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Advisory Committee on the Marine Environment ICES CM 1995/ENV:9 Ref.: E+F

REPORT OF THE WORKING GROUP ON INTRODUCTIONS AND TRANSFERS OF MARINE ORGANISMS Kiel, Gerrnany IQ-13 April 1995

This report is not to be'quoted without prior consultation with the General Secretary. The document is areport of an expert group under the auspices ofthe International Council for the Exploration of the Sea and does not necessarily represent the views ofthe CounciI.

International Council for the Exploration ofthe Sea Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer

Palregade 2--4 DK-1261 Copenhagen K Denmark TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Page

OPENING OF THE MEETING AND INTRODUCTION 1

2 TERMS OF REFERENCE 1

3 REPORT OF ICES MEETINGS 1

4 STATUS OF RECOMMENDATIONS FROM 1994 MEETING 1

5 ICESIEC DIALOGUE ON SPECIES fv10VEMENTS 2 5.1 The Introduction ofthe Exotic Copepod Mytilieola orientaUs in Ireland with Oyster Importations 3 5.2 The French Situation with the Copepod Afytilieola orientalis after the Introduction ofCrassostrea gigas 3

6 STATUS OF THE 1994 CODE OF PRACTICE .4

7 STATUS OF THE ICES COOPERATIVE RESEARClI REPORT: 'TEN-YEAR REVIEW' .4

8 NATIONALREPORTS 4 8.1 llighlights ofthe National Reports 5 8.1.1 Canada 5 8.1.2 FinIand 5 8.1.3 France 5 • 8.1.4 Germany 5 8.1.5 Ireland 5 8.1.6 Sweden 5 8.1.7 United Kingdom: England, Wales, and ScotIand 5 8.1.8 United States ofAmerica 5

9 TRADE IN AQUARIUM SPECIES AND EPIZOOTIC ULCERATIVE SYNDROME (EUS) 5

10 BOOKS AND NEWSlEITERS 6

11 STATUS OF ONGOING AND PROPOSED INTRODUCTIONS AND TRANSFERS 6 11.1 Introduction ofhybrid bass Morone saxatilis x Mehrysops to Ireland 6 11.2 Transfer ofhalibut from Norway to Ireland (fish culture trials) 6 11.3 Japanese seaweed (Nori) Porph)'ra yezoensis in the USA 7

12 STATUS OF ONGOING ACCIDENTAL INVASIONS IN EUROPEAN WATERS 7 12.1 Invasion ofthe green alga Caulerpa taxifolia in the Mediterranean 7 12.2 Invasion ofthe American comb jellyfish Afnemiopsis 7

• 13 BALTIC MARINE ßlOLOGlSTS (BMB) WORKING GROUP ON NON-INDIGENOUS MARINE AND ESTUARINE ORGANISMS IN THE BALTIC SEA 8

14 BALLAST WATERACTIVITIES, RESEARCII AND MANAGEMENT IN ICES MEMBER COUNTRIES AND GLOBALLY : 9 14.1 Need for Ballast Water Studies 9 14.2 Ballast Water Research 9 14.2.1 Canada 9 14.2.2 Germany 9 14.2.3 Ireland 10 14.2.4 Sweden 10 14.2.5 United Kingdom 11 14.2.6 United States ofAmerica 11

15 1995 ICES ANNUAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE THEME SESSION ON "BALLAST WATER: ECOLOGICAL AND FISHERIES IMPLICATIONS 12

16 BIOCONTROL STRATEGIES FORMARINE INVASIONS 13 TADLE OF CONTENTS

Section Page

17 ICES COOPERATIVE RESEARCH REPORTON "THE CODE OF PRACTICE" 13

18 UPCOMING MEETINGS 13

19 REVIEW OF NON-NATIVE MARINE SPECIES IN BRITISH WATERS 13

20 NEW PARADIGM FOR ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT AND INVASIONS 14

21 ACTION LIST 15

22 RECOMMENDATIONS 15

23 CLOSING OF THEMEETING 16

ANNEX 1: AGENDA 17

ANNEX 2: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 21

ANNEX 3: FLOWCHART ON REQUESTS FOR ADVICE ON THE INTRODUCTIONS AND TRANSFERS OF MARINE ORGANISMS 23

ANNEX 4 NATIONALREPORTS FROM MEMBERCOUNTRIES FOR 1994-1995 24 •

ANNEX 5 COASTAL PLANTATION'S INTERNATIONAL ANNUAL REPORT TO WGITMO ..48

ANNEX 6 BARCELONA APPEAL 52

ANNEX 7 FIRST RESULTS OF THE GERMAN RESEARCH PROJECT ON THE INVASIONS OF NON-INDIGENOUS MARINE SPECIES INTO THE NORTH AND BALTIC SEAS VIA SHIPS: INVESTIGATIONS ON THE ECOLOGICAL THREAT.. 53

ANNEX 8 THE INTRODUCTION OF NON-INDIGENOUS SPECIES TO THE CHESAPEAKE BAY VIA BALLAST WATER 54

ANNEX 9 ACTION LIST 63 ANNEX 10 RECOMMENDATIONS 64 ••

ii 1 OPENING OF TIIE MEETING AND 3 REPORT OF leES MEETINGS INTRODUCTION Dr J. CarIton (Chairman) had attended the 1994 ACME The 1995 meeting of the ICES Working Group on meeting in Copenhagen and the 1994 ICES Annual Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms Science Conference (ASC) in St. John's, Newfoundland. (WGITMO) was held at the Institute for Marine Science, The meetings had given hirn opportunities to review the University ofKiel, Germany, from 10-13 April 1995. This activities of WGITMO and to provide an insight on how was the first time that the Working Group had met in WGITh10 addressed the topies brought to its attention and Germany. The members of WGITMO were welcomed by also how the Working Group drafied its recommendations. Prof. Dr Harald RosenthaI. The objectives of the 1995 meeting were reviewed and the agenda for the meeting was considered and approved (Annex 1). At this meeting, 4 STATUS OF RECOI\1l\1ENDATIONS there were 13 participants representing 8 member FRO:\11994l\1EETING countries, in addition 4 invited guests were present (Annex 2). The recommendations from the 1994 WGITMO meeting are Iisted below with their outcome at the 1994 ASC.

2 TERMS OF REFERENCE Rccommendation I

Teims of reference (C.Res.l994/2:7: I0) for the Working That the '1994 ICES Code of Practiee on Introductions Group on Introductions and Transfers of Marine and Transfers of Marine Organisms' whieh has been Organisms (Chairman: Dr J.T. Carlton, USA), meeting at modified to take account of the problems associated with • the University of Kiel, Germany from 10-13 April 1995, introductions and transfers of marine organisms, and are to: genetically modified organisms, be presented to the Council for adoption. a) report on the current status of fish, shellfish, algal, and other introductions in and between ICES member became ,countries, including the annual report on the status of Porphyra in the GulfofMaine; The revised 1994 ICES Code of Practice on Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms (Cl\1 1994/ENV:ll) b) prepare a discussion document on different models that will be adopted by ICES and recommended for use in all could be applied for evaluating the potential ecologieal ICES Member Countries. and genetic risks that might arise from proposed introductions and transfers; Approvedas C.Res.1994/4.3

c) begin to consider the implications of introducing Recommendation 2 ,marine organisms into the environment as potential agents for biologieal control; That the '1994 ICES Code of Practice on Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms" once adopted by the d) fmalize work on the new ICES Cooperative Research Council, along with abriefhistory of the Code and ofthe Report on "The ICES Code of Practiee on Working Group on Introductions and Transfers of Marine • Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms: Organisms, be published as an ICES Cooperative Guidelines and a Manual ofProcedures", incorporating Research Report, this report will serve as an accessible a history of the usage of the Code, an example of a source of the Code of Practiee, and as a general prospectus relative to proposing new introductions, information source about the Working Group on guidelines for evaluating the ecologieal effects of the Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms and release of GMOs (in consultation with the Working ICES activities in general in this field. Group on Applications of Genetics in Fisheries and Marieulture), and a review of case histories and Recommendation 3 decisions reached by the Council on introductions and transfers; That the '1994 ICES Code of Practiee on Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms', along with abrief e) finalize plans for the 1995 Theme Session, "Ballast history of the Code and of the Working Group on Water: Ecological and Fisheries Implications" to be Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms, be 'held during the 1995 ICES Annual Science Conference published in one or more additional scientific journals, by (83rd Statutory Meeting) in Aalborg, Denmark. the Working Group, to insure the widest possible dissemination.

became

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1 That the 1994 Code of Practiee on Introductions and triploidy) for field experiments, the efficacy of and Transfers ofMarine Organisms will be issued separately as justification for these techniques, and the risks involved a leaflet and distributed as widely as possible gratis. relative to reversion to a reproductive state, should be discussed by the ICES Working Group on Applications of Approvedas C.Res.199411.4 Geneties in Fisheries and MaricuIture.

H.ecommendation 4 Endorsed by fhe ACME in 1994, see lCES Coop. Res. Rep., No. 204 (Secfion 14.4), p. 65. That on the basis ofthe considerations ofthe WGITMO on the importation of bass from the USA to Ireland by a H.ecommendation 6 private party, member countries are advised that the Council does not oppose the importation subject to With reference to C.Res.l993/3.7, ICES will work to adherence to the ICES Code of Practice, and under the identify an official avenue in the European Commission land-based, completely contained culture conditions (EC) to establish a dialogue between ICES Member prcsented to the Council, and subject to the following Countries and the EC relative to the ecologieal and genetic conditions: impacts of increasing movements through trade ofaquatic organisms and their products, and not just relative to the a) An assessment will be carried out whieh addresses the prevention ofthe spread ofdisease agents. The WGITMO operational and environmental aspects of the disposal could serve within ICES to provide the technieal and ofall waste products, including dead fish, waste water, scientific expertise relative to this issue. and liquid manure. (The disposal ofthese products is to meet with the requirements of the relevant lrish Approvedas C.Res.199413.2 authorities). • Recommendation 7 b) The/acilifY will be consfructed so that in the event of complete tank(s) failure all fish and water would be In the light ofthe spread of introduced exotic species and physieally contained within the facility. their potentially serious ecologieal damage, as evidenced by the spread ofthe ctenophore Afnemiopsis spp in Europe c) A confingency plan will beprepared that addresses any and the discovery of the "phantom": fish-killing and all identifiable potential accidental events that dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscimorfe, ICES Member could lead to fish escape (such as loss of fingerlings Countries should be encouraged to develop ballast water during transfer from the port of entry to the cuIture and sediment management practiees. .facility). Approvedas C.Res.199414.2 d) Breeding stocks be established within the culture facility as soon as possible by importing surface­ Recommendation 8 disinfected (ifpractieable) eggs from parents that have been lethally sampled for bacteria, viruses, and other That the Working Group should meet at the University of potentially vertieally transmitted organisms. These Kiel, Kiel, Germany from 10-13 April 1995 with the breeding stocks should be maintained within the site in terms ofreference described above. isolation from fingerlings in culture. Approvedas C.Res.199412:7:1O • e) No lil:efish or viable gamefes will lecn'e fhe security 0/ thesife. 5 ICESIEC D1ALOGUE ON SPECIES Endorsed by fhe ACME in 1994, see lCES Coop. Res. MOVEMENTS Rep., No. 204 (Section 14.5), pp. 65-66. In response to a fax received by WGITMO from the H.ecommendation 5 General Secretary of ICES, Professor C. Ilopkins, conceming C.Res.1994/3.2, and instructing WGITMO to That the Council finds that the holding in the open waters "collect case sfudies, with appropriate documentation, 0/ of Delaware Bay and Chesapeake Bay of non-indigenous incidents in which shipments 0/ live fish or shellfish /rom oysters (including triploid oystcrs) would constitute an one EU country to another, as permitted by EC Counci/ introduction under the ICES Code of Practice. WGITMO Direcfive 911671EEC, hcn'e been 'contaminated' by other further noted the need, as demonstrated in the Delaware organisms such as parasitic copepods, mollusca, worms, ßay and Chesapeake Bay non-indigenous species oyster or dinoj/age//ates that wou/d then be rc/eased programme, for post-deployment monitoring oforganisms 'accidenta//y' as non-indigenous species in the wafers o[ (populations and/or individuals) placed in open waters as tlle recipient country", the following reports (see Sections triploids to determine if any reversion has occurred. The 5.1 and 5.2, below) were presented by the lrish and French tcchniques of sterilization of test organisms (such as rcprcsentatives ofWGITMO, respectively.

2 In the discussion that fo11owed these presentations, it oyslers previously imported from Guemsey or Whitstable, became apparent that mortalities ofoysters in Ireland may U.K., during any of the sampling periods, i.e., it does not or may not have been directly caused by the infestation of appear to have spread. AI. orientalis. However, there is a need for historical case studies to be carried out on intentional introductions of C. In Dungarvan Bay, M orientalis were found in initial gigas, and other selected species, in order to understand importations and had a prevalence of 14.9%. The later and the ecological and economie impacts that may have smaller imported oysters had an infestation of 8.0%. Spat resulted from such introductions. The ease studies will imported from Guemsey in 1992, and from Whitstable in provide a basis on which to make risk assessments for 1993, both areas without this parasite, when examined in future introductions of marine organisms into ICES April-May 1994, had become infected with a prevalence Member Countries. of6-23% while in culture in Dungarvan Bay. This was the first evidence ofoysters, originaling in the UK, becoming In addition, it was considered important to note that infested in Ireland. In July 1994 the prevalence ranged authorities should continue to be aware ofthe potential for from 15.5-36.8% and inc1uded ovigerous females (36%), contamination of she11fish and fish shipments, by females (33%), and males (31 %). There was no significant associated non-target species, inc1uding pathogens, from difference between the year c1asses apart from the recently one EU country to anothcr, and that alcrting agencics to be re1aid 1994 spat which had no copepods. Only 6.1 % ofthe so aware could be the basis for discussion between leES oysters harbored more than 3 copepods and only 0.6% andthe EU. more than 5. The mean intensity in French oysters was 1.07 (1992 year c1ass) and in British oysters was 1.48 5.1 The Introduction ofthe Exotic Copepod (1992 year c1ass). In March 1995 French spat of 1993 and Mytilieola orientaUs in Ireland with Oyster 1994 had infestations of 3.8% and 1.0%, respectively. • Importations British 1994 spat had an infestation of 3.0%; this is the second year in which British spat have become infested in Fo11owing the implementation ofthe EC Council Dircctive this bay. 91/67/EEC, free movement of the Pacifie oyster Crassostrea gigas, deemed to be free oftwo listed Ostrea SampIes of the fo11owing mo11uscan species were also edulis discases, was pcrmitted within Europe after January examined in Dungarvan Bay and Carlingford Lough: 1993. Prior to this, a11 mo11use importations in aquaculture Cerastoderma edule, MytHus edulis, Tapes (Ruditap es) were contro11ed by lrish legislation, only a110wing oyster deeussata, Tapes (Ruditapes) phHippinarum, Venus transfers under license from approved sources. striatula, Mya arenaria, Gibbula magus, and Littorina littorea. All ofthese sampIes were free ofthis copcpod. The majority ofhalf-grown Pacifie oysters, imported from France, were to Carlingford Lough in Ireland from January 5.2 The French Situation with the Copepod 1993 and spat and half-grO\vn Pacifie oysters to Mytilieola orientaUs after the Introduction Dungarvan Bay from February 1993. Dinoflage11ate cysts of Crassostrea gigas were found in sediments associated with oysters at im portalion, as were several associated organisms The history of the introduction of Crassostrea gigas in inc1uding the exotic and parasitic copepod Mytilieola France has been published by Grizel and Heral. Twenty orientalis. years later it should now be possible to .. evaluate the benefits ofthis operation which has been really successful • The condition of the French half-grO\\TI oysters imported from an economical point of view and which has not in January was very poor, with translucent flesh, and induced any drastie ecological modifications. Indeed, approximately 30% mortality shortly after arrival. conceming the first point, the introduction ofC. gigas has Subsequent consignments were of better, but still poor, made it possible to maintairi oyster farming all along the quality. The condition ofthese oysters improved at a11 sites French coast, which involves more than 5,000 farmers and during the summer. Half-grO\\TI oysters transferred from creates more than 10,000 jobs. Production has increased Arcachon and Marennes-Oleron in January to March 1993 during the 1970s, and the average production is around contained ovigerous Al orientalis. Copepods were also 150,000 metrie tonnes per year, representing a total found in nursery-reared Pacifie oyster spat (the sma11est income of 1.35 billion French francs. infested oyster was 0.4 g) in a June 1993 consignment from Normandy. Spat only were imported from June Conceming the ecological modifications, it is true that 1993. some non-indigenous species have been introduced with In Carlingford Lough, imports of French half-grown c. gigas, but none of them have created important Pacifie oysters, examined in January to March 1993, had problems for other human activities or have induced great infestations of 5.3-9.7%. In November 1993 this had perturbations in the native ecosystem. My/ilieola declined to 1.1%, and a similar level of 1.6% was obtained orien/aUs, the copepod parasite of the gut, has been in May 1994. In February 1995 a single ovigerous Al introduced, and it can now be considered an established orientalis was found in the few remaining French oysters species within some countries ofthe European Union. The imported in 1993. The copepod was not found within history ofthis parasite in France c1early, shows no adverse ~ ~. . .~ ',.' ... '. ',. •" ..... :;:., ' •• -f 3 effect on the production of oysters. Indeed, in some areas does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural with a high prevalence or AI. orientaUs (> 50%), the total recombination." production of oysters has increased greatly since 1972. Moreover, the gro....th and the quality have not been A draft preamble to the new leaflet on the Code ofPractice affected. As for the endemie European copepod parasite or was discussed, lind after a few modifications was accepted. musseIs Mytilieola intestinaUs, it is c1early established that good management (husbandry, density, biomass) make it Some avenues for the publication of the Code were possible to maintain the copepod at a low level orintensity identified. These include dissemination in the form of per host. It is also important to emphasize that the same scientific papers and as announcements (with the address good management is fundamentally necessary to obtain of ICES I1eadquarters for further contact) in refereed good results with bivalve mollusc culture (relationships journals. Two journals were identified, namely Aquatic between food availability and biomass of filter feeders). Living Resourees and AppUed lchtlryology and The same is probably true for some other European Aquaculture since Professor Dr I1arald RosenthaI is a countries which are the main producer countries for member of both editorial boards. Aquaculture would be bivalves, such as Spain, the Netherlands, ltaly, and another option. Other outlets considered \\:ere informal Portugal. newsletters, e.g., ofthe European Aquaeulture Society and the World Aquaculture Society. French translations could be published in, e.g., Equinoxe and Cultures Marins. 6 STATUS OFTIIE 1994 CODE OF WGlThlO members were asked to actively pursue further PRACTICE means of disseminating the new Code of Practice both nationally and internationally. The 1994 (most recent) version of the ICES Code of Practice on the Introductions and Transfers of Marine The pathway for the routing of requests for advice on Organisms (hereafter referred to as "the Code of Practice" introductions and transfers of marine organisms was or simply "the Code) is to be published by the ICES formulated (Annex 3), based in large part on the Report of Secretariat in a bilingual (EnglishIFrench) edition. It was the Consultative Committee as it appears on page 87 agreed by WGlTMO members that the Code should be (Agenda Item 11) of the 1994 ICES Annual Report. published in all other languages of the ICES Member Again, it was the responsibility of WGlTMO members to Countries. These translations would best be provided in all pass this information nationally to competent authorities likelihood by the Member Countries themselves. and legislative organizations. It was agreed that the flow chart should also be in the CRR about the Code. It was aceepted by WGlTMO that the phrase "and any other non-indigenous and/or harmful organisms" which It was also considered appropriate to inform EIFAC of was originally in Section IVa eould be removed from the recent changes to the ICES Code ofPractice. Code of Practice (this modification was already made in August 1994) but that the concept should, however, be incorporated into the discussion of the Code in the ICES 7 STATUS OF TIIE lCES COOPERATIVE Cooperative Research Report (CRR) that will be published RESEARCH REPORT: 'TEN-YEAR in support of the Code. Publication of the CRR would REVIEW' provide guidance on using the Code of Practice. To this end it was suggested that some guidelines on what was The fmal version of the ICES Cooperative Research involved in earrying out microseopic examinations of an Report manuscript was presented to WGlTMO. Although • introduction (Section IVa) should also be included in the a number of changes in the status of some of the CRR. Also, the potential risk from the genetic mixing of introductions had occurred since the report had been farmed species and wild stocks should be addressed in the drafted (e.g., the spread of Caulerpa), it was agreed that CRR. publication of the report should not be delayed further. A statement will be added to the "Introduction" section To address comments from the ICES Working Group on stating that the report was arecord of the situation as it Application of Genetics in Fisheries and Mariculture was in 1991/1992 and that more reeent infonnatiori can be (WGAGFM) which had found the definition of GMO to obtained from subsequent reports ofWGlTMO. be too restricted, the following change to the definition was proposed: 8 NATIONAL REPORTS Genetically modified organism (GMO) An organism in which the genetic material has been National reports were received from Canada, Finland (by altered anthropogenically. fax), France, Gennany, Ireland, Sweden, UK (England and Wales), UK (Scotland) (by fax), and the USA. The full This replaees the original definition "An organism in reports are eontained in Annex 4. which the genetic material has been altered in a way that

4 8.1 Highlights of the National Reports 8.1.6 Sweden

The National Reports (Annex 4) contain details of new • The introduced American polychaete Marenzelleria Laws and Regulations, Deliberate Releases, Accidental viridis has been found on the Swedish east coast since Introductions and Transfers, Live Imports, Live Exports, 1994. Planned Introductions, and Meetings. Highlights are given below. • Live cysts of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium eatenatum were found to be abundant in sediments 8.1.1 Canada from the Gullmarfjord in spring 1995.

