Contraception Pearls for Practice
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A History of Birth Control Methods
Report Published by the Katharine Dexter McCormick Library and the Education Division of Planned Parenthood Federation of America 434 West 33rd Street, New York, NY 10001 212-261-4716 www.plannedparenthood.org Current as of January 2012 A History of Birth Control Methods Contemporary studies show that, out of a list of eight somewhat effective — though not always safe or reasons for having sex, having a baby is the least practical (Riddle, 1992). frequent motivator for most people (Hill, 1997). This seems to have been true for all people at all times. Planned Parenthood is very proud of the historical Ever since the dawn of history, women and men role it continues to play in making safe and effective have wanted to be able to decide when and whether family planning available to women and men around to have a child. Contraceptives have been used in the world — from 1916, when Margaret Sanger one form or another for thousands of years opened the first birth control clinic in America; to throughout human history and even prehistory. In 1950, when Planned Parenthood underwrote the fact, family planning has always been widely initial search for a superlative oral contraceptive; to practiced, even in societies dominated by social, 1965, when Planned Parenthood of Connecticut won political, or religious codes that require people to “be the U.S. Supreme Court victory, Griswold v. fruitful and multiply” — from the era of Pericles in Connecticut (1965), that finally and completely rolled ancient Athens to that of Pope Benedict XVI, today back state and local laws that had outlawed the use (Blundell, 1995; Himes, 1963; Pomeroy, 1975; Wills, of contraception by married couples; to today, when 2000). -
Birth Control Method Options Should Understand the Range and Characteristics of Available Methods
Birth Control FPNTC FAMILY PLANNING Method Options NATIONAL TRAINING CENTER Clients considering their birth control method options should understand the range and characteristics of available methods. Providers can use this chart to help explain the options. Clients should also be counseled about the benefits of delaying sexual activity and reducing risk of STDs by limiting the number of partners and consistently using condoms. What is the How do you How What are Are there Other METHOD risk for use this often is this menstrual side possible side things to pregnancy?* method? used? effects? effects? consider? FEMALE .5 out of 100 STERILIZATION Surgical No menstrual Pain, bleeding, Once Permanent procedure side effects risk of infection MALE .15 out of 100 STERILIZATION Spotting, lighter No estrogen EFFECTIVE .2 out of 100 Up to 6 years LNG IUD or no periods May reduce cramps Placed inside uterus MOST May cause Some pain with No hormones COPPER IUD .8 out of 100 Up to 10 years heavier periods placement May cause cramps No estrogen Placed in Spotting, lighter .05 out of 100 Up to 3 years IMPLANT upper arm or no periods May reduce cramps Shot in arm, Every Spotting, lighter May cause No estrogen 4 out of 100 hip, or under INJECTABLES 3 months or no periods weight gain the skin May reduce cramps Every day at PILL 8 out of 100 Take by mouth May improve acne the same time Can cause EFFECTIVE Nausea, breast May reduce spotting for the tenderness menstrual cramps 9 out of 100 Put on skin Weekly first few months PATCH Risk for VTE Periods may (venous -
Njm Vol 15.4 Final Correction
REVIEW ARTICLE Current Concepts in Contraception A. M. Abasiattai MBBCH, FWACS Department of Obstetrics/Gynaecology, University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo, Nigeria ABSTRACT Background: Worldwide, contraceptive use has expensive contraceptives that are easier to deliver and increased substantially over the past two decades. The cause fewer side effects than currently available increased demand for wider choices of contraceptive options4. This article thus focuses on recent methods has resulted in extensive research and developments of existing contraceptive methods and rigorous clinical trials. This has led to improvements on also reviews recently developed methods currently in existing contraceptive methods and also the use worldwide. development of several new, more effective and acceptable methods with fewer side effects. Thus, this HORMONAL METHODS article presents a review of existing literature on recent Combined Oral Contraceptives (COCs) developments on existing contraceptive methods. It These are tablets that contain a combination of also reviews recently developed contraceptive methods oestrogen and progestin and are taken daily. Though currently in use worldwide. they act primarily by suppressing ovulation, they also Methods: Relevant literature was reviewed using thicken cervical mucus thus making it impervious to manual library search, electronic sources such as CD- sperm and alter the uterine endometrium 5,6. They are ROMS and internet articles. safe, very effective when used consistently and Conclusion: More effective methods of contraception accurately with a failure rate of 0.1 in 100 pregnancies in which are generally safer and easier to administer are the first year of use 6. Currently, the development of low increasingly being developed. Hopefully, as they dose formulations has led to a reduction in the side increasingly become available in our environment, they effects of COCs including venous thrombosis and will lead to and increase in acceptance and use of myocardial infarction 6,7. -
