ASE CENTRE FOR ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION CentreAn ESRC for Resear Analysisch Centre of Social Exclusion annual report 2016 CASEreport 112 Staff and Associates 2016

Director LSE Associates Administrative and IT Professor John Hills (to September; Professor Emeritus Robert Cassen Support then Chair) Professor Frank Cowell Cheryl Conner Dr Tania Burchardt (from September) Professor Emeritus Howard Glennerster Joe Joannes (to March) Professor Stephen Jenkins Michael Rose (from July) Research Staff Dr Neil Lee Jessica Rowan Dr Tammy Campbell (from February) Professor Julian Le Grand Nic Warner Laura Lane Professor David Piachaud Dr Eleni Karagiannaki Advisory Committee Professor Lucinda Platt Dr Abigail McKnight (Associate Director Alison Park (CLOSER, Institute of from September) Dr Amanda Sheely Education; chair) Dr Polina Obolenskaya Dr Hyun-Bang Shin Dr Tania Burchardt (Director of CASE) Prof Anne Power (Head of LSE Housing Professor Wendy Sigle Tom Clark (Editor, Prospect) and Communities) Naomi Eisenstadt (University of Oxford) Research Students Dr Bert Provan Professor Howard Glennerster (Emeritus Caroline Bryson Nicola Serle (to August) Professor of Social Policy) Kerris Cooper Dr Kitty Stewart (Associate Director Professor John Hills (Chair of CASE from September) Rikki Dean and Co-Director, LSE International Dr Polly Vizard (Associate Director Eileen Herden Inequalities Institute) from September) Elena Mariani Trevor Huddleston (Department for Work Dr Lin Yang (from April) Nick Mathers and Pensions) (Total 6.525 FTE in October 2016) Alice Miles Kathleen Kelly (National Housing Federation) Julia Philipp (from October) Visiting Professors and Professor David Lewis (LSE Social Nora Ratzmann Research Fellows Policy Department) Ellie Suh Dr Francesca Bastagli (ODI, to February) Professor Stephen Jenkins (Head of LSE Kate Summers Dr Jo Blanden (Surrey, to June) Social Policy Department; ex-officio) Joel Suss (from October) Dr Moira Dustin (Equality and Diversity Professor David Piachaud (LSE Social Forum and Sussex University) Milo Vandemoortele Policy Department, until June) Dr Leon Feinstein (Office of the Professor Carol Propper (Bristol University Children’s Commissioner) Research assistants and Imperial College Dr Ludovica Gambaro (UCL Institute Irene Bucelli (August-October) of Education and DIW, Berlin) Alice Belotti Professor Ian Gough Eileen Herden (April-May) Dr Aaron Grech (Bank of Malta) Emily Jones (to August) Bruce Katz (Brookings) Husnain Nasim (October-December) Professor Ruth Lupton (Manchester) Ellie Suh (to June) Dr Lindsey Macmillan (UCL Institute Kate Summers (to May) of Education) Liz Richardson (Manchester) Centre Manager Professor Holly Sutherland (Essex) Jane Dickson Professor Jane Waldfogel (Columbia) Moira Wallace (Oriel College, to February) Professor Asghar Zaidi (University of Southampton)

Visitor Thijs Van den Broek (Social Policy, LSE) Contents

Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion 2

2016: The year at a glance 3

2016: Review of the year 5 Tania Burchardt

2017: Looking forward to the year ahead 7

“Missing” and “invisible” children: Poverty 8 among young carers in the UK Polina Obolenskaya, Polly Vizard and Tania Burchardt

“Universal” pre-schooling: who benefits? Patterns in access 10 to the full duration of the entitlement to free early education in England Tammy Campbell, Ludovica Gambaro and Kitty Stewart

Improving the measurement of poverty in the United States 12 Jane Waldfogel

Back to basics? 14 David Piachaud

Evidence reviews for the European Commission 15 Abigail McKnight

Experiences of money for the rich and poor in London 16 Kate Summers and Katharina Hecht

Exploring the relationship between economic 18 inequality and poverty Abigail McKnight and Eleni Karagiannaki

LSE Housing and Communities 20

Evaluation of the Vicar’s Relief Fund 23 Laura Lane

Gentrification in London 24 Alex Fenton

PhD Spotlight: Economic hardship, stress and 25 parenting in the UK Kerris Cooper

PhD Spotlight: Researching the impact of financial 28 interdependence on personal relationships and network resources in low income Britain Eileen Alexander

Knowledge Exchange and Impact 31 Cheryl Conner

LSE Research Festival 2016 32 Polina Obolenskaya

CASE Away Day 2016 33 Polly Vizard

Research staff and PhD students: Current research 34

CASE publications 2016 40

CASE seminars and events 2016 44

1 Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion

The Centre for Analysis of Social close links with the LSE’s International We publish a series of CASEpapers and Exclusion (CASE), established in Inequalities Institute and are pursuing CASEbriefs, discussing and summarising October 1997 at the London School of a joint programme with the Institute our research. Longer research reports and Economics and Political Science (LSE), on the relationship between economic reports on special events can be found is a multi-disciplinary research centre inequality and multidimensional poverty, in our occasional CASEreports series. All exploring social disadvantage and the supported by the Joseph Rowntree of our publications, including this Annual role of social and public policies in Foundation. CASE also incorporates Report, can be downloaded from our preventing, mitigating or exacerbating the research and consultancy group website, where you can also find links to it. Social disadvantage is taken to LSE Housing and Communities, which the data underlying many of the charts be multidimensional, and often best investigates the impact of policies and diagrams in our publications. understood in a dynamic or lifecourse on social housing and other tenures CASE is part of the Suntory and Toyota perspective, and with individual, family, with a particular focus on residents in International Centres for Economics local, national and international aspects. disadvantaged areas. and Related Disciplines (STICERD). The work programme of the Centre CASE is associated with the Department CASE was originally funded by the includes monitoring social spending, of Social Policy and a number of Economic and Social Research Council policies and outcomes in the UK, postgraduate students are members of (ESRC) and now receives funding from international comparisons of poverty the Centre. We are always interested in a range of organisations including and of the association between social working with high quality PhD students charitable foundations (for example, outcomes and labour market and and post-doctoral fellows exploring Nuffield Foundation, and Joseph welfare institutions, analysing patterns areas of research of central relevance to Rowntree Foundation), research councils of social inequality, including wealth our work. CASE also hosts visitors from (for example, ESRC), UK government inequality, between groups and over the UK and overseas, and members departments, the European Union, a time, developing applications of of LSE teaching staff on sabbatical or range of Registered Social Landlords, the capability approach and human research leave. and a number of other charities and rights measurement, and studying the organisations in the UK and abroad. Regular seminars on significant intersection of climate change policy contemporary empirical and theoretical For more information about the and social policy; as well as studies issues are held in the Centre, including Centre and its work, please visit focused on particular groups and the Welfare Policy and Analysis seminar sticerd.lse.ac.uk/case/ policy areas such as vulnerable children series, which is supported by the and early years education. We have Department for Work and Pensions.

2 2016: The year at a glance

January March May Kitty Stewart started work on a new Abigail McKnight started work on an We had two seminars in May, one on Nuffield Foundation project on segregation evidence review of the links between household debt and spending by Philip in early education settings, examining the poverty and inequality in the UK for Bunn (Bank of England) and one on UK extent of segregation and peer effects. Oxfam GB. welfare reform and the intergenerational She was joined on the research team by transmission of dependence by Jim Siliak, We held a joint workshop with the UK Ludovica Gambaro (ex-CASE, now DIW University of Kentucky. Administrative Justice Institute on sanctions Berlin) and Tammy Campbell, a new and inequalities, organised by Lucinda Platt. Anne Power launched her book Cities member of CASE. for a Small Continent: International Annie Austin, University of Manchester, We also had a joint seminar with the Handbook of City Recovery in conjunction presented a paper on the effects of International Inequalities Institute, with La Fabrique de la Cité, which details economic crisis on personal values. presented by Peter Whiteford (ANU) and 10 years of ground-level research into John Hills on comparing welfare myths and April the ways Europe’s ex-industrial cities are realities in the UK and Australia. treading new paths in sustainability. The We launched a book published by Policy book uses seven case-study cities to detail Press, bringing together the work done February how and why city change happens, and under the Social Policy in a Cold Climate Tony Fahy, from UC Dublin, presented how cities in the world’s smallest, most programme, Social policy in a cold climate: a paper on family patterns and social crowded, most city-loving continent Policies and their consequences since inequality among children in the US since can build a more viable, balanced and the crisis. The book offers a data-rich, 1940, and Daniela Silcock, from the sustainable urban future. evidence-based analysis of the impact Pensions Policy Institute, gave a paper on Labour and Coalition government policies Jointly with Age UK and NHS England, we pension reforms and the danger of being have had on inequality and on the delivery held a series of interactive workshops for left behind. of services such as health, education, adult healthcare practitioners on improving older Polly Vizard and colleagues were social care, housing and employment, in people’s care in hospitals, building on our awarded an extension to our project the wake of the recession. research on dignity and help with eating for on multidimensional disadvantage of elderly in-patients. Lin Yang joined the Centre as a research groups of children who are often missing officer on the Joseph Rowntree Foundation from statistical analyses, to cover newly June programme on economic inequality arrived migrant children (funded by the We held a one-day workshop on “Tackling and multidimensional poverty, which Nuffield Foundation). Education Inequalities” organised by we are conducting jointly with the LSE’s CASE Associate, Jane Waldfogel, and International Inequalities Institute. funded by the Sutton Trust. The workshop brought together 18 scholars from the UK, US, Canada, Japan, Ireland, Italy, and international organizations such as OECD and UNICEF to review what we know and what we need to learn about the determinants, magnitude, and remedies for inequalities in achievement and related aspects of child development and well- being in the early years, school years, and post-secondary years.

Nikki Luke, University of Oxford, presented a paper on the educational progress of looked-after children in England, Simonetta Longhi, University of Essex, presented work on the role of partner effects in getting back to work after a job loss, and Karen Rowlingson, University of Birmingham, presented work on lifetime gifts, family John Hills at the book launch for Social Policy in a Cold Climate relationships and inequality.

