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Reducing Poverty Through Investments in Agricultural Water Management

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Reducing Poverty Through Investments in Agricultural Water Management WORKING PAPER 101 Reducing Poverty through Investments in Agricultural Water Management Poverty and Gender Issues and Synthesis of Sub-Saharan Africa Case Study Reports Barbara van Koppen, Regassa Namara and Constantina Safilios-Rothschild International Water Management Institute Working Paper 101 Reducing Poverty through Investments in Agricultural Water Management Part One Poverty and Gender Issues Barbara van Koppen Constantina Safilios-Rothschild Part Two Synthesis of Sub-Saharan Africa Case Study Reports Regassa Namara Final Report Submitted by International Water Management Institute August 2005 IWMI receives its principal funding from 58 governments, private foundations and international and regional organizations known as the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). Support is also given by the Governments of Ghana, Pakistan, South Africa, Sri Lanka and Thailand. This Report has been produced as part of the Executing Agency Agreement between the African Development Bank and the International Water Management Institute for implementation of the Collaborative Program on “Investments in Agricultural Water Management in Sub Saharan Africa: Diagnosis of Trends and Opportunities.” Van Koppen, B; Namara, R.; Safilios-Rothschild. 2005. Reducing poverty through investments in agricultural water management. Part 1. Poverty and gender issues. Part 2. Synthesis of Sub-Saharan Africa case study reports by Peacock, Omilola and Kamara et al. Colombo, Sri Lanka: IWMI. xii, 71p. (Working paper 101) / irrigation / poverty / water management / investments / water development / productivity / cropping systems / gender / labor / economic growth / land productivity / Africa South of Sahara / ISBN 92-9090-615-4 Copyright © 2005, by IWMI. All rights reserved. Please direct inquiries and comments to: [email protected] ii Table of Contents Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ iv List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. v List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................................ vi Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ vii Summary ................................................................................................................................ ix Resume .............................................................................................................................. xiii 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 3 2. Agriculture as Engine of Economic Growth and Broad-based Poverty Reduction: The Role of Water..................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Agriculture as engine of economic growth ................................................................... 3 2.2 Irrigation for agricultural growth and poverty reduction ............................................. 5 3. Targeting Agricultural Investments for Productivity, Poverty Reduction, and Gender Equity ........................................................................................................................... 6 3.1 Rational for productivity enhancement through poverty reduction .............................. 6 3.2 Gender and productivity ................................................................................................ 7 3.3 Defining ‘poverty’ for designing and monitoring targeted interventions ...................... 9 4. Transforming Government as Key Investor in Agricultural Water Development and Management ............................................................... 12 4.1 The government as the key investor in water infrastructure ...................................... 12 4.2 Emerging principles for pro-poor local investments in water..................................... 13 4.3 Integrating water development and regulatory functions of government.................... 14 5. Conclusions and Recommendations ........................................................................................ 17 Part Two Synthesis of sub-Saharan African Case Study Reports by Peacock, Omilola, and Kamara et al. ..................................................................................... 19 1. Background ............................................................................................................................. 21 2. Methodology............................................................................................................................ 22 3. The Incidence and Severity of Poverty in the sub-Saharan Region: A Comparative Analysis ......................................................................................................... 24 iii 4. Water Resources Endowment and Level of Investment in Agricultural Water Management in sub-Saharan Africa ............................................................................................................. 26 5. Case Studies from East and South Africa .............................................................................. 28 5.1 Irrigation investment projects ...................................................................................... 28 5.2 Alternative agricultural water development: Indigenous or introduced technologies ................................................................................................ 41 5.3 Treadle pumps ............................................................................................................. 43 6. Case Studies from West Africa............................................................................................... 46 6.1 Nigeria case study: Low cost petrol pumps for Fadama development....................... 46 6.2 Niger case study: Treadle pump promotion project .................................................... 52 6.3 Ghana case study: Development of irrigated horticulture through utilization of the SOKA treadle pumps ....................................................................... 54 7. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 59 8. Recommendations.................................................................................................................... 60 References ............................................................................................................................... 61 List of Tables Table 1. Changes in the incidence and severity of poverty ....................................................... 25 Table 2. Changes in the incidence and severity of poverty across geographic regions of Africa ........................................................................................................................... 25 Table 3. Water resources and its level of utilization ................................................................. 26 Table 4. Case study investment projects and external financiers.............................................. 29 Table 5. Intended water development and related activities of case study projects ................. 31 Table 6. Targeting intentions for case study projects and subprojects ..................................... 31 Table 7. Examples of irrigators’ criteria and socio-economic stratification of scheme membership ..................................................................................................... 32 Table 8. Cropping patterns and intensities without and with-project ....................................... 33 Table 9. Typical actual paddy yields achieved at rice schemes ................................................ 34 Table 10. Summary of typical household members’ income without and with-project at case study rice projects (mid-2003 USD/household member/day) ......................... 36 iv Table 11. Summary of typical household members’ income without and with-project at case study non-Rice projects in Zimbabwe (mid-2003 USD/household member/day) .................................................................... 36 Table 12. Whole farm cereal and tuber balance at case study rice projects without and with-project .............................................................................................. 37 Table 13. Whole farm cereal balance at case study non-rice projects without and with-project in Zimbabwe ....................................................................... 37 Table 14. Changes in wealth indicators at representative upgraded SDPMA schemes, PIDP, Tanzania ...................................... 38 Table 15. Examples of indigenous or introduced soil and water management technologies ...... 41 Table 16. Overview of cost effectiveness of selected agricultural water development alternatives .................................................. 42 Table 17. Comparative features of super money maker and money maker plus pumps in Kenya ............................................................................ 43 Table 18. Other household
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