Breastfeeding and Birth Control
Breastfeeding and Birth Control Is it okay for How long does breastfeeding Does it it last or how Does it patients? prevent Birth Control Method and Effectiveness How is it often should it contain How soon can HIV/ at Preventing Pregnancy obtained? be taken? hormones? it be used? STDs? Other considerations? Methods that require a health care provider for insertion or prescription Implant Inserted by Lasts up to Yes Yes; can be used No • A health care provider must remove Small plastic rod that contains a a health care three years the same day as the implant. progestin-only hormone that is provider delivery • The patient may not get a period. inserted under the skin of the arm • Milk supply may decrease and the patient 99% effective may need additional lactation support. IUD, Copper Inserted by Lasts up to 10 No Yes; can be used No • A health care provider must remove A small plastic and copper device a health care years immediately after the IUD. that is inserted inside the uterus provider or at least one • For this method to be inserted at delivery, 99% effective month after delivery the patient will need to be counseled as a part of her prenatal care. IUD, Hormonal Inserted by Lasts between Yes Yes; can be used No • A health care provider must remove the IUD. A small plastic device containing a health care three and five immediately after • For this method to be inserted at delivery, a progestin-only hormone that provider years or at least one the patient will need to be counseled as is inserted inside the uterus month after delivery a part of her prenatal care. -
Contraception
Contraception The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada sexandu.ca Introduction Contraception Contraception, also known as birth control, is used In this section, we review the methods that are available to prevent pregnancy. There are many different birth to help you understand the options and help you narrow control methods to help you and your partner prevent an down the choices. You can always talk over your choices unplanned pregnancy. You may be starting with a pretty with your health care provider. good idea of what you are looking for, or you may not be sure where to start – or which method to choose. *These summaries are for information purposes only and are incomplete. When considering contraception, patients should review all potential risks and benefits on a medicine, device or procedure with their health care providers prior to selecting the option that is most appropriate for their needs. Topics Covered Emergency Contraception Hormonal Contraception Oral Contraceptive Pill Contraceptive Patch Vaginal Ring Intrauterine Contraception (IUC) Injectable Contraception Non-Hormonal Contraception Male Condom Female Condom Sponge Cervical Cap Diaphragm Spermicides Vasectomy Tubal Ligation & Tubal Occlusion Intrauterine Contraception (IUC) Natural Methods Fertility-Awareness Based Methods Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM) Withdrawal (Coitus interruptus) Abstinence sexandu.ca Emergency Contraception Emergency Contraception Emergency contraception is not to be used as a regular method of birth control but, if needed, it can help prevent unplanned pregnancies. If you have had unprotected sex and you already know that you do not want to get pregnant, emergency contraception can help prevent unplanned pregnancies if used as soon as possible. -
National Health Statistics Reports, Number 104, June 22, 2017
National Health Statistics Reports Number 104 June 22, 2017 Sexual Activity and Contraceptive Use Among Teenagers in the United States, 2011–2015 by Joyce C. Abma, Ph.D., and Gladys M. Martinez, Ph.D., Division of Vital Statistics Abstract Introduction Objective—This report presents national estimates of sexual activity and Monitoring sexual activity and contraceptive use among males and females aged 15–19 in the United States in contraceptive use among teenagers 2011–2015, based on data from the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). For is important because of the health, selected indicators, data are also presented from the 1988, 1995, 2002, and 2006–2010 economic, and social costs of pregnancy NSFGs, and from the 1988 and 1995 National Survey of Adolescent Males, which was and childbearing among the teen conducted by the Urban Institute. population (1,2). Although teen Methods—NSFG data were collected through in-person interviews with nationally pregnancy and birth rates have been