3 2016: The year at a glance (continued)

September This month saw a change in the management structure of the centre, with John Hills moving to become the Chair of CASE, as a result of his involvement in the new International Inequalities Institute. The Director of CASE is now Tania Burchardt, assisted by three Associate Directors, Abigail McKnight, Kitty Stewart and Polly Vizard. Anne Power continues to head up the LSE Housing and Communities group.

Tania Burchardt and Eleni Karagiannaki started an ESRC-funded project on intra- household allocation of resources and its implications for poverty, deprivation and inequality across the EU.

October Susan Harkness’ seminar on the effects of motherhood and lone motherhood on income We welcomed two new PhD students to and poverty risks the Centre: Joel Suss, working on how economic inequality affects individual mentioned as particularly excellent, including December behaviour and decision-making, and Julia an abstract by Tammy Campbell, Ludovica Polina Obolenskaya, Bert Provan and Philipps, in her second year working on Gambaro and Kitty Stewart on their work Kitty Stewart presented their research the effect of different gender identities on “Universal” Pre-schooling: who benefits? at a conference held in Paris entitled work and the domestic division of labour. Three-year-olds from higher-income families “Government and Public Services in an Age access more free early education than less of Fiscal Consolidation: Comparative views November affluent peers”. Also commended was a from France and the UK”. The event was We had two seminars in our Social powerful photo “I Have to Rely On So Many jointly organised by the Universities of Paris 1 Exclusion Series, both by members of People For So Much” by Eileen Alexander, and Paris 3, together with the London-based the LSE’s Social Policy Department: David representing her PhD research into the role Policy Network and IPPR. The programme Piachaud on the rights and wrongs of a of financial support from family among included plenary sessions and workshops Citizen’s Income, and Sonia Exley on open those on low incomes (see page 32). on governance and finance, and sectoral policy-making in education. We also had CASE held the first event in a new seminar studies (energy, employment, education, presentations by Ricky Kanabar, University series “Climate Change, Inequality and housing, and health) with a round table of Essex, on low income dynamics among Social Policy” co-hosted with the Grantham on Brexit. There were over 200 attendees, ethnic minorities in the UK, and Susan Research Institute on Climate Change and including former Coalition Cabinet Minister Harkness, University of Bath, on the effects the Environment (GRI) and the International Vince Cable MP. of motherhood and lone motherhood on Inequalities Institute (III). It is convened and Rikki Dean successfully defended his thesis income and poverty risks. chaired by Prof Ian Gough, Visiting Professor on the different meanings and functions of At the LSE Research Festival, Kerris at CASE and Associate at Grantham. public participation in policy-making. Rikki Cooper won the LSE’s Three Minute The series will explore and develop the developed a new typology of approaches Thesis competition, which challenges PhD important but under-researched overlap to participation, and conducted quantitative students to communicate the significance between environmental pressures and and qualitative analysis of data collected of their research to a non-specialist degradation on the one hand and the from interviews with expert informants audience in under three minutes, with the “social dimension” of inequality and human involved in a range of different participatory aid of one presentation slide. Well done, wellbeing on the other. They focus on global exercises in social policy. Kerris! Other exhibits from CASE featured warming and climate change rather than The final seminar of the year was by Jane in all three categories of the research a wider range of environmental problems, Waldfogel on improving the measurement festival (Headlined abstract, poster and and on the UK and other rich countries – the of poverty in the US. photograph) and although our exhibits “welfare states” of the OECD. did not win any of the prizes, two were

4 2016: Review of the year

This has been a year of continuity of poverty and of inequality across time more than one generation. The proportion and change for CASE: continuity, and across countries, and reviewing existing of households of this type varies at least in that we remain focused on our theory and evidence across disciplines three-fold between, for example, some research agenda on disadvantage about the relationship between them. The Nordic and Mediterranean countries, so in all its many dimensions and first phase is being led by Abigail McKnight the distorting effect of the equal sharing the social policies that prevent, and Polly Vizard with Lin Yang. The aim assumption on poverty estimates may vary mitigate or exacerbate it; and is to develop a better understanding of correspondingly. change, in that our founder and the extent to which and how anti-poverty Two other current research projects long-standing director John Hills strategies need to incorporate interventions in the Centre focus on disadvantage has stepped up to become Chair to reduce economic inequalities, and in the among children, both supported by the of CASE, allowing him more time second part of the programme we will be Nuffield Foundation. The first, led by Kitty to devote to his role as co-director homing in on specific possible mechanisms Stewart and Ludovica Gambaro (Institute of the International Inequalities and policy responses. Alongside this, of Education) with Tammy Campbell, is Institute. Day-to-day management Abigail McKnight was commissioned investigating the clustering of children in of the Centre has passed to me by Oxfam GB to produce a report on early years education by socio-economic and a newly-appointed team of the relationship between poverty and characteristics (see pages 10-11). The Associate Directors (Polly Vizard, inequality specifically in the UK, including phenomenon of polarisation vs mixing Abigail McKnight and Kitty differences within and between regions and its effects is well-researched at Stewart). We are grateful that John and population sub-groups. primary school level but this is the first continues to provide invaluable Another significant project on poverty study to examine whether similar or advice on the overall direction of that got underway this year is exploring different dynamics are observed in pre- the Centre and delighted that he the implications for estimates of poverty, school settings. remains closely involved in many deprivation and inequality across the EU of of our research projects. The second project, led by Polly Vizard different assumptions about the sharing of with Polina Obolenskaya, Tania Burchardt New research resources within households, particularly and Isabel Shutes, is exploiting a range One such project is part of a new joint in relation to complex households (Tania of administrative and secure-access programme with the International Burchardt and Eleni Karagiannaki, funded survey datasets to gain insight into the Inequalities Institute, funded by the Joseph by the ESRC). This was prompted by disadvantages experienced by four groups Rowntree Foundation, on the relationship the observation that the assumption of of children who are often overlooked or between economic inequality and equal sharing that is implicit in the use missing in standard poverty and deprivation multidimensional poverty (see pages 18- of standard equivalence scales to adjust analysis: young carers (see pages 8-9), 19). This three year programme is extending household incomes for variations in children at risk of abuse or neglect, Gypsy the empirical, cross-national evidence on household size was particularly unlikely to and Traveller children, and recently arrived the association between different measures hold in households containing adults of migrants. Building on our previous work on the Equality Measurement Framework, we are investigating indicators of disadvantage across the four dimensions of standard of living, education, health, and physical security, in so far as data sources allow.

In addition, the LSE Housing and Communities group led by Anne Power within CASE has been successful in building on their Housing Plus Academy at the Tenants National Resource Centre in Trafford Hall to secure new funding for a series of Citizen Think Tanks on social housing and welfare reform. The Academy has had huge success bringing together housing associations and other social landlords, local and national policymakers, tenants and their organisations and opening up new avenues of research and policy attention to private renting for low income households. Tania Burchardt, Director of CASE

5 2016: Review of the year (continued)

Enjoying some cakes together at CASE

New people and people moving on CASE enjoys a reputation for being a New research means new people and supportive and enjoyable place to work, we were delighted to recruit Research and we were very proud that the LSE-wide Officers Tammy Campbell and Lin Yang staff survey confirmed that impression, and commentators in other countries to join our team. We have also welcomed with more positive results overall than in comparing experiences of the policy two new doctoral research students: Joel many other units in the School. Particular response to the economic crisis and we Suss, working on how economic inequality thanks are due to the Centre manager participated in an Anglo-French conference affects individual behaviour and decision- and administrators, Jane Dickson, Cheryl on this theme in December, at which Vince making, and Julia Philipp, in her second Conner and Jess Rowan, and first-class IT Cable MP offered some frank and revealing year working on the effect of different support from Nic Warner, Yusuf Osman commentary on decision-making within gender identities on work and the domestic and Michael Rose, as well as to our the Coalition government. Our thanks to division of labour. unofficial social secretary Kerris Cooper, Bert Provan, CASE Knowledge Broker, and all of whom play a key part in maintaining to Cheryl Conner, for facilitating this and Meanwhile congratulations are due to Rikki the pleasant working atmosphere. The many other such activities. A fuller report Dean and Elena Mariani who completed staff survey also highlighted some areas on our knowledge exchange activities can their PhD theses this year. Rikki’s is on for improvement for us, particularly in be found on page 31. how policymakers, participants and other relation to job security and careers advice stakeholders think about and frame for research staff, which we are seeking to Continuity and change public participation in policy-making address in 2017. I began this review by noting that it had and the implications for how systems of been a year of continuity and change participation should be designed. Elena’s is New publications, new events and for CASE. This has also, arguably, been on the role of family processes in explaining new impact true for the UK as a whole. The dramatic job satisfaction. We wish them all the best Space does not permit me to give a full referendum result and political fallout in their continuing careers. Nicola Serle, a account of the wealth of new publications challenged some long-held assumptions long-standing and highly valued member and events that were produced by the about the social, economic and political of the LSE Housing and Communities team, Centre during the year. Fortunately details landscape, but also brought to the fore took the plunge this year and embarked on are provided elsewhere in this annual some of the inequalities and divides a new career in teaching. She is keeping us report (pages 40-43 and 44 respectively). that CASE research (among others) has posted with insights from the frontline! One particular highlight was the launch in highlighted over many years. Now more April of our book, Social Policy in a Cold than ever it seems important to keep Jane Waldfogel, Columbia University, Climate: policies and their consequences track of how the policies that are being returned once again to CASE, and we are since the crisis, which brought together adopted in response, in the conditions of privileged that she will this time stay with the findings of our eponymous four-year considerable uncertainty associated with us for a full year, continuing her work on programme. Altogether, there have been the transition to Brexit, are affecting these child poverty and early years policies on 1.2 million downloads of our publications inequalities and the most disadvantaged both sides of the Atlantic and in China (see from that programme (according to groups, and we are in the process pages 12-13). We were also pleased to standard metrics), and we have been of seeking funding to continue our host Thijs van den Broek, a research officer invited to provide briefings for politicians programme of work monitoring policies, with the ALPHA research group, working from across the political spectrum, as spending and outcomes over the lifetime of with Emily Grundy on a project exploring well as for other policymakers and a the current parliament. the health and wellbeing outcomes of wide range of civil society organisations. intergenerational exchanges. There is also interest from academics Tania Burchardt, Director of CASE

