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Geomorphological Analysis Applied to the Evolution of the Quaternary Landscape of the Tormes River (Salamanca, Spain)

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Geomorphological Analysis Applied to the Evolution of the Quaternary Landscape of the Tormes River (Salamanca, Spain) sustainability Article Geomorphological Analysis Applied to the Evolution of the Quaternary Landscape of the Tormes River (Salamanca, Spain) J.L. Goy, G. Rodríguez López, A.M. Martínez-Graña , R. Cruz and V. Valdés * Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Salamanca, Square Merced s/n., 37 008 Salamanca, Spain; [email protected] (J.L.G.); [email protected] (G.R.L.); [email protected] (A.M.M.-G.); [email protected] (R.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-923294400; Fax: +34-923294514 Received: 20 November 2019; Accepted: 13 December 2019; Published: 17 December 2019 Abstract: This paper presents a geomorphological analysis of the Tormes River during the Quaternary. The Tormes River formed in the center-west of the Iberian Peninsula in the province of Salamanca. It runs along a Cenozoic basin with basement materials and through Varisco, and consists of mainly granitic and metamorphic materials, leaving a wide stream of river terraces, both erosional and depositional, that confirm its evolution throughout the Quaternary. Geomorphological analyses using Geographic Information Systems tools, Digital terrain model high resolution (MDT05, LIDAR), Orthophotos (scale 1:5000), and geological maps (1:50,000 Series Magna) have allowed different morphologies and depositional terraces to be distinguished, namely, 19 levels of erosional terraces and 3 levels of erosion surfaces. Based on these correlations, the levels of terraces in the Tormes River between T1 (+140 m) and T7 (+75–80 m) are located in the Pleistocene, those between T8 (+58–64 m) and T14 (+18–23 m) in the Middle Pleistocene, those between T15 (+12–13 m) and T17 (+6–7 m) in the Upper Pleistocene, and those between T18 (+3 m) and T19 (+1.5 m) in the Holocene. The erosion surfaces are divided into six levels: S6 (+145 m), S5 (+150 m), S4 (+160 m), S3 (+170 m), S2 (+180 m) and S1 (+190 m) located in the Lower Pleistocene, This work performs a geomorphological mapping procedure applied to the evolutionary analysis of the landscape, so that it determines different geomorphological units allowing the relief and morphology of the terrain in past times, establishing a dynamic analysis of the landscapes. Keywords: quaternary landscape; geomorphological analysis; depositional-erosional terraces; incision-displacement rates; Tormes River 1. Introduction The system of stepped terraces of the Tormes River is the most frequent in the rivers of the Iberian Peninsula, with numerous examples noted: Pisuerga and Arlanzón-Duero Rivers, Arlanzón-Duero River, Tagus River, Duero River, Ebro River, Lozoya-Tajo Rivers, and Tagus River, among many others. A synthetic scheme (maintaining the heights to scale) of the terrace levels of the Tormes River, in the sub-basin of Salamanca, where the heights relative to the thalweg have been indicated and as a result, the heights of the different escarpments between terraces have been drawn up successive. From the observation of these profiles, it is appreciated that there are a series of more significant escarpments, and that they are maintained in the three selected rivers. The reason for the selection of Arlanzón River (Duero Basin) and Tajo River (Tajo Basin), is that the first one has been mapped with several field scampies since the year 1983, and subsequent chronological studies of the terraces with sampling were carried out paleomagnetic and dating by ESR TL and OSL, being able to attribute to these escarpments Sustainability 2019, 11, 7255; doi:10.3390/su11247255 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2019, 11, 7255 2 of 19 Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 19 a more precise chronology when determining the boundaries between the lower, middle, and upper Pleistocenethese escarpments and Holocene. a more precise chronology when determining the boundaries between the lower, middle,The and second upper profile Pleistocene selected, and Tajo Holocene. River (Tajo Basin), downstream of Toledo, has been due to the fact thatThe thissecond sequence profile has selected, numerous Tajo depositsRiver (Tajo of faunaBasin), (Macro downstream and microfauna.), of Toledo, has and been lithic due industry, to the whichfact that also this allows sequence the has dating numerous of terraces deposits and theirof fauna correlation; (Macro and as an microfauna.), example, the and level lithic of industry,+75 m is clearlywhich also located allows in the the lower dating Pleistocene of terraces (presence and their of co Equusrrelation; stenonis) as an andexample, that of the+60m level in of the + middle75 m is Pleistoceneclearly located (southern in the lower Mammutus), Pleistocene so this(presence type of of correlation Equus stenonis) between and escarpments that of + 60m can in bethe used middle for related.Pleistocene The (southern Tormes River Mammutus), belongs toso the this Duero type of River correlation network between and is located escarpments in the central-westerncan be used for basinrelated. of The the IberianTormes Peninsula. River belongs This to is the largestDuero Ri basinver innetwork the entire and Iberian is located Peninsula, in the central-western and it is called thebasin Duero of the Basin. Iberian It isPeninsula. located in This the provinceis the largest of Salamanca. basin in the The entire Tormes Iberian River Peninsula, runs for and 80 km it is along called a seriesthe Duero of Cenozoic Basin. It materials is located and in the through province a Paleozoic of Salamanca. basement, The Tormes constituted River primarily runs for of 80 granitic km along and a metamorphicseries of Cenozoic materials. materials The and area through is characterized a Paleozoi byc little basement, sharp reliefsconstituted with flatprimarily and elevated of granitic surfaces and andmetamorphic staggered materials. plains in itsThe central area part.is characterized It is surrounded by little by a sharp peripheral reliefs mountainous with flat and border elevated with heightssurfaces between and staggered 600 and plains 800 m. in The its study central area part occupies. It is ansurrounded area of 3200 by km a 2peripheralin the Northeast mountainous part of theborder Province with ofheights Salamanca between (Figure 6001 and) 800 m. The study area occupies an area of 3200 km2 in the Northeast part of the Province of Salamanca (Figure 1) Figure 1. Location of the study area in thethe province of Salamanca (Spain). The objective of this work was thethe realizationrealization ofof aa detaileddetailed geomorphologicalgeomorphological cartography that allows didifferentfferent morphologies morphologies to to be identified,be identified and, establishesand establishes the succession the succession of depositional of depositional terraces ofterraces the Tormes of the RiverTormes to River determine to determine the relationships the relationships among the among different the different terraces andterraces the timeand the periods time inperiods which in they which were they deposited were deposited [1–4]. From [1–4]. longitudinal From longitudinal and cross-sectional and cross-sectional profiles, theprofiles, different the terracesdifferent of terraces the same of basin the same (Duero basin Basin) (Duero and similarlyBasin) and behaving similarly basins behaving (Tagus basins Basin) (Tagus were altimetrically Basin) were correlated.altimetrically With correlated. these data, With the these incision data, and the displacement incision and ratesdisplacement of the Tormes rates Riverof the inTormes the Salamanca River in sub-accountthe Salamanca were sub-account calculated were by correlating calculated themby corre withlating the terracedthem with sequences the terraced of the sequences Arlanza of River the (DueroArlanza Basin) River and (Duero the Tagus Basin) River and (souththe Tagus of Toledo). River Di(southfferent of three-dimensional Toledo). Different geological three-dimensional models of thegeological different models stages of of the different Quaternary stages (Lower of the Pleistocene, Quaternary Middle (Lower Pleistocene, Pleistocene, Upper Middle Pleistocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene)Upper Pleistocene, were generated and Holocene) by analyzing were the generated paleogeographic by analyzing evolution the paleogeographic of this sub-basin. evolution of this sub-basin. 1.1. Geological Context Geologically, this river belongs to the Central Iberian Zone [5], where sediments of the Cambrian-Ordovician age are deposited on the Varisc basement, and materials of the final Mesozoic Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 19 and Cenozoic age are recognized as filling the Duero basin (Figure 2). The oldest known materials are from the Precambrian-Cambrian era and were formed by gneisses associated with slate and sandstone belonging to the so-called Greywacke Shale Complex. Particularly, in the study area, they are grouped into two formations: The Monterrubio Formation and the Aldeatejada Formation [6]. The Ordovician rocks include sandstone, black and gray slate, and the quartzite "Armoricana Quartzite", which are located within the Iberian Massif that is located discordantly in the nuclei of the synclines. For the Carboniferous and Devonian eras, there is hardly any sedimentary record, but igneous rocks, granites, aplites, and pegmatites emerge [7]. Sustainability 2019, 11, 7255 3 of 19 At the end of the Mesozoic, a distensive stage occurred, generating a dismantling in the raised reliefs and producing wide alluvial fans in the NE direction that gave rise to siliceous sandstones (Salamanca1.1. Geological Sandstone Context
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