AY8001 DISPLACEMENT FIRE PLANNING -fallí TACTICAL FIRE COMMUNICATIONS tlSl CONTROL COMBAT SERVICE PLANS AND ORDERS SUPPORT 1-2 FIELD ARTILLERY CANNON BATTALION OPERATIONS FM 6-20-1 Target acquisition. Organic resources. The purpose of target S2. The battalion intelligence officer (S2) acquisition (TA) is to is the target acquisition staff a develop target locations coordinator. He insures that organic or with sufficient accuracy so attached target acquisition resources are that they can be attacked. used efficiently and effectively. Direct support (DS) and The S2 works with the fire support reinforcing battalions are primarily officers (FSO), fire support teams (FIST), interested in detecting and engaging liaison sections, maneuver unit S2s, targets that threaten maneuver elements adjacent units, battery fire direction of the supported brigade; e.g., antitank officers (FDO), and any other targeting guided missile (ATOM) positions, information source. He works closely observation posts (OP), and artillery with the supported unit intelligence units. General support (GS) and general officer to provide the best target support reinforcing (GSR) battalions are acquisition support for the operation.
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