6 2017: Looking forward to the year ahead

Spring term programme “Improving the Evidence Autumn term In February, Abigail McKnight and Base for Understanding the Links The launch of results from our Nuffield Eleni Karagiannaki will be giving a between Inequalities and Poverty”, in Foundation project on multidimensional lecture in the LSE Works Series on partnership with the Joseph Rowntree disadvantage of vulnerable children will “The Relationship between Inequality Foundation. We will then be moving be in the autumn. and Poverty: mechanisms and policy onto phases 3 and 4 focussing on Tania Burchardt and Eleni Karagiannaki options”. This series showcases some of specific mechanisms and policies. will start work on a new project the latest research by LSE researchers, The innovative Housing Plus Academy in collaboration with Fiona Steele demonstrating the implications of their developed by LSE Housing and (LSE Statistics) from October. Their studies for public policy. Communities to promote knowledge project “Methods for the Analysis This will be followed in March with a exchange and participative learning of Longitudinal Dyadic Data with launch event for the Oxfam GB and CASE among frontline staff and tenants of an Application to Intergenerational report on the links between poverty and social landlords continues with four Exchanges of Family Support” has been economic inequality in the UK. further events this summer. There will funded by the ESRC. be Tenant Think Tanks on Housing and Policy Press will be publishing a Ian Gough’s book Heat, Greed and Health and Estate Regeneration and substantially revised second edition of Human Need: Climate Change, Policy Think Tanks on Private Renting John Hills’ book Good Times, Bad Times: Capitalism and Sustainable Wellbeing is and Estate Regeneration: the New The Welfare Myth of Them and Us. Also due to be published by Edward Elgar. Agenda, all hosted at the National this spring, John is presenting at the Communities Resource Centre, Trafford It’s the 20th anniversary of CASE in LSE Literary Festival event Stagnation Hall, Chester. October. Plans for a celebration to be Generation: Exploring intergenerational announced soon! fairness, alongside Georgia Gould (Cabinet member for Young People, Adults and Health, London Borough of Camden), Omar Khan (The Runnymede Trust), and David Willetts (The Resolution Trust, formerly MP for Havant and Minister for Universities and Science) hosted by the Resolution Foundation and the International Inequalities Institute at LSE.

Elena Mariani will defend her thesis on job satisfaction and family context.

Summer term Forthcoming seminars as part of the new Climate Change, Inequality and Social Policy series include

“Would income redistribution result in higher aggregate emissions?” with Lutz Sagar, LSE Geography and Environment (27 April) and “Postgrowth and Wellbeing” with Milena Buchs, University of Leeds and Max Koch, Lund University (25 May).

A set of papers will be coming out from the first two phases of the research

Kitty Stewart’s public lecture to commemorate Eleanor Rathbone

7 “Missing” and “invisible” children: Poverty among young carers in the UK

Polina Obolenskaya, Polly those who provide care for a person who to income below 60 per cent of 2010/11 Vizard and Tania Burchardt experiences physical or mental ill-health or median income held constant in real terms. disability, or problems relating to old age, While young carers were relatively protected While young carers as a group are inside or outside of their household on an from income poverty pre-recession, they recognized as “children in need” as unpaid basis. Our findings show that young fared significantly worse than other children well as being at risk of poverty and carers are more likely to be disadvantaged by 2011/13. multidimensional disadvantage, on a range of indicators compared to other they have remained “missing children and young people. For example, Our findings show that there has been from”, or “invisible within” using three year pooled data for 2011/13, a reversal in fortunes in terms of poverty national reporting of child poverty we found that a higher proportion of rates over the period between 2005/07 due to the fact that poverty young carers lived with a disabled parent and 2011/13 among young carers and all statistics are not reported for compared to non-carers (66 per cent vs other children. In 2005/07 young carers them separately as a group. Our 21 per cent, respectively), in households were significantly less likely to be in poverty work shows that young carers in headed by a lone parent (34 per cent of compared to all other children based on the UK have had a distinct path of relative and absolute low income measures poverty risks compared to all other carers vs 25 per cent of all other children), children since before the recession. and in workless households or households (both BHC and AHC) and by 2011/13 young where not all adults are in work (34 per cent carers were significantly more likely to be As part of the project funded by of carers vs 14 per cent of all other children). in AHC poverty (using both relative and the Nuffield Foundation on the absolute measures). The operational measures of child poverty “Multidimensional poverty and used in this study are based on the In 2005/07, 18.4 per cent and 24.2 per disadvantage among ‘missing’ and ‘invisible’ definitions set out in the Child Poverty cent of young carers were in relative BHC children”, we used a number of poverty Act (2010). We used absolute and relative and AHC poverty, respectively, significantly measures from the Family Resources Survey poverty measures based on the net total lower proportions compared to all other (FRS) and Households Below Average equivalised household income before children (with corresponding BHC and Income Survey (HBAI). We compared risks of housing costs (BHC) and after housing AHC figures being 22 per cent and 29.5 income poverty among dependent children costs (AHC). The relative poverty measure per cent, respectively). By 2011/13, young and young people aged 5 to 19 who refers to income below 60 per cent of carers were significantly more likely to be in were young carers and those who were contemporary median income, while relative AHC poverty: not during the period between 2005/07 the absolute measure of poverty refers and 2011/13. Young carers are defined as

Figure 1: Percentage of young carers and all other children in relative poverty, Before Housing Costs (BHC) and After Housing Costs (AHC), three-year pooled data between 2005/07 and 2011/13

35

30

25

20 % in relative poverty % in relative

15

10 2005/07 2006/08 2007/09 2008/10 2009/11 2010/12 2011/13

Young carers, BHC Young carers, AHC All other children, BHC All other children, AHC Source: Authors’ analysis of the FRS/HBAI data

8 Figure 2: Percentage of young carers and all other children in absolute poverty, Before Housing Costs (BHC) and After Housing Costs (AHC), three-year pooled data between 2005/07 and 2011/13

35

30

25

20 % in absolute poverty

15

10 2005/07 2006/08 2007/09 2008/10 2009/11 2010/12 2011/13

Young carers, BHC Young carers, AHC All other children, BHC All other children, AHC

Source: Authors’ analysis of the FRS/HBAI data

31.0 per cent of young carers compared to 10 percentage points from 25 per cent carers were increasingly more likely to be 26.3 per cent of other children and young to 34 per cent, while remaining relatively living in rented accommodation. people (Figure 1). flat among all other children (15 per cent Regression analyses confirmed our findings in 2005/07 and 14 per cent in 2011/13). Using the absolute poverty measure, we and showed that the risks of household The increase in worklessness among found that 18.6 per cent and 29.6 per cent AHC poverty have increased significantly households with young carers is reflected of young carers were in BHC and AHC for young carers after controlling for a in the fall in the share of income coming poverty in 2005/07, respectively, with the range of compositional factors. It also from employment from 69 per cent to corresponding figures for all other children confirms the importance of worklessness as 58 per cent during the period, and again, at 18.6 per cent and 24.8 per cent. By an explanatory factor underlying changes remaining flat for other children (81 per cent 2011/13, 31.0 per cent and 32.9 per cent in poverty among young carers, as well and 80 per cent). of young carers were living in relative suggesting that caring status became and absolute AHC poverty, respectively Although there was an increase in the a stronger predictor of child poverty in – significantly higher proportions than all proportion of income coming from 2011/13 than in 2005/07. other children (26.3 per cent and absolute benefits along with a greater increase in With an upturn in child poverty forecast, poverty 27.6 per cent) (Figure 2). the median benefits amount received by and with ongoing reforms to benefits households with carers compared to all The reversal in poverty patterns of young and transfers that are likely to impact other children during the period, a much carers compared to all other children can on households with young carers, these higher increase in the housing costs among partly be explained by increasing housing findings highlight the importance of young carers meant that the AHC income costs and rates of worklessness that had monitoring and reporting on young carers’ fell substantially more for them. Among a particularly adverse impact on young poverty risks separately from all other young carers, housing costs have increased carers’ income. children and young people’s. by almost 15 per cent over the period, but While many experienced loss of work during among all other children it was only by 4 Further information the recession and downturn, some groups per cent. We explain this pattern by the were hit more than others and young carers fact that young carers were less likely to Vizard, P., Obolenskaya, P. and Burchardt, appear to have been particularly affected. In gain from the reduction in housing costs, T. (forthcoming), “Extending the evidence the period between 2005/07 and 2011/13, resulting from falling mortgage interest base on child income poverty and material the proportion of young carers living in rates in the wake of the financial crisis and deprivation: the case of young carers in the workless households increased by almost economic downturn. This is because young UK”, CASEpaper.

9 “Universal” pre-schooling: who benefits? Patterns in access to the full duration of the entitlement to free early education in England

Tammy Campbell, Ludovica are eligible, or not. We combine data up their five terms, compared to 14 per Gambaro and Kitty Stewart from the national Early Years Censuses cent of English speakers). However, our and Spring Schools Censuses to create analysis suggests that having EAL does For a decade, all autumn-born a whole picture of attendance in spring not account for lower national levels of children in England have been 2010 (age three) and Spring 2011 (age attendance among low-income children. entitled to five terms of pre- four) among one cohort of children, born Nor does a pupil’s ethnicity, though school provision. One of the between September 2006 and August we illustrate wide variation in take-up aims of this policy is to close 2007. We also match later information according to this factor: 50 per cent of the developmental gap between from the National Pupil Database to Bangladeshi children attend for fewer higher-income and low-income construct a proxy for low-income: children. But the success of the than five terms, compared to 13 per cent whether and how many times a child initiative may be compromised of White British children. Figure 1 shows claims free school meals (FSM) in their if low-income families do not the probability of families who claim FSM first three years of primary school. access the full hours available. for varying periods in early primary school We find that 18 per cent of the children not attending their full duration – firstly, Since the turn of the century, early in our cohort do not attend in 2010, so as a raw percentage, and secondly, as a education in England has been funded are not present for the full five terms predicted probability from a regression for all children from the term after they of their entitlement. This rises to 29 per accounting for EAL, ethnicity, gender, turn three. As most start primary school cent among children who claim FSM in and month of birth. Little moderation at the beginning of the academic year each year of their early education. We of patterns by income-level can be in which they turn five, this means that find that children speaking English as an attributed to these characteristics: autumn-born children are entitled to five additional language (EAL) are also less nationally, low-income children remain terms’ free pre-schooling, spring-borns to likely to attend (39 per cent do not take least likely to attend. four terms, and summer-borns to three. Currently, all three-year-olds are eligible Figure 1: Patterns in non-take-up of full duration of for 15 funded hours per week, with a free pre-schooling rise in 2017 to 30 hours for families with 30 working parents.

