DOCSLIB.ORG

Dell Is Exploring the Use of Coreboot, at Least Internally Fedora 26 Alpha Faces Another Delay Written by Michael Larabel in Coreboot on 23 March 2017 at 08:46 AM EDT

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Dell Is Exploring the Use of Coreboot, at Least Internally Fedora 26 Alpha Faces Another Delay Written by Michael Larabel in Coreboot on 23 March 2017 at 08:46 AM EDT ARTICLES & REVIEWS NEWS ARCHIVE FORUMS PREMIUM CATEGORIES Search Latest Linux News Ubuntu 17.04 Final Beta Released AMD Open-Sources Vulkan "Anvil" CrossOver 16.2 Released, Supports Microsoft Outlook 2013 On Linux Dell Is Exploring The Use Of Coreboot, At Least Internally Fedora 26 Alpha Faces Another Delay Written by Michael Larabel in Coreboot on 23 March 2017 at 08:46 AM EDT. 14 Comments Intel Has More P-State Changes Coming For Dell appears to be using Coreboot on some of their modern Intel Atom Linux 4.12 motherboards paired with the Intel FSP and TianoCore. Qt 5.9 Beta Snapshot Released, Boasts Shader Binary Cache An email sent by a Dell developer onto a public mailing list began with the Dell Is Exploring The Use Of Coreboot, At marking, "Dell - Internal Use - Confidential." In there he comments on Dell Least Internally using Coreboot, "We are using the coreboot project with Intel fsp to boot the Mir's Abstraction Layer Now Has Cut & Intel Rangeley based Mohonpeak CPU. We have built the Tianocore EDK2 project and used it Paste Support (MirAL) as the payload to bring UEFI services to this bootloader." Libinput 1.7 Released With Support For Lid The developer went on to ask a question to Coreboot developers about booting multiple Switches, Scroll Wheel Improvements UEFI operating systems when Coreboot is running on the board. 17 Fresh AMDGPU DC Patches Posted Today Mohon Peak is the Intel codename for Atom C2000 series processors, for newer Atom-based x86 servers. These Rangeley CPUs have been around for a few years now, based on the older 22nm process. But still that's a more appealing platform than many of the even-older Intel/AMD platforms where Coreboot/Libreboot is commonly used. The message was posted to the public Coreboot mailing list. It will be interesting to see if Dell ends up releasing systems/motherboards making use of Coreboot. But keep in mind, this would likely be for their server/workstation products where there would be greater demand rather than in consumer products. And their current usage of Coreboot at least with this Rangeley/Mohonpeak is an older Intel platform. Lastly, they are still making use of the Intel FSP (Firmware Support Package) and thus isn't a libre system with still mixing binary blobs with Coreboot. Nevertheless, it will be interesting to see what comes of this. 14 Comments Tweet Like Share 14 Latest Featured Articles Trying Out Unity 8 + Mir On Ubuntu 17.04 Serious Sam Fusion 2017 Is Working Out About The Author Well For RADV Vulkan This Week's Mesa 17.1-dev + Linux 4.11 Michael Larabel is the principal author of Phoronix.com and founded the site in 2004 Radeon Performance vs. NVIDIA with a focus on enriching the Linux hardware experience. Michael has written more than How The RadeonSI OpenGL Performance 10,000 articles covering the state of Linux hardware support, Linux performance, Has Evolved From Mesa 11.1 To Mesa 17.1 graphics drivers, and other topics. Michael is also the lead developer of the Phoronix Git Test Suite, Phoromatic, and OpenBenchmarking.org automated benchmarking software. He can be followed via Twitter or contacted via MichaelLarabel.com. Benchmarks Of Many ARM Boards From The Raspberry Pi To NVIDIA Jetson TX2 Related Coreboot News Popular News Purism's Librem 13 Coreboot Port Now "100%" Hammering The AMD Ryzen 7 1800X With An Complete Intense, Threaded Workload Raptor Engineering Hopes To Bring OpenBMC To AMD Sends Out 100 Patches, Enabling Vega An ASUS Motherboard Support In AMDGPU DRM Intel Leafhill & ThinkPad L520 Added To Coreboot Longtime Ubuntu Contributor, Cloud Liaison Leaving Canonical Librecore: Aiming To Be A Better Libre Spin Of Coreboot Kodi Is Getting A Proper Netflix Plugin Google "Poppy" Kabylake Board Added To Mozilla Proposes "Obsidian" Low-Level Graphics Coreboot API For The Web, Based On Vulkan 100% Of The 289 Coreboot Images Are Now Built