• Ballast water guidelines to minimize the spread of the * The benthic diatom Pleurosira laevis f polymorpha European ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) out of Lake has been found in large numbers in the cooling water Superior are still in place. discharge of nuclear power plants; it may have been introduced in connection with eel stocking. • Four specimens of European flounder (Natichthys flesus) were collected in 1994 in Thunder Bay, 8.1.7 United Kingdom: England, Wales, and Ontario, Lake Superior. Scotland

• The European spiny water flea (cladoceran) * Attached plants of the Japanese kelp Undaria Bythotrephes cederstroemi and the rusty crayfish pinnatifida have been found on the south coast of .Orconectes rusticus continue to expand their range. EngJand.

• 8.1.2 Finland • Attached plants ofthe Japanese brown alga Sargassum muticum have now been found in Strangford Lough, • For 1995-1997, all exports and imports of fish are Northem Ireland. prohibited betwccn the EU and Finland pending the outcome oftcsting every fish farm in Finland for VHS 8.1.8 United States ofAmerica and IHN diseases. * Nori cultivation with the Japanese cultivar seaweed • The introduced American worm Marenzelleria viridis Porphyrayezoensis continues in the State ofMaine. and the Ponto-Caspian opossum shrimp (mysid) /lemimysis anomala continue to expand their range. • The Japanese shore crab /lemigrapsus sanguineus continues to expand its range on Atlantie America 8.1.3 France from Chesapeake Bay to Cape Cod (first found in New Jersey only in 1988). • Four more Asian species of marine algae have bcen newly found at Sete, in the Etang de Thau. Inquiries * The European green (shore) crab Carcinus maenas are being made relative to the recent importations of continues to expand its range on Pacifie America (it Japanese oysters via the Netherlands. was first found in Califomia in 1991).

• Experiments and the development of husbandry * The Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis has techniques continue in France with the Japanese appeared in San Francisco Bay, Califomia (1994), and scallop Patinopecten yessoensis. appears to be established there.

8.1.4 Germany 9 TRADE IN AQUARIUM SPECIES AND • The introduced American polychaete Marenzelleria EPIZOOTIC ULCERATIVE viridis continues to spread rapidly along the German SYNDROME (EUS) coastline. Trade in aquarium species was a subject of common • The shipworm Teredo nen'aUs continues to increase interest to several WGITMO members. It has been weil and spread. rccognized by WGITMO that those species used in the aquarium trade from different biological provinces can, 8.1.5 Ireland and do, become released into new areas. Such species introductions or their associated biota may have negative • .The Asian oyster parasitic copepod Mytilieola consequences for native species and their communities. orien/aUs has become established in Dungarvan Bay on the southem Irish coast, as a result ofthe transfer of Recent statistics indicate that all EU eountries import more infected oysters from France in 1993. than 0.5 million ECU of exotic fishes annually and total EU imports exceed 35 million ECU. Both marine and

• , f ", '~'::... ~~. , ,'"

5 freshwater species are derived from fish farms or from and/or through human activities aredepicted on wild collections in the Indo-Pacific, South and North geographic maps, indicating the year ofrecord. America, and Africa. The second part, the bibliography proper, lists the The recent expansion of Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome references in alphabeticalorder and by author name and (EUS), associated with many fish species in the Indo­ provides for each entry-wherever possible-:-an extract of Pacific, is of some concem. The continued flow of the information relevant to the introduction and/or its aquarium introductions may provide a vector for the consequences. Within the bibliography proper, each inoculation ofsuch a disease elsewhere. Practical measures citation follows the format: Author(s),; Date, Title, to reduce the risk ofrc1eases and procedures for the correct Publication Name, Volume Number (Issue Number), disposal ofdead fish need to be considered further. Pages. At the end ofeach reference, the originallanguage ofthe publication is indicated ifother than English.

10 ßOOKS AND NEWSLETTEI~ The third part is a species index, and the fourth a geographic index (generally by country, although a A number of new books and newsletters were brought to breakdo\\TI into geographical units smaller than the State the attention of WGITMO. These inc1uded two books, or Province level has also been used whenever necessary). 'Coldwater Aquaculture in Atlantic Canada' and The geographie categories refer to political boundaries as 'Environment and Aquaculture in Developing Countries', of 1989. A table Iisting changes in political boundaries of and an IUCN newsletter, 'Aliens'. countries and/or names is appended to the introduction.

Another substantial database, "Annotated Bibliography on The printed version of the bibliography will be Transplantations and Transfers ofAquatie Organisms and approximately 700-900 pages (depending on formatting their Implications on Aquaculture and Ecosystems" which specifications), inc1uding species and geographie indices. is at an advanced stage in preparation was presented by the Dr RosenthaI will be presenting a paper on the author, Prof Dr Harald RosenthaI. This bibliography was bibliography at the 1995 ICES Annual Science Conference initiated and motivated by Prof Rosenthal's early work in September. with both the ICES Mariculture Committee and the Working Groups on Introductions and Transfers ofMarine Organisms and on Pathology and Diseases of Marine 11 STATUS OF ONGOING AND Organisms. The bibliography has been in preparation since PROPOSEDINTRODUCTIONSAND 1987 and will contain about 9000 references dealing with TRANSFERS introductions and transfers of aquatic organisms. Case histories reported therein date back to about 1849 and 11.1 Introduction of hybrid bass ,Uorone inc1ude publications up to the spring of 1995. The listing saxatilis x M. c1lrysops to Ireland contains about 35% grey literature with many of these reports written in languages other than English. Titles are The Irish member (Dan Minchin) had received no listed in both the original language (transcripts from information from Aquafuture since his last report prior to c)TiIlie letters if Russian is the origin) and in English the 1994 ICES Statutory Meeting. (given in brackets). 11.2 Transfer of halibut from Norway to For about 75% ofthe publications an abstract is provided Ireland (fish culture trials) • that contains information relevant to the area of interest only, although cited papers ollen inc1ude other aspects of A proposal to introduce halibut fingerlings from Norway the biology of the species concemed. Because of the into onshore concrete ponds in Ireland was presented by varying quality ofthe reported information, abstracts could the Irish member. The purpose of this transfer was to not be structured in a consistent manner. While only very assess whether the halibut fingerlings could be reared to brief information is provided in many cases, detailed market size when given a diet of fish food. Since the information is given in others, inc1uding the common and halibut has been reported from waters even further south, the scientifie names of the species introduced, the date of this should be considered as a transfer rather than an transfer, the origin of shipment, the purpose of the introduction. The transfer of fingerlings would proceed transplantation, and the result ofthe introduction (e.g., the only if the pathologist's report confirms that the area in observed biological efTects). Norway from which the fingerlings would be sourced is free of a viral disease that is present in some Norwegian The bibliography is in four parts. The flfst part is an \Vaters. introductory chapter which summarizes a number ofwell­ documented case histories of introductions of aquatic species. For some of the examples the location of first release and their further spread through range extension

6 .------

11.3 Japanese seaweed (Nori) Porpllyra 3) Caulerpa may be a threat to seagrass Posidonia yezoensis in the USA oceanica beds;

Dr Ike Levine gave a video and slide presentation ofnori 4) some new toxins have been isolated; and culture in Maine. Areport had also been produced (Annex 5). Changes that had taken place since the 1994 report 5) Caulerpa may threaten biodiversity. were: There is also evidence that Caulerpa racemosa has spread I) nets are seeded in indoor systems now as well as to new areas and this may indieate general changes in outdoors whieh shortens the production cycle; environmental conditions in these areas.

2) the seeding ofthe nets has been improved to the extent It was proposed that experts on Caulerpa taxi/oUa be that most nets treated during 1994 had very few invited to the next WGITMO meeting. contaminating macroalgae; 12.2 Invasion ofthe Amcrican comb jel1yfish 3) there had been a change in the cultivation sites Mnemiopsis (Spectacle Island and Goose Island were not used, new site established at Huckins Ledge); and Dr James Carlton gave an update on this ctenophore, native to Ameriean waters (from Cape Cod in the north to 4) new, more eITective technology for lifting nets from Brazil in the south) and introduced via ballast water into the water for drying ofthe alga is being uscd. the Black Sea in 1982. By 1987-1989 its abundance had inereased dramatieal1y, accompanied by an observed • Acting on WGITMO adviee that was given during the decline in the anchovy fishery. By 1994 the anchovy 1994 site visit, salmon cages in the area had been fishery, partieularly in the Sea of Azov, had almost inspected for Porphyra plants (cages at Harbour de Lute disappeared. In its native habitat Mnemiopsis is a could not be monitored as had been agreed). No attached voracious consumer ofzooplankton and the abundance of plants of Porphyra had been found. However, plants had copepods is at times negatively correlated with increasing becn found attaehcd to headcr rapes that were supporting coneentrations ofthe ctenophore. the nori nets. There is no evidence to suggest, however, that full life cycle has or can be completed. Nonetheless, Mnemiopsis has also spread to the eastem Mediterranean scallop shells have been deployed in shallow water around from where it is spreading westwards by the veetors of Goose Island and Spectacle Island to look for the currents and shipping. PotentiaUy it eould be transported conchocelis stage. through the Suez Canal and Red Sea into the Indian Ocean.

12' STATUS OF ONGOING ACCIDENTAL The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has INVASIONS IN EUROPEAN \VATERS formed a special Working Group whieh met in January 1994 and again in March 1995. Both meetings have been 12.1 Invasion ofthe green aIga Caulerpa attended by Dr Carlton. At the latter meeting taxi/olia in thc l\1editerranean representatives from Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, Ukraine, Russia, Canada, and the USA were in attendanee, along Dr Inger Wallentinus gave areport on the further spread of with observers from UNEP. this green alga in the Mediterranean. As yet, there has been no report ofCaulerpa from the Atlantic. A document There has been a proposal for the biologieal control ofthis signed by several scientists attending a meeting in invasive species. This would involve the introduction ofa Barcelona in Deccmber 1994 (Annex 6) had been drawn predatory fish species from North America or the Baltic up to alert other experts in the Mediterranean area, and that would eat the ctenophores. No mechanieal or was subsequently also distributed by the ICES Secretariat chemieal removal is practical. If the plan to introduce a The main mechanism <>ftransport ofthe alga is attachment fish as a biological control were to proceed, then this eITort to anehor systems on boats. would be the first example of biocontrol in the marine environment The UNEP Working Group has now In the scientific literature, there is evidence to suggest that: fmished its study and will publish its report through GESAMP. It is likely that a proposal will be made for I) the alga can withstand temperatures of WOC for at least research to be carried out on the potential for and concepts 3 months and that it can grow between temperattires of ofbiologieal contro\. 10-30°C; AU members of WGITMO were again eneouraged to 2) light intensities that occur during the winter can watch for movements of baUa.st water from the afTected support growth ofCaulerpa; areas.

. . ' " "." •• I •• :: • I' ~, • t ..: •• 7 13 ßALTIC MARINE ßlOLOGISTS (ßl\l8) to elaborate a recommendation for HELCOM to WORKING GROUP ON NON­ inelude NEMOs in the revised Guidelines ofthe Baltic INDIGENOUS MARINE AND Monitoring Programme; ESTUARINE ORGANISI\1S IN TUE ßALTlCSEA • to report to national agencies responsible for IMO activities in each country. Dr Bernt I. Dybern presented infonnation on the Baltic Marine Biologists (BMB), an organization dealing with A letter (call for cooperation) was produced by Prof Erkki the marine biology and environment ofthe Baltic Sea. The Leppäkoski (Abo Akademi University, Department of aims are to create con13cts among marine biologists, Biology. BioCity, Artillerigatan 6, FIN-20520 TurkulAbo, arrange symposia, and work with special problems Finland. Telephone: +358-21-654355, fax:+358-21-654 through a number of working groups. The BMB have 748, e-mail (Internet):[email protected]) and by Dr national seetions in the Baltic countries, an Assembly Sergej OIenin (Centre for System Analysis, Klaipeda (meeting every seeond year), and a Steering Committee. In University. Sportininku 13, LT-5813, Klaipeda. Lithuania. Oetober 1994 the Working Group "Non-indigenous Telephone: +370-6-212936, fax: +370-6-212940). Marine and Estuarine Organisms (NEMO) in the Baltic Sea" was established under the convenership ofDr Sergej The letter together with a registration fonn for the working OIenin, Klaipeda University, Lithuania. This is the 30th group was distributed among the contact persons identified Working Group (WG) ofthe BMB to be fonned. by the BMB Committee. An additional announcement was made in the WWF Baltic Bulletin NO.l (1995). By the Dr Olenin followed with a short presentation. He s13ted middle ofApril 1995 about 30 registration foims had been • that the Baltic Sea is a sea of few speeies of plants and retumed from all Baltic Sea countries except Denmark. animals: its water is too fresh for marine species, and too The initial meeting of the WG will be held at Klaipeda saline for freshwater species. Practically all the fauna and University, Klaipeda, Lithuania, 5-9 June 1995. flora have invaded during the last 10,000 years, and it is obvious that this immigration still continues. More than 30 In the discussion that followed Dr Olenin's presentation, species of anthropochorous immigrants, mainly Dr Dybern mentioned that there would be several unintentionally introduced plants and animals, have been advantages for both the WGlTMO and the BMB WG 30 if reported in Baltic marine, estuarine, or coastal ecosystems. a elose cooperation could be arranged. For instance, WG Most of these species have become important, and some 30 could establish valuable contacts with eastern European have even become key components in the ecosystems they scientists to provide better knowledge on introductions in have invaded. The introduced species may bring diseases their countries. The Baltic Sea has a very special and parasites with them causing severe damage to natural, morphology and hydrography and, being brackish water, a autochthonous communities. simplified ecosystem. Thus it could be very suitable as a kind of "experimental aquarium" for studying the efTects The introduction of non-indigenous species to the of introduced species. At the same time several large environment of the Baltic is a growing problem. Taking research projects in whieh problems of introdueed species this into consideration the Committee ofthe BaItic Marine could be integrated are in active or plannirig phases of Biologists (at a meeting held from 17-20 October 1994 in development. The establishment ofa network of protected Mariehamn, Aland Islands, Finland) established a new areas that could be elosely surveyed would also help e BMB Working Group on Non-indigenous Estuarine and acquire knowledge about the dispersal and fates of Marine Organisms (NEMO) in the Baltic Sea. Preliminary introduced species. BMB and WWF are cooperating with objectives for this group are: the Helsinki Commission in establishing this cooperative network. • to promote a eloser co-operation between biologists dealing with NEMOs within the Baltic and between the The WGlTMO on the other hand could provide WG 30 Baltic and other marine areas, e.g., the Black Sea, since with infonnation on the work with the Code of Practiee both seas are afTected by NEMOs; ineluding technical and methodological aspects when implementing the Code. Furthennore, WGlThlO can • to collect and summarize infonnation on NEMOs in supply extensive bibliographie infonnation on the Baltic Sea in order to make a co-operative report introductions and transfers and facilitate contact with other (or monograph) covering their role in the ecosystem pertinent interest groups. they invaded; WGlTMO agreed with this proposal for cooperation and • to seek co-operation with the ICES WG on the Chainnan suggested that a joint meeting between the Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms (in two groups could be held in the near future, preferably in addition to the national reports prepared every year by one ofthe ßaItic countries. Gennany, Denmark, Finland, and Sweden, among others);

8 14 BALLAST WATER ACT1VITIES, 2} assisting in developing strategies on ballast water RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT IN management; ICES MEI\1ßER COUNTRIES AND GLOBALLY 3) suggesting the development of techniques and strategies in ballast water treatment and initiating 14.1 Need for Ballast Water Studies studies on the efTectiveness ofsueh techniques;

Shipping has always been a means of spreading and 4) developing appropriate protoeols and monitoring dispersing aquatie organisms to new habitats. Over several programmes to minimize environmental risks arising deeades, sea transportation has undergone rapid ehanges from ballast water discharges. towards larger and faster ships and this trend has had teehnieal implications sueh as larger ballast water 14.2 Ballast Water Research capacities. As a eonsequenee, the frequeney of releases and the water volumes transferred over long distances has Ballast water research studies in ICES Member Countries drastieally increased. As a result this has increased the were then summarized by WGITMO members. probability of suceessful introduction of organisms of all taxa, many of whieh have proven to be harmful to 14.2.1 Canada ecosystems and also detrimental to other users of aquatie resources. Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) researchers at Burlington Laboratory have been monitoring Canadian The need for studying impacts of ballast water on the activities concerning ballast water in the Great Lakes. For receiving environment arises from the following issues: the most recent information refer to Canadian National • Report sections 1, 3, and 7 (Annex 4). DFO is now I) documentation ofthe extent ofthe introduction; holding discussions with the national Department of the Environment (OOE) regarding responsibility for 2) evaluation of the survival eapacity of introduced freshwater habitats in Canada. If the transfer of species in the new habitat; responsibility from DFO to DOE goes ahead, studies on ballast water will be the responsibility ofthe DOE. 3) examination of the fate of introduced species in the new surroundings; Researchers at DFO's Maurice Lamontaigne Institute carried out a literature review in 1994 as to whieh aquatie 4} estimation ofthe consequences for other species; organisms might be transferred to the St. Lawrence in ballast water. Plans for further studies on the organisms 5} evaluation of the consequences arising from such occurring in ballast water of ships going through the St. introductions to other resource users (e.g., shellfish La\\TenCe are on hold due to reductions in funding. farming, fish farming, tourism (bathing beaches), fisheries, wildlife, and industry (e.g., cooling water 14.2.2 Germany ,supplies». A total of 306 vessels from 100 different worldwide Studies should include sampling at start- and end-points of sources have been sampled for both external huH fouling national and intercontinental shipping routes through organisms and ballast water life. Some of the results are • networking between interested laboratories of ICES attached (Annex 7). One hundred plant species (mostly Member Countries. Such networking is eonsidered to be a ph)10plankton in ballast water) and 250 animal species cost-efTeetive means of studying the various taxa while (30% attached to the hull, 20% in ballast sediments and experts for identification of various taxonomie groups 50% in ballast water) have been found. Future research eould be involved in a larger network if neeessary. In will include a study to assess the efTect of stress on the order to realize a sampling strategy involving multi­ survival ofballast water organisms while in transit. Studies laboratory participation, an intercalibration exercise on will be carried out on board a ship during its travel from sampling techniques and sampling profiles in relation to Singapore to Germany. A preliminary study has already type and size of ship and ballast water tanks is required. been earried out in the Mediterranean to assess the efTect Sueh intercalibration may be achieved through a oftemperature on the survival ofballast organisms. "concerted action" programme under the EU umbrella. Microorganisms (Protozoa) in Ballast Water Ballast water studies would help in: Prof. Or N. lIülsmann (Berlin) has been studying the I} understanding the eonditions under whieh suecessful protozoa entering Genrian ports in ships' ballast water. In transfer via different routes and vectors are realized a pilot study performed during June and July 1994, (e.g., seasonal difTerences, operational difTerences, and incoming ballast water was examined for the oecurrence of difTerences between types of ships: bulk carriers, heterotrophie free-living protozoans. Tbe geographie container ships, petroleum tankers, etc.); origin of the water deballasted in 9~rman seaports is