Indications of the success of these free hours in impacting children’s development – and, in particular, the 25 progress of low-income children – have, to date, been limited.1 There are a number of reasons why this may be the 20 case – including disparities according to children’s backgrounds in provision quality2 and minimal changes post- 3 funding to attendance patterns. 15 In this work, we interrogate another aspect of the implementation of the free hours: differential take-up according 10 to family characteristics. If low-income children are proportionately less likely to attend for the full duration of their pre- school entitlement, this may, in practice, 5 result in a relative boost to their higher- income peers, which could widen – rather than narrow – developmental gaps. 0 We focus our analyses on autumn-born Never FSM Once FSM Twice FSM Always FSM children, because the available data can Percentage not attending January 2010 be exploited to explore whether they Percentage estimated as not attending January 2010, accounting for EAL, take up the five terms to which they ethnicity, gender, month of birth

10 So why else might low-income families Further information: access less free provision than their The paper discussed here is one part of higher-income peers? The data allow us a Nuffield Foundation-funded project to investigate variation by local authority investigating clustering and social mix (LA) as one possible factor. We find among pre-school children. Other strands enormous disparity according to local include a comparison of patterns of area – from 53 per cent non-attendance pre-school peer composition to local in 2010 in the LA with the lowest area make-up/later primary school peer take-up, to 4 per cent in the LA with constitution; an examination of the the highest. And we see that there are relationships between pre-school peer differences in access according to the group and early educational outcomes; proportion of children in an LA attending an unpicking of the drivers of clustering maintained (school / local authority) within pre-schools; and an exploration of provision in 2011, and that there are trajectories of transition from pre-school also inequalities according to an area’s to primary school, and of variations in deprivation level. pathways by pupil characteristics. Our modelling indicates that some of the national inequity in take-up according to income-level can be explained by 1.Blanden, J., Del Bono, E., McNally, S., these factors, but that much remains and Rabe, B. (2016). “Universal pre- unexplained. Low-income autumn-born school education: The case of public children continue to be less likely to funding with private provision,” The utilise their full five terms of pre-school Economic Journal, 126(592): 682-723 education, and we cannot account substantially for the causes of this using 2. Gambaro, L., Stewart, K., and the administrative data available. Waldfogel, J. (2015). “A question of quality: Do children from disadvantaged We therefore suggest that further, backgrounds receive lower quality early detailed research into the reasons for childhood education and care?” British and implications of attendance patterns Educational Research Journal, 41(4): according to income-level be prioritised 553-574 by policy-makers devising strategies on early education and care. Particularly given 3. Blanden et al, ibid. the expansion of spending on this area, this will ensure that resources can most effectively and equitably be allocated.

11 Improving the Measurement of Poverty in the United States

Jane Waldfogel with cohabitors treated as unrelated We obtain income data from the 1968- individuals. The equivalence scale is 2013 CPS ASEC, adding the value of An accurate measure is flawed. No distinction is made between in-kind benefits including food stamps, essential to gauge the impact of different types of owners and renters. And energy subsidies, housing subsidies, government efforts to reduce thresholds assume elderly people require school lunch, and WIC. In years when poverty. This was the case in less money for food than non-elderly. these benefits are not recorded in the the UK, when Tony Blair and data, we impute values. We also adjust Gordon Brown waged their war The Supplemental Poverty income for tax liabilities/credits using on child poverty, and it was also Measure (SPM) NBER’s TAXSIM model for years when the case in the US, as we marked those are not available in the data. We the 50th anniversary of our War Moving to a new measure is challenging – also deduct MOOP, child care, and work on Poverty. Although trends in for both political and technical reasons. The expenses which we impute using data the official poverty measure Obama administration therefore decided (OPM) suggest “we waged a war from CEX. to implement an improved “supplemental” on poverty and poverty won” measure alongside the official one. (as President Ronald Reagan Results Using the SPM The SPM sets more appropriate “quasi- famously remarked), the OPM relative” thresholds and better accounts Using the SPM has altered our is badly flawed. In recent work, for resources (cash and non-cash transfers understanding of the record since War on a group of us at Columbia re- examined trends in poverty using including food stamps and tax credits, work Poverty. While trends with OPM show no an improved measure and found and medical expenses). progress, trends using the anchored SPM show that poverty has fallen by about 40 that the story was quite different. Census has released SPM estimates since per cent since 1967 (Figure 1). In addition, 2009, but not historically. My colleagues the SPM allows us to see that the safety The Official Poverty Liana Fox, Irv Garfinkel, Neeraj Kaushal, net plays a substantial and growing role Measure (OPM) Chris Wimer, and I provided the first in reducing poverty (Figure 2). historical estimates using SPM (Fox et al., The OPM was developed in 1961 2015), and estimates using an “anchored by Mollie Orshansky for “temporary SPM” where thresholds are anchored to emergency use.” At that time, food was today’s SPM poverty line and then taken the primary household expenditure, with back historically adjusting for inflation 1/3 of expenses going toward food, so using CPI-U-RS (Wimer et al., 2016). the cost of a minimally adequate diet in 1955 was multiplied by three and adjusted for family composition to set Estimating the SPM thresholds. These absolute thresholds Following Census procedures, we are updated annually for inflation, but set thresholds using the Consumer not changes in living standards, so they Expenditure Survey (1961-2012) at the 30- are now much lower, as a percentage of 36th percentile of expenditures on food, median incomes, than in the past. clothing, shelter, utilities for all two-child The problems with the OPM are well households (plus 20 per cent for other known. Today, housing, not food, is the necessities). To set anchored thresholds, largest household expenditure. Thresholds we define 2012 thresholds using data are not adjusted for geographic variation for 2007-2012 and then carry them back in cost of living. Income in the OPM does historically adjusting for inflation using not include many government transfers, the CPI-U-RS. The shelter component eg, tax credits and non-cash benefits of the threshold is estimated separately such as food stamps (SNAP) and public by housing status (renter, owner with housing. Nor is income adjusted for mortgage, owner without mortgage). necessary expenses – child support, work A three-parameter equivalence scale is expenses, child care, and medical out-of- used to adjust for family size/composition. pocket expenditures (MOOP). The unit of Thresholds are then adjusted for analysis is family or unrelated individuals, geographical differences in cost of living.

12 Figure 1: Official vs Supplemental Poverty Rates, 1967-2012 Next Steps 30% OPM The US has substantial state policy 25.8% SPM (Anchored, 2012) variation, so we are extending our 25% analysis to the state level. We have produced a State Poverty Chartbook 20% that shows SPM rates, and trends by 16% state (using a geographically adjusted 15% measure). We have also used the SPM 14.2% 15% to estimate the impact of a “race to the 10% top” in cash assistance, EITC, child tax credit, and food stamps. We are also 5% using the SPM to estimate trends for key subpopulations (eg, young children, 0% young adults, foster children) and by factors such as race/ethnicity, family 196719691971197319751977197919811983198519871989199119931995199719992001200320052007200920112012 structure, urban vs rural residence. And, Figure 1 from Wimer et al., 2016 in the year ahead, we will be using the SPM to model the impact of proposed Figure 2: Effects of Taxes and Transfers on Poverty Rates, policy reforms at both the federal and 1967-2012 state level. 50% Anchored SPM Pretax/Pretransfer Anchored SPM Further information: 45% Fox, L., Wimer, C., Garfinkel, I., Kaushal, 40% N., and Waldfogel, J. (2015). “Waging war on poverty: Poverty trends using 35% a historical supplemental poverty 30% 28.7% measure.” Journal of Policy Analysis and 27% Management, 34(3), 567-592. 25% 25.8% Wimer, C., Fox, L., Garfinkel, I., Kaushal, 20% N., and Waldfogel, J. (2016). “Progress 16% 15% on poverty? New estimates of historical trends using an anchored supplemental 10% poverty measure.” Demography, 53(4), 5% 1207-1218.

0% To learn more about our work with the SPM, go to the Columbia University Center 196719691971197319751977197919811983198519871989199119931995199719992001200320052007200920112012 on Poverty and Social Policy website: Figure 2 from Wimer et al., 2016 povertycenter.columbia.edu/

The reduction in poverty, and the role We need to set aside the belief that This work was supported by Annie E. of the safety net, would be obscured government cannot do anything about Casey Foundation, The JPB Foundation, if we limited our analysis to OPM. Our reducing inequality… Without Social National Institute of Child Health and SPM results were widely cited in the US Security, nearly half of seniors would Human Development, Robin Hood press and in the Economic Report of the be living in poverty — half. Today, Foundation, and Russell Sage Foundation. President. They were also cited by President fewer than 1 in 10 do… And because Barack Obama in his remarks on the 50th we’ve strengthened that safety net, anniversary of the War on Poverty: and expanded pro-work and pro-family tax credits like the Earned Income Tax Credit, a recent study found that the poverty rate has fallen by 40 per cent since the 1960s.