Guetzli: Google Rolls Out A New JPEG Encoder Reproducible Support Phoronix The mission at Phoronix since 2004 has centered around enriching the Linux hardware experience. In addition to supporting our site through advertisements, you can help by subscribing to Phoronix Premium. You can also use our Amazon.com or NewEgg.com shopping links when making online purchases or contribute to Phoronix through a PayPal tip. Phoronix Media Phoronix Premium Share Legal Disclaimer | Contact | Cookie Policy Copyright © 2004 - 2017 by Phoronix Media. Phoronix Test Suite Support Phoronix Facebook All trademarks used are properties of their OpenBenchmarking.org While Having Ad-Free Browsing, Twitter respective owners. All rights reserved. Phoromatic Single-Page Article Viewing Google Plus LinuxBenchmarking.com.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Coreboot - the Free firmware
    coreboot - the free firmware Linux Club of Peking University April 9th, 2016 . Linux Club of Peking University coreboot - the free firmware April 9th, 2016 1 / 30 1 History 2 Why use coreboot 3 How coreboot works 4 Building and using coreboot 5 Flashing 6 Utilities and Debugging 7 Contribute to coreboot 8 Proprietary Components 9 References . Linux Club of Peking University coreboot - the free firmware April 9th, 2016 2 / 30 History: from LinuxBIOS to coreboot coreboot has a very long history, stretching back more than 15 years to when it was known as LinuxBIOS. While the project has gone through lots of changes over the years, many of the earliest developers still contribute today. Linux Club of Peking University coreboot - the free firmware April 9th, 2016 3 / 30 LinuxBIOS v1: 1999-2000 The coreboot project originally started as LinuxBIOS in 1999 at Los Alamos National Labs (LANL) by Ron Minnich. Ron needed to boot a cluster made up of many x86 mainboards without the hassles that are part of the PC BIOS. The goal was to do minimal hardware initilization in order to boot Linux as fast as possible. Linux already had the drivers and support to initialize the majority of devices. Ron and a number of other key contributors from LANL, Linux NetworkX, and other open source firmware projects successfully booted Linux from flash. From there they were able to discover other nodes in the cluster, load a full kernel and user space, and start the clustering software. Linux Club of Peking University coreboot - the free firmware April 9th, 2016 4 / 30 LinuxBIOS v2: 2000-2005 After the initial success of v1, the design was expanded to support more CPU architectures (x86, Alpha, PPC) and to support developers with increasingly diverse needs.
    [Show full text]
  • Coreboot - the Free Firmware
    coreboot - the free firmware vimacs <https://vimacs.lcpu.club> Linux Club of Peking University May 19th, 2018 . vimacs (LCPU) coreboot - the free firmware May 19th, 2018 1 / 77 License This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. You can find the source code of this presentation at: https://git.wehack.space/coreboot-talk/ . vimacs (LCPU) coreboot - the free firmware May 19th, 2018 2 / 77 Index 1 What is coreboot? History Why use coreboot 2 How coreboot works 3 Building and using coreboot Building Flashing 4 Utilities and Debugging 5 Join the community . vimacs (LCPU) coreboot - the free firmware May 19th, 2018 3 / 77 Index 6 Porting coreboot with autoport ASRock B75 Pro3-M Sandy/Ivy Bridge HP Elitebooks Dell Latitude E6230 7 References . vimacs (LCPU) coreboot - the free firmware May 19th, 2018 4 / 77 1 What is coreboot? History Why use coreboot 2 How coreboot works 3 Building and using coreboot Building Flashing 4 Utilities and Debugging 5 Join the community . vimacs (LCPU) coreboot - the free firmware May 19th, 2018 5 / 77 What is coreboot? coreboot is an extended firmware platform that delivers a lightning fast and secure boot experience on modern computers and embedded systems. As an Open Source project it provides auditability and maximum control over technology. The word ’coreboot’ should always be written in lowercase, even at the start of a sentence. vimacs (LCPU) coreboot - the free firmware May 19th, 2018 6 / 77 History: from LinuxBIOS to coreboot coreboot has a very long history, stretching back more than 18 years to when it was known as LinuxBIOS.