representative samples of men and women aged 15–44 in the household population of declining since the early 1990s and the United States. NSFG 2011–2015 interviews were conducted between September reached historic lows at 22.3 per 1,000 2011 and September 2015 with 20,621 men and women, including 4,134 teenagers females aged 15–19 in 2015 (3), U.S. (2,047 females and 2,087 males). The response rate was 72.5% for male teenagers and rates are still higher than those in other 73.0% for female teenagers. developed countries. For example, Results—In 2011–2015, 42.4% of never-married female teenagers (4.0 million) in 2011, the teen birth rate in Canada and 44.2% of never-married male teenagers (4.4 million) had had sexual intercourse was 13 per 1,000 females aged 15–19, at least once by the time of the interview (were sexually experienced). -
Copper Intrauterine Device (IUD)
Copper Intrauterine Device (IUD) What is it? An IUD is a small, flexible device which is inserted into the uterus by a health professional to prevent pregnancy. The copper IUD is a plastic frame with copper bands and/or wire. It has fine threads which extend through the cervix into the vagina. Once inserted, IUDs are not usually noticeable to you or your partner/s. How does it work? The copper IUD prevents pregnancy by: Quick Facts • affecting sperm movement so they cannot move through the uterus • affecting egg movement, and in the rare instance of an egg being A long-acting reversible fertilised, preventing the egg from attaching to the lining of the uterus. contraception (LARC). One of the most effective How effective is it? methods of contraception The copper IUD is more than 99% effective at preventing pregnancy and can last for 5-10 years (depending on the type). Copper IUDs inserted in available in Australia. people over 40 can be left until after menopause. Method Copper IUDs can also be used as a very effective form of emergency Non hormonal contraception, up to five days after unprotected sex or up to day 12 of your menstrual cycle. Contact the Sexual Health Helpline for more Effectiveness information. More than 99% Who can use it? Return to Fertility A health professional will take a detailed medical history and pelvic No delay examination to ensure that an IUD is suitable for you. Availability Copper IUDs are suitable for those who: Simple insertion and • are looking for very effective and reliable long-term contraception removal by a health • cannot tolerate hormones due to side effects or other medical conditions professional. -
Plan C: Copper IUD As Emergency Contraception IMPLEMENTATION TOOLKIT for Administrators and Clinicians
Plan C: Copper IUD as Emergency Contraception IMPLEMENTATION TOOLKIT for Administrators and Clinicians March 2016 Developed by TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1: OVERVIEW ● Introduction Page 1 ● Background Page 2 ● Who It’s For Page 3 ● How to Use It Page 4 ● Additional Considerations Page 5 SECTION 2: ADMINISTRATIVE ● Pre-Implementation Tools Page 6 1.1 Overview: Plan C 1.2 Checklist: Pre-Implementation 1.3 Staff Buy-in 1.4 Checklist: Policies and Procedures 1.5 Sample: Policies and Procedures 1.6 Marketing Plan C 1.7 Sample: Data Collection Tool SECTION 3: CLINICAL ● Implementation Tools Page 21 2.1 The Facts: The Copper-T as Plan C 2.2 Sample: EC Screening Questionnaire 2.3 Triage Scripts 2.4 Contraceptive Counseling 2.5 Eligibility Flowchart: Plan C 2.6 Checklist: Exam Room Preparation 2.7 Checklist: Client-Centered Approach 2.8 Fact Sheet: Copper IUD Aftercare 2.9 Side Effects Management: Steps in the Delivery of Care 2.10 Side Effects Management: Messages, Assessment & Treatment SECTION 4: ADDITIONAL RESOURCES ● Client Education Material: F.A.Q.’s Page 40 ● Client Education Material: EC Chart Page 42 SECTION 5: REFERENCES Page 44 OVERVIEW Introduction The New York State Center of Excellence for Family Planning and Reproductive Health Services (NYS COE) developed this toolkit to support agencies that receive Title X family planning funding through the New York State Department of Health (NYS DOH) Comprehensive Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care Services Program – as well as other sexual and reproductive health service providers – to implement Plan C: Copper IUD as Emergency Contraception (Plan C). -
U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2010