13 Back to basics?

David Piachaud robots replace many, perhaps even Nor, if the goal is to meet human needs most, current jobs, then all would still be effectively, is it obvious that giving The idea of an unconditional assured a minimum income. everyone the same basic income whether basic income, often known in they need it or not, makes any sense. Yet, with no windfall to pay for such a Britain as a Citizen’s Income, is Some have greater needs, for example if basic income, the cost of providing even something which, like Brexit, they suffer disabilities or have very high is surrounded by confusion a poverty level minimum to all would be housing costs, which the present social and controversy. For some, enormous. It could well involve doubling security system attempts to take into it is an old idea with little to existing tax rates. Of course on average account. The cost is added complexity but offer; for others it is the best there would be no gain or loss, and most the result may be a fairer system. hope for future economic and would be receiving the basic income and social policy. A recent CASE at the same time paying much more in The claimed attractions of an paper, Citizen’s Income: Rights taxes. The result might seem simpler, but unconditional basic income – and Wrongs, attempts to clear would it be fairer? unconditionality, simplicity, efficiency up some of the confusion and and political support – each need to examine the case that has been One of the proclaimed advantages be carefully thought about. Sadly, each made for it. of a basic income is that it would one of these apparent attractions is a be “unconditional” – all would get Once upon a time, on a small island, it was delusion. There is no crock of gold nor it whatever they did (providing they discovered that under the surrounding sea any magic mechanism that will result in were a citizen or met some residence there was oil worth lots and lots of money. a fairer society. If social justice is to be requirement). This avoids discriminating Some people suggested that the fairest promoted there is no escape from the between “deserving” and “undeserving” use of the revenue from this oil was to hard graft of improving social security in the way that the social security system distribute it equally among all the citizens and ensuring full employment. discriminates. It also avoids discriminating of the island. Others said it would be fairer between those who want to work and are to give more to those who were poorest Further information: seeking work and, by contrast, those who or spend the revenue on education and choose not to work because they are idle, Piachaud, D. “Citizen’s Income: health. Others wanted other taxes to be lazy and prefer to do nothing or prefer, Rights and Wrongs”, CASEpaper 200, reduced. Finally, the Treasury decided it for example, to go surfing (the example November 2016 would do a bit of each of these – and chosen by van Parijs, a leading exponent the opportunity to introduce a Basic or of unconditional basic income). If people Citizen’s Income for all was missed. Now chose to use their time surfing, why there is no windfall like North Sea Oil should they be treated any differently from revenue in prospect and to introduce a those who are sick or unemployed? Basic Income would require more taxation, and if it were to be paid to everyone it Here the simple – some would say naïve would be extremely expensive. So why do – case for an unconditional basic income some favour a Basic Income? begins to unravel. Clearly if everyone chose surfing over more productive activities then Britain, as a whole, is not a poor not much would be produced and incomes country and it can afford to provide a would fall drastically. But if some choose to minimum standard for everyone. Some surf then why should those in work – often see a minimum standard of living as a in gruelling, poorly paid work – be willing to human right that should be available support the life-style preferences of surfers, to all unconditionally. What could be whether drugged-up or not? The social simpler than paying this minimum to security system sets conditions for receipt every citizen without any conditions? The of unemployment benefits relating to present social security system is horribly availability for work, suitable employment complex with tests of contributions, age, and job-seeking. These conditions may be disabilities, job-seeking, dependents, and unduly harsh, as Ken Loach’s film I,“ Daniel the income and capital of claimants. If Blake” portrays; but without any conditions everyone got the same basic income then at all social security would be politically all complexities could be swept away. dead in the water. And in the future if, as some foresee,

14 Evidence Reviews for the European Commission

Abigail McKnight progression. Training on the other hand We were invited to present findings from increases job seekers’ productivity, improves these reviews to the European Commission’s In 2016 we completed three the quality of the types of jobs available to Social Protection Committee, European evidence reviews for the them including remuneration and chances Social Policy Network, at a specially European Commission. of retention and advancement. organised workshop in Brussels for policy Directorate-General for officials across the European Commission Employment, Social Affairs and Clearly there are cost differences between and at an EU conference on Work, Welfare Inclusion commissioned the different types of activation with training and Inequalities in Europe. reviews to establish an evidence being more costly than monitoring and base to help inform key areas of work search assistance, but the cost The evidence reviews are free to download policy. The three reviews covered: differential needs to be considered from the European Commission’s website. the effectiveness of linking alongside long-run returns. Some countries different forms of activation with put training at the heart of their activation income support; preventative programmes but there has been a tendency measures and preventative across European countries to move further approaches to low pay and and further towards work-first activation in-work poverty; and, how programmes. This can appear attractive education, labour market policy in the short-term particularly in an and welfare states can create environment where austerity looms large more equal societies. and budgets are being cut. One clear message that came out of Another trend has been towards these reviews is the potential for active contracting employment services out to labour market programmes to do much private providers who are paid according more in terms of improving the long-term to the results they achieve. Although these outcomes for a particularly disadvantaged payments can be linked to employment group of workers, helping to tackle low sustainability, the amounts on offer pay, in-work poverty and inequality. are not sufficient for these providers to There is now a strong body of evidence to offer higher cost interventions such as support the case for training programmes training. For example, although the UK to increase the productive ability of a Work Programme (the current active group of workers occupying the lowest labour market programme for long-term tier of the labour market. unemployed and those identified as “Work-first” activation programmes needing extra assistance finding work) is help some job seekers return to work contracted out to private providers who sooner than they would have, particularly are given freedom to innovate within where job seekers are assisted with job guidelines and paid according to outcomes, search, job applications and interview still around two-thirds of those who preparation. Many individuals entering join the programme return to the Public Further information: unemployment need little help finding Employment Service (JobCentre Plus) after McKnight, A., and Vaganay, A. (2016), work while others are in need of two years because they have not managed The Strength of the Link between Income additional support and can remain to secure sustainable employment. Support and Activation: Evidence Review, unemployed for long periods of time. Although the Work Programme Brussels: European Commission doesn’t perform badly relative to similar The availability of longitudinal data which programmes, it is clear that a new approach McKnight, A., Stewart, K., Mohun track individuals over long periods of time is required to design a programme where Himmelweit, S. M., and Palillo, M. (2016), and improved statistical techniques has the majority rather than the minority are Low pay and in-work poverty: preventative shown that activation programmes that able to secure sustainable employment in measures and preventative approaches: “push” job seekers into the labour market the medium term. It could help if policy Evidence Review, Brussels: European have poorer longer-term outcomes than makers considered training within active Commission alternative forms of activation such as labour market programmes an investment training. This is due to a number of factors McKnight, A., Duque, M., and Rucci, M. rather than a costly form of welfare. including the precarious nature of many (2016), Creating More Equal Societies– entry-level jobs and few opportunities for What Works?: Evidence Review, Brussels: European Commission.

15 Experiences of money for the rich and poor in London

Kate Summers and The poor (social security) group on the “My wages come in, and you Katharina Hecht other hand experienced money as “flow”. cannot trouble that. It’s not This captures the group’s inability to enough, literally to pay for [the By comparing the in-depth build up any assets and their reliance on rent], I will pay half of what I owe, interviews from our respective short-term incomings and outgoings from and then when the tax credit PhD projects, Katharina Hecht wages and benefits, and also captures come in I will phone up and pay and I examine how the rich the notion of money as something the next bit…. the rent, and the, and the poor in London think transient, and often unreliable. my heating. Your heating and about and experience money. your lights. So long, they have to However, we find similarities as well as We find that although there be your main priority. Because juxtapositions between our samples, as are sharp distinctions between the rent is the big lump sum of shown in the following two key themes: these two groups there are also the money, if you get behind with similarities. We make the case that, you’re finished.” (Participant that money’s qualitative, as well Security and insecurity 13, social security group) as quantitative, similarities and Broadly speaking the social security differences need to be taken into This predictability of regular payments from group experienced money as a source account when studying income social security money and wages meant of insecurity, while the rich group and wealth inequality. A summary some participants were reluctant to move experienced money as security. However, of our work in progress follows. into work or increase their working hours, we found that this distinction has as this could upset the delicate routine they This joint project arose opportunistically important complexities. had established for themselves. via our participation in the Piketty For the social security group money often masterclass. Katharina Hecht has been Members of the rich group on the other entered and left the household quickly, researching perceptions of income and hand were financially secure because as various expenditures had to be met wealth among the rich using a sample of their accumulated stock of capital and there was often not enough money 30 in-depth interviews with individuals (including property) provided security. to cover everything. At times social who fall into the top one per cent of the However, for many members of this security money added to this insecurity, income distribution. My own research group reliance upon income from wages with payments stopped at short, or no, project is concerned with how social was seen as insecure, and true security notice due to the rules of the system or security recipients understand and use could only be achieved when they built administrative faults. their money and comprises 38 in-depth an asset base and could draw on income interviews (to date) with people who are However, many participants had ways of from capital. Richness for this group was unemployed or working and on a low creating security while on a low income. often described as security. For some, income who are receiving state benefits. The timing and amount of different richness consisted of intergenerational payments were often used as budgeting security; true security is only established The study aims to offer qualitative tools, and a way of sectioning off money when one can guarantee it for one’s insights in a field where quantitative for different purposes. Participant 13, children. As participant 13 explains: approaches are most prominent. In for example, always ring-fenced her order to understand wealth and income wages for her rent, and then her tax inequality more fully, the experiences credits for the remaining rent and some and perspectives of those at the top and bills. This monthly pattern of incomings bottom of the distribution need to be and outgoings established a degree of understood in more detail. security for her: We characterise the rich group’s overarching experience of money as one of “stock”. This in part describes how ultimately this group were aiming towards the accumulation of wealth, but also describes their experience of money as something secure and reliable.