\ ~ ,'. ,t," 9 representative of four major regions of the world: the Far I) Produce a background document that, based on the East, Australia, the MediterraneanlRed Seas, and North knowledge we have today, points out the risks America (Chesapeake Bay). The maximum time-span involved. between ballasting up and microscopic examination of Iiving sampIes was eight weeks. The sampled material 2) Try to combine this with data on patterns and volumes investigated so far contains 30 taxa belonging to of ballast water transport and discharges to identify zooOagellates (7 species), amoeboid organisms (11) and "hot spots" of special concern for the risk of ciliates (12). One strain (Vanne/la, Amoebozoa) from introducing species to Swedish waters (e.g., the Black water ballasted in the Suez region is considered to be a Sea for discharges into the Baltic; transports coming ne\v species not previously described. from Russian rivers and canals heading for Swedish freshwater, especially those which are reservoirs for In parallel investigations, different cultivation and drinking water and thus might affect public health enrichment techniques were used to maintain some through introductions of microorganisms and toxic protozoan strains for reference, as model organisms for algae). The document should also include a "state-of­ experimental transfer and survival studies, for laboratory the-art" of ballast water research and management introduction experiments into mixed crude cultures of (summer 1995). native predators and competitors, and for testing their possible biological role as higher risk species, Le., 3) Suggest research priorities (autumn 1995) concerning organisms harmful to indigenous biota. To these both environmental impact and technical solutions maintained strains belong the large ciliate Condylostoma (including suggestions for cooperation with other fields cf. C. magnum and plasmodia of Labyrinthula sp., both in which fouling problems occur, such as industries from Baltimore/Chesapeake Bay. The latter strain is not with large cooling water systems). identical to the indigenous species Labyrinthula ....itellina, • L macrocystis, and L coenocystis or eight other native and 4) Look for funding for at least one of the suggested undescribed Labyrinthula species, and must be considered projects. as newly introduced to German coastal waters. It was also suggested that ballast water problems should be 14.2.3 Ireland dealt with by international organizations such as the Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) and the Oslo and Paris A desk study has been carried out to estimate the quantity Commissions (OSPAR). At the annual meeting of of ballast water discharged into Cork Harbour. Ballast HELCOM in March 1995 the issue of introduced species water discharge has increased significantly since 1955 to at was elevated to a Priority I level. However, future actions least 400,000 tonnes. The origin of ships carrying ballast will have to be pushed for by Member States, and water into Cork Harbour in 1993 was principally from information from, for example, the ICES WGITMO would northern Europe and the UK, Australia, Egypt, and the be helpful. The IIELCO~f Environment Committee (EC) French and Spanish Mediterranean. considers that enough scientific evidence for a negative impact on the environment already exists, and are urging A further desk study has been proposed to include other the HELCOM Maritime Committee (MC) to consider sea ports, and will also include a small sampling what technical measures are possible to prevent programme, to assess potential risks arising from introductions. At its 1995 meeting, HELCOM also introductions associated with ballast water. requested that MC to drafi specific proposals. The MC has encouraged the Contracting Parties ofHELCOM to submit • 14.2.4 Sweden proposals for a Baltic Strategy on how to proceed with the ballast water issue for their next meeting in October 1995. As a result of arequest from the IMO and through the WGITMO stresses that the Baltic Sea is an area of great reports on the activities within WGITMO, Swedish concern and supports the newly formed BMB WG 30 to authorities have decided to take an active role in assessing keep the issue alive within HELCOM. the magnitude and consequences of ballast water introductions. The Swedish EPA has presented areport on At the meeting of the Environmental Assessment and all known introductions in Swedish coastal waters l\fonitoring Committee (ASMO) of the Oslo and Paris (Jansson, 1994), some of which are due to introductions Commissions (OSPAR), the Swedish representative from discharges of ballast water. In October 1994 a expressed concern about unintentional introductions via seminar was held at the Department of the Environment ballast water and aquaculture. IfMember Countries supply (DOE), with representatives [rom DOE, national and information indicating the importance of the problem, it regional authorities, universities, non-governmental may be possible to include the issue on the agenda of organizations (NGOs), and the ship owners' association. ASMO's Working Group on Impacts on the Marine At the seminar it was decided to establish a temporary Environment (IMPACT). The next meeting ofASMO is in working group. At the first meeting ofthe working group April 1995; thus, WGITMO members are asked to contact (January 1995) it was decided to: their national representatives as soon as possible regarding this issue.

10 In spring 1995 grants were received (I. Wal1entinus) to "demonstration" of one or more technologies (such as start a project on the documentation of bal1ast water microfiltration or UV-treatment) aboard an ocean-going introductions. The project will be carried out mainly at the vessel. Thc proposed legislation still remains in committee Department of Marine Botany, University of Göteborg, in the current session ofCongress. with marine plants (benthic and pelagic species) as the main interest. SampIes will be taken from ships coming to Non-Indigenous Species (NIS) Art the Swedish west coast. If possible introduced fauna will be sampled and examined as wel1, but this has a lower The NIS Act of 1990 expires this year (having been priority. The project is planned to start during summer authorized for a 5-year period) and is thus "up for 1995. reauthorization". The current goal is to simply reauthorize the Act without adding any new or expanded programmes. 14.2.5 United Kingdom Ballast Water Management in the Great Lakes In Scotland a 6-month desk study was carried out to assess the extent and source ofballast water coming into Scottish In May 1993 it became illegal, under the 1990 act, to coastal waters. This was part of a much larger study of discharge into the Great Lakes ballast water that had not toxic dinoflagellates. Concern had been expressed that been exchanged at sea and that was less than 30 %0 (parts potential risks from ballast water were likely to increase per thousand). Since that time, four vessels have been greatly, in association with the deve10pment of stopped for having low salinity water « 25 %0). Two of superquarries on the west coast and this could threaten the these were reported on last year: one vessel added sodium very important salmon industry and also shellfish chloride to its ballast after arrival in the Lakes; and a aquaculture in the area. second vessel, a new chemieal tanker, was able to heat its water. The two vessels intercepted in 1994· chlorinated In England and Wales a similar desk study is currently in their water while in Canadian waters. None of these three progress. This will lead to a three-year project to assess the treatment scenarios (adding salt, heating the water, or species that enter UK coastal waters via ships' ballast. chlorination) are viewed by the U.S. federal government as Data from the whole of the UK will be combined on a the best or permanent solutions to the treatment of water national database held at the Marine Laboratory, found not to be in compliance with the law. Aberdeen. The "Great Lakes Maritime Industry Voluntary Bal1ast A B.Sc. student (Tanya Sherwood, attached to Water Management Plan for the Control of RutTe in Lake Southampton University) is nearing the completion of a Superior Ports 1994", issued in January 1994, remains in three-year project sampling the bal1ast water from oil place. The plan is an attempt to decrease the possibility of tankers discharging at Hamble on the south coast of ballast water transporting the European rutTe Englarid. The origin of ships is from northern Europe. Gymnocephalus cernuus out of Lake Superior to other Mainly dinoflagellates have been found and none of them Great Lakes, and calls for the exchange of Lake Superior have been alien species. harbour water in the open portions of the lake west of a demarcation line near Ontanogan, Michigan. Kerstin Muller gave a short presentation of her project on ballast water treatment sponsored by the UK Marine Chesapeake Bay Commission Report Safety Agency. A commercial copperlsilver electrode system is being used to assess whether ions can destroy The Chesapeake Bay Commission (CBC), a tri-state ballast water organisms. A UV system is also being legislative body serving the governments (legislative studied as a control. The experiment will assess the bodies) of the states of Virginia, Maryland, and etTectiveness of the unit for the destruction of algae in Pennsylvania, is an organization that helps guide these sediment slurries (dinoflagellate cysts and diatom resting three states in managing Chesapeake Bay. In 1992 the stages), motile algae (using Tetraselmis chuil), bacteria "Chesapeake Bay Program Policy for the Introduction of (Alteromonas haloplanktus and Bacillus globigil) and Nonindigenous Aquatic Species" was adopted. As a next barnacle (Elminius modestus) larvae. step in that Prograrn, the CBC established a "Ballast Water Work Group", which met in 1993-1994. The Group has 14.2.6 United States ofAmerica now produced areport, "The Introduction of Nonindigenous Species to the Chesapeake Bay via Ballast Ballast Control Act Water", whieh includes aseries of recommendations. Copies of the report were distributed at the WGITMO A "Ballast Water Control Act", submitted last year, meeting, and the report's title page, Executive Summary, remained "in committee" and did not make it to the floor and Recommendations, are reprinted as Annex 8 to this ofthc Congress for a vote. This legislation followed a path rcport. established by the "Nonin~igenous Species Act" of 1990. The bal1ast contro} act cal1ed for the study of ballast management technologics and the possiblc . ". '". 11 NRC Marine Board Study H. Wheless and A. Valle-Levinson are conducting a research project on the "Ballast Exchange Study: The National Research Council (NRC), the research ann Consideration of Near-Coastal Backup Exchange Zones ofthe U.S. National Academy ofSciences, has, through its and the Environmental Effects of Open Ocean Ballast Marine Board, established the "Committee on Ships' Exchange". This study seeks to identify near(er)-shore Ballast Operations". The Committee, chaired by Retired regions where vessels might exchange their ballast water if U.S. Coast Guard Admiral Joel Sipes, arid with 11 they were unable to do so in the open ocean due to storm members (including the ICES WGlTMO Chairman, Dr J. or other conditions. The study also seeks to identify the CarIton), has as its goals the production of a book that potential impacts of releasing large volumes of salt water provides (1) an overview ofballast water and the concems in fresh water environments, particularly in enclosed for ballast as a vector for living organisms, and (2) a study basins. The work is scheduled for completion in 1995. of the available technologies that could be reasonably applied to existing andlor new vessels as potential ballast Ohio State Unj\'crsity treatment technology. "The Committee consists of representatives of the shipping industry, waste water Ms H)ma Gollamudi, of the Department of Agricultural treatment engineers, naval architects, and biologists. The Economics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, is Committee met for the first time in 1994 in Washington doing her Ph.D. work (doctoral dissertation) on D.C., for the second time in February 1995 in Irvine, "Economic Incentives for Ballast Water Management". Califomia, and will meet again in May 1995 in Duluth, Minnesota, on the Great Lakes. A fourth and fmal meeting will occur in Washington, D.C., in December 1995. 15 1995 leES ANNUAL SelENeE The NRC Marine Board study is viewed as eONFERENCE TIIEME SESSION ON complementing the U.S. Coast Guard-sponsored "BALLAST WATER: ECOLOGICAL • "Shipping Study" (sent to Congress on 4 April 1995), by AND FISlIERIES II\IPLICATIONS" specifIcally focusing in greater detail on several available technologies and by potentially proposing a "trial ron" of Preliminary plans for this meeting were presented and one or more such technologies aboard an actual vessel were accepted by WGlTMO. (although the latter has not been decided yet). The Theme Session on Ballast Water (Dr J CarIton, Research Programmes Convener) will be the fIrst intemational meeting on the issue of ballast water as a vector for exotic organisms, its ehcsapcake Bay Studics potential ecological and fIsheries impacts, and management considerations. It is anticipated that there will Under the aegis of the "Shipping Study" of the be paper or poster presentations from Canada, the U.S.A., Nonindigenous Species Act, the National Biological England and Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Germany, Sweden, Invasions Shipping Study (NABISS) was established in as weH as from the 11'.10, Australia, and Japan. The Theme 1991 and will continue until 1996. The "Shipping Study" Session will explore evidence for the overall role ofballast has been completed and was released to Congress on 4 water and ballast sediments in the transportation of non­ April 1995 by the U.S. Coast Guard. This large report indigenous species (Dr 1. CarIton will also give the Open documents the role of ballast water in transporting exotic Lecture on this topic), and proceed from there to hear species to the U.S. and examines 30 different control preliminary results of ongoing research programmes in options. Germany, the U.S.A., Canada, Australia, and elsewhere. These research programmes focus on actual shipboard Field and experimental work on ballast water invasions in sampling, laboratory experimental studies on the viability the United States continues with an extensive programme of species captured in ballast tanks, and specific now established at the Smithsonian Environmental physiological responses of ballast-entrained species (such Research Center (SERC) in Edgewater, Maryland, on the as survival, feeding, or reproductive behaviours in the shores ofChesapeake Bay, near Washington, D.C. Led by absence of light (Le., the ballast tank environment) for an Dr Gregory Ruiz and Dr James T. Carlton, the "Ballast extended period oftime (more than two weeks». Lab" will have a complement of about six full-time researchers in residence at SERC by the summer of 1995. Finally, potential control and management options will be Funding ofthe ballast research continues through the U.S. explored that might lead to the reduction of future ballast­ Coast Guard and NOAAJSea Grant. mediated invasions. It is planned that a core set of papers from this Theme Session will be published in the lCES A related project, stemming from the 1990 NIS Act, is Journal 0/Marine Science. now under way at the Center for CoastaI PhysicaI Oceanography (CepO) of Old Dominion University (ODU) in Norfolk, Virginia, located at the entrance to Chesapeake Bay. Through a cooperative programme with Dd. CarIton (Williams College-Mystic Seaport), Drs G.

12 ------

16 ßIOCONTROL STRATEGIES FOR MARINE INVASIONS * Tbe costs of post-release assessments for biocontrol programmes should not be underestimated, and WGlTMO considered information presented by the research projects must give equal weight to monitoring Chairman on the growing interest in using biocontrol the impact of the biocontrol species on non-target agents for the control of exotic marine organisms. Two species. specifie eases were noted where bioeontrol agents are beirig considered: * An assessment must be made relative to the question of whether a given pest species is in fact a sufficient 1) In the Black and Azov Seas, the invasion of the problem to warrant biocontrol consideration. Ameriean comb jelly Afnemiopsis leidyi has led to the * Tbe release of non-reproductive (sterile) biocontrol formation of a UNEP-GESAMP Working Group on predators should be examined. Individuals so released this invasion, one of whose specifie charges is to would thus have a finite existence in the target examine the utility ofeonsidering the introduction ofa environment. predator (fish or invertebrate) to control the jellyfish.

2) In Australia, CSIRO's newly formed research bureau, 17 lCES COOPERATlVE RESEARCH the Center for Research on Introduced Marine Pests REPORTON "TlIE CODE OF (CRIMP), has as one of its missions to carry out PRACTICE" research into bioeontrol possibilities for ane or more of the many invaders now present in southeastern Tbe manuscript for the ICES Cooperative Research Report Australia and Tasmania. was finalized and will be submitted in June 1995.

Tbe Chairman considered it advisable that WGlTMO members begin diseussions on biocontrol at this early 18 UPCOl\IING MEETINGS stage, in anticipation of proposals coming before ICES seeking adviee to undertake marine biocontrol research in Two meetings were brought to the attention ofWGITMO: ICES Member Countries. I) OIE International Conference on Preventing the Considerable discussion followed. Major points Spread of Aquatic Animal Diseases through deliberated are listed below. WGlTMO agreed that these International Trade (7-9 June 1995 in Paris). Topies points are only the "tip of the ieeberg" for this complex relevant to the interests of WGITMO were the topie and noted that further dialogue will be necessary. historieal aspects of international trade, characteristies of current and historieal trade, disease problems, * Bioeontrol programmes should be weighed carefully national legislation, and international rules and against other control strategies, including chemieal regulations. People invited to the meeting were those programmes. Diocontrol programmes may, in faet, not involved in trade, administrators and scientists. One be any faster than chemical programmes, because aim was to familiarize each group of experts and biocontrol research will take years of laboratory improve communieation between them. experiments, field trials, monitoring, possible re- ·enhancement, and so forth. 2) Tbe Government ofSweden, in cooperation with FAO, has organized a meeting entitled, "Technieal * Tbe initial introduction may be difficult enough to Consultation on the Precautionary Approach to manage, and thus adding a second or third species to Capture Fisheries", to be held in Lysekil, Sweden, in control the first invasion may in fact lead to more June 1995. Tbe mecting's purpose is "to elaborate complex management problems. While the biocontrol technieal guidelines for the application of the predatory species mayaiso be itself useful as a food precautionary approach in all aspects of the fisheries (fisheries resouree) item, a good deal ofresearch must management and development process, including ·precede any such introduction to establish the probable introductions and transfer of species, with the view to level of regional eultural acceptability (the Lake promote responsible fisheries". Victoria example was cited as a case where certain edible fish were introduced, but no local peoples were interested in harvesting it). 19 REVIEW OF NON-NATIVE MARINE SPECIES IN ßRlTlSlI WATERS * Careful consideration should be given to utilizing the invasion as a resoufce before biocontrol programmes Dr Clare Eno ofthe Joint Nature Conservation Coinrnittee, are instituted. Such resources include fmding new the statutory body responsible for wildIife conservation in ·rnarkets for the invasion species (as a food item, if the UK, reported on a study undertaken on non-native applicable) and entirely new products. In this sense, marine species found in British waters. Tbe presentation .. then, humans become the efTective biocontrol agent. summarized the findings ofa drart report and catalogue of .. \." ...... ,'. ' ..:. .

13 species. The study was undertaken to eollate details and trophic alteration, partieularly thro~gh dietary review information about introduetions ofmarine flora and competition (as weil as provision of a 'new' food fauna to Great Britain (England, Scotland, and Wales). source for natives), and predation. The foeus of the work has been on nature eonservation. The work will be used to formulate a policy on marine There have been mixed effects on commercial interests; introductions in relation to nature eonservation interests in some commercially important species have been the UK. introduced, however, some associated pests, 'diseases and The study mainly evaluates 'non-native species', whieh parasites have also been introduced unintentionaIly. There have been introdueed from outside their natural range and are various species ofalgae whieh are potentially ofvalue have become established in British waters. It has evaluated to the alginate industry but are not currently exploited. their origin, date and method of introduction, the reasons Control methods, where applied, have been fairly for their sueeess, rate ofspread, eurrent distribution, actual ineffective and no non-native marine species has been and potential effects on native eeosystems and nature eradieated from British waters. eonservation, as weil as eommercial interests and methods ofeontrol. Flowering plants and mieroorganisms have not The different aspects of non-natives are discussed in been eonsidered. relation to determining their presence and monitoring their distribution, and ways ofavoiding their introduction. Fifieen species of marine algae and 28 species of invertebrates have been identified as non-native and The WGITMO responded to Dr Eno's presentation with described. The majority of these 43 species are red algae, the following points: polychaete worms, erustaceans, and molluscs. No non­ native sponges, bryozoans, or eehinodcrms have been I) The report appears to be biased towards the detrimental found in British waters. The number of introduetions of effects that certain introduced species have had on the • non-native organisms with time shows no diseemible environment rather than highlighting any beneficial trend, while the number of introduetions per se has effects. A balance has to be struck between inereased with time. Species can be introdueed from environmental and economic needs. primary sources, from whieh they originate, or secondary sources to whieh they had previously been introduced. In 2) Many comments in the report were speculative and general, species are introdueed from similar latitudes. gave no supporting evidence. For example, it was More than halfthe species have been introduced to Britain stated that introduced species ollen displaced native in association with shipping, although the most eommon species. Although in many cases this may be true, there method of introduetion of marine algae has been in were most ollen no experimental data to support such association with deliberate introductions. Only deliberately statements. For example, the success of introduced introduced molluscs have become established (higher species and the concomitant dec1ine ofa native species, plants were not eonsidered here). The success of non­ may be a reflection of achanging environment in natives described has, where known, mostly been due to a whieh the native would have been extirpated combination of reasons. With respect to species whieh irrespective ofthe introduction ofanother species. have spread, the marine algae have mainly done so rapidly or very rapidly, while the invertebrates have spread more 3) From a genetie point of view, the introduction of slowly. Their method of spreading and introduction has cultivated native speeies (potentially selected for generally been the same. eertain traits and, therefore, genetically dissimilar to the wild native stock) may be more detrimental than The study described here has brought together details of introducing non-indigenous species. the various effects whieh non-native marine species have upon the marine environment and nature conservation interests. Their general direct effeets seen in British waters 20 NEW PARADlGM FOR ECOLOGICAL were considered in the report to be: RISK ASSESSI\1ENT AND INYASIONS

displacement ofnative species; One ofthe WGITMO's terms ofreference for this meeting was "to prepare a diseussion document on different models introduction of new pests, diseases, and parasites that could be applied for evaluating the potential whieh affect native species; ecological and genetic risks that might arise from proposed introductions and transfers." Dr Keith Ilayes (Institute of habitat alteration; OfTshore Engineering, lIeriot Watt University, Orkney) agreed to make a presentation to the WGITMO along potential provision of new habitat for colonization by these lines. Following Dr Hayes' presentation (helow), it native species; was decided that a discussion on risk assessment should be inc1uded in the lCES Cooperativc Research Report on the Code ofPractice.

14 ------

Dr Hayes presented a summary account of the ecological * Finalize and submit the manuscript for the ICES risk assessment framework developed by the United States Cooperative Research Report volume on the 1994 Environmental Protection Agency's (U.S.EPA) Risk ICES Code ofPractice. Assessment Forum. The presentation highlighted the paraIIels that exist between this framework and the * Finalize and submit a preamble statement for the quantified risk assessment (QRA) paradigm utilized in the proposed ICES pamphlet on the 1994 Code of chemical process industries, and emphasized the potential Practice. that now exists to deve10p a dedicated marine introduction risk assessment building on the progress made within the * Submit the final version ofthe "1990 Status Report" to U.S.EPA Risk Assessment Forum. ICES for publication in the ICES Cooperative Research Report series. The presentation continued by highlighting developments in ecotoxicological risk assessment, quantified ecology, * Assist with the proposed dialogue between ICES and and hazard identification techniques that exhibit a c1ear the EU on the movement of sheIIfish stocks between applicability to marine introductions risk assessment. Ile EU Member Countries, relative to the potential for the suggested that these techniques could be s)nthesized and inadvertent dispersal of non-target associated species, integrated within the U.S.EPA ecological risk assessment inc1uding disease-causing agents. paradigm with a view to addressing the ecological risk posed by marine introductions in a rigorous and logical manner. 22 RECO:\IMENDATIONS

Subsequent discussion centered on establishing The foIIowing recommendations (Annex 10) to the • acceptability criteria for introduced species risk Advisory Committee on the Marine Environment were assessment, decision making in the fuII ecological risk formulated by the WGITMO: uncertainty and the importance ofc1early defining the role of ecological risk assessment in the management process. I) Tbe "1994 ICES Code ofPcictice on the Introductions Furthermore the group was reminded ofthe importance of and Transfers of Marine Organisms", in addition to its recognizing the potential economic and social benefits publication in the official ICES languages of English associated with aquaculture introductions and the need to and French, should also be available in aII of the maintain a balanced perspective when considering the languages of the ICES Member Countries, and that ecological effects ofintroduced species. these translations should be provided by the Member Countries.

21 ACTION LIST 2) The "Annotated Bibliography on Transplantations and Transfers ofAquatic Organisms and their Implications WGITMO identified the foIIowing elements as being on on Aquaculture and Ecosystems", by Prof. Dr H. its current list of Action Hems (Annex 9). These are in RosenthaI, initiated and motivated by working with the addition to those elements proposed for action in the ICES Mariculture Committee and the Working Groups Recommendations of the Working Group for its 1996 on Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms meeting: and on Pathology and Diseases of Marine Organisms, should be published by ICES. * Identify experts on the green alga Caulerpa invasion and the benthic polychaetc worm Marenzelleria 3) Recognizing that species introduced by ballast water invasion to be invited to the 1996 WGITMO meeting. and sediments are a critical issue, recognizing that more knowledge is needed on factors that influence * .WGITMO members will undertake efforts to begin the species survival in baIIast and after discharge, and also widespread dissemination of the 1994 ICES Code of recognizing the need for greater information on the Practice in their countries, inc1uding publication in origin, baIIast transport, and survival of dinoflagellate fisheries newsletters and other nationaloutlets. cysts and other resting stages, WGITMO recommends the further strengthening of cooperation on baIIast * To inform FAO (EIFAC) of the new (1994) revised water issues between relevant groups within ICES (for ICES Code ofPractice. example, WGITM0, WG on Harmful Algal Bloom Dynamics, and the WG on Shelf Seas Hydrography), * Prepare brief papers on the Code of Practice and the 10C-FAO Panel on Harmful Algal Blooms, and the .submit these, along with the Code, under the general IMO Marine Environment Protection Committee's authorship of WGITMO, to journals such as "Aquatic Ballast Water Working Group. This expanded Living Resources" and "Applied Ichthyology & cooperation could be achieved in the form ofa regular Aquaculture" for consideration for publication. exchange of fmdings and documents, and with consideration of one or more joint meetings between the indicated groups. Furthermore, WGITMO strongly ~ ,'. .' ~

15 encourages that the problems caused by discharges of c) to continue to review scientific studies on ballast ballast water and sediments be pursued with the water issues, including intercalibration of ballast relevant regulatory bodies, e.g., the Oslo and Paris water and sediment sampling techniques, the Commissions and the Helsinki Commission. management of ballast water, ongoing studies of control and treatment, and the impacts of ballast 4) In order to understand the ecological and economic water introductions on fisheries (including impacts of intentional introductions of marine mariculture); organisms to ICES Member Countries, a should study be conducted on historical case examples of selected d) to continue to assess biocontrol activities, research species (e.g., the Japanese oyster Crassostrea gigas, and the development of risk assessment methods the Manila c1am Tapes (Ruditapes) philippinarum, the relative to the management of non-indigenous Japanese seaweed Undaria pinnatifida, and the marine organisms; anadromous fish Oncorhynchus mykiss) to provide a foundation for future risk assessments. e) to assess whether there are disease and ecological implications arising from the introduction and 5) WGITMO should meet at the Sea Fisheries Institute in transfer of aquarium (ornamental) marine and Gydnia, Poland, from 22-25 April 1996, to carry out estuarine species into ICES Member Countries; the following tasks: o to assess the potential for coordination ofdatabases a) meet with the Working Group on Non-indigenous on the introductions and transfers of marine Estuarine and Marine Organisms (NEMO) of the organisms that are being created in individual ICES Baltie Marine Biologists (BMB) association, member states and elsewhere. relative to eurrent critical issues arising from exotie species invasions in the Baltic Sea, and the potential risk of future invasions via shipping and 23 CLOSING OF TUE MEETING other anthropogenie activities, and to facilitate contaets with Eastern European experts on the A final review of the 1994 terms of reference was made issues ofintroductions and transfers; and the proposed agenda and action items for 1996 were considered. Drs B. Dybern and S. Olenin kindly ofTered to b) to report on the current status of fish, shellfish, assist with arrangements for the 1996 WGITh10 meeting, algal, and other introductions in and between ICES with the venue proposed for Poland, and this ofTer was Member Countries, and in particular to assess the accepted. Final draft recommendations were discussed, status of the seaweed Caulerpa in the revised, and approved by WGlTMO participants. The Mediterranean relative to its potential to be Chairman acknowledged the WGITMO members and transported elsewhere in Europe (with invited guests for their dedicated work and thanked Prof. Dr H. recognized experts), the worm Marenzelleria in the RosenthaI and Dip!. Bio!. S. Gollasch and Dip!. Bio!. M. Baltie, the seaweed Undaria in the UK, Sargassum Dammer for hosting the meeting in Kiel at the Institut für in Northern Ireland and four new species of Meereskunde. The Chairman adjourned the meeting at macroalgae on the French Mediterranean coast; 12:00 noon on 13 April 1995.

16 ANNEX 1

Working Group on Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms

AGENDA

10 April 1995 9:00 Opening Session Monday - Welcome from Officials ofInstitut fur Meereskunde Welcome and Introductory Comments by Chair Introduction ofParticipants (Members, Guests, Visitors) Review ofAgenda Terms ofReference: C. Res. 1994/2:7:10 (AR [Annual Report] 204) Review of 1994 WG HANDBOOK (Third Edition) Addenda/Errata for 1994 Mystic Report (ifany)

Status ofRecommendations from 1994 Mystic meeting:

Recommendations I, 2, 3: ICES Code C.Res. 1994/1.4: Publication ofCode as an ICES Leaflet (ARI89) C.Res. 1994/4.3: Adoption ofthe Code (AR221) (see below, 11:00AMAgenda Item) Recommendation 4: Bass in Ireland CRR 204, 14.5, pp. 65-66 (ref: AR88) Recommendation 5: Oysters in Chesapeake Bay CRR 204, 14.4, p. 65 (ref: AR88) Recommendation 6: ICESIEC Dialogue on Species Movements C.Res. 1994/3.2 (AR219) (ref: AR64) Recommendation 7: Ballast Water Management Practices C.Res. 1994/4.2 (AR221) (see Tuesday Agenda ltems)

ACME May 1994 Meeting in Copenhagen (Chair attended) ICES September 1994 Annual Scil::nce Conference (Statutory Meeting) (Chair attended)

10:30 CotTee Break

11:00 Status ofthe 1994 Code ofPractice Overview ofCode WGAGFM Comments on Definition of"GMO" Production ofICES Brochure: WG Review of Proposed "Preamble" Text Publication ofCODE in scientific literature (refereedjoumal) ** Continued: Tuesday, 4:30 PM **

Pathways to and through ICES for proposals on introductions that could come to the attention ofthe WG (ref: AR42, 86)

Status of "1990 Summary of Introductions and Transfers in ICES Member Countries", a new Cooperative Research Report [A. Munro (Editor) (S. Utting, I. Wallentinus] Presentation ofFinal Draft

12:00 Lunch

1:30 Reconvene

17 NATIONAL REPORTS (nb: ~/or Ballast Water Reports: see Tuesday morning) Canada Finland France Germany Ireland Sweden UK: England and Wales UK: Scotland USA

Announcements ofNewsletters (hardcopy and email), New Books, etc.

3:30 Coffee Break

4:00 STATUS OF ONGOING AND PROPOSED INTRODUCTIONS AND TRANSFERS

(A) Introduction of Hybrid Bass Morone saxatilis x M. chrysops to Ireland (D. Minehin, Ireland) (8) Transfer ofHalibut from Norway to Ireland (fish culture trials) (D. Minehin, Ireland) • 4:30 STATUS OF ONGOING ACCIDENTAL INVASIONS IN EUROPEAN WATERS

(A) Invasion of the Green Alga Caulerpa EC Advisory 0/ December 1994 (I. Wallentinus, Sweden)

(8) Invasion of the American Comb Jelly Fish Mnemiopsis UNEP Meeting, Geneva. 0/ March 1995 (J. CarIton, USA)

5:00 BALTIC MARINE BIOLOG1STS (BMB) WORKING GROUP ON NON-INDIGENOUS MARINE AND ESTUARINE ORGANISMS IN THE BALTIC SEA (S. OIenin, Lithuania)

5:30 Adjoum

11 April 1995 9:00 Review ofPrevious Day and ofAgenda Tuesday Other Business

9:15 BALLAST WATER ACTIVITIES, RESEARCH, AND MANAGEMENT IN ICES MEMBER COUNTRIES AND GLOBALLY (C. Res. 1994/4:2)

The Control ofBallast Water: Overview ofCurrent Global Thinking (J. Carlton, USA)

9:30 Research Interests, Plans, and Project Updates:

Canada D. Kieser Germany S. Gollasch, M. Dammer Ireland D. Minehin Sweden K. Jansson and I. Wallentinus (including OSPARCOMandHELCOM activities) B. Dybern, remarks on FAO/IOC Working Group

10:30 Coffee Break

11:00 BALLAST WATER ACTIVITIES, RESEARCH, AND MANAGEMENT IN ICES MEMBER COUNTRIES AND GLOBALLY (continued)

18 Research Interests, Plans, and Project Updates: (continued) U.K. S. Utting U.S.A. J. Carlton Lloyd's K. Muller

11:30 Microorganisms (Protozoa) in Ballast Water (N. Huelsmann, Germany)

12:00 Lunch

1:30 Reconvene

ICES 1995 ANNUAL SCIENCE CONFERENCE, 21-29 SEPT 1995, AALBORG, DENMARK: THEME SESSION ON: "BALLAST WATER: ECOLOGICAL AND FISHERIES IMPLICATIONS" Annual Science Conference Open Lecture by 1. T. Carlton Purpose, Focus, and Goals ofTheme Session Participation Organization, Publication ofPapers

2:30 BIOCONTROL STRATEGIES FOR MARINE INVASIONS

Center for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) ofCSIRO, Hobart, Tasmania

Group Discussion

3:30 CofTee Break

4:00 Proposal: "Management of Detrimental Organisms Introduced into European Coastal Waters, Their Consequences and Contro!" (A Discussion) (0. Minehin, Ireland)

4:30 THE NEW COOPERATIVE RESEARCH REPORT: "THE CODE OF PRACTICE" Proposed COlltents: * The Code ofPractice * History ofUsage ofCode * Review ofCase Histories Reviewed by the Working Group and Decisions Reached by the Council * The Use ofRisk Assessment * [Example of] Prospectus for New Introductions *Overview ofIssues Concerning the Transport ofDiseases * Overview ofIssues Concerning the Ecological and Genetic EfTects ofIntroductions * Annex: Pathway for Proposal Submission and Review

5:00 OTHER UPCOMING MEETINGS

OIE International Conference on Preventing the Spread of Aquatic Animal Diseases through International Trade (lune 7-9, 1995, Paris) (H. Grizel, France)

Technical Consultation on the Precautionary Approach to Capture Fisheries (lune 6-15, 1995, Lysekil)

5:30 Adjourn

12 April 1995 9:00 Review ofPrevious Day and ofAgenda Wednesday Other Business

9:15 A REVIEW OF NON-NATIVE MARINE SPECIES IN BRITISH WATERS (N. C. Eno, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, U.K.) Discussion and Questions

19 9:45 STATUS OF ONGOING AND PROPOSED INTRODUCTIONS

(C)Status ofJapanese Nori Porphyra Introductions in Maine (I. Levine, USA)

Discussion and Questions

10:30 Coffee Break

11:00 NEW PARADIGM FOR ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT AND INVASIONS (K. Hayes, U.K.)

Group Discussion: Models for Evaluating Potential Ecological and Genetic Risks That Might Arise from . Introductions and Transfers

12:00 Llmm

1:30 Reconvene

(Continue as Necessary:) Group Discussion:

Models for Evaluating Potential Ecological and Genetic Risks That Might Arise from Introductions and Transfers

2:30 Discussion ofPlace & Time for 1996 Meeting Presentation ofDraft Recommendations

3:30 Coffee Break and.... REPORT PREPARATION: Drafting ofWG Report

5:30 Adjoum

13 April 1995 9:00 Review ofPrevious Day and ofAgenda Thursday Unfinished Business from Previous Three Days

10:00 Discussion ofFinal Recommendations Place & Time for 1996 Meeting Assignments for 1996 WG Meeting

10:30 ConcIuding remarks by Chair, followed by Coffee Break and REPORT PREPARATION: Drafting ofWG Report

12:00 ADJOURN

20 ANNEX 2

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

WORKING GROUP MEMBERS

Dr James T. Carlton (Chainnan) Prof. Dr Harald Rosenthai Maritime Studies Program Institut für Meereskunde Williams College - Mystic Seaport an der Universität Kiel Mystic, Connecticut 06355 Düstembrooker Weg 20 USA 24105 Kiel Telephone: -203-572-5359 GERMANY FAX: -203-572-5329 Telephone: -49-431-597-3916 email: [email protected] FAX: -49-431-565-876 email: [not at the moment] Dr Dorothee Kieser Department ofFisheries & Oceans Canada Dr Dan Minchin 3190 Hammond Bay Road Fisheries Research Centre Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5K6 Department ofthe Marine CANADA Abbotstown, Dublin 15 • Telephone: -604-756-7069 IRELAND FAX: -604-756-7053 Telephone: -353-1-8210-111 email: [email protected] FAX: -353-1-8205-078 email: [soon] Dr Henri Grizel IFREMER Dr Sergej Olenin Station de la Tremblade Centre for System Analysis Mus du Loup, Klaipeda University B. P. 133 Sportininku 13, LT-5813, Klaipeda 17390 La Tremblade LITHUANIA FRANCE Telephone: -370-6-212936 Telephone: -33-46-36-3007 FAX: -370-6-212940 FAX: -33-46-36-3751 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] Dr Bemt I. Dybem Mr Mark Dammer General Secretary, Baltic Marine Biologists Institut für Meereskunde Institute ofMarine Research an der Universität Kiel Box4 Düstembrooker Weg 20 453 34 Lysekil 24105 Kiel SWEDEN GERMANY Telephone: -46-523-141-80 Telephone: -49-431-597-3859 FAX: -46-523-139-77 FAX: -49-431-565-876 email: [none] email: [email protected] Ms Kristina Jansson Mr Stephan Gollasch Naturvrdsverket, Forskningsavde\ningen Zoologisches Institut und Museum 5-17185 Solna Universität Hamburg SWEDEN Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3 Telephone: -46-8-799-14-51 20146 Hamburg FAX: -46-8-283-008 GERMANY email: [email protected]. Telephone: -49-40-4123-4226 FAX: -49-40-4123-3937 email: [not yet]

21 Dr Inger WalIentinus Dr Norbert Huelsmann Department ofMarine Botany Freie Universität Berlin University ofGöteborg Institut für Zoologie, Carl Skottsbergs gata 22 Arbeitsgruppe Protozoologie S-413 19 Goteborg Koenigin-Luise-Strasse 1-3 SWEDEN 14195 Berlin Telephone: -46-31-773-27-02 GERMANY FAX: -46-31-773-27-27 Telephone: -49-30-838-3921 email: [email protected] FAX: -49-30-838-3916 email: [email protected] Mr Keith Hayes [or] [email protected] International Centre for Island Technology Heriot-Watt University Dr Ike Levine Old Academy, Back Road Coastal Plantations International, Inc. Stromness Orkney KWI6 3AW P. O. Box 209 U.K. SCOTLAND Poland, Maine 04273 Telephone: -44-856-850-605 USA FAX: -44-856-851-135 Telephone: -207-998-4909 email: [none] FAX: (same) email: [email protected] Dr Susan Utting MAFF Fisheries Laboratory Ms Kerstin MülIer Benarth Road Marine Scientist • Conwy, Gwynedd LL32 818 Technical Investigation, Propulsion and U.K. WALES Environmental Engineering Department Telephone: -44-1492-593-883 Lloyd's Register House FAX: -44-1492-592-123 29 WelIesley Road email: [email protected] Croydon CRO 2AJ U.K. ENGLAND GUESTS Telephone: -44-181-681-4040, ext. 4500 FAX: -44-181-681-4864 Dr N. Clare Eno email: [email protected] Joint Nature Conservation Committee Monkstone House, City Road Peterborough PE1 l1Y U.K. ENGLAND Telephone: -17-33-62-626 FAX: -17-33-555-948 email:

22 ANNEX 3

FLOWCHART FOR REQUESTS FOR ADVICE ON THE INTRODUCTIONS AND TRANSFERS OF MARINE ORGANISMS

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION (Representing Local, State, Provincial, Territorial, or Federal Government and Acting as a Communication Pathway for Private Enterprise cr Other Party, and in Consultation with the Appropriate License-Issuing Authority.

Submits Request to: ~

NATIONAL ICES DELEGATE • Submits Request to: ~

ICES GENERAL SECRETARY

Submits Request to: l WORKING GROUP ON INTRODUCTIONS & TRANSFERS OF MARINE ORGANISMS

Which prepares Draft Advice and Re-examine• Submits Draft to: if necessary f 1 I ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT I Which Reviews Advice and IfAdopted:

Advice Published in ICES Annual Report or I GENERAL SECRETARY r- in ICES Cooperative Research Report l Sends Advice to Originating Federal Government Organization

23 ANNEX 4

NATIONAL REPORTS FROM MEMBER COUNTlUES FOR 1994-1995

lCES Working Group on Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms Kiel, Germany 10-13 April 1995

NATIONAL REPORT FOR CANADA

1. LAWS AND REGULATIONS

Ballast Water Controls

Voluntary ballast water exchange guidelines in Lake Superior, implemented by Canadian and USA shipping authorities in 1993, were continued in 1994. The guidelines are designed to help prevent the spread of ruffe (Gymnocephalus cemuus) out of western Lake Superior. •

Tbe Province ofManitoba has updated its Fisheries Regulations to include zebra and quagga mussels (Dreissena polymorpha and D. bugensis) in the list oforganisms that cannot be brought into, possessed in, or released into the waters of, Manitoba. '

Quebee Regulations Respecting Aquaculture and the Sale of Fish

Tbe Provincc of Quebee promulgated a new Regulation in September 1994 in respect to aquaculture and the sale offish. Tbc Regulation lists 17 species offinfish that may be cultured in Quebec. Tbere are limitations on which species may be reared in different parts of Quebec, and, in some areas, flSh farmers can only use broodstock or seedstock from specified watersheds. There are also limitations on the areas in which farmed salmonids can be released.

Fish Health Protection Regulations

Tbe Department of Fisheries and Oceans continues to work on amendments to the Fish Health Protection Regulations (FHPR). A review of proposed amendments by clients and stakeholders in January-March, 1994 indicated there were still concerns with the draft that needed to be addressed.

Tbe Technieal Committee that is preparing the amendments subsequently recommended that the FHPR address only those pathogens notyet found in Canada, and that regionaVprovincial regulations deal with pathogens already present in Canada. The Department is examining the feasibility of, and support for, this approach.

Draft Policy on Research with Introductions of Genetically Modified Organisms

The Department of Fisheries and Oceans draft policy entitled 'Transgenie Aquatic Organisms: Policy and Guidelines for Research with, or Use in Natural Aquatic Ecosystems in Canada" has been reviewed widely by other federal agencies, provincial governments, universities and the aquaculture industry. It is anticipated that this policy will be impleinented in 1995..

24 ------

2 DELIBERATE RELEASES

The summary below includes introductions and transfers of aquatic organisms for the purposes of stocking or for aquaculture. Even though cultured organisms are usually contained, they can escape to the wild.

2.1 FINFISH

The following introductions and transfers met rigorous requirements to minimize the risks of disease spread, and to minimize genetic and ecological impacts on local populations.

Rainbow Trout (Oncorhvnchus mvkiss)

Newfoundland - Imported all-female, triploid rainbow trout eggs from Quebec.

Nova Scotia - Imported rainbow trout eggs and juveniles from Quebec and Ontario. • New Brunswiek - Imported rainbow trout eggs and juveniles from Quebee. Prince Edward Island - Imported rainbow trout eggs from Quebec, New Brunswick and Washington State, USA

Quebec - Imported rainbow trout eggs and juveniles from Ontario and Washington State, USA

Arctie eharr (Salvelinus alpinus)

Newfoundland - Imported Arctie charr fry from Prince Edward Island.

New Brunswiek - Imported Arctie charr eggs and juveniles from Quebee and Manitoba.

Quebec - Imported Arctic charr eggs from Prince Edward Island.

Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

Newfoundland - Imported brook trout fry from Prince Edward Island.

New Brunswick - Imported brook trout from Prince Edward Island and Quebec.

Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush)

Ontario - Imported lake trout eggs from Seneca Lake, New York, USA

Atlantie Salmon (Salmo salar)

Newfoundland - Imported Atlantic salmon sac-fry from Maine, USA

Nova Scotia - Imported Atlantic salmon eggs and juveniles from New Brunswiek, and Maine, USA

New Brunswiek -Imported anadromous Atlantic salmon juveniles from Nova Scotia and Maine, USA,

25 and landlocked salmon eggs from Maine, USA

Prince Edward !sland - Imported Atlantic salmon eggs from New Brunswick.

British Columbia - Imported Atlantic salmon eggs from Washington State, USA and Ireland.

Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhvnchus nerka)

As in previous years, eggs were taken from adult sockeye salmon retuming to Canadian portions of transboundary rivers between British Columbia and Alaska, and then incubated in an isolation unit in Alaska. Fry were then out-planted in the Canadian part of the river system from which the eggs originated.

Chinook Salmon (Oncorhvnchus tshawytscha)

British Columbia - Chinook salmon eggs were imported from Yukon Territory. 2. SHELLFISH • Atlantic Canada - Seed-size (» 20 mm) giant sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) were transferred from Prince Edward !sland to the Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick in July/August, 1994. Nova Scotia imported green eggs and spat of the giant sea scallop from Newfoundland and New Brunswiek respectively. Seedstock American oysters (Crassostrea virginica) were transferred from New Brunswick to Nova Scotia (Atlantic shore) and PEI in July. European oyster (Ostrea edulis) seed was transferred from Nova Scotia to New Brunswick in June for grow-out trials. Blue musseI (Mytilus edulis) seed and adults were shipped from PEI to Nova Seotia. Ameriean oysters from Cape Breton, NS, were transferred to PEI and NB for research purposes and are being held in c10sed eages.

Atlantie Canada - An evaluation of the proposed transfer of European oyster (Ostrea edulis) seed from British Columbia to Nova Scotia was tumed down by tbe Introductions and Transfers Committee for Nova Scotia in December 1994. Tbe souree in British Columbia advertised DFO certified "disease-free" stock. However, the eertification had been conducted 4 years previously on seedstock released via quarantine from Nova Seotia. Tbe stock had been mixed subsequently with European and Pacifie oysters (Crassostrea gigas) from Pacifie USA hatcheries. Tbe stock had also been exposed to animals from areas known to be enzootie for Denman !sland Disease, nocardiosis and Bonamia ostreae. . , British Columbia - Manila clam (Tapes philippinantm) and Pacific oyster seed were imported from sourees on the Pacifie eoast, USA

3. ACCIDENTAL INTRODUcnONS AND TRANSFERS

3.1 FINFISH

Ruffe (Gymnocephalus cemuus), an exotic species of fish which was introdueed to the Duluth­ Superior harbour in the early 19808, continued to expand its range in Lake Superior during 1994. On the USA side of Lake Superior, ruffe have expanded eastwards at a rate of about 30 km of shoreline per year. New 1994 sightings were from Chequamegon Bay, Saxon Harbour, Oronto Creek (all in Wisconsin), and in Black River harbour and Ontonagon River (Miehigan).

26 In Canada, staff of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resourees eaptured two ruffe during a trawling survey at Thunder Bay harbour in Oetober. A young-of-the-year and a 5-year ruffe were eaught in the Kaministiquia and Mission Rivers, a short distance upstream from Lake Superior. This was the first time that ruffe had been eaptured in Canadian waters since thc original diseovcry of 7 specimens in the Kaministiquia River ~n 1991.

Thc round and tube-nosed gobics (Neogobius melanostomus arid Proterorhinus mannoratus), previously reported from the St Clair River, are now common on the south side of Lake St. Clair, Ontario.

Four speeimens of European 110under (Platichthys j1esus) were found in Thunder Bay (Lake Superior), Ontario in 1994. Scott and Scott (1988; Can. BulI. Fish. Aquatic. Sei 219: 731 pp.) noted that European 110unders had been reported prcviously in the Oreat Lakes, probably transported in ships' ballast.

• 3.2 SHELLFISH

Nova Scotia shellfish aquaculturists were wamed again about thc disease risks associated with irnporting European oysters from Maine, USA. This followed further unconfirmed reports of illegal importations of European oysters to the province from Maine.

There was HUle change in the distribution of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and its relative D. bugensis in Canadian waters in 1994.

Both the spiny water llea, Bythotrephes cederstroemi, and the rusty crayfish, Orconectes rusticUs, have expanded their ranges. The water llea is now dominant in Lake Simcoe, central Ontario, and the erayflSh has been found at Owen Sound and Parry Sound at the south and east sides.of Georgian Bay, Lake Huron. These transfers were related to recreational boat traffic and bait-bucket transfers.

4. LIVE IMPORTS

The following organisms were imported into Canada for research or for human consurnption. The organisms are held in quarantine or containment facilities, and are either destroyed after research is eornpleted or used as food. Importation ofthese organisms is not believed to pose a risk to Canadian • flSheries resourees. The list of organisms imported for food is not cornplete. Recording food organisms is low priority because of the low risk of impact on wild rcsources.

Nova Scotia

Arroyo ehub (Gila orcOttl) imported from Califomia to Nova Scotia

Marine amphipod (Rhepoxynius abronius) imported from Washington State, USA.

Pacific sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) imported from Califomia, USA.

Mussel (Mytilus califomianus) imported from Califomia, USA

... ,'"

27 New Brunswick Atlantic salmon milt from one transgenie flSh was imported from Newfoundland.

Prince Edward Island Atlantie salmon, rainbow trout and eoho salmon (0. kisutch) imported from other Canadian provinces. Gold Tilapia (Tilapia aura) imported [rom Mexico Koi carp (Cyprinus sp.) imported from USA

Manitoba Rainbow trout, inconnu (Stenodus leucichthys), and broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus) were for research purposes from other Canadian provinces.

Alberta Triploid grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fry from USA These fish are used to control vegetation in irrigation ditches.

British Columbia Tapes philippinarum, the amphipod Eohaustorius estuarius, and Placopecten magellanicus (alliarvae • reared from the imported seed stock held in quarantine were retumed to the East Coast) were imported to British Columbia for research purposes.

Speeies imported for human consumption included rockfish (unspecified), red abalone (Haliotis rufescens), mussels (mostly Mytilus edulis), oysters (mostly Crassostrea gigas), prawns and shrimps (unspecified), crab (Scilla se"ata and otherunspecified), geoduck (Panope abrupta), lobster (including rock and slipper lobster), sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus spp.), and whelk (unspecified).

Note: in previous years, live eels were imported to British Columbia for the table market. This is no longer pennitted, because of the risk of disease transfer.

5. LIVE EXPORTS TO ICES MEMBER COUNTRIES Manitoba exported wild white bass (Aforone chrysops) to USA for aquaculture.

6. PLANNED IN1RODUcnONS 6.1 FINFISH • New Brunswick The provincial Department ofNatural Resources and Energy plans to introduce landlocked Atlantie salmon into the Tetagouche Lakes system, New Brunswiek. This proposed introduction has been approved by the local introductions and transfers committee. .

Prince Edward Island Continued importations for aquaculture of rainbow trout and possibly Arctie charr to PEr from other provinces in Canada and from sourees in the USA are likely. No forecast of numbers, is available but aquaeulture continues to want these non-indigenous species for commercial rearing. Importations of various fish species for research - in quarantines - willlikely continue as weIl.

28 6.2 INVERTEBRATES New Brunswick An official request from the provincial Department of Fishenes arid Aquaculture, New Brunswick to import hard-shell clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) from a South Carolina bivalve hatchery was received in 1994. The health of the proposed export stock was examined by a shellfIsh pathologist on-site, and certifIed to be free of disease organisms of concern. A permit was issued allowing import into quarantine facilities in New Brunswick in February 1995. The stock is now being spawned in quarantine, and 100% of the original imported organisms will be killed and examined before release of the F1 generation is authorized.

7. MEETINGS, CONFERENCES, SYMPOSIA OR WORKSHOPS The Nova Scotia Introductions and Transfers Committee met on November 2, 1994 to discuss requests to import advertised European oyster (Ostrea edulis) seed from British Columbia, as weIl as requests to import seed from the United States. Both requests were refuscd based on documented presence ofBonamia ostreae (a contagious protistan ofEuropean oysters) in Atlantic US stocks, and mixing of BC stocks with infected stock from the PacifIc USo

Scientists from the Department ofFisheries and Oceans Laboratory, Burlington, and Ontario Ministry • ofNatural Resources were involved with the following meetings and confcrences related to organisms introduced accidentally into the Great Lakes:

Fifth International Zebra Musscl and Other Nuisance Organisms Conference was held in Toronto, Ontario on February 21-24, 1995.

Ruffe Control Meeting, Duluth, MN in January 1994

Ruffe Meeting between Department of Fisheries and Oceans and Ontario Ministry of Natural· . Resources in March 1994.

Ruffe Meeting, Ontario Ministry ofNatural Resources, to prepare an Ontario policy on ruffe control, was held in Toronto in July, 1994

8. BmLIOGRAPHY

Bower, S.M., S.E. MeGladdery and I.M. Price. 1994. Synopsis of infectious diseases and parasites • of commercially exploited shellfish. Ann. Rev. Fish Diseases, 4: 1-199. Carey, T.G. and G.I. Pritchard. 1995. Fish health proteetion: A strategie role in Canadian fIsheries management. N. Amer. Jour. Fish. Man. 15(1): 1-13.

Collated by:

Aquaculture and Oceans Science Branch Department of Fisheries and Oceans Ottawa, Canada April 1995

. ; 29 ICES Working Group on Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms Kiel, Germany 10-13 April 1995

NATIONAL REPORT FOR FINLAND

1.0 LAWS AND REGULATIONS

In accordance with EU's position, Finland has received a three year transition period (1995-1997) during which every fish farm must be studied twice for VHS and IHN diseases. In this period all export and import oflive flSh and gametes are prohibited between the EU and Finland. Imports from countries outside the EU are also prohibited fram 1995-1997. The purpose is to achieve IHN and VHS free status for FinJand.

2.0 DELIBERATE RELEASES

Deliberate releases into the Baltic for flSheries management purposes were as follows in 1994:

1.9 million salmon (Salmo salar) smolts • 1.7 million salmon parrs 830000 sea traut (Sa/mo trutta m. trutta) smolts 360000 sea traut parrs 9 million one-summer-old whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) 54 million newly-hatched whiteflSh

As in previous years veterinary authorities allowed the import of elvers from Swedish quarantine. As manyas 149,000 elvers were released into inland waters in southem Finland in 1994. '

3.0 ACCIDENTAL INTRODUCTIONS AND TRANSFERS

3.2 Invertebrates

Two recently found invertebrates species are on the increase: the North American polychaete warm Afarenzelleria viridis and the Ponto-Caspian mysid Hemimysis anomala. Both species have been found • along the southem coast and up to the eastem coast of the Bothnian Sea.

4.0 LIVE IMPORTS

4.1 Fish See 2.0

4.2 Invertebrates

As in previous years aquarium shops and some restaurants and stores may import live marine animals such as oysters, lobsters, and crabs for sale or consumption without the authorization of the Veterinary Department because it is obvious that they cannot survive in natural Finnish waters.

4.3 Algae and higher plants None apart fram aquarium plants.

30 5.0 LIVE EXPORTS to ICES Member countries

5.1 Fish

The fertilized eggs of rainbow trout have been exported to hatcheries in Russia (Karelia, Kola Peninsula), Estonia, Chile, and Portugal. Live rainbow trout fingerlings (up to one-year -old) have been exported to hatcheries in the inland waters of the Karelian Russia. The fertilized eggs of Atlantic salmon have been exported to one hatchery in Denmark.

6.0 PLANNED INTRODUenONS

6.1 Fish

All export is prohibited from 1995-1997 when the IHN and VHS examinations will be carried out.

7.0 MEETINGS

The Committee of the Baltic Marine Biologists (BMB) established a new working group, Non­ • indigenous Estuarine and Marine Organisms in the Baltic Sea (WG 30). The meeting was held in Mariehamn, Aland Islands, Finland, 17-200ctober, 1994.

This WG will hold its first workshop in Klaipeda, Lithuania, on June 5-9, 1995.

8.0 BmLIOGRAPHY

Leppakoski, E. 1994. Nonindigenous species in the Baltic sea. In: Boudouresque, C.F., Briand, F. & Nolan, C. (eds.) Introduced species in European coastal waters. CEC Ecosystem Research Reports 8, p. 67-75.

Leppakoski, E. 1994. The Baltic Sea - seriously threatened by nonindigenous species? In: Proceedings of the Conference & Workshop "Nonindigenous Estuarine and Marine Organisms", NEMO, Seattle, Washington, April 1993. U.S. Dept. of Commerce. p. 37-44. •

Report prepared by R. Rahkonen and E. Leppakoski.

31 leES Working Group on Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms Kiel, Germany 10-13 April 1995

NATIONAL REPORT FOR FRANCE

1. Laws and regulations

Tbe French monitoring plan to check for Bonamia and Marteilia has been accepted by the Permanent Veterinary Committee in Brussels.

3.0 Accidental introductions and transfers

3.2 Shellfish

Studies conducted by the 'Laboratoire de Biologie Marine et d'Ecologie du Benthos', Marseille, have revealed the probable recent introduction offour new algae. This laboratory has been following • the flora of ' Etang de Thau' for many years and discovered the new species in 1994. They probably originated from Korea or Japan. No new importations from these countries were allowed during all of last year. Information from shellflSh farmers only mentions introduction of e. gigas from tbe Netherlands. Inquiries througb tbe EU have been made to the Netherlands authorities with regard to the origin of these oysters.

4.0 Live imports

4.1 Fish

No importation of Coho salmon.

4.2 Shellfish

As in previous years oysters (e. gigas) have been imported for consumption mainly from Ireland, the U.K. and the Netherlands. Mussels have also been transferred from several European countries (Spain, Netberlands, U.K., Ireland, and Denmark). Rowever, in 1994 tbe quantity of imported mussels dropped drastically due to a huge harvest of wild mussels in Normandy. i •

6.0 Planned introductions

6.2 Shellfish , Patinopecten yessoensis: An F2 of P. yessoensis has been produced from the Fl resulting from the broodstock introduced into France in 1988. As reported before, bad results brought the planned programme to an end but to maintain astrain of P. yessoensis, an F2 composed of some thousands of individuals was immersed in bags during the juvenile stages in the estuary of the 'Rade de Beest' (St. Anne). Mter that, a new experiment was started in I1e de Rouat to test the growth performance using the long-line technique. From November 1993 to November 1994 the average size increased from 50mm to 88mm with a survival rate of 75%. A final experiment has been planned for 1995 to 1996 to define more precisely the husbandry tecbniques for the juvenile stages.

32 Crassostrea virginica: The F1 of C. virginica produced from a broodstock coming from Conwy has given poor results in growth experiments. Moreover, abnormal mortalities have been noted. After a histological examination, the sampies reared in bags in the open sea were destroyed. Maneilia sp. was identified as a parasite in the digestive gland of the oysters. This interesting information has been reported to the 'WGPDMO'.

7.0 Meetings, conferences, symposia, or workshops:

7.1 'WGPDMO': During the last'WGPDMO' a methodology was established to determine the status of bivalves which are supposed to be potential carriers. Moreover, appropriate protocols were recommended for monitoring the procedures to detect prevalence of mollusc pathogens.

7.2 OIE International conference on preventing the spread of aquatic animal diseases through international trade: This conference will be held in Paris from 7-9th June 1995. The aims are: 1. to facilitate the discussion between the professionals and the administrators, 2. to make the professionals more sensitive to the risks of introductions focussing on the risk of disease transfer, and • ... .J. to examine the adequacies/inadequacies of laws in relation to the indispensable need for trade.

•

Report prepared by Dr Henri Grizel, IFREMER

33 ICES Working Group on Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms Kiel, Germany 10-13 April 1995

NATIONAL REPORT FOR FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

20 Deliberate Releases

2.1. Fish

Import for experimental purposes:

Acipenser transmontanus

Several specimens ofAcipenser transmontanus which had been introduced to Germany directly from Califomia are still held at the commercial turbot hatchery near Kiel.

Dicentrarchus labrax This hatchery is also experimenting with Dicentrarchus labrax to raise juveniles in reckculation • systems. Juveniles of the gilthead bream were introduced from France. The specimens are kept in quarantine conditions. Escape is impossible.

Sparns aurata

250 juvenile fish (1-2g each) were imported from Greece (Aquaculture facility near Athens) for scientific studies. They have been held in quarantine at the Institute for Marine Sciences, Kiel University, since February 1995. Fish will not be released to the environment. Escape cannot occur because of the design of the indoor facilities. Emuents are treated with ozone and disposed of in an appropriate manner.

3.0 Accidental Introductions

Consequences of accidentally introduced species: - Swimbladder nematode in eels: Anguillicola crassa • Anguillicola crassa; first recorded in Germany 1982, introduced from Taiwan to Hamburg by imported eels far processing (Williams & Sindermann 1991). It is now in all water sheds of Germany and is increasingly affecting the eel populations. In the river EIbe 100% infestation is reported and similarly high infestation rates are occurring in other river systems. In many lakes of the German state Schleswig-Holstein, the ruffe seems to be an important carrier ofthe swimbladder nematode. A study on its prevalence in other [lSh species has recently been started. Scientific discussions on management options regarding the control of the parasite have started. Suggestions include increased fishing of ruffe and on growing ofjuvenile eels to a larger size before stocking into natural waters. No decision has yet been taken on a possible trial study in this area.

34 - Spread of Afarenzelleria viridis in the Baltic Sea

The introduced polychaete Marenzelleria viridis iS spreading rapidly along the German coast. It is recorded since 1982 in the Ems estuary, North Sea probably introduced by ballast water (Essink & Kleef 1993). The first record in the Baltic was in 1985 (Jansson 1994). Now it occurs in the various brackish waters of the southern shore of the Baltic Sea (e.g. the Boddens) in great numbers. Its range extension to the eastern parts of the Baltic seems to continue and specimens have been found in Finnish waters up to Tvärminne (H. Rumohr, Kiel, personal eomrnunieation). It is unknown whether this species has been unintentionally introduced via ballast water or other transport means or has recently invaded the Baltic through range extension. The latter option is less likely beeause the speeies does not oecur in the inner Kiel Bight and other adjacent areas where one would expect it to oecur first before spreading further to the eastcrn parts of the Baltic.

- Teredo navalis

This species is known to oecur in coastal waters of the Baltic sinee 1985, probably introdueed as a fouling organism on ships (Jansson 1994). In particular, the observations made in 1994 on its distribution along the Wismar-Hiddcnsee coast and along the Daraer Schwelle (German state • Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) show that the salinity does not prevent the species from a further extension of its range. In 1994, free Iiving larvae were deteeted for the first time and a high infestation rate has been reported (Sordy, Rostoek, personal communication). The souree of the introduction is unknown, however, it has been suggested that transport via ship hulls' or via ballast water are possible means. It has also to be noted that since unification of Germany in 1989, ship traffie from the East German harbours has drastically inereased.

- Oyster farm with ascidians imported with seed oysters.

No further data have been made available on the distribution of this introduction whieh we reported last year. The ascidian species is reported by the farm as being still present and sometimes (dcpending on the time of the year) observed in large quantities. Nothing is presentlY known on the spread or loeal limitation of the species.

7.0. Meetings, conferenees, symposia or workshops

An initial meeting of the working group on "Non-indigenous Estuarine and Marine Organisms • (NEMO) of the Baltic Sea" will take place (June 5 - 9) in Klaipeda, Lithuania this year. For further information contact: Prof. Erkki Leppäkoski Dr. Sergej OIenin Abo Akademi University Centre for System Analysis Dept. of Biology Klaipeda University BioCity, Artillerigatan 6 Sportininku 13 FIN-20520 TurkulAbo LT-5813 KIaipeda Finland Lithuania FAX: +358-21-654748 FAX: +370-62-12940

Prepared by: Harald Rosenthai and Stephan Gollasch

.. ' . 35 1------

ICES Working Group on Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms Kiel, Germany 10-13 April 1995

NATIONAL REPORT FOR IRELAND

2.0 DELIBERATE RELEASES

2.2 Invertebrates

Haliotis discus hannai and H. tuberculata continue to be cultivated on west, south-west and south lrish coasts. Tapes philippinarnm, cultivated from hatchery seed on all lrish coasts. Crassostrea gigas, a1l cultivated from hatchery seed imported from Normandy, France and Guernsey. Apart from a ton of oysters left in Carlingford, a1l of the French half grown oysters introduced in 1993 have been marketed.

3.0 ACCIDENTAL INTRODUCTIONS AND TRANSFERS 3.2 Invertebrates • Mytilicola orientalis has become established in one bay, Dungarvan Bay, on the southem Irish coast, where in 1993 half grown Pacifie oysters had been transferred from France. This copepod had transferred from French Pacifie oysters to seed oysters imported from the U.K, and were present in a1l year classes except for the 1994 seed, when sampled in July. This copepod remains at a low frequency in Carlingford Lough.

4.0 LIVE IMPORTS

4.1 Fish

Salmon eggs were imported from Scotland (100,000) and Tasmania (300,000). Brown trout fry and fingerlings were introduced from Northern Ireland (600,000) and rainbow trout (600,000) from Denmark. Arctie charwere imported from lceland (100,000), Canada (250,000) and Sweden (20,000) Turbot juveniles (45,000) were introduced from the !sIe of Man for a turbot onshore rearing facility on the south coast, 11 tonnes were harvested in 1994. 4.2 Invertebrates • Pacific oyster spat were imported in 70 consignments from England (39.2 million), 29 consignments from Guernsey (9.4 million) and eleven consignments from France (7.8 million).

5.0 LIVE EXPORTS TO ICES MEMBER COUNTRIES AND OTHER AREAS

5.1 Fish

Salmon eggs were exported to the f01l0wing countries: Belgium (120,000), Chile (10 million), Denmark (320,000), England (455,000), France (50,000), Gennany(l million), Scotland (6 million) Spain (500,000) and brown trout eggs to Luxembourg (15,000).

36 Salmon smolts (240,000) were exported to France.

5.2 Invertebrates

Pacific oyster spat were exported to Portugal (5 million) and France and Pacific clam seed to Portugal (1 million) and France.

7.0 MEETINGS

1995: 10th International Pectinid Workshop, Cork (26 April - 2 May).

1995: European and Estuarine Coastal Sciences Association, Dublin (11-16 Sept).

8.0 REFERENCES

Holmes, J.M.C., & Minehin, D., 1995. Two exotic copepods imported into Ireland with the Pacific • oyster Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg). Ir. Nat. J., 25: 17-20. Minehin, D., McGrath, D., & Duggan, c.B., 1995. The slipper limpet, Crepidula fomicata (L.), in Irish waters, with a review of its occurrence in the north-eastem Atlantic. J. Conch., 35: 247-254.

•

Reported prepared by D. Minehin

37 ICES Working Group on Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms Kiel, Gennany 10-13 April 1995

NATIONAL REPORT FOR SWEDEN

1.0 LAWS AND REGULATIONS

GMOs: As a consequence of Sweden's membership of the EES and the European Union, there is a new law on Genetically Modified Organisms (based on the EC Directive 9O/220/EEC). There are also some Ordinances and instructions from different authorities pertaining to GMOs.

Other introductions: In 1994 the EC Dircctive regulating trade in live fIsh and shellfish (Couneil Dircctive 91/67/EEC) was tumed into an Ordinanee undcr the Swedish Fisheries Law. In 1995 a new law on Mcasures Conceming Plants And Animals Belonging to Proteeted Species (based on the CITES Convention) came into effeet. Tbis general law will have to be supplemented by new ordinances and instruetions during 1995, and it is not yet known whether it ean be of any use as far as "non-protected" species are concemed. 2.0 DELIßERATE RELEASES: Species deliberately released or held in open waters: 2.1 Fish • eod, salmon, sen trout; elvers imported [rom England (Sevem)

3.0 ACCIDENTAL INTRODUCTIONS AND TRANSFERS: 3.2 Invertebrates

The North Amcrican polyehaete Marenzelleria viridis has also been found on the Swedish east coast during 1994 (see also Swedish national report for 1994).

3.3 Algae and lligher Plants

Drift specimens of the Japanese brown alga Sargassum muticum were found during the summer of 1994 at several new localities along the Swedish Kattegat coast (northem and middle part of the provinee of Halland), but no attaehed plants were found there, althou~h searched for. The speeies now commonly occurs along the Skagerrak coast (province of BohuslSn) and is also found in the northem Kattegat (southem part ofthe arehipelago ofGoteborg, inereasing populations) (J. Karlsson pers. eomm., I. Wallentinus unpubl. obs.). •

Live cysts of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum oceurred abundantly in sediments from the Gullmarfjord (province of BohuslSn) during early spring 1995, some of which have hatehed in laboratory experiments. No motHe cells have been found in the area although sampies for phytoplankton have frequently been taken. Tbe origin of the cysts is not known (Sweden report 1994).

The benthic diatom Pleurosira leavis f. pol)morpha which nonnally lives in subtropieal braekish water, has been found in large amounts in the cooling water diseharges from nuclear power plants at Oskarshamn and Forsmark on the Swedish east eoast (P. Snoeijs pers. eomm. in Cederwall & Hajdu 1994, Jansson 1994). It has been suggested that it might have been introduced in connection with stocking of eels.

38 4.0 LIVE IMPORTS

4.1 Fish

Elvers from England (Sevem). Quarantine regulations followed.

4.2 Invertebrates

Lobsters from U.S.A and Canada. Oysters from France.

4.3 AJgae and Higher Plants

None (No information available on imported aquaria plants)

5.0 LIVE EXPORTS To ICES Member Countries: 5.1 Fish

Eggs to: ICES countries Outside ICES Denmark Salmon (far experiments) Austria Aretie charr • Chile Rainbow trout France Grayling Germany Salmon (+Arctic charr, grayling) Greece Rainbow trout Ireland Arctie charr Portugal Rainbow trout Spain Rainbow trout

Fish for release to

Norway Sea trout Finland Elvers (release into fresh water)

Live eels for consumption to: Belgium Hong Kong Denmark Japan Germany The Netherlands

• S.2Invertebrates BIue mussels to Denmark and The Netherlands

7.0 MEETINGS, Conferences, Symposia or Workshops on Introductions and Transfers

* Swedish EPA Seminar on Introdueed Speeies, Oetober 27, 1994 (No proeeedings)

* Baltie Marine Biologists WG 30: Non-indigenous Estuarine and Marine Organisms (NEMO) in the Baltic Sea. Initial Meeting, KIaipeda, Lithuania, 5-9 June, 1995.

* Council of Europe: Convention of the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats; 2nd Meeting of Group of Experts on Legal Aspeets of Introductions and Reintroductions of Wildlife Species, Strasbourg, 11-12 May 1995.

39 8.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY

References for Swedish waters:

Cederwall, H. & S. Hajdu, 1994. Nya arter i ...stersjsn....stersjsn ' 93. _rsrapport freEn den marina miljssvervakningen, Stockholms Marina Forskningscentrum, pp. 7-9.

Jansson, K. 1994. AIien species in the marine environment. Introductions to the Baltic Sea and the Swedish west coast. Swed. Environ. Protect. Agency Report 4357: 1-68.

Johansson, B., J. KarIsson & I. Wallentinus, 1995. Dispersal of propagules in aquatic environments: Methods applied to Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt. Abstracts and Programme, XVth Intern. Seaweed Syrnp., Valdivia - Chile, January 8-14, 1995, p. 73. (Abstract)

Mattsson, B. 1993. Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt: Epibionts and production of an invasive immigrant alga compared to an indigenous species. B.Sc. Thesis, Dept. of ZooL, Univ. Stockholm, Stockholm. Wallentinus, I., 1994. Concems and activities of the leES Working Group on introductions and • transfer of marine organisms. In: Boudouresque, C.F., F. Briand, C. Nolan (eds). Introduced species in European Coastal Waters. Europ. Comm. EUR 15309. Ecosystems Res. Rep. 8: 76-84.

Wallentinus, I., 1995. MCEnga hot mot havets mCEngfald. In: Carlberg, A, R. Lindbiom, K. Pettersson & R. Rosenberg (eds). Havsmiljsn. Aktuell rapport om miljstillstCEndet i Kattegatt, Skagerrak och ...resund. Februari 1995. Kontaktgrupp Hav, Goteborg, pp. 19-20.

•

Reported prepared by Bo Holmberg (releases and export/import data), Kristina Janson (laws) and Inger Wallentinus (plants and references)

40 ICES Working Group on Introduetions and Transfers of Marine Organisms Kiel, Germany 10·13 April 1995 . . NATIONAL REPORT FOR U.K.: ENGLAND AND WALES

1.0 LAWS AND REGULATIONS Until a list of third countries approved to export to the EU has been agreed, it has been proposed that national conditions for third country trade should be at least equivalent to conditions applying to intra-EU trade in live [lSh and shell[lSh. Tbe proposed changes (see bibliography) are intended to make sure that fish health requirements for live fish and shellfish (and their eggs and gametes) imported from third countries are at least equivalent to the conditions applying to introduetions of live [lSh and shellfish from elsewhere in the EU, as is required by Article 20 of the EC Fish Health Directive 91/67/EEC.

2.0 DELIBERATE RELEASES 22 Invertebrates

• Seed Pacific oysters and Manila c1ams, from hateheries in England and Guemsey, were planted out rar commercial cultivation. Approximately 500 tonnes of Pacific oysters and 50 tonnes of Manila c1ams were harvested.

3.0 ACCIDENTAL INTRODUCTIONS AND TRANSFERS 3.3 Algae and Higher Plants

Attached plants of Undaria pinnatifuJa have appeared on the south coast of England (F1etcher, pers. comm. in Guiry & Pieton 1995).

Sargassum muticum plants have been found in Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland (pers. comm. J. Parsons (April 1995) & P.J. Boaden (April 1995)). Attached plants were growing in the vieinity of Pacific oysters at low tide level attaehed mainly on Lammaria. Plants were also found attached to oyster bags and old trestles. It was estimated that plants were 2·3 years old. The method of introduction was not clear. Oyster seed were last imported from Guernsey in 1988.

4.0 LIVE IMPORTS 4.1 Fish: • Approximately 60 million rainbow trout eggs were imported from diseaSe-free sourees, mainly South Africa, Denmark, Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man and Tasmania. Imported eggs were disinfected on arrival. Other imports included saltwater ornamentals and eels.

4.2 Invertebrates:

Seed Pacific oysters and Manila clams were imported from Guemsey for on-growing. No importation ofPaeific oyster broodstoek was made through quarantine to boost the gene pool of UK broodstocks. (Listed as a planned introduction in the 1994 report.) Other imports included saltwater ornamentals, oysters, scallops, musseIs (including seed from Ireland for culture in Menai Strait, North Wales), cuttlefish and sea urchins.

. ... 41 5.0 LIVE EXPORTS to ICES Member Countries 5.1 Fish: Approximately 250,000 turbot juveniles were exported for on-growing, principally to Galicia, Spain. Other fish exports incIuded saltwater ornamentals, eels and unspecified saltwater species.

5.2 Invertebrates: 78 consignments of Pacific oyster seed (totalling approximately 50 million individuaIs) were exported mainly to Southem Ireland; 1 consignment of Manila cIam seed was exported to Ireland. Other invertebrate exports incIuded lobsters, oysters, scallops, musseis (including 6 exports ofseed mussels to Guemsey), cuttlefish, squid and octopus.

6.0 PLANNED INTRODUCTIONS 6.2 Invertebrates There is still a possibility that Pacific oysters may be introduced through quarantine to boost the gene pool of broodstocks held in the UK.

BIBLIOGRAPHY M. D. Guiry & RE. Picton (1995) Check-list of the Seaweeds (Benthic Marine AIgae) of Britain, • Ireland and northem Europe (ref: http://seaweed.ucg.ie/seaweed.html).

Howarth, W. & McgiIIivary, D.M., 1994. Regulating flsh movements in the Single European Market: the scope for more restrictive measures under national law. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 1: 193-203.

Swaby, S.E. & Potts, G.W., 1994. Non-native Marine and Estuarine Fishes in Britain (A position statement on introduced flshes in the British Isles). JNCC/MBA Contract No. 99F2EOO3.

Changes to Legislation:

a) EC Fish and Shellfish Health Directive 91/67/EEC: Licences for third country imports.

b) A Guide to Importing Fish : An explanation of the controls goveming the movement of live and • dead fish, fish eggs and gametes into and from Great Britain. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Weish Office Agriculture Department and Scottish Offlce Agriculture and Fisheries Department. May 1994.

c) A Guide to SheIlflsh Health ControIs: An explanation of the controls governing the movement of sheIlflsh, their eggs and gametes into, from and within Great Britain. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Weish Office Agriculture Department and Scottish Offlce Agriculture and Fisheries Department May 1994.

Report prepared by S.D.Utting

42 ICES Working Group on Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms Kiel, Germany 10-13 April 1995

NATIONAL REPORT FOR U.K.: SCOTLAND

1.0 LAWS AND REGULATIONS Statutory Instrument No 1447. The Diseases of Fish (Control) Regulations 1994. These implement Council Directive 93/53 EEC.

Statutory Instrument No 1447. The Fish Health (Amendment) Regulations 1994. The regulations implement Council Directive 93/54 EEC.

2.0 DELIBERATE RELEASES 2.2 Invertebrates Japanese oyster (e. gigas) from Guemsey.

3.0 ACCIDENTAL INTRODUCTIONS AND TRANSFERS 3.1 Fish: An outbreak of Viral Hemorrhagic Septicaemia (VHS) was recorded in turbot (Scophthalmus • maximus) in a commercial farm. The origin of the infection, the first in the UK. is unknown.

4.0 LIVE IMPORTS 4.1 Fish Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) ova from: Northem Ireland (6.2 million), Isle of Man (3 million), Denmark (3.9 million) and South Mrica (5.5 million).

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) ova from: Ireland (5.8 million) and Australia (0.25 million).

5.0 LIVE EXPORTS 5.1 Fish

Atlantic salmon ova to Chile (22.7 million) and Ireland (9 million). • 5.2 Invertebrates Scallops (Pecten maximus) to France and Spain. Crab species (Liocarcinus puber and Carcmus spp.) to Spain. Lobster species (Palinums vulgans, Homams vulgaris, Nephrops norvegicus) to Spain and France.

6.0 PLANNED INTRODUCTIONS OF NEW SPECIES 6.1 Fish

Requests to import halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) and goldsinny wrasse (eleno/abms rupestris) from Norway and sturgeon (Acipenser spp.) from Hungary for aquaculture. All requests are currently rejected on the grounds of insufficient health certification.

Report prepared by Dr AIan Munro

" 43 ICES Working Group on Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms Kiel, Germany 10-13 April 1995

NATIONAL REPORT FOR UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

1.0 LAWS AND REGULATIONS

NationalfRegional:

Ballast Water:

Please see separate USA Report on "Ballast Water Research and Management Activities, 1994-1995"

Zebra MusseI Legislation:

As with last year, a great many local (state, local (regional) jurisdictions continue to enact regulations that seek to control where and when the public can move recreational boats that might be infested • with zebra musseIs (Dreissena polymorpha and Dreissena bugensis). States as far as Califomia now have zebra musseI inspection programs at their borders (and since the fall of 1993 at least 2 recreational boats, on boat trailers being towed by a car, have been found to have zebra mussels on them. Although these were reportedly dead, such transport demonstrates the ability of rapid long- distance dispersal that could at some point become a viable pathway).

2.0 DELIßERATE RELEASES 2.1 Fish (A)Salmon releases on the Atlantic coast of the United States

Tbe State ofNew lIampshire has ceased an active Pacific salmon release program. In the last 3 years, only two returns of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) have been reported, one 2-year old fish captured in the fall of 1992, and one 3-year old flsh (from the 1991 release) captured in the fall of 1994. Both fish were taken at the initial release site on the Lamprey River in the Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire. Tbe State will continue to monitor for returning chinooks for at least tbe next 5 years.

2.3 Algae and lIigher Plants (A)Introduction of Japanese Seaweed Porphyra yezoensis to the Gulf oe Maine • "Nori," the Japanese red alga (Rhodophyta) Porph}Ta yezoensis, in the form of a cultivar strain, bas been seeded in northern Maine for aquaculture purposes. An update report from tbe aquaculture company, Coastal Plantations International, Inc., is found elsewhere in this WG Report.

3.0 ACCIDENTAL INTRODUCTIONS AND TRANSFERS 3.2 Invertebrates

(A)The Zebra Musseis Dreissena polymorpha and Dreissena bugensis in the United States No significant new jumps of the zebra mussel's range have been reported since spring, 1994. The zebra musseI, now recognized as consisting of two different species in North America, Dreissena polymorpha and Dreissena bugensis, continues to fill in many rivers and lakes within its reported

44 ,------

range, which now eXtends into Oklahoma, to the Gulf of Mexico coast in Louisiana, into Lake Champlain on the VennontlNew Hampshire border, and down the Hudson River (see "North American Range 0/ the Zebra Mussei as 0/ 15 February 1995" in the Dreissena! newsletter 0/ October/November/December 1994 [sie]"). The "Fifth International Zebra MüSsel Conference" was held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, in February 1995. The mussel continues to be the subject of a large number of new posters, pamphlets, brachures, and videos.

The Ohio Sea Grant College Program (Columbus, Ohio) has issued a booklet, "Sea Grant Zebra Mtissel Report: an Update of Research and Outreach, 1988-1994". Copies were distributed at the WGITMO meeting in Kiel in 1995.

(B)Japanese crab Heinigrapsus sanguineus on the US Atlantie Coast The crab now ranges from Buzzards Bay and Woods Hole on Cape Cod in Massaehusetts south to the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. Ecological and other studies are in progress by Prof. J. McDermott at Franklin & Marshall College in Pennsylvania and by Drs. G. Ruiz, A Hines, and others at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Maryland.

(C)European (green) crab Carcinus maenilS on the US Pacifie Coast • The European share (green) crab CarciniJs continues to be common in central California, where a number of ecologieal, parasitological, and other studies are underway in 1995. There is cancern that coastal shipping traffie will introduce it from San Frandsco Bay to Puget Sound and aSsociated waters in the State of Washington. Ballast water is regularly transported from San Franeiseo Bay to Washington. Two papers are now in press in the journal Marine Biology on the introduetion of Carcinus to the Ameriean Pacifie coast (Cohen, Carlton, and Fountain, 1995; Grosholz and Ruiz, 1995).

(D)The EuropeaD Rurre GymnocepluzluS cemuus in the Great Lakes Under the aegis ofthc federally-Iegislated "Aquatie Nuisanee Species Task Force", the "Ruffe Control Committee" met in January 1994 in Duluth, Minnesota and in October 1994 in Ironwood, Missouri. The COmmittee has developed an extensive "Ruffe Control Program" whose major elements are (1) Range Reduetion (by eliminating reproducing ruffe populations on the periphery of the range using chemieal piseicides), (2) Ballast Management (by preventing the transport of ruffe out of western Lake Superior in the ballast water ofships), (3) Population InveStigations (continuing arid expanding investigations of ruffe populations and affected fish communities to provide information necessary to plan and evaluate control activities), (4) Surveillance (coriducting surveillance sampling in likely locations to find newly estilblished populations of ruffe, arid designate a single office to compile • collections ofruffe), (5) Predator Evaluation (evaluate the ongoing predator enhancement program in Duluth Harbor and quantify the predation on ruffe), and (6) Edueation (educate the publie so that ruffe will not be transpoi1ed, arid so that they Will be killed and reported if caught by anglers).

This Program has been announeed for formal publie comment. The ANS Task Force and the Conimittee plan to complete development of the proposed oontrol program by JUDe 1995.

(E) The Discovery or the Chinese Mitten Crnb EriOcheir sinensis in San Francisco Bay . The ricwest and most startling discovery of an introduced aquatic organism in the U.S. was in November 1994 when specimens (male and ovigerous females) of the Chinese mitten erab Eriocheir sinensis were brought to the Califomia Academy of Sciences (San Fnirieisco), having been captured in trawl nets in the southern erid of San Francisco BaY. It was later detemiined that shrimp fishermen had seen the erab as early as 1992 Numerous spedmens colleeted in the fall of 1994 and

" . .! , - 45 the winter-spring of 1995 represcnt at least 2 distinct year elasses; ovigerous females are common, and rcadily produce swimming lalVac in laboratory aquaria. Upon this basis, it appears that Erioeheir has at long last become established in North America.

The Chinese mitten crab has been collccted irregularly between the 1970s and the spring of 1994 in the Great Lakes (largely Lake Erie), always as individual, relatively large crabs. All ofthese are held to be the result of lalVae or juvenile crabs having been released in the Lakes some years earlier by ballast water. Being a catadromous species (the opposite of anadromous; that is, proceeding down to brackish estuaries to reproduce, and migrating up river as juveniles and young adults), Eriocheir cannot establish in the Great Lakes. However, the large strcam and river systems of San Francisco Bay provide the habitat necessary for a catadromoUs life style.

Erioeheir is recognized as a burrower in river banks, and thus there is some concern for the.1,000 and more kilometers of dikes that pcpper the vast agrlcultural lands of the San Francisco Bay Delta systcm (the Sacramento and San Joaquin River systems). In addition, Erioeheir is the second intermediate host of the Orientallung l1uke; primary hosts, aquatic snails, were already presented in California having been introduccd earlier from Asia. Eriocheir thus completes the lung l1uke's cyele • in America. The potential trophic effccts of the Chinese mittcn crab on the Bay are unkDown. The lattcr question is particularly complex given the wave-upon-wave of invasions that sequentially destabilize and restructure thc Bay's food webs, including the preceding invasions ofthe Chinese clam Potamocorbula amurensis (discovered in 1986) and the European shore (grcen) crab Carcinus maenas (discovered in 1990/91).

How Eriocheir arrived in the Bay is not elear. The two primary potential mechanisms are (1) ballast water release, and the concomitant release of lalVae or juveniles directly from China or Korea and (2) the rclease of adult crabs from the "live food industry". While the importation of living Chinese mittcn crabs is prohibited under both federal U.S. law and under Califomia law, Customs inspectors at large West Coast airports (such as Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Seattle) regularly intercept and impound living crabs that are being brought in either for private consumptiori or to be sold at Asian markcts. The crab is sufficiently popular in Asia as a food item that its release in San Francisco Bay was to be expected.

8.0 REFERENCES

NOAA has published the results of the April 1993 Seattle (Washington) conference on • "Nonindigenous Estuarine & Marine Organisms (NEMO)". Copies were distributed at the WGITMO's 1995 Kiel meeting. A full citation appears below. . . . Carlton, J. T. 1994. Nonindigenous marinc and estuarine invertebrates of Florida, pp. 110-118, in D. C. Schmitz and T. C. Brown, eds., An Assessment o[ Invasive Non-Indigenous Species in Florida's Publfe Lands. State of Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee, Florida, Technical Report No. TSS-94-100, 303 pp.

Carlton, J. T. and Janet Hodder. 1995. Biogeography and dispersal of coastal marine organisms: experimental studies on a replica of a 16th-century sailing vessel. Marine Biology 121: 721-730.

Chapman, John W. and J. T. Carlton. 1994. Predicted discoveries ofthe introduced isopod Synidotea laevidorsalis (Miers, 1881). Journal of Crustacean Biology 14: 700-714:

46 ------

NOAA 1995. Nonindigenous Estuarine and Marine Organisms (NEMO), Proceedings of the Conference and Workshop, Seattle, Washington, April 1993, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 125 pp. (September 1994) [page 125 bears the footnote: "U. S. Government Printing Office: 1994-300-566/03051"].

Mills, Edward L., Joseph H. Leach, J. T. Carlton, and Carol L. Secor. 1994. Exotic species and the integrity of the Great Lakes: lessons from the past. BioScience 44(10): 666-676.

Rosenberg, G. and M.L. Ludyanskiy. 1994. A nomenclatural review of Dreissena (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae), with identification of the quagga mussei as Dreissena bugensis. Can. J. Fish. Aquatic Sei. 51: 1474-1484.

Schloesser, D. W., A Bij de Vaate, and A Zimmerman. 1994. A bibliography of "Dreissena polymorpha" in European and Russian waters: 1963-1993. Journal ofShellflsh Research 13: 243-267.

Carlton, J. T., Donald M. Reid, and Henry van Leeuwen. 1995. Tbe role of shipping in the introduction of non-indigenous aquatic organisms to the coastal waters of the United States (other than the Great Lakes) and an analysis ofcontrol options. Tbe National Biological Invasions Shipping • Study (NABISS). United States Coast Guard and the National Sea Grant Program, 213 pp. + appendices.

In press:

Cohen, Andrew N. Cohen, J. T. Carlton, and Monique C. Fountain. 1995. Introduction, dispersal and potential impacts of the green crab Carcinus maenas in San Francisco Bay, California. Marine Biology.

Grosholz, E. D. and G. M. Ruiz. 1995. Spread and potential impact of the recently introduced European green crab Carcinus maenas in central California. Marine Biology.

Carlton, 1. T. and Roger Mann. 1995. Transfers and world-wide introductions, pp. 463-479, in: A F. Eble, V.S. Kennedy, and RI.E. Newell, editors, The Eastem Oyster: Crassostrea virginica. Maryland • Sea Grant, College Park, Maryland.

Report prepared by J. T. Carlton

>. i 47 ANNEXS-

COASTAL PLANTATIONS INTERNATIONAL: ANNUAL REPORT TO WGITMO March 28, 1995 Dr. James T. Carlton, Chairman ICES Working Group on Introductions & Transfers of Marine organisms Maritime Studies Program Williams College - Mystic Seaport 50 Greenmanville Avenue P.O. Box 6000 Mystic, CT 06355-0990

Dear Jim:

As per the letter dated January 10, 1994 from Emory D. Anderson, General Secretary of ICES to Mr. William Brennan, Commissioner of the Maine Department of Marine Resources,~ the following is Coastal Plantations International's second annual report to the Working Group on Introductions and Transfers of Marine organisms. tt 1. Culture sites:

1992: Two culture sites were establishedi Johnson Cove and Mathews Island (See Figure 1, "92" delineations). In Johnson Cove a 24 net system was assembled. The system was removed within 60 days of assemblage due to regulatory restraints. A 30 riet system was established just off of Mathews Island which was maintained from July - December, 1992.

1993: Three culture sites were established. Two in waters off of Eastport, Maine USA and one site in Harbour de Lute, campobello Island, New Brunswick Canada (See Figure 1, "93" delineations). The Eastport sites, just east and north of Goose Island, were established in June and removed in December,' 1993. The Canadian effort was established in late September 1993 on the aquaculture lease site of Mr. John Mallack. 1994: The two Maine lease sites established in 1993 were 4t utilized in 1994. The lease site just north of Goose Island has been shifted approximately 600 feet due west. The lease site east of Goose Island has been shifted approximately 300 feet to the east to establish a 1320 foot buffer zone between CPI cultivation lease sites and the seabird nesting areas on Goose and Spectacle Islands. An additional 80 acre tract, Huckins Ledge, was permitted and utilized as CPI's nursery tract. It is located 4000 yards west south west of Goose Island, just west of Seaward Neck on "Huckins Ledge" in waters off of Lubec, Maine (See Figure 1, "94" delineation)

COA5TAL PLANTAnON51NTERNAnONAL,INC.

FACILl1Y: 11 MADI50N 5TREE:T • EA5TPORT. MAINE 04631 • 207-853-6238 OFFICE: PO BOX 209 • ROUTE 26. POLAND MUN;CIPAL CENTER • POLAND. MAINE 04273 • 207-998-4909

48 Dr. J. Carlton, ICES CPI Annual Report March 28, 1995 Page Two

2. Reproduction:

The Porphyra yezoensis cultivation season is limited by the minimum growing temperatures of 6-70 C. The season in the waters of Cobscook Bay comprises the first week in June to the first week in December. Due to delays in final permitting activities, CPI did not deploy its 1994 nets until June 15, 1994. The nets deployed at this time were seeded the previous year and stored in the CPI freezer from October, 1993 until defrosted and placed out on our Spectacle Island lease site. Evidence of monospore production was evident throughout June, late August (deployment of second series of seeded nets) and in October, during the nursery phase of 1995's seeding process. • Successful recruitment was evident upon the seeded nets, cultivation system support ropes, and the upper levels of the anchor lines.

Adjacent salmon cages were examined monthly for evidence of successful monospore recruitment. Two sets of cages 1. 2500 yards south and 2. 3500 yards west,southwest of our Spectacle and Goose Island sites and 1. 6000 yards west and 2000 yards south of our Huckins Ledge site. No evidence of Porphyra yezoensis on the cage structure nor mooring lines were observed. E. yezoensis thalli were examined daily and evidence of carpospore production and release was observed from October 1 through November 15, 1994. Water temperatures ranged from 120 C in October to 8 0 C on November 15, 1994.

,During diving operations to collect gear {December 21, 1994 (water temperature 3.50 C) and February 12, 1995 (water temperature 1.00 e» aseries of transects were established and • shells and shell hash were collected from our two production cultivation sites (Goose and Spectacle Islands). The shells were rinsed in seawater and examined for evidence of conchocelis populations. Several shells were acid etched to clarify observations. No evidence of Porphyra yezoensis conchocelis populations were identified from these collections. The winter water temperature is significantly lower than the 11 - 250 C experienced by Porphyra yezoensis conchocelis in its native habitat.

Concurrent with CPI's efforts to install the 1995 cultivation floating raft systems, our divers will collect shells and shell fragments in and around our cultivation sites. The shells will be examined in our culture laboratory for the presence of conchocelis filaments. The filaments will be collected and attempts will be made to complete its life history cycle and identify the sUbsequent cultivar.

49 Dr. J. Carlton, ICES CPI Annual Report March 28, 1995 Page Three

3. Dispersal:

Determination of natural or anthropogenie dispersal of Porphyra yezoensis has been accamplished by monthly field surveys. The intertidal zone has been examined by CPI personnel from May, 1994 to February, 1995 for the successful establishment of ~. yezoensis fram the 1992, 1993 and 1994 cultivation efforts.

No Porphyra yezoensis was recorded from the land masses surrounding the 1992, 1993, and 1994 cultivation sites. Goose, Spectacle, Mathews Islands and Huckins Ledge were extensively 4t examined. Due to the Iimited experience at Johnson Cove and the time of year on site (June-July 1992) no follow-up has been attempted. The New Brunswick site was surveyed prior to the assemblage of the CPI cultivation system and each month to July, 1994. Our test farm in New Brunswick was discontinued due to bureaucratic obstacles fram both countries' customs, immigration, and work permit commissions. Our gear was retrieved during the summer of 1994. No new cultures were placed out in Canada during the 1994 cultivation season. Surveys were discontinued at that time and no additional efforts are scheduled.

CPI efforts to monitor the areas surrounding the Goose-Spectacle Island and Huckins Ledge along with adjacent salmon cages and all future cultivation areas will continue unabated. CPI will construct a 15 net pole farm 200 yards north of our Goose Island site at the mouth of carryingplace Cove. This demonstration farm will be utilized to develop and train the Maine Family Seaweed Farmer. 4t Please feel free to contact my office if you, the working group or ICES has any questions or points of clarification concerning this matter. We appreciate the time and effort on our behalf and welcome a site inspection by any and all of the members of the ICES working group.

Yours very truly~ . ._-..., . /~:>. "-,... . .-;;..---.;~~":""./~",-,:~....-'~.,.. , ..._-- c t. z~:.' Ira A. Lvine, Ph.D. President

IAL:ll ce: Robin AIden, Cammissioner, Maine Dept. Marine Resources steve Crawford, V.P. Caastal Plantations International, Inc.

50 •

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51 ANNEX 6

BARCELONA APPEAL

(Translation)

Caulerpa caxifolia: confirmation of a major risk for the coastal ecosystems in the Mediterranean.

For the last ten years the tropical alga Caulerpa caxifoUa has spread widely in the Mediterranean. In Monaco, the area where it was observed for the first time, and east of the Alpes Maritimes (southeastern part of France), the alga population has reached almost 1,350 hectars. In ltaly, near Imperia, 150 hectars are now affected. Outside these areas nearly 15 minor surface stations were discevered (from seme tens of m: to 1 hectar), but each cf these colonies grows at the same rhythm as the ones observed in the first affected sites. These colonies spread along the nerthern coasts cfthe Mediterranean, from the Balearic Islands to Sicily. All these remote disseminations are probably due to the fact that these algae are transported via yachts' and fishing boats' anchoring systems. The alga develops on all substrates (rock, sand, mud, water plants) between 1 and 30 metres depth. It was also discovered at 30 to 99 m depth, but in much weaker densities. It adapts to all environmental conditions (in waters far away from any source of pollution as found in harbours), and to all coastal outlines and protected bays. It can survive three months at 10 degrees. This physiological property is one of the differences that makes it possible to distinguish Caulerpa ca:äfolia introduced to the Mediterranean from that of the Caulerpa caxifolia in the tropical seas. Its development and survival in the ~fediterranean are • consequently not linked to the possible warming up of the waters or of the climate.

The development of the alga continues until it covers the entire substrate. This permanent vegetation rapidly suppresses most of the other algae and affects the water plant Posidonies. The fauna associated ""ith the original vegetation suffers from profound changes such as regression of certain species which then promotes other species. Globally, in the typical Mediterranean ecosystems overrun "";th Caulerpa caxifoluz, one notices a decline in the biodiversity.

The alga contains toxins which play an adverse role on the herbivorous fauna and whien can influence the spores, the eggs, the micro-flora and the micro-fauna. The ecological impact is increased by the characteristies whieh dominate this algae.

The above evaluation represents four years of research of whieh the latest results have ~n presented to the Second International Seminar on Caulerpa taxifoUa.

Even though it is not yet possible to foresee all the eonsequenees of the spreading of Caulerpa caxffolia on the coastal environment of the Mediterranean. and even if ~rtain hypotheses have not yet been' clarified. the present collected data confirm that there is a major risk \SIith regard to the biodiversity, the ecologieal • equilibrium and the exploited resources.

The scientists carry out their research and accept the responsibility to alert the authorities. Ir is now up to the governments of the countries in question, as weH as the international organisations in charge of the environment (p!'l'1..i'E, Barcelona Convention, tnc~) to instigate preventive measures (as raken into ac::ount by the Rio de laneiro Convention) and to define a coherent international strategy with regard to the problem . . ; tn questlon.

Barcelona. 16 December 1994

This text has been approved by the scientists present during the Plenary Assembly of the Second Seminar on Caulerpa ca:::ifolia which took place in Barcelona from 15-17 December 1994.

Tb: Steering Committee of the DG XI Life Programme '.

Steering Committee of the DG XI Life Programme of the European Union on the "Expansion of the Algae Caulerpa taxifolia in the Mediterranean"

52 ANNEX 7

FIRST RESULTS OF THE GERMAN RESEARCH PROJECT ON TIIE INVASIONS OF NON-INDIGENOUS MARINE SPECIES INTO TIIE NORTII AND ßALTIC SEAS VIA SIlIPS: INVESTIGATIONS ON TIIE ECOLOGICAL TIIREAT

by: S. Gollasch. M. Dammer prepared for: International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. (lCES) Working Group on Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms Meeting 1995, April 1Q-13, Kiel, Germany

The importance of ships as possible vectors for the transport of non-indigenous organisms into German waters are obsen'ed since 1992. Beside the payload large vessels are able to cany more than 10,000 tons of ballast water. Together with the ballast water organisms are taken into the ballast tanks. In this way these stowaways can be t:ranspo~ed over long distances. Many first records of non-indigenous species are explaned by manmade introductions. TI there are tolerable environmental conditions at the disharge area. of the ballast water, the • non-indigenous species can probably survive. Soinetimes the conditions are very comfonable ., and the organisms are ahle to establish or start a mass reproduction. In this ease they will probably damage indigenous ecosystems in ecological and economical ways. Two weIl knOwD. introduced and established species in Gennan wateI'S are the Chinese Mitten C...ab :ßriocheJr. siJJensis and the microalgae Biddulpma sin~ Both are probably introduced by: ~'~ps from 'th~ Chinese arealong ago. Possibly they are tranported in the ballast water or" : L,- -:...... "..... 11.••".... ". • ...._" ~0Utside-Oti. tbe shipm huIL. ':. " ", :','): t.~=~'f;~~~d o~ th~ ~onomic ~ani';'s -~ '. O;)~J work of round in or on vesseii:.:·. • ~'Subi~ ofinvestigation 'are- planktOxrlc and benthic organisms of the b8llast wa~. tank '~I~ t~~and ships hull. ," ~:We _i~'~p~incoming fro~ ne~ 100' worldwiW;different'~~hiciUp1aces or _,~: b?~in~ German ports. Altogether-we ca1l~d324-~lesan 306 vesSeIs-:Mo~~ , ;:~O zoologica1 species cf _ tUcn~"groups are de~ M~ ArthrOpoda' 645 2' ~elr : 61%) and Moll~ (57 sPeci~s) are determ.in~nOW. In the' plankton sample:r1x" ...... ~ • ;:"the msin Copepoda. are found. ,1?e predominant species ofhull sampies are CiIripedia.. "Sediment sampies contained in the main. Fonuniniferlda. " The botanical investigation obseIVed more than 100 species. mainly, belonging to the :' !JiatomoPhYcea and Chlorophycea..,AdditionBlly reS~g' eYsts ~ ex~ed. ': , As sbown in the rollowing !ist. you will see'~e large vanety offound species: Microscopi~ ,'.. algae to fishes with a length of 20 cm were a:re eaught in the ballast tankS.

We wish to establish practical Work with intem~tional worlting groups in the next years in order to prevent the introduction of llOwanted organisms. An ecological threat of our coasts by non:-indigenouS species introduced by ships is possible with every incomming ship. We sball focus on methods ror the prevention of these unwanted ballast water import. treatment of ballast water and risk assessment.

53 ANNEX 8

THE INTRODUCTION OF NONINDIGENOUS SPECIES TO THE CHESAPEAKE BAY VIA BALLAST WATER

Strategies to Decrease the Risks of Future Introductions • through Ballast Water Management

January 5, 1995

•

CHESAPEAKE BAY COl\1l\1lSSION

A legislative commission serving Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania

54 ------

BALLAST 'VATER AND THE CHESAPEAKE BAY

AN EXECUTlVE SlJl\;IMARY

Nonindigenous species are having dramatic effect.s on marine, estuarine and freshwater ecosystems throughout the world. These invading species can have strong economic and environmental consequences. The impacts of the recent and well documented zebra musse! invasion iJi North America, ranging from clogged municipal and industrial water intake pipes to declines and perhaps extinctions of native mussei populations, is testimony to this fact. Unless adeqUate precautionS are taken, nonindigenous species invasions of Chesapeake Bay and other estuaries will continue to occur, causing a broad range of impacts.

Worldwide, ballast water discharge from ships appears to be the major vector of aquatic invasions. Ballast water is used to ensure a vessel's stability and balance during a voyage; ballast water is a dispersal mechanism ofinternational concern because it is pumped on board and discharged. in ports of call all over the world. The water, commonly originating from estuarine systems, often contains a diverse assemblage ofmicroorganisms, plants, and animals. As ballast water is discharged into a different port (and therefore a new ecosystem), the organisms contained Within are released. • Many of these species have successfully invaded new regions. The Ch~apeake Bay is a "hot spot" for the delivery of foreign ballast water that often contains a rich assemblage ofnonindigenous species. A recent shipping study conducted for the U.S. Department ofTransportation (Carlton et al. 1995) found that the two ports ofNorfolk and Baltimore receive 9,325,000 and 2,834,000 metric tons of foreign ballast water per year, respectively. Furthermore, this water originates from 48 different foreign ports.

An ongoing study by the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center has revea1ed that more than 90% of the iO vessels arriving 30t Chesapeake Bay ports carriCd live orgaDisms in ballast, including barnacles, clams and musseis, copepods, diatoms, and juvenile fish.

