L'ultima Frontiera

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L'ultima Frontiera DOSSIER Il movimento noto con il nome di QAnon sembra segnare un passo avanti nel cospirazionismo globale, con tratti che lo rendono più pervasivo e pericoloso che mai L’ultima frontiera di GIOVANNI SABATO lcuni, come Jake Angeli, il fa- moso «sciamano mascherato» A dell’assalto a Capitol Hill, sono estremisti conclamati da anni. Da altri proprio non te lo saresti aspettato. Fino a poco prima erano terrapiattisti o seguaci di altre tesi strampalate, che mai avreb- bero parlato di una loggia globale di sata- nisti pedofili da sgominare con le armi. O erano militanti di sinistra, o attivisti per i diritti civili o per il clima. Come Lenka Perron, che si è raccontata al «New York Times»: sindacalista per decenni e attivi- sta del partito democratico, infatuata da QAnon dopo le delusioni datele dalla si- nistra, e fuoriuscitane da poco. QAnon, il movimento che vede gran parte dei personaggi famosi al mon- do come una setta satanista che cospira per dominare il pianeta (si veda il box a p. 36), sembra segnare una nuova frontie- ra del cospirazionismo globale, con trat- ti che lo rendono più pervasivo e più pe- ricoloso che mai. Per vari motivi. Lo sciamano IL CONTAGIO di Capitol Hill Con la faccia Una teoria del complotto tira l’altra, dipinta dei colori ma una prima particolarità di QAnon è della bandiera la sua grande efficacia nell’inghiottire americana e il altri movimenti e farne parte di sé. Con copricapo da i suoi post aperti a mille interpretazio- vichingo, Jake ni, QAnon è ancor più elastico e pron- Angeli – teorico to a diramarsi in mille sottogruppi dedi- delle cospirazioni ti a cospirazioni diverse. Così, aiutato dai e seguace meccanismi dei social, coinvolge i so- di QAnon – è stenitori di altre cause, ne assimila le te- diventato il simbolo si (dando una vena cospiratoria anche a dell’attacco al Win McNamee/Getty Images Win McNamee/Getty quelle che non lo erano), e li ingloba nel- Campidoglio. 32 aprile 2021 mind 33 DOSSIER la propria rete a formare una variegata tori migrano verso un’altra più fresca e cosmogonia complottista. «Fa come da attraente. Molti terrapiattisti, per esem- colla che unisce teorie all’apparenza sle- pio, si sono spostati su QAnon; maga- gate – ha detto Michael Shermer, della ri alla terra piatta ci credono ancora, ma Chapman University, in California – ap- ora le danno poco peso». propriandosi di temi che spaziano dai vaccini al Covid-19, dai vampiri ai com- L’ETÀ DELL’ORO plotti ebraici o del Vaticano, dal Deep State alla sostituzione etnica». Alcuni ritengono che fra i «fatti al- E si espande a livello geografico, af- ternativi» di Trump, i social network, le fermandosi anche in Europa, specie in evoluzioni sociali degli ultimi decenni e Francia e in Germania. In entrambi i pae- la nuova emergenza sanitaria ed econo- si è comparso nel 2018, partendo dal- mica stiamo vivendo un’età dell’oro del- la narrazione originaria, ma poi l’ha ria- le teorie cospiratorie. Ma affermazioni dattata ai temi locali, crescendo e radica- simili si fanno da decenni (si veda l’arti- lizzandosi durante i lockdown del 2020. colo a p. 24). Un’analisi delle lettere dei In Germania fin dagli inizi si è sviluppato lettori al «New York Times» mostra ti- nell’ambito dell’estrema destra xenofoba mori di cospirazioni che durano da ol- e antisemita, dipingendo Angela Merkel tre un secolo, e un’analoga età dell’oro alla stregua dei democratici statunitensi, del cospirazionismo è stata vista di volta come una satanista manovrata dal Deep in volta nella Guerra Fredda, nella prima State, figlia biologica di Hitler. Nel 2020 metà del Novecento, e via dicendo. un suo membro ha ucciso 10 persone in Molti sospettano per esempio che og- due locali etnici, e ad agosto QAnon è sta- gi la società più globalizzata, diseguale, to tra i promotori di una manifestazione insicura, con il suo clima d’incertezza anti lockdown in cui alcuni hanno tenta- aiuti le idee cospiratorie ad attecchire. to di irrompere nel Parlamento. «È possibile, ma non abbiamo dati di Anche in Francia, dove agli inizi QA- lungo periodo e quindi non lo sappia- non ha attecchito nel movimento dei mo», dice Mancosu. «Dopo una serie di gilè gialli, si è poi radicalizzata conver- Il simbolo lavori non empirici negli anni sessan- gendo con l’estrema destra. Per loro an- del complotto ta, gli psicologi sociali sono tornati a stu- che Emmanuel Macron è un satanista, Un raduno diare questi temi soltanto nel decennio mentre tra chi li combatte, insieme a dell’allora scorso. Senza dubbio abbiamo tutti bi- Trump, compare il presidente russo Vla- presidente degli sogno di una narrazione e di un sistema dimir Putin. In Italia il movimento sem- Stati Uniti Donald di riferimento etico, e in loro assenza è bra per ora più contenuto, ma comun- Trump nell’estate probabile che il cospirazionismo abbia que presente. del 2018 in una carta in più da giocare. Ma non pos- Pennsylvania. La siamo dire se davvero sia cresciuto nei IL RITORNO DI IDEE ANTICHE «Q» di Qanon è numeri. Senz’altro è diventato più vi- stata spesso esibita sibile, più interconnesso, e ha sponde Molte idee portanti di QAnon, del re- dai suoi sostenitori. politiche un tempo impensabili che gli sto, sono a loro volta una versione rive- danno legittimità. E tutto ciò a volte può duta e corretta di tesi cospirazioniste di renderlo più pericoloso». vecchia data. L’idea di élite di buratti- nai che controllano le banche e i media secondo cui gli ebrei facevano lo stesso storie di streghe rinascimentali. E, come finitiva è sempre quella: pochi potenti I NUOVI CONNOTATI ricalca stantii luoghi comuni antisemi- con i bambini cristiani. queste, tante idee cospirazioniste sono cospirano nell’ombra a danno del popo- ti, osserva su «Skeptic» il saggista Daniel La congrega satanica mondiale im- un continuo ricircolo in chiave aggior- lo. E, appunto perché preesistenti, ri- Anche se forse non è più diffuso, mol- Loxton, riecheggiando i famigerati Pro- maginata da QAnon richiama poi le im- nata di paure e fantasie del passato. chiamano idee che abbiamo già in testa. ti temono infatti che il cospirazionismo tocolli dei Savi di Sion, che a inizio No- maginarie sette sataniche che negli anni «Le teorie del complotto offrono una Quindi si prestano bene al riutilizzo», di- QAnon coinvolge i sostenitori attuale stia però cambiando connotati, vecento denunciavano il piano segreto ottanta hanno inquietato gli Stati Uniti, soluzione immediata, semplice e assolu- ce Moreno Mancosu, ricercatore in so- di altre cause, ne assimila le divenendo forse più pericoloso per l’or- ebraico per dominare il mondo. Anche con conseguenze pesanti per le persone toria a problemi complessi: i nostri guai ciologia dei fenomeni politici all’Univer- tesi e li ingloba nella propria dine democratico. l’idea di sette segrete che uccidono ri- falsamente accusate di abusi sui bambi- sono colpa di un nemico quasi invinci- sità di Torino. «Poi i dati mostrano che Secondo Kevin Roose, editorialista tualmente i bambini e li mangiano rical- ni. Una fantasia mutuata da film horror bile. Le storie preesistenti offrono già c’è un trasferimento di salienza: se una rete a formare una variegata di tecnologia al «New York Times», pur ca la «calunnia del sangue» medievale, di poco precedenti, ispirati a loro volta a questo genere di narrazione, che in de- Images Rick Loomis/Stringer/Getty cospirazione perde rilevanza, i suoi fau- cosmogonia complottista riciclando vecchie idee QAnon è però 34 aprile 2021 mind 35 DOSSIER Genesi di un complotto QAnon è una teoria cospiratoria estremamente intricata, che riservate sui complotti della Cabal e sulla lotta di Trump l Molti video e podcast di QAnon hanno pubblicità l Ma i membri di QAnon si sono «risvegliati» (hanno «preso negli anni è cresciuta assorbendone tante altre e generando contro di essa. sponsorizzate, per esempio di torce d’emergenza per la pillola rossa», con un richiamo al film Matrix, il cui la tanti sottorami. L’idea di base condivisa è che innumerevoli l Chi sia Q non lo sa nessuno; secondo alcuni è una sola sopravvivere agli sconvolgimenti attesi quando inizierà la pillola rossa rivela al protagonista la vera natura del mondo personaggi pubblici al mondo sono parte di una congrega persona, secondo altri è un gruppo, o una serie di persone guerra aperta alla Cabal. illusorio in cui vive). Ora quindi sanno la verità, e hanno delle élite globali, la «Cabal», che cospira per prendere succedutesi nel tempo. l Nel 2018 «Time» ha dichiarato Q una delle 25 persone più una prospettiva rassicurante: i malvagi saranno finalmente il controllo degli Stati Uniti e del mondo annientando la l Quando nel 2020 «4chan» è stato chiuso, Q ha continuato influenti sul Web. annientati. democrazia. I più credono che la congrega sia dedita alla su altri siti, prima «8chan» e poi «8kun». l Nel 2019 un libro scritto da alcuni membri (QAnon: An l Q pronostica un evento apocalittico, «The Storm» (la pedofilia e al satanismo e uccida i bambini in sacrifici rituali, l Q ha fatto molte previsioni su eventi quali arresti di massa Invitation to a Great Awakening) è giunto al secondo posto tempesta) o il «Great Awakening» (grande risveglio), in cui per mangiarli e per ricavare dal loro sangue un elisir di dei cospiratori, rapporti che li smascherano, o vittorie tra i più venduti su Amazon negli Stati Uniti. Trump rivelerà la verità e farà arrestare tutti i malvagi. Trump giovinezza, l’adrenocromo (una sostanza che esiste davvero, elettorali dei repubblicani, regolarmente smentite dai fatti. l Nel 2020 Marjorie Taylor Greene, sostenitrice di QAnon, è è stato chiamato alla presidenza proprio a questo scopo ma non ha di queste proprietà).
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