16 “Well I’m ambitious to make Among the social security group there Based on our comparative work, we more [money] always […] for me were examples of participants clarifying found that ideas of deservingness it is just to enable us as a family why they themselves were deserving of and undeservingness feature across to build our asset base further, the money they received, while others both samples, and were motivated by to make sure that the next were not. It has been documented in participant’s understandings of self- generation and the one beyond other work that social security recipients reliance and personal responsibility (key are gonna be comfortable […] use tactics of “othering” (often by ideas in liberal market economies such as financial security in a general reference to popular imagery) to distance the UK). sense, not having enough just themselves from the stigma of claiming Although these two groups of to live, but […] live the lifestyle social security. Explanations tended to interviewees come from opposite ends the way you want to lead it and hinge on social security being used as of the income distribution, it is striking for us as a family that means a last resort, and on individuals having that various themes cut across these two making sure our children and made social contributions (through work, groups in terms of how they think about grandchildren are well looked care, etc.). Participant 26, for example, and experience money. after, and are well-educated spoke about how some people are not and all those sorts of things entitled to social security money, which in Further information: […] without having to worry turn clarifies and justifies the basis for her [about your long-term security]” own deservingness: If you have any comments or (Participant 13, rich group) questions, please get in touch via “No, some people aren’t entitled [email protected] Experiences of both security and insecurity to it. There are some people out featured in both groups. Ultimately both there that aren’t entitled to it. groups were pursuing financial security, Like, I don’t like them people that, and both had ambivalent attitudes you know, just have got no, you towards the role of the labour market in get some people that just keep providing for this. For the social security having babies, and babies and group, the labour market potentially babies. Like the baby will get to represented a less secure form of income, the point where now you’ve got and had the potential to unsettle the to go and find a job, they’ll have security they had established through another baby.” (Participant 26, the receipt of predictable social security social security group) benefits. For the rich group true security For the rich there was also a distinction could only be achieved when they had between deserved and undeserved decommodified themselves, and could rely money which rested on how one had on capital income. earned it. The most deserved form of money was seen by many to be money Deserved and from entrepreneurial activity, where an undeserved money individual had taken personal risks to A second key theme was that of achieve their richness: deserved and undeserved money. It is “I would say anybody that makes well established in the social security 200 thousand pounds above I and poverty literature that there is think it’s really nice, anybody a longstanding conception of the making over a million, you are “deserving” and “undeserving” poor. either an entrepreneur and What was striking was that we also you have taken a lot of risk in found evidence of the “deserving” and your vision and you should be “undeserving” rich. making that money, I don’t have a problem with that, or you are a trader and I have a question mark here, on do you deserve that?” (Participant 10, rich group)

17 Exploring the relationship between economic inequality and poverty

Abigail McKnight and which poverty reduction needed to be Database. The graph in the right-hand side Eleni Karagiannaki accompanied by inequality reduction. plots changes in inequality (again in terms This is reflected in the twin goals and of the 90:10 ratio) and changes in the Inequality and poverty recommendations to tackle poverty and poverty risk with the poverty line anchored are conceptually different inequality in both rich and poor countries at its 2005 levels (which is an indicator phenomena and have tended set by a number of large international of the evolution of the absolute living to be studied separately. organisations such as the United Nations, standards of the poor). As is clear from However, the aftermath of the the World Bank, the World Economic this figure, over the period 2005-14 rising financial crisis brought to the Forum and the OECD. inequality was the dominant inequality fore concerns that globalisation trend for the countries under examination: had not benefited all, despite However, there has been a distinct lack of the 90:10 percentile ratio increased in 18 a prolonged period of growth evidence on the form of the relationship out of 26 countries (72 per cent). in the decades leading up to between inequality and poverty, how the crisis. The Joseph Rowntree aspects of measurement affect this In most countries where inequality Foundation is funding a three relationship, what are the key mechanisms increased the relative poverty risk also year programme of research that link inequality and poverty and what increased while the anchored poverty exploring the relationship is the most effective policy response risk either increased or fell by less than between inequality and poverty, given these mechanisms. Our ongoing in countries with falling inequality involving a variety of different programme of research aims to fill some of (suggesting smaller improvement in the approaches including exploring these gaps. absolute living standards of the poor the conceptual basis, reviews relative to the rest of the population). of the literature and empirical Cross-country analysis shows a strong Overall, we find a quite strong positive analysis. Here we summarise positive relationship between income correlation between changes in the 90:10 some of the emerging findings. inequality and relative income poverty ratio income inequality and changes in the both when we look at differences in the There has been a well-documented relative poverty risk. A positive but weaker levels of inequality and poverty across general upward trend in inequality since correlation is also estimated between countries as well as when we look at the 1970s across middle and high income changes in inequality and changes in differences in the changes of poverty and countries, although trends vary both anchored poverty risk. inequality over time. As one would expect in terms of timing and levels. The form the correlation between the two statistics Despite the positive correlation between of inequality also varies with greater is stronger for inequality measures changes in inequality and poverty, concentration of income in some countries sensitive to dispersion in the lower half of the analysis also identified the varying and wider overall dispersion in others. As the income distribution. experiences across countries in how Atkinson (2015) observed, countries with inequality and poverty evolved: there were high levels of inequality tend also to have The graph in the left-hand side of Figure countries in which inequality and poverty higher rates of poverty. The aftermath 1 plots changes in the income inequality trends have moved in different directions, of the financial crisis seemed to mark as measured by the 90:10 percentile ratio indicating the importance of both policy a sea-change in thinking about anti- against changes in the relative poverty risk and institutions (for more details on the poverty strategies, away from a focus on for 26 European countries over the period empirical relationship between poverty and improving the economic circumstances 2005-14 using distributional statistics from inequality see Karagiannaki, forthcoming). of the poor towards an approach in the Eurostat Income and Living Conditions

18 Figure 1: The relationship between changes in income inequality (as measured by the 90/10 percentile ratio) and changes in relative and anchored poverty risk over the period 2005-2014

Per cent change in the P90:P10 ratio and Per cent change in the P90:P10 ratio and in the relative poverty risk in the anchored poverty risk 5 1 Sweden Greece 4

Germany 3 Luxembourg Germany Italy Cyprus 2 Luxembourg Portugal Estonia 0 Netherlands Spain Hungary Malta Austria Greece Ireland Austria Finland Spain United Kingdom Iceland Denmark 1 Latvia Hungary Belgium Sweden Belgium Netherlands Finland France Denmark Portugal 0 Italy Norway Malta Lithuania Slovakia Czech Republic Czech Republic -1 Cyprus United Kingdom Norway -1 Poland Estonia -2 Iceland Latvia Ireland Per cent change in relative poverty risk Per cent change in anchored poverty risk Poland -3 Lithuania Slovakia

-4

-5 -2

-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 Per cent change in P90:P10 percentile ratio Per cent change in P90:P10 percentile ratio

Source: Karagiannaki, (forthcoming) based on poverty and inequality statistics extracted from the Eurostat Income and Living conditions database. Note: The figure includes all 26 countries for which distributional statistics are available in 2005 and 2014. Relative poverty risk is defined as the percentage of persons in households below the 60 per cent of the median equivalised household disposable income in each country. Anchored poverty risk is defined in a similar way except that the poverty line fixed at the 2005 levels (indexed for inflation).

A review of the literature has identified a Social and cultural mechanisms: unequal more likely to be passed from parents to number of important mechanisms including: societies are also often found to be more children where/when inequality is higher. punitive with high rates of incarceration. Limited downward mobility driven by the Economic mechanisms: fundamental This may be affected by people from ability of better-off families to hoard the drivers such as the distribution of abilities advantaged family backgrounds dominating best opportunities for their children can limit and their economic returns; changes in rates positions of power including the judiciary the extent to which children growing up in of return to abilities driven by for example, and underlying beliefs about why some poverty can be upwardly mobile. technological change or globalisation. people are rich while others are poor. Political mechanisms: where command Further information: There are also important dynamic over economic resources is linked to political mechanisms which help to shape the Karagiannaki, E. “The empirical relationship power, inequality can result in resistance relationship between inequality and poverty. between inequality and poverty in rich against policies that threaten the rich and Higher inequality is often associated with and middle income countries” CASEpaper powerful’s economic position such as lower mobility making it harder to escape (forthcoming) poverty reduction policies; social gradients poverty. Evidence of a positive relationship in voter turnout can lead governments to For more information on this project between inequality and intergenerational favour policies that favour a richer electorate please visit the programme webpage on mobility (the so-called “Great Gatsby rather than the general population. the CASE website. Curve”) suggests that poverty risks are

19 LSE Housing and Communities

LSE Housing and Communities’ Round Two interviews started in January for less; and the challenge of housing main body of research focuses 2016 and were carried out while the younger tenants under 35. In May 2016, on how social, economic and individual flats were undergoing internal LSE Housing and Communities hosted environmental changes affect work. The evidence collected is fed the first Thinking Ahead Group (TAG) households and communities. back to the council at regular research meeting, which brought together all the We use qualitative analysis to meetings, to help better inform the work sponsoring organisations and which will look closely at the experiences of they are doing and to try and minimise be held regularly throughout the duration individuals and communities, to disruption to residents. The final round of the Housing Plus Academy knowledge explore how policies and trends interviews will take place in 2018 when exchange programme. play out at ground-level. This the project is completed. article looks at seven projects In total, 445 participants from across that we worked on in 2016. the country have attended Housing Plus The Housing Plus Academy Academy events in 2016. After each Wilmcote House The year 2016 saw great progress on event, the LSE team circulated headlines. the Housing Plus Academy knowledge The findings from two tenant events were Wilmcote House is a council tower block exchange programme, which was written up and published as CASEreports in Portsmouth that is undergoing energy launched in November 2015 in a 108 and 110. efficiency retrofit to EnerPHit standard, a partnership between LSE Housing and highly regarded international certification The Academy grew its sponsor base Communities, Trafford Hall, the Chartered of energy efficiency for existing buildings. over the course of 2016, winning Institute of Housing and the National This is an ambitious three-year project, the support of other social landlords Housing Federation, with the support of funded by Portsmouth City Council. and bringing the number of its sponsors the Joseph Rowntree Foundation. The insulation provider for the work up to 16. The Academy has also (Rockwool) has commissioned LSE Trafford Hall hosted nine Think Tanks gained the support of the University of Housing and Communities to carry out a in 2016; four for tenants and resident Manchester and the Scottish Federation longitudinal in-depth study of 15 families involvement workers and five for frontline of Housing Associations. living in the block. and senior housing staff. The topics we There are eight Think Tanks planned covered in the first year of the Housing The research design mirrors that of High for 2017 and two Thinking Ahead Plus Academy included: private renting; Rise Hopes and High Rise Hopes Revisited, Group meetings. We will run a energy saving and retrofit; community published in 2012 and 2014 respectively, Continuing Professional Development enterprise; housing association and local which looked at residents’ experiences workshop accredited by the Chartered authority partnership working; changing of retrofit on the Edward Woods estate, Institute of Housing and led by LSE policies and their impacts on the social in the London Borough of Hammersmith Housing and Communities. housing world; how tenants can do more and Fulham.