    [Show full text]
  • Licensing & Paradigms
    Licensing & Paradigms System and Network Administration Revision 2 (2020/21) Table of contents ▶ What is FOSS ▶ Intellectual Property What is FOSS What is Free and Open Source Software?… ==> SHOW AND SHARE THE RECIPE ▶ written Free Software ▶ written Open Source alone ▶ written open-source something as an ajective ▶ FOSS to be politically correct with both communities… Who is leading the movement(s)?… ==> A fundamentalist – morality come first Richard Matthew Stallman And a realist – efficiency comes first Eric Steven Raymond Schools of thoughts / Paradigms fundamentalism vs. realism ▶ FSF GNU RMS (socialists) ▶ OSI ESR (elitists) ▶ Linus Torvalds (not into politics) ▶ BSD freaks (anarchists & despots) preliminary note Most known distros Debian / Ubuntu Fedora / Redhat / CentOS All are GNU/Linux Linux -- the kernel GNU -- the userland RMS ▶ ~1980 (27 years old), works at MIT/AI lab ▶ wants to fix the driver of the Xerox printer ▶ software used to be free/open, it was the default ▶ he faced a non-disclosure agreement ▶ GNU’s Not Unix, Sep 1983 – no UNIX(tm) code ▶ wrote Emacs ▶ January 1984, quits MIT/AI lab ▶ FSF, Oct 1985 ▶ talks at parliements ▶ paranoid & activist ▶ refuses any binary blob incl. firmwares ▶ Coreboot is not enough –> Libreboot ▶ what about micro-codes? ▶ against Intel Management Engine “backdoor” ▶ against DRM but not necessarily against TPM Thinkpad X200 with Libreboot Trisquel no binary blob at all (but cpu micro-code) ▶ RMS was right about Intel ME ▶ Ermolov and Maxim Goryachy @Positive Technologies Intel Management Engine https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Management_Engine#Disabling_the_ME https://github.com/corna/me_cleaner Learning curves ESR ▶ likes guns and liberty ▶ The New Hacker’s Dictionary, 1996 ▶ Fetchmail in 1996 ▶ The Cathedral and the Bazaar, Oct 1999 In short ▶ the bazaar is advocated ▶ goes with evolution of SCM and the GIT story Open Source Initiative in 1998 ▶ –> Free Software for business and not for moral terms ▶ Jon “maddog” Hall, Larry Augustin, Eric S.
    [Show full text]
  • Installing Parabola on Libreboot with Full Disk Encryption (Including /Boot)
    Home Packag2e6s00:1F18W:1i2kAi4:C000F:3o7rBu:Am0B6:E9ICs0s:4uDe6s0 talkP forro tjheisc itps addresDs ownllooga idn navigation page discussion view source history Main page Table of Contents Recent changes Random page Installing Parabola on Libreboot with full disk Help encryption (including /boot) search Search i18n Go Search Dansk – Deutsch – English – Esperanto – Español – Euskera – Français – Galego – tools Indonesia – Italiano – Lietuviškai – Magyar – Nederlands – Polski – Português – Română – What links here Slovenský – Suomi – Svenska – Türkçe – Česky – Ελληνικά – Български – Русский – Related changes ไทย – 日本語 – 正體中文 – 简体中文 – 한국어 – ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺑﻳّﺔ – עברית – Special pages Српски – Українська Printable version Permanent link Page information Copyright © 2014, 2015, 2016 Leah Rowe <[email protected]> Copyright © 2015 Jeroen Quint <[email protected]> Copyright © 2016 Albin Söderqvist Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front‐Cover Texts, and no Back‐ Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the page “GNU Free Documentation License”. Libreboot on x86 uses the GRUB payload by default, which means that the GRUB configuration file (where your libreboot GRUB menu comes from) is stored directly alongside libreboot and its GRUB payload executable inside the flash chip. This means that both installing and managing GNU/Linux distributions are handled slightly differently compared to traditional BIOS systems. On most systems, it is necessary to have at least an unencrypted /boot partition (while the others, including root, may be encrypted). This is so that GRUB, and therefore the kernel, can be loaded and executed, because the boot firmware itself can't open a LUKS volume.
    [Show full text]
  • Quadcore with Coreboot / Libreboot on the T500 (Hopefully the T400 As Well)
    QuadCore with Coreboot / Libreboot on the T500 (hopefully the T400 as well) (Translator’s note: Unfortunately, I couldn’t get pdflatex to compile with images, so here’s the link, I’ll put lines in at least so that you can see where each image goes) I tested the quadcore-mod from here first on a T500 mainboard, but back then, the BIOS did me a great disservice, see here and read the paragraph “Why this can’t be done for the T500 and W500” at the end of the first post. Meanwhile, we got Libreboot for the T500, which is basically Coreboot without BLOBs, i.e. CPU microcode. The code differs from coreboot in certain other aspects, however I don’t know exactly. With the ROMs offered for the T500, Quads don’t work either. Finally, I got to actually using a Pandaboard to debug Libreboot’s boot process with a Quad-core installed. The boot process hangs when the third CPU is to be initialized. Looking at the code, I found out that the kconfig data is built to the original specs. In the case of the T500 (which takes the data from the folder for the T400), the maximum count for the CPU is set to two. I changed the count to 4, generated the ROM again, flashed it –> You got quadcore. Because the current Libreboot version doesn’t support screens larger than 1280x800 with the T500, I had to extract the original VGA-BIOS for the Intel graphics from the original Lenovo BIOS and integrate it instead of the “native VGA init” into the ROM.
    [Show full text]
  • The Intel Management Engine: an Attack on Computer Users' Freedom by Denis Gnutoo Carikli
    A statement by FSF President Richard Stallman on the Intel Management Engine (ME): "Meltdown and Spectre are errors. Grave errors, to be sure, but not evidently malicious. Everyone makes mistakes. Intel has done far worse with its CPUs than make a mistake. It has built in an intentional back door called the Management Engine. Important as these bugs are, don©t let Intel©s mistakes distract you from Intel©s deliberate attack!" The Intel Management Engine: an attack on computer users© freedom By Denis GNUtoo Carikli With security issues like the Spectre and Meltdown vulnerabilities (https://www.cnet.com/news/meltdown-spectre-intel-ceo-no-recall-chip-processor/) discovered in Intel chips in early 2018, it became more important than ever to talk about the necessity of software freedom in these deeply embedded technologies. Serious as though these bugs may be, we cannot let them distract us from the broader issues: Intel considers the Intel Management Engine a feature, while it©s nothing more than a threat to user freedom. Thanks to Denis GNUtoo Carikli, we have a new basis for that conversation in this article. The Intel Management Engine is a tool that ships with Intel chipsets, purportedly to ease the job of system administrators. But in reality, it is another restriction on user freedoms, imposed by a company, and used to control your computing. Carikli offers a moderately technical explanation of what©s happening with Management Engine, the ways in which it restricts rather than empowers users, and how it violates the four freedoms of free software. Carikli may be best known for his work on the Replicant project (https://www.replicant.us/), which he co-founded with Aaron Williamson, Bradley Kuhn, and Grazlano Sorbaioli.
    [Show full text]
  • Libreboot – Free Boot Firmware Libreboot Is a Free Boot Firmware for Use on Computers Certified "Respects Your Freedom"
    LibreBoot – Free Boot Firmware LibreBoot is a free boot firmware for use on computers certified "Respects Your Freedom". Most x86 computers are designed to run Windows and come with a non-free BIOS or UEFI firmware that often includes some Malware. Windows itself is malware, and Windows licences are often stored in the BIOS on OEM PCs. For the sake of our freedom we replace Windows with a free distribution of GNU/Linux such as Trisquel (an Ubuntu derivative). But we also have to replace the non-free software that initializes the Hardware with free software. Most hardware vendors do not document how to install a different BIOS, and make it hard to install a different one. But there is coreboot, a free BIOS that can run on some computers. Coreboot contains binary blobs, but some systems can stable run without any blobs. LibreBoot also contains documentation how to install a released version of the coreboot firmware on supported hardware such as some older Thinkpads, and scripts to build the firmware from source, for all supported models. Because newer systems are unable to boot without those blobs, there is no support for newer x86 based computers. For Intel based hardware one challenge is the Management Engine (ME), which is designed for remote out of band management. The firmware for the ME is proprietary and it is impossible to run a free replacement, because it is signed using a secret key. However it is possible to remove the ME firmware on some systems so that it is possible to use them in freedom.
    [Show full text]
  • Libreboot Keynote
    Libreboot Keynote Paul Kocialkowski [email protected] Sunday June 5th 2016 Freedom in Technology Freedom in Technology Computers and Freedom • Desktops • Laptops • Single-board computers • Mobile devices Issues: • Trust in technology privacy/security implications • Control of the devices • Knowledge of the inner-workings, preservation Computers and Freedom Issues Different computer types, form factors: • Single-board computers • Mobile devices Issues: • Trust in technology privacy/security implications • Control of the devices • Knowledge of the inner-workings, preservation Computers and Freedom Issues Different computer types, form factors: • Desktops • Laptops • Mobile devices Issues: • Trust in technology privacy/security implications • Control of the devices • Knowledge of the inner-workings, preservation Computers and Freedom Issues Different computer types, form factors: • Desktops • Laptops • Single-board computers Issues: • Trust in technology privacy/security implications • Control of the devices • Knowledge of the inner-workings, preservation Computers and Freedom Issues Different computer types, form factors: • Desktops • Laptops • Single-board computers • Mobile devices • Trust in technology privacy/security implications • Control of the devices • Knowledge of the inner-workings, preservation Computers and Freedom Issues Different computer types, form factors: • Desktops • Laptops • Single-board computers • Mobile devices Issues: • Control of the devices • Knowledge of the inner-workings, preservation Computers and Freedom Issues
    [Show full text]
  • On Improving Cybersecurity Through Memory Isolation Using Systems Management Mode
    On Improving Cybersecurity Through Memory Isolation Using Systems Management Mode A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy James Andrew Sutherland School of Design and Informatics University of Abertay Dundee August 2018 i Abstract This thesis describes research into security mechanisms for protecting sensitive areas of memory from tampering or intrusion using the facilities of Systems Man- agement Mode. The essence and challenge of modern computer security is to isolate or contain data and applications in a variety of ways, while still allowing sharing where desir- able. If Alice and Bob share a computer, Alice should not be able to access Bob’s passwords or other data; Alice’s web browser should not be able to be tricked into sending email, and viewing a social networking web page in that browser should not allow that page to interact with her online banking service. The aim of this work is to explore techniques for such isolation and how they can be used usefully on standard PCs. This work focuses on the creation of a small dedicated area to perform cryp- tographic operations, isolated from the rest of the system. This is a sufficiently useful facility that many modern devices such as smartphones incorporate dedic- ated hardware for this purpose, but other approaches have advantages which are discussed. As a case study, this research included the creation of a secure web server whose encryption key is protected using this approach such that even an intruder with full Administrator level access cannot extract the key. A proof of concept backdoor which captures and exfiltrates encryption keys using a modified processor wasalso demonstrated.
    [Show full text]
  • Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M
    Free Software, Free Society Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman Third Edition Richard M. Stallman This is the third edition of Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman. Free Software Foundation 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor Boston, MA 02110-1335 Copyright c 2002, 2010, 2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire book are permitted worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this notice is preserved. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this book from the original English into another language provided the translation has been approved by the Free Software Foundation and the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. ISBN 978-0-9831592-5-4 Cover design and photograph by Kyle Winfree. iii Table of Contents Foreword to the Third Edition ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: iv Foreword to the First Edition :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: vi Preface ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: x Part I: The GNU Project and Free Software 1 What Is Free Software? :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 2 The GNU Project :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 9 3 The Initial Announcement of the GNU Operating System ::: 26 4 Free Software Is Even More Important Now ::::::::::::::::::: 28 5 Why Schools Should Exclusively Use Free Software::::::::::: 34 6 Measures Governments Can Use to Promote Free Software :: 36 7 Why Free Software Needs Free Documentation::::::::::::::::
    [Show full text]
  • Skulls - Coreboot Your X230 the Easy Way
    Skulls - coreboot your X230 the easy way Martin Kepplinger February 2, 2019 Who am I? - work for https://www.ginzinger.com/en/ in Austria - kernel developer, C programming, tslib maintainer, ... - use Tor! Let’s curl an image and coreboot your Laptop! Lenovo Thinkpad X230 Laptop 3rd gen. Intel i series (Ivy Bridge) The coreboot project https://coreboot.org - ”for end users” ”coreboot is a replacement for your BIOS / UEFI with a strong focus on boot speed, security and flexibility.” free software (GPL) hardware init / ACPI interface coreboot distributions - Libreboot (X200) - Heads (X230, Librem Laptops) - Skulls - not quite Heads (X230) They all release binary flash image files it’s all there, but how to configure and how to flash (how to or not to enable internal flashing without disassembling) it’s all there, but how to configure and how to flash (how to or not to enable internal flashing without disassembling) - Libreboot (X200) - Heads (X230, Librem Laptops) - Skulls - not quite Heads (X230) They all release binary flash image files Skulls goals faadfce initial infos 75b154334d.config | 686 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ README.md | 100 ++++++++++++ pci8086,0166.rom | Bin 0 -> 65536 bytes 3 files changed, 786 insertions(+) build reproducibly (important because we release ROM images) security through simplicity (flash a known good image often) Heads - http://osresearch.net make coreboot easy to install, easy to use no excuse for running the proprietary vendor BIOS make coreboot easy to install, easy to use no excuse for running the proprietary vendor BIOS build reproducibly (important because we release ROM images) security through simplicity (flash a known good image often) Heads - http://osresearch.net easy to install # ./external install top.sh -k ”backup-file-to-create” # ./external install bottom.sh -m -k ”backup-file-to-create” easy to use How does a release currently look like? coreboot master branch HEAD at time of release latest SeaBIOS release latest microcode update by Intel Thinkpad X230 only.
    [Show full text]
  • CYBERSECURITY When Will You Be Hacked?
    SUFFOLK ACADEMY OF LAW The Educational Arm of the Suffolk County Bar Association 560 Wheeler Road, Hauppauge, NY 11788 (631) 234-5588 CYBERSECURITY When Will You Be Hacked? FACULTY Victor John Yannacone, Jr., Esq. April 26, 2017 Suffolk County Bar Center, NY Cybersecurity Part I 12 May 2017 COURSE MATERIALS 1. A cybersecurity primer 3 – 1.1. Cybersecurity practices for law firms 5 – 1.2. Cybersecurity and the future of law firms 11 – 2. Information Security 14 – 2.1. An information security policy 33 – 2.2. Data Privacy & Cloud Computing 39 – 2.3. Encryption 47 – 3. Computer security 51 – 3.1. NIST Cybersecurity Framework 77 – 4. Cybersecurity chain of trust; third party vendors 113 – 5. Ransomware 117 – 5.1. Exploit kits 132 – 6. Botnets 137 – 7. BIOS 139 – 7.1. Universal Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) 154– 8. Operating Systems 172 – 8.1. Microsoft Windows 197 – 8.2. macOS 236– 8.3. Open source operating system comparison 263 – 9. Firmware 273 – 10. Endpoint Security Buyers Guide 278 – 11. Glossaries & Acronym Dictionaries 11.1. Common Computer Abbreviations 282 – 11.2. BABEL 285 – 11.3. Information Technology Acronymns 291 – 11.4. Glossary of Operating System Terms 372 – 2 Cyber Security Primer Network outages, hacking, computer viruses, and similar incidents affect our lives in ways that range from inconvenient to life-threatening. As the number of mobile users, digital applications, and data networks increase, so do the opportunities for exploitation. Cyber security, also referred to as information technology security, focuses on protecting computers, networks, programs, and data from unintended or unauthorized access, change, or destruction.
    [Show full text]