It is clear that nonindigenous species delivered by ballast water are successfully invading coastal regions throughout the world. The zebra mussei has focused our attention on ballast-mediated invasions because of its rapid spread and profound impacts. However, this is not an isolated event•. Although not all invasions result in deleterious effects, other nonindigenous species have been responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning, declining commercial and sport fisheries, and possible cholera outbreaks. Based on current ballast water release practices (including the volume and content ofballast discharge), the relevant question is when will the ne~t nuisance species invasion occur rather • than if it will occur. Ta address this increasingly visible and costly movement of aquatic nonindigenous species, domestic and international initiatives are underway. Internationally, the United Nation's International Maiitime Organization (lMO) issued voluntary guidelines for member states to exchange ballast watet in open ocean areas, away from at-risk coastal areas (ports). The IMO is now considering adoption of the voluntary guidelineS as an annex to the International Convention on Marine Pollution (MARPOL 73/78)•

... : ~. 55 Most U.S. activities originate from the Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisanee Prevention and Control Act of 1990 (Act). In addition to research,assessing ballast water discharge as a traDsport mechanism for exotic species, the act caIls for inan~tory Great Lakes ballast management regula­ tions, which were issued in May, 1993. Tbe regulations represent the only regulatory approach to ballast management worldwide. The Act, however, provides no authority for similar effortS in the Chesapeake Bay or any other regions.

Although the regulations in the Great Lakes have proven successful, they rely on saltwater exchange of ballast water as the primary source of compliance. The exchange replaces freshwater picked up in a foreign port with saltwater from open ocean areas to remove or kill any freshwater organisms in transport to a Great Lakes port. However, a saltwater exchange may not ellminate all freshwater species - some may tolerate higher salinities. Furthermore, the regulations do not protect other U.S. waters.

The international and Great Lakes efforts represent good interim steps in reducing the risk of invasion by aquatic nonindigenouS species via ballast water. It is increasingly recognized, however, that a technological solution, or improved ballast management practices, may provide the eventual answer to preventing these invasions. As a result, members of Congress introduced legislation in 1993 to fmd and demonstrate more effective methods of preventing introductions. • Although no legislation passed in the 103rd Congiess, the concept is gaining acceptance as the National Research Council's Marine Board has undertaken a study, with the support ofseveral federal agencies, to investigate the problem.

With a limited federal regulatory response, some states have attempted to pass their.own legislation or resolutions. These efforts have failed, however, as states lack the Constitutional authority to affect trade. As a result, individual states consider reauthorization ofthe Act in 1995 as an appropriate vehicle for expanding U.S. Coast Guard authority to include regulations for areas other than the Great Lakes and the Hudson River.

The Chesapeake Bay Commission leads an effort to explore ballast water management options for the Chesapeake Bay. A Work Group, employing the expertise of regional and national researchers and policy makers, produced this paper and the accompanying recommendations. The information contained within this document was also presented to a broad group of stakeholders, including representatives ofthe shipping industry and ports, marine safety officers, fisheries scientists, and regional, state, and feder3I officials, to solieit their input.

This report represents the first time that research and policy information concerning ballast water management has been synthesized in one place. The paper draws on the full array ofliterature and current research available whieh is cited in the references section of this repoit. Furthermore, • it reflects the thinking ofthe diverse array ofleaders in the academic, business, military, and resource management communities.

Successful implementation of the recommendations presented in pages 19 through 23 is largely dependent. on congressional and federal agency action. Because of the global nature of the problem, the development of improved ballast exchange technologies and practices that minimize the risk of nonindigenous species introductions must occur both nationally and internationally. The recammendations emphasize coordination ofresearch that will result in improved management actions. And they stress the need to develop an aggressive, multi-lingual educational program to mise aware­ ness of ballast management issues among crews and agents of ships entering the Chesapeake Bay.

56 Tbe Chesapeake Bay Commission submits this report and recommendations to the General Assemblies ofMaryland. Pennsylvania and Vltginia. the members ofthe Bay-region's Congressional delegation. the leadership ofthe multi-jurisdictional Chesapeake Bay Program. and all those involved in addressing ballast water management at the state. national and international level. We urge thorough consideration and appropriate action.

•

57 RECOl'vThIENDATIONS

, " 1. THE GENERAL ASSEMßLIES OF VIRGINIA, MARYLAND, AND PENNSYLVANIA ENAcr RESOLUTIONS CALLING FOR INCREASED FEDERAL INVOLVEMENT, IN BALLASf WATER ~1ANAGEMENT. '

Recognizing the potential for exotic species introductions by means of released ballast water and sediments and their potential negative ecologica1, economic, and social impacts, the General AssembJies of Virginia, Maryland, arid Pennsylvania should enact resolutions, as described below, calJing for the federal government to implement programs and fund research at regional and other appropriate institutions to help prevent introductions of nonindigenous species into the Chesapeake Bay via ballast water operations. By conveying these resolutions to Congress and relevant federal agencies, the Geneial Assemblies will fonnally recognize the national and international scope ofballast-mediated introductions ::ind ca11 for a concerted efTort that addresses an at-risk coastal regions.

Background Exp/o.nation: Lang Island Sound, Gulfo/Mexico jem"es, Los Angeles Harbor, San Francisco Bay, the Grear Lakes, and many other bays and estuaries in the United Stares are now being invaded by aatie species released by ballast warer and sediments. Millions 0/gallons 0/ballast warer are released weekly in the Chesapeake Bay, and both national and global invasion patterns indieare thar the Bay is thus ar high imminent risk 0/invasion by more exotie species.

A. IN THESE RESOLUTIONS, TUE GENERAL ASSEl\ffiLIES 5HOULD INDICATE SUPPORT FOR REAUTHORIZATION OF PUBLIC LAW 101-646, THE NONINDIGENOUS AQUATIC NUISANCE PREVENTION AND CONTROL Acr OF 1990, AND 5PECIFICALLY:

i. request the V.S. Coast Guard, or the lead agency as designated by the feder.u government, implement and widely pubJicize anational program for voluntary ballast water management guidelines and develop, in consultation and cooperation with the shipping industry, a reasonable reporting mechanism by vesseJs ca1ling at Chesapeake Bay and allother V.5. ports in order to collect data to assess the extent of participation (such a program should coincide with a vigorous educational outreach efTort for vessel crews);

Bal:kground exp/o.nation: The U. S. nowhas mandatory ballast management regularions in place/or the Great lAkes and the • Hudson River. while Canada, Ausmllia, and other countrles have volunrary guidelines. The United Nations' InrenuitUJnal Maritime Organization (lMO) has issued international voluntary guidelines. ITu1usrry cooperarion in the U.S•• Canada. and Australia has been exemplary. Volunrary guidelines anti repomng procedures now need to be developed /or all U. S. waters.

58 ii. pursuant to V.S. Coast Guard implementation of volunmry ballast water management guidelines and reporting 'procedures, a mandatory approach should be developed if, after an adequate period ofeducation for ship OMlers and crews of not less than 24 months, an evaluation of the effectiveness of participation involving broad stakeholder input determines that such measures are necessary; and

Background Expkmation: Voluntary guidelines anti reponing procedures in the Great lAkes, ejfective berween 1989 anti 1994, enjoyed a high level of panicipation anti became mantiatory untier V.S. law in 1993. These regulations empower the V.S. Coast Guard to board anti sample vessels, to detennine the vessels' ballast management practices anti procedures, anti to detennine the origin, history, anti proposed release sire of the. ballast water. Such data would be of exrraordinary value in the Chesapeake Ba}' and other coastal estuaries.

iü. Congress should reauthorize Public Law 101-646 and appropriate funds oecessary to implement the provisions of the Act, including research to be undertakeo at • regional and other appropriate institutions (a) to establish post-1991 trends in ballast water released into the Chesapeake Bay, focusing on qtiantities, vessel types, and sources, und (b) to examine attributes and patterns of baIlast-mediated invasions that relate to current und future potential management strategies.

Background Explanation: Our untierstantiing o[ ballast­ medialed invasion science is onl}' now evolving. Research plays a critical role in establishing a base ofinfo17TUllion for poliey anti management action. In the Chesapeake Bay, research is needed because.· (a) 1991 trends for the Chesapeake Bay are available through the National Biological Invasions Shipping Stud}', bur post-199I trends need to be established anti tracked,' (b) porential nuisance species that could be introduced into the Bay are recognized by invasion biologisrs as being transponed in anti/or transponable by ballast water,' anti (c) man}' invasions have occurred in the Bay, bur da!a are lacking for man}' species on ecological, economic, sodal, anti other impacts. [see also explanationfor • Recommentiation 1J B. THE RESOLUTIONS SHOULD ALSO INDICATE THE GENERAL ASSEMBLIES' SUPPORT FOR:

i. modifications to international regulations under MARPOL that wouJd requil~e all Internationall\laritime Orgunization (lMO) nations (including the United States) to collaboratively undertake ballast water management protocols, based on current voluntary IM.O guidelines; und

BackgroundExplarUmon: Proposals have been made atrecent IMO meetings to change IMO's volunrary ballast water

59 ------

guidelines into an annex to MARPOL, in ejfecr, making the guidelines. mandarory tor member stares. This would affect most 0/ rhe world's vessels. Assuming cOTnpliance 10 an anneX, the probabilities anti risles 0/ invasions would predicttwly grearly decrease.

ii. continued developmerit of a long-term international consensus on the design and construction of vessels that operate safely while allowing for ofTshore exchange oe ballast water and/or while allowing for other means to reduce the transport oCliving organisms by ships' ballast systems.

Background Explanation: It is widely recognized thar currenr ship designs da not peT7Tlil many vessels to exchange ballast warer in rhe open ocean effectively, completely, or sa/ely untier cenain sea stares. Ir is also widely recognized [see explanarion tor Recommendarion 2, belowJ rhar offshore exchange 0/ballasr warer riwsr inevirably be supplemented Uy orher ballasr management (warer treaunent) rechnolo'gies. Developing an international consensus on the design anti consrrucrion 0/ vessels thar would maximize ballast warer treaunenr anti control technologies, wilhour allering, modifying. or compromising the operarion anti sa/ery 0/ a • vessel, will be a key step in the parhway to lang-tenn control straregies. Decision makers shOuld examine anti-trust regulations anti identify any other legallimitations thar might act as impediments to collaborarive induslry effons related to ship design.

2. ENCOURAGE FEDERAL SUPPORT FORTHE DEVELOPMENT OF BALLAST WATER MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGlES AND PRACTICES nmOUGH FINANCIAL SUPPORT AND OTIIER INCENTIVES. . The Chesapeake Bay Commission will work with the signatories to the Chesapeake Bay Agreement, the members of the region's Congressional delegation, and allother appropriate parties to encourage support for national legislation calling for the demonstration oC ballast water management technologies and practices to help prevent aquatic nonindigenous species from being introduced and spread in North American waters. Furthermore, the Commission will encourage support for the efforts oC the Committee on Ships' BallUst Operations, convened by the National Research Council Marine Board, to assesS management and technological options to prevent unintentional üitroductions oC exotlc • aquatic orgunisms. As a result of the Marine Board study und pos.sible national legislation Calling ror a demonstration oe ballast meeting tfchnologies; the ChesaPeake Bay should be expliciUy designated as a site ror a publidprivate collaboration to demonstrate new technologies und practices that will reduce the risk of nonindigenous species introductiori.

BackgroUnd Explanation: Legislarion be/ore Congress provides tor exploration anti experimental implern.entation 0/ a variery o/technolagical solurians to prevent the transport 0/ exotic species in ballast wafer. Such solurians would add an

60 imponanr new layer oJporeruial COTllTol on rhe unimemiona! movemerus oJ exnric species. . The legislalion should be enacred bj lhe l04rh Congress. .

, , '.. 3. USING CONVENTIONAL ROUTES OF CONTAcr, LAUNCH AN AGGRESSIVE, MULTI-LINGUAL EDUCATION CAMPAIGN TO RAISE AWARENESS OF BALLASI' MANAGEMENT ISSUES AMONG THE CREWS AND AGENTS OF FOREIGN- AND U.S.-FLAGGED SlllPS.

Tbe ChesaPeake Bay Commission will requeSl the development and distribution ormulti­ IangUage educational materials by Virginia and l\faryland Sea Grant advising the crews or rore~- and U.S.-flag vesSels and their agerits or (a) ballast watet- nianagement and nonindigerious species concerns in. the Chesapeake.Bay and other mid-Atlantic estuaries, arid (b) baIIast management giJidelines established by the United Nations' IMO. Distribution or such Heros would be condueted by organizations lUiving routine contact with veSsels, sUch as the U.S. nepariment or Agriculture's Anima! and Plant Health InsPection Service, the U.S. Coast Guard, port administrations, and pHotS associations.

BackgroulUJ Explanotion: Educalional nuuerials pro\,UJe an influeTUial. rapid. anti inexpellSive way 10 "ge1the word our" Qbour concerns Jor exnric species alui ballast wtÜb-. These • lnaterials Would point ourche e:cistence oJvoluntary measureS, a1Jd seek the cooperarive goodwill oJ vessez personnel a1Jd others. Because a nulnber oJagencies roUtinely board vessels, an avililable distributiOn ner-work currently exlsrs.

4. ENCOURAGE BOTH GOVERNMENTAL AND, NON:-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE REGION TO FULLY INCORPORATE CONCERNS OF BIOLOGICAL INTRODUenONS INTO THEIR RESPEenvE PROGRAMS.

Tbe Chesapeake Bay Commission will strongly encourage non-profit, private and cltizen orgaiüzations, and loeal, regional and state government agencies to ruUy incorporäte concerns ror nonindigenous species into their respective prog..ams. Furthermore, the COnuDission will work with the Bay. region's Congressional delegation to support appropnations ror Section 1204 of the Nonindigenous Aquätic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act that calIs for state-Ievel comprehensive management plans identifying areas in need of technical and financial assistaJlce ror preverition and control of aquatic nonindigenous species;

&ckgrouTuJ Explaru:zJiOn: BecaUse oJlack oJsrudy, publicitY, • anti thus awareness. exntic species have not classically appeared on nwst liSrs oJ ,environmental concems Jor the Olesapeake Bay system. It is clear, however, that marry invasions have OCCUrTed. lmd il is clear that many invasions could occur, anti rhat biological invasions are one oJ the major environmeiual issuesJor the Olesapeak Bay regiOn.

61 s. COOPERATE AND COORDINATE WITH AlITHORITIES OF OTHERI\ßD-ATLANTIC ESfUARlES, AND NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL INTERESfS, TO ENSURE COMPATIDLE AND COMPARAßLE BALLAST WATERMANAGEMENT PROGRAMS. I The Chesapeake Bay Commission will strongly encourage authorities involved in the above recommendations to cooperate and coordinate with authorities in other mid-Atlantic coastal states, along with the national and international community. This could be done through aseries of regional, coastal and/or national meetings involving representativeS of the ports, the shipping community and other interested parties.

Background ExplanaJion: Bay-specific control measures cannot be successful without broad regional cooperation. Individual harbor systems cannot be pur at perceived economic risk. Equally imponant is the ecological and biological reality 0/ sole-site control: ballast management provides /ar less proteetion/or exotic species invasions into the Chesapeake Bay if neighboring systems such as Delaware Bay continue to receive ballast water.

6. ENCOURAGE THE CHESAPEAKE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL TO ADOPT THESE RECOMI\IENDATIONS AS A SEQUEL TO THE ADOPTED POLICIES CONTAINED IN • ITS "POLICY FORTHE INTRODUCTION OF NONINDIGENOUS AQUATIC SPECIES" ADOPTED IN 1992. IN ADDmON, CONDucr AN ANNUAL REVIEW TO ENSURE THAT PROGRESS IS BEING MADE TO MINIl\fiZE THE RISK OF BALLASf­ MEDIATED EXOTIC SPECIES INTRODUCTION.

The Commission will recommend that the V.S. EnvironmentaJ Protection Agency Chesapeake Bay Program, in consultation with the V.S. FlSh and Wildlife Service Chesapeake Bay Field Office, reassess the coordination of outreach, education and 10calJregionaI/state agency involvement through an annual meeting to evaluate progl-ess being made. This efTort would be done in fuH cooperation and coordination ~ith the partners involved in the Chesapeake Bay Program.

B~kgroundExplanation: The recorrunendations contained in this repon represent the concened effons 0/polie}' rnakers, managers, and stakeholders in the region. They include the brightest opponunities we know 0/ to minimize the risks 0/ nonindigenous species invasion. Successful implementation will require action at the international. national, and state levels. Vigilant. coordinated leadership and continued • monitoring will be required to assure success.

62 ANNEX 9

ACTION LIST

WGITMO identified the following elements as being on its current list of Action Items. These are in addition to those elements proposed for action in the Recommendations ofWGITMO for its 1996 meeting:

* Identify experts on the green alga Caulerpa invasion and the benthic polychaete worm Marenzelleria invasion to be invited to the 1996 WGITMO meeting.

* WGITMO members will undertake efforts to begin the widespread dissemination ofthe 1994 ICES Code ofPractice in their countries, including publication in fisheries newsletters and other national outlets.

* To inform FAO (EIFAC) ofthe new (1994) revised ICES Code ofPractice.

* Prepare brief papers on the Code of Practice and submit these, along with the Code, under the general authorship of WGITMO, to journals such as "Aquatic Living Resources" and "Applied Ichthyology & Aquaculture" for consideration for publication.

* Finalize and submit the new Cooperative Research Report on the ICES 1994 Code ofPractice.

* Finalize and submit a Preamble statement for the proposed ICES pamphlet on the 1994 Code ofPractice.

* Submit the final version ofthe"1990 Status Report", a new Cooperative Research Report, to ICES for publication.

* .Assist with the proposed dialogue between ICES and the EU on the movement ofshellfish stocks between EU member countries, relative to the potential for the inadvertent dispersal of non-target associated species, including disease­ causing agents.

63 ANNEX 10

RECOl\ll\lENDATIONS

The following recommendations to ACME were formulated by the WGlTMO:

I) That the "1994 ICES Code of Practice on Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms". in addition to its publication in the official ICES languages of English and French, should also be available in all ofthe languages of ICES member states, such translations to be provided by the member countries. ;

2) That the "Annotated Bibliography on Transplantations and Transfers ofAquatie Organisms and their Implieations on Aquaculture and Ecosystems", by Prof Dr H. RosenthaI, initiated and motivated by working with the ICES Mariculture Committee and the Working Groups on Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms and on the Pathology and Diseases ofMarine Organisms, be published by ICES.

3) That upon recognizing that species introduced by ballast water and sediments are a critical issue, recognizing that more knowledge is needed on factors that influence species survival in ballast and after discharge, and also recognizing the need for greater information on the origin, ballast transport, and survival of dinoflagellate cysts and other resting stages, WGlTMO recommends the further strengthening ofcooperation on ballast water issues between relevant groups within ICES (for example, WGITMO, WG on Harmful Algal Blooms, and the WG on Shelf Seas Hydrography), the 10C-FAO Panel on Harmful Algal Blooms, and the IMO Marine Environment Protection Committee's Ballast Water Working Group. This expanded cooperation could be achieved in the form of regular • exchange of findings and documents, and with consideration of one or more joint meetings between the indicated groups. Furthermore, WGlTMO strongly encourages that the problems caused by diseharges of ballast water and sediments be pursued with the relevant bodies, e.g. OSPARCOM and HELCOM.

4) That in order to understand the ecological and eeonomic impacts ofintentional introductions ofmarine organisms into ICES member states, a study be conducted on historical ease examples ofselected species (for example the Japanese oyster Crassostrea gigas, the Manila c1am Tapes (Ruditapes) phi/ippinarum, the Japanese seaweed Undaria pinnatifida, and the anadromous fish Oncorhynchus mykiss) to provide a foundation for future risk assessments.

The following recommendations to the Council were formulated by the WGlTMO:

5) That the WGITMO should meet at the Sea Fisheries Institute, Gydnia, Poland from 22-25 April 1996, to:

a) meet with the Working Group on Non-indigenous Estuarine and Marine Organisms (NEMO) of the Baltic Marine Biologists (BMB) association, relative to current critical issues arising from exotic species invasions in the Baltie Sea, relative to the potential risk of future invasions via shipping and other anthropogenie activities, and to facilitate contacts with Eastern European experts on the issues ofintroductions and transfers;

b) report on the current status offish, shellfish, algal, and other introductions in and between ICES Member states, • and in particular to assess the status ofthe seaweed Caulerpa in the Mediterranean relative to its potential to be transported elsewhere in Europe (with invited reeognized experts), the worm Afarenzelleria in the Baltic, the seaweed Undaria in the UK, Sargassum in Northern Ireland and four new species ofmacroalgae on the French Mediterranean coast;

e) to eontinue to review scientifie studies on ballast water issues, including intercalibration of ballast water and sediment sampling techniques, the management of ballast water, ongoing studies of control and treatment, and the impacts ofballast water introductions on fisheries (including mariculture);

d) to continue to assess biocontrol activities, research and the development of risk assessment methods relative to the management ofnon-indigenous marine organisms;

e) to assess whether there are disease and ecological implications arising from the introduction and transfer of aquarium (ornamental) marine and estuarine species into ICES member countries;

1) to assess the potential for coordination ofdata bases on the introductions and transfers ofmarine organisms that are being ereated in individual ICES member states and elsewhere.

64