The aim of the Wilmcote House research project is to capture the residents’ living conditions at the start of the project, their experience during the retrofit works, and finally their lives in their homes and in the retrofitted block after completion of works. The team carried out Round One interviews in 2015. The findings showed that residents were living in poorly-insulated flats that were too expensive to heat properly. These findings corroborated the council’s evidence of the extent of the problem of poor insulation of the building, and led the team to conclude that the project was timely and much needed to improve residents’ quality of life in their homes, as well as their finances. Housing Plus Academy Tenant Think Tank on Community Enterprise, June 2016

20 Private Rented Sector Research LSE Housing and Communities will be to end in late 2017. We are looking at hosting a roundtable at LSE to present how the architecture of local areas affects In March 2016 the Housing Plus Academy the findings. how residents use the area and engage hosted a Policy Think Tank looking at social with others within their own community landlords’ involvement in the private rented LSE Housing / Ulster and in other parts of the city. Our role sector (PRS), a relatively new development University – Post Conflict is to contribute social policy knowledge in housing but of great policy relevance. Communities as Constructs of and expertise and to help deliver the The Think Tank uncovered such a wealth of People and Architecture community engagement aspects of the under-researched evidence and experiences work. There are 5 case study areas in that LSE Housing and Communities LSE Housing and Communities are both inner and outer Belfast and the decided the topic deserved a research collaborating with colleagues within areas cover a broad range of housing project of its own. The team issued a call Ulster University in Belfast on a project design, neighbourhood type and for funding among housing associations examining Post-Conflict Communities proximity to the centre. Some areas are involved in the Housing Plus Academy as Constructs of People & Architecture. mostly Protestant and others are mostly network and received a good response. The project is funded by the Arts and Catholic but all contain an interface The project is funded by Clarion Housing Humanities Research Council and is due area linking the two communities. We Association as the main sponsor, and is receiving additional funding support from the Wheatley Group, PoplarHarca, South Yorkshire Housing Association, Futures Housing Group, Crisis and the International Inequalities Institute (based at LSE).

The team started working on the project in September 2016. The aim of the research is to look at what difference social landlords can make in improving the private rented sector, which has been so far largely unregulated, despite housing a growing number of families with children and vulnerable members of society. The research entails quantitative analysis of available PRS data, as well as a series of semi-structured interviews with social landlords involved in PRS “Architectural roadblocks” in Belfast delivery (both housing associations and councils); local authorities that are playing an active role in regulating the sector; charities such as Shelter and Crisis; the Residential Landlords Association; and representatives from the UK, Welsh, Scottish and Northern Irish governments.

So far, the team has carried out 12 interviews with housing associations that own and/or manage a PRS portfolio and has collected quantitative evidence to illustrate the main characteristics of the private rented sector to date. Emerging findings show that housing associations involved in PRS delivery stock are bringing quality and a greater degree of security to the sector. The final report Truncating streets as architectural barriers will be published around March 2017. Photos source: David Coyles, Ulster University

21 are currently doing resident interviews Home Group’s regeneration plans resulted Cities for a Small Continent and focus groups in the case study areas in high satisfaction levels in two resident May 2016 saw the publication of Anne asking people about: basic household surveys and LSE Housing were able Power’s latest book “Cities for a Small information, work history, housing, to demonstrate that the regeneration Continent: International Handbook of their area – physical and social, schools, received a very high score in the HACT City Recovery”. This was the culmination health, community and family, crime and “Social Return on Investment” scale. of a longitudinal study by LSE Housing policing, tourism, and the future. and Communities of seven ex-industrial Social mobility and home We are hoping to produce the final report European cities; Torino, Leipzig, Belfast, ownership from this work towards the end of 2017/ Sheffield, Saint-Etienne, Bilbao and Lille. early 2018. The team also worked with the Social Cities for a Small Continent found that Mobility Commission (SMC) on the these post-industrial cities, rather than Evaluation of the Rayners housing chapter of their annual “State dying, were in fact revived through what Lane regeneration programme of the Nation” social mobility report. we call the Re-economy – a new post- This research focused on the extent to industrial economy that reuses existing In 2016, we finished our evaluation of the which low-cost home ownership schemes infrastructure, generates renewable regeneration of the ex-London Borough (LCHO) helped low-income people and energy, rebuilds and reskills existing, of Harrow “difficult estate” – Rayners other groups become home owners. stranded communities, and recovers Lane, and it was published in May. The waste. The seven City Stories included research involved working closely with There has been considerable cross- in the book were testament to the the estate team on site, and extensive party agreement and activity by all fact that sustainable, energy efficient, interviewing with the residents and local governments since the early 2000s to recovery of these previously heavily neighbourhood service providers. We had promote LCHO schemes. While the industrialised cities was not just possible, conducted these 50 household interviews “Right to Buy” provisions introduced but happening – and could be used as a in the previous year, and continued our in 1980 are different in that they model for other cities. evaluation of the data. convert council (and some Registered Social Landlords) properties into owner The launch of Cities for a Small Continent Several aspects of the evaluation occupation, nevertheless that policy has was celebrated with a roundtable on reinforced the positive nature of the also seen many low-income social tenants City Recovery, with participants from the regeneration. A very popular move move to ownership. United States, France, Northern Ireland was the early decision to ensure that and across the UK, followed by a public the existing residents were the first Evidence from our research around LCHO lecture at LSE. to be moved into the new blocks that schemes suggests they may be being were being built on site to replace the taken up by households who are very dilapidated old local authority buildings. similar to other first time buyers, rather Further information: This initiative increased community than low-income households who really Provan, B., Belotti, A. and Power, A. cohesion and the satisfaction of need the help provided and concerns “Moving On Without Moving Out: The existing residents, as well as enabling have been expressed throughout the life Impacts of Regeneration on the Rayners the housing association now running of these schemes about the scale and Lane Estate”, CASEreport 100, May 2016 the estate – Home Group – to retain success of reaching their target audience. Belotti, A. “Changing Rules and Spending and build on existing community links We will be publishing a fuller account of Cuts: Helping tenants help themselves without any long periods of decanting the impact of these schemes in 2017, as and their landlords. Report from two off the estate. A key and well-thought a continuation of our contribution to the Tenant Think Tanks”, CASEreport 108, out approach of Home Group was their SMC report. July 2016 negotiation with the London Borough of Harrow to provide a new community Belotti, A. “Community Enterprise: centre, and develop an extensive menu Creating Sustainable Communities Report of sports, educational, social, and job from a Community Enterprise Think related activities run in the centre which Tank”, CASEreport 110, November 2016 increased social and physical well-being Power, A. (2016). Cities for a Small on the estate. Continent: International Handbook of City Recovery. Policy Press.

22 Evaluation of the Vicar’s Relief Fund

Laura Lane The Fund is resourced through the St Martin-in-the-Fields/BBC Radio 4 Towards the end of 2016 we were Christmas Appeal and is now in its 92nd approached by the St Martin- year of operation. in-the-Fields charity and asked The St Martin-in-the-Fields charity is to bid for a small-scale piece of work looking into the Vicar’s planning to do a large-scale thorough Relief Fund. Our research, which evaluation of the Fund and our will help with the design of a preliminary research will feed into and larger evaluation, suggests that help with the design of the evaluation the Fund makes an important at a later stage. They want to know if difference to those who access it. the Fund is as effective as it could be, or whether it could do more and/or be used The Vicar’s Relief Fund is an emergency differently to ensure more sustainable fund that can be accessed by support outcomes for recipients. workers across the UK to help prevent homelessness. Support workers are based We have carried out interviews and focus in a variety of organisations including group sessions with staff working on the housing associations, charities, local Fund at St Martins to find out what they authorities, probation services. They can believe the role of the Fund to be, what it apply for a maximum of £350 which can does in reality and what it should achieve. be used in a number of ways to help We have also carried out interviews with someone out of homelessness or prevent support workers across the country from them becoming homeless in the first a representative group of organisations place. Grants are given for the following to gain a better understanding of main purposes: perceptions of the Fund, experiences of applying and receiving the Fund, and • Reducing arrears in order to avoid outcomes for clients. an eviction We are currently writing up the draft • Obtaining a debt relief order to report and this will be available in the prevent eviction Spring of 2017. There is strong evidence • Helping towards a deposit for a of the value of the Fund to those who new tenancy access it. It is used by many of the support workers we have spoken to as an • Household items such as beds and absolute last resort, for clients who have white goods when someone is moving no other possible source of money that into an unfurnished property can be used to either help them move The Fund responds quickly to applications away from street homelessness or to and money is normally paid within 2-3 prevent the loss of an existing tenancy. days of the application being made. All applications are done online through a special online portal administered by staff at St Martins. The Vicar’s Relief Fund gave out grants to a value of over £600,000 in around 3,000 grants in 2015.

23 Gentrification in London

Alex Fenton not clear, and secondly, with the fact that These results confirm what official it is not only the class composition of deprivation indicators had been showing, The physical fabric of London localities but the overall class structure of but additionally underline the role changed rapidly and visibly over cities that changes over time. CASEpaper of intensive land development in the the early 2000s as the capital 195 Gentrification in London: A Progress changes in Inner London. The paper drew further away from the rest Report 2001-2013 argues, following Erik goes a step further and uses novel of the UK on aggregate economic Olin Wright, for the use of poverty status synthetic population data from a spatial indicators. Official deprivation as an indicator of class position, and microsimulation to look at changes in the indicators fell rapidly in some presents an account of gentrification in composition of poverty across London inner boroughs, but overall rates London since 2000 on this basis. boroughs in the first decade of the of poverty remained unchanged. 2000s. These show that the decreases in Against this background, the Small-area data based on a poverty proxy poverty in inner London were primarily nature, speed and location of yield a striking picture of the changes from falls in the number of workless poor – the gentrification – the change in 2001 to 2013 (figure top). Poverty fell “excluded”, in Wright’s schema. The rises the composition and character rapidly in the historically poorest parts of in poverty in outer London consisted, of urban localities in favour of inner East London, such as the boroughs residents with more resources above all, of increases in the working poor of Hackney, Islington and Tower Hamlets. and at the expense of those living in private housing – the “exploited”. These changes were accompanied by with fewer – is of more than just increases in dwelling and population In the early 2000s in London, rapid academic interest. density, and shifts in the dwelling mix gentrification in much of inner East In Britain, most quantitative studies of towards higher-value dwellings (figure London was tied to the accumulation of gentrification have used occupational class bottom). At the same time, poverty rates land and housing capital and occurred data from the Census. These data present increased in relatively disfavoured parts simultaneously with the proletarianisation two difficulties: how to deal, firstly, with of outer London, such as the boroughs of of neighbourhoods in less prosperous the large group of “intermediate” classes Hillingdon, Croydon and Enfield. suburban areas. An analysis based on whose relative resources and power are poverty data shows more unambiguously than recent analyses of class data that Figure 1: Changes in London 2001-2013 these processes were widespread and

Change in not confined, as sometimes imagined, to Change in mean poverty rate local “hot-spots”. The findings also show dwelling value 2001-13 2001-13 how rapid the changes have been, and

5% how much the relative position of districts 0.3 and boroughs have changed. The socio- 0.2 0% spatial structure of London in another decade’s time is likely to be yet further 0.1 from familiar patterns of the distribution -5% 0.0 of poverty and wealth in the capital. -0.1 -10% Further information:

Change in Change in mean Fenton, A. “Gentrification in London: A poverty rate dwelling value 2001-13 2001-13 progress report, 2001-2013”, CASEpaper 195, July 2016. 5% 0.3

0.2 0% 0.1

-5% 0.0

-0.1 -10%

Figure (top): Absolute change in UMBR poverty proxy rate 2001 to 2013 in London. Figure (bottom): Shift in mean dwelling value, based on Council Tax banding. Based on aggregated LSOA data. Drawn areas are adjusted towards population size. Black outlines show approximate boundaries of individual boroughs.