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report www.cdc.gov/mmwr Early Release May 28, 2010 / Vol. 59 U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2010 Adapted from the World Health Organization Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 4th edition department of health and human services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Early Release CONTENTS The MMWR series of publications is published by the Office of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Introduction .............................................................................. 1 Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), U.S. Department of Health Methods ................................................................................... 2 and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30333. How to Use This Document ......................................................... 3 Suggested Citation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [Title]. MMWR Early Release 2010;59[Date]:[inclusive page numbers]. Using the Categories in Practice ............................................... 3 Recommendations for Use of Contraceptive Methods ................. 4 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Contraceptive Method Choice .................................................. 4 Thomas R. Frieden, MD, MPH Director Contraceptive Method Effectiveness .......................................... 4 Peter A. Briss, MD, MPH Unintended Pregnancy and Increased Health Risk ..................... 4 Acting Associate Director for Science Keeping Guidance Up to Date ................................................... -
Birth Control
Call 311 for Women’s Healthline Free, confidential information and referrals Birth Control New York City Human Resources Administration Infoline Or visit www.nyc.gov/html/hra/pdf/medicaid-offices.pdf What’s Right for You? Information on public health insurance (including Medicaid) for family planning services Other Resources Planned Parenthood of New York City 212-965-7000 or 1-800-230-PLAN (1-800-230-7526) www.ppnyc.org National Women’s Information Center 1-800-994-WOMAN (1-800-994-9662) www.4woman.gov National Family Planning Reproductive Health Association www.nfprha.org Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States www.siecus.org TAKE CONTROL The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene Michael R. Bloomberg, Mayor Thomas R. Frieden, M.D., M.P.H., Commissioner nyc.gov/health Contents Why Use Birth Control?................................................. 2 Non-Hormonal Methods Male Condoms............................................................. 4 Female Condoms........................................................... 5 Diaphragms and Cervical Caps............................................. 6 Spermicides................................................................ 7 Copper IUDs (Intrauterine Devices)........................................ 8 Fertility Awareness and Periodic Abstinence............................... 9 Hormonal Methods Birth Control Pills (Oral Contraceptives)...................................10 The Birth Control Patch....................................................12 Vaginal -
Long-Term Safety and Effectiveness of Copper-Releasing Intrauterine Devices: a Case-Study
WHO/RHR/HRP/08.08 UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/WORLD BANK Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP) Long-term safety and effectiveness of copper-releasing intrauterine devices: a case-study Reviewer Roberto Rivera Kissimmee, FL, USA With assistance from William Winfrey Futures Institute, Glastonbury, CT, USA for the economic analysis UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP). External evaluation 2003–2007; Long-term safety and effectiveness of copper-releasing intrauterine devices: a case-study. © World Health Organization 2008 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; e-mail: [email protected]). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. -
The Benefits of Birth Control in America ━ Getting the Facts Straight
The Benefits of Birth Control in America ━ Getting the Facts Straight By Kelleen Kaye, Jennifer Appleton Gootman, Alison Stewart Ng, and Cara Finley Getting the Facts Straight • 1 National Campaign Board of Directors Forrest Alton Thomas H. Kean Chief Executive Officer Chairman South Carolina Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy The Carnegie Corporation of New York Chief Executive Officer Robert Wm. Blum, M.D., M.P.H, Ph.D. THK Consulting William H. Gates, Sr. Professor and Chair Department of Population, Family & Reproductive Health Jody Greenstone Miller Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health President and CEO The Business Talent Group Linda Chavez Chairman Bruce Rosenblum The Center for Equal Opportunity President Television and Digital Media of Legendary Vanessa Cullins, M.D., M.P.H., M.B.A. Entertainment Chairmen Vice President for Medical Affairs Chief Executive Officer Planned Parenthood Federation of America Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Susanne Daniels Victoria P. Sant President, Programming President MTV The Summit Foundation Amanda Deaver Isabel V. Sawhill, Ph.D. Partner Senior Fellow, Economic Studies Prism Public Affairs The Brookings Institution Mark Edwards Matthew Stagner, Ph.D. Executive Director Senior Fellow Opportunity Nation Director of Human Services Ira Fishman Mathematica Policy Research Managing Director Mary C. Tydings NFL Players Association Managing Director William Galston, Ph.D. Russell Reynolds Associates Senior Fellow, Governance Studies Stephen A. Weiswasser The Brookings Institution Partner