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Final Report Policy Guidelines for Game Farming and Game

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Final Report Policy Guidelines for Game Farming and Game Final Report Policy Guidelines for Game Farming and Game Ranching in Tanzania August 2000 Task Order No. 12 Contract No. PCE-I-00-96-00002-00 Final Report Policy Guidelines for Game Farming and Game Ranching in Tanzania Prepared by: Clark Lungren Malte Sommerlatte Charles Mlingwa Prepared for: The Wildlife Division of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism The United Republic of Tanzania and USAID/Tanzania–EPIQ GTZ-CBC Project August 2000 Environmental Policy and Institutional Strengthening Indefinite Quantity Contract (EPIQ) Partners: International Resources Group, Winrock International, and Harvard Institute for International Development Subcontractors: PADCO; Management Systems International; and Development Alternatives, Inc. Collaborating Institutions: Center for Naval Analysis Corporation; Conservation International; KNB Engineering and Applied Sciences, Inc..; Keller-Bliesner Engineering; Resource Management International, Inc.; Tellus Institute; Urban Institute; and World Resources Institute Table Of Contents Acronyms ........................................................................................................................... vi 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Game Farming And Game Ranching Consultancy .................................................. 1 1.2 Purpose Of These Policy Guidelines....................................................................... 1 1.3 Definitions ............................................................................................................. 1 1.3.1 Commonly Used Terms................................................................................ 1 1.3.2 Variations to These Definitions .................................................................... 3 1.3.3 Game Ranching............................................................................................ 3 1.3.4 Game Farming.............................................................................................. 4 1.4 Essential Principles For Modern Wildlife Conservation.......................................... 5 1.4.1 Conservation of Potentials............................................................................ 5 1.4.2 Optimisation of Socio-economic Benefits..................................................... 5 1.4.3 Local Communities Must Obtain Significant Benefits .................................. 6 1.5 Integration Of Game Farms And Ranches To Wildlife Land Use............................ 6 1.5.1 Attributes and Management of Different Categories of Current Wildlife Land Use...................................................................................................... 6 1.5.2 Diversifying and Enhancing Wildlife Production in Tanzania....................... 7 1.5.3 Upgrading WMA Management to Unfenced Game Ranch Status ............... 13 1.5.4 Game Farming and Game Ranching as Components of Ecosystem Management............................................................................. 14 2. Game Farming ................................................................................................................ 18 2.1 Forms And Models Of Game Farming.................................................................. 18 2.1.1 Different Purposes and Forms of Game Farming ........................................ 18 2.1.2 Subsistence Game Farming ........................................................................ 18 2.1.3 Conservation Game Farming ...................................................................... 19 2.1.4 Commercial Game Farming........................................................................ 19 2.1.5 Experience, Lessons and Trends of Game Farming Found Elsewhere......... 19 2.2 Critical Issues....................................................................................................... 26 2.2.1 Impact Upon Conservation and Species in the Wild.................................... 26 2.2.2 Markets for Game Farm Products in Tanzania ............................................ 27 i 2.2.3 Jobs, Income and Revenue ......................................................................... 27 2.2.4 Impediments for Successful Game Farming................................................ 28 2.2.5 Principle Elements of Successful Ventures ................................................. 29 2.6 Options For Game Farming In Tanzania............................................................... 31 2.6.1 Models of Interest for Tanzania .................................................................. 31 2.6.2 Wildlife Species of Interest for Game Farming in Tanzania........................ 31 2.6.3 Development Of Game Farming In Tanzania.............................................. 34 2.7 Monitoring And Law Enforcement Of Game Farming.......................................... 35 2.7.1 Conditions to be Met Prior to the Establishment of Game Farms ................ 35 2.7.2 Control of Human and Animal Movements on or About the Game Farm .... 36 2.7.3 Systems for Monitoring and Law Enforcement of Game Farming............... 36 2.8 Approach To Setting Guidelines And Regulatory Mechanisms............................. 36 2.8.1 Establishment of Basic Principles and Essential Standards ......................... 36 2.8.2 Participatory Policing Within the Industry .................................................. 37 2.8.3 Registration and Licensing ......................................................................... 37 2.8.4 Promotion of Game Farming by the WD .................................................... 38 2.9 Guidelines For Establishing And Managing Game Farming.................................. 38 2.9.1 Criteria and Procedures for the Establishment of Game Farms.................... 39 2.9.2 Establishment of Norms for Game Farming................................................ 42 2.9.3 Monitoring of the Game Farm, Records and Reports .................................. 43 2.9.4 Sale of Live Animals and Other Products from a Game Farm..................... 43 2.9.5 Inspection and Transport of Meat ............................................................... 44 2.9.6 Release of Animals from Captivity Back into the Wild............................... 45 3. Game Ranching............................................................................................................... 46 3.1 Development Of Game Ranching In Southern And East Africa ............................ 46 3.1.1 Past Management of Wildlife ..................................................................... 46 3.1.2 Changes in Wildlife Policies and Laws to Accommodate Wildlife Use....... 46 3.2 Ecological And Technical Characteristics Of Game Ranching .............................. 47 3.3 Game Ranching Development’s Contribution To The Economy ........................... 51 3.3.1 Vested Interests of the Local Community ................................................... 51 3.3.2 Scale of Economic Benefits from Game Ranching for Different Sectors..... 54 3.3.3 Increasing Importance of Game Ranching for National Economies ............ 58 ii 3.4 Local Communities Involvement And Benefit Sharing ......................................... 59 3.4.1 Revenue Sharing and Benefit Distribution .................................................. 60 3.4.2 Training and Management.......................................................................... 61 3.5 Contribution Of Game Ranches To Biological Diversity ...................................... 62 3.5.1 Game Ranches and Environmental Rehabilitation ...................................... 62 3.5.2 Problems Encountered................................................................................ 62 3.6 Key Issues When Developing A Game Ranching Industry.................................... 63 3.6.1 What Determines Success or Failure?......................................................... 63 3.6.2 Wildlife Policy and Laws ........................................................................... 64 3.6.3 Land Ownership and Tenure....................................................................... 64 3.6.4 Investment Incentives and Management Benefits........................................ 65 3.6.5 Guidelines for the Establishment and Management of Game Ranches ........ 65 3.6.6 Guidelines for Professional Operators in Wildlife Utilization ..................... 65 3.6.7 Wildlife Producers Association .................................................................. 66 3.6.8 Availability of Professional Wildlife Managers and Information on Game Ranching.................................................................................................... 66 3.6.9 Creation of Conservancies and Community–Game Rancher Cooperation ... 66 3.6.10 Ability of the WD to Monitor and Control Game Ranching Activities ........ 67 3.7 Policy Guidelines On Game Ranching In Tanzania............................................... 68 3.7.1 Summary of Guiding Principles.................................................................. 68 3.7.2 Management of Game-Fenced Ranches...................................................... 69 3.7.3 Pre-feasibility Report ................................................................................. 72 3.7.4 Feasibility Report....................................................................................... 73 3.7.5 Management of Unfenced Game Ranches .................................................
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