24 PhD Spotlight: Economic hardship, stress and parenting in the UK

Kerris Cooper Whilst this theory is well-evidenced in I began by analysing how parenting the US it has not been fully explored in differs between mothers in different Kerris, a fourth year PhD student the UK, which provides an interesting income quintiles, whilst taking into in CASE, explains her work policy context given the growing focus account other important factors such as examining the relationship on parenting policies, alongside ongoing mothers’ education and work status. I between poverty and parenting austerity measures and cuts to benefits found that it is not straightforwardly the in the UK. and a forecasted increase in child poverty. case that low income parents were doing My research therefore explores how less well in their parenting: the majority By the time children in the UK start economic hardship is related to parenting of mothers regardless of income reported school, those from low-income in the UK. parenting in ways we would describe households are already behind children as “good”. In fact there were some whose parents are better off. One clear I use the Millennium Cohort Study, a parenting behaviours where low income explanation for this is that having a low large representative dataset from the mothers were doing better than others, income restricts how much parents are UK that followed around 19,000 babies such as more frequently helping their able to invest in goods and services that born in 2000-01. This data is extremely child with writing and maths and taking contribute to their child’s development. rich with multiple measures of hardship, their child to the park more often. For example, families on low incomes mothers’ mental wellbeing and parenting are more likely to have poor diets and behaviours. I focus on data from when Nevertheless, there were some negative poor housing conditions as well as the children are aged around five years differences in parenting, as can be seen less money for educational toys and old and use 38 measures of parenting in Figure 2, where mothers in the lowest activities. Another possible mechanism which I group into four different income group were doing worse than that contributes to the attainment gap is parenting domains: (1) meeting the child’s mothers in all other income groups. differences in parenting. physical needs, (2) the mother-child These differences persist when alternative relationship, (3) discipline and routine and measures of hardship are used such as The latter explanation has been the main (4) cognitive stimulation (Figure 1). being in debt, feeling poor or being policy focus in recent years, in line with deprived of necessary items. two influential government reports that emphasised the importance of parenting Figure 1: Measuring parenting behaviours for children’s healthy brain development1 and called for resources to be directed Parenting domains towards improving parenting, rather than 1. Meeting physical needs 2. Parent-child relationship cash benefits for low-income families2. • Nutrition, physical activities • How close mother feels to child In other words, parenting not poverty is put forward as the appropriate target for 3. Discipline and control 4. Cognitive stimulation intervention if we want to improve low • Authoritative discipline • Trips out income children’s outcomes. • Harsh or permissive discipline • Hours of TV and computer • Routine bed and mealtimes • Play activities However, evidence from the US suggests • Educational activities that the two are very much connected: poverty affects parenting and when low-income families receive a boost to their income their parenting improves3. A dominant explanation for this is The Family Stress Model4 which suggests that experiencing financial hardship causes stress and affects parents’ mental wellbeing, which in turn affects how they behave with their children: parents who are stressed are less patient and lack the emotional resources required for parenting behaviours that are warm and nurturing.

25 Figure 2: Graph showing negative differences in parenting by income group

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0

-0.1

Standardised Index Score -0.2

-0.3

-0.4

-0.5

-0.6

Lowest 2nd 3rd 4th Highest Income group Trips out Physical needs TV hours Routine

NB Higher scores indicate more positive parenting. Controlling for: mother’s age, mother’s education, number of siblings, one or two parents in the household, mother’s ethnic group, mother’s work status

Can these differences in parenting be I found that mothers’ mental health How much of the relationship is explained explained by the Family Stress Model? does play a significant role in explaining indirectly through mother’s mental In order to test this, I used structural the relationship between hardship health varies depending on the parenting equation modelling to simultaneously and parenting: experiencing hardship measure. For some parenting measures, estimate direct and indirect relationships (measured as debt, deprivation and feeling such as play activities with the child, between economic hardship and poor) was significantly associated with mother’s mental health fully explained parenting behaviours, with mothers’ worse mental health (symptoms of anxiety the relationship with hardship. In other mental health and life satisfaction and depression) and lower life satisfaction words, once the role of mother’s mental included in the model as potential and this in turn was associated with worse health is taken into account, the direct mechanisms. Again other possible parenting (Figure 3). relationship between hardship and play explanatory factors, such as mothers’ activities is no longer significant. For education, were taken into account. other parenting measures, such as routine meal and bed times, mother’s mental health and life satisfaction explained around 50 per cent of the relationship with hardship.

26 There is therefore, evidence for the Further information: 4 Conger, K. J., Reuter, M. A., and Conger, Family Stress Model in the UK: mothers R. D. (2000). “The Role of Economic 1 Allen, G. (January 2011). Early experiencing economic hardship report Pressure in the Lives of Parents and their Intervention: The Next Steps; An some different parenting behaviours Adolescents: The Family Stress Model” Independent Report to Her Majesty’s compared with other mothers. Where In Crockett, R. K and Silbereisen, R. K. Government, HM Government. these differences are negative these can (Ed.), Negotiating Adolescence in Times of be explained (to a greater or lesser extent) 2 Field, F. (2010). The Foundation Years: Social Change (pp. 202-223). Cambridge: by the negative association between Preventing Poor Children Becoming Poor Cambridge University Press. experiences of hardship and mothers’ Adults; The Report of the Independent Cooper, K, (December, 2016), “Poverty mental health. Efforts to improve the Review on Poverty and Life Chances, HM and Parenting in the UK”, Puzzles outcomes of children from low income Government. postgradpuzzles.com/2016/12/16/ families by improving parenting, 3 For a review of these studies see poverty-and-parenting-in-the-uk/ therefore ought also to take into account Cooper, K and Stewart, K (2013) Does experiences of hardship and how this can money affect children’s outcomes? A be associated with poor mental health. systematic review, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

Figure 3: Testing the Family Stress Model

Mother’s mental health

Economic Parenting Hardship

Life satisfaction

Mother’s: age, education, work status, ethnicity, number of siblings, one/two parents

27 PhD Spotlight: Researching the impact of financial interdependence on personal relationships and network resources in low income Britain

Eileen Alexander • The extent of informal financial support Spencer and Ray Pahl in their work on among people on low-incomes; personal communities. To construct Eileen completed the fieldwork these maps, every participant is asked • How informal financial support is for her PhD in 2016. Here she to list the names of people they feel negotiated within close relationships reflects on the motivation for close to on post-it notes. These names and how financial dependency on her project, on the process of are then arranged on a map made up of family and friends is experienced; and conducting qualitative interviews, concentric circles. The participant is asked and on her emerging findings. • How reliance on informal financial to imagine herself at the centre of these support may serve to perpetuate circles and to arrange her friends, family Research Overview inequality. members and neighbours around her based on how important she feels they In last year’s CASE Annual Report I are in her life. published an overview of our 2015 Is Mapping informal support networks Welfare Reform Working? study for I developed Pahl and Spencer’s method which I conducted 400 telephone I chose to conduct qualitative interviews by collecting basic information on every interviews with social housing tenants to to explore these questions. This member of the support network, before better understand people’s experiences decision was based in part on the asking the participant to consider all of work and welfare reform. Over the dearth of data on informal financial the different flows of support between course of these interviews I heard again support within large-scale data sets, herself and the individuals on the map. and again about an important source but more importantly on an interest Although I was particularly interested in of welfare I hadn’t anticipated. Close to in understanding and capturing financial and in-kind support, I wanted three quarters of the participants I spoke people’s lived experience of financial to be careful not to emphasise this point. to reported relying on regular financial dependence on family and friends. Rather, I let people speak freely about all support from family and friends to cover the different kinds of support they might I structured my in-depth interviews costs such as rent, food, and utilities. give and receive, including emotional and around the creation of a support network Participants described having to ask for or practical support. map, a method first developed by Liz provide regular sums of money (between £5 and £300) in order to manage periods of precarious employment, financial emergencies, and diminishing or delayed social security payments.

The participants explained that their networks of family members, friends and neighbours were absolutely vital in terms of helping them weather these financial hardships. However, people also spoke of how overreliance on family and friends for financial support could lead to stress, anxiety and even to relationship breakdown.

By the end of the 400 interviews, I felt that the prevalence of this reliance on informal financial support, and the emotional responses it provoked – ranging from extreme gratitude to terrible humiliation – clearly identified an important area of study in Social Policy. I Tracey*: “It’s rewarding to help my mum. As the eldest I see it as my responsibility... We was especially interested in exploring: pool our resources together. Her pension and my carers allowance go into one account and my mum’s in charge of that... I’d like to get a job to help take the burden off. We’re always short on money. But I can’t see how I’d manage it.”

28 Fieldwork This approach allowed the participants to One participant said: really take control of the interview, to tell In January 2016 I began my fieldwork and “Doing this map, it’s a real eye stories and describe relationships in their over the following six months I conducted opener I think. Probably for you own words, and not be influenced by the 50 in-depth interviews with working age and definitely for me taking part language of my own questions, or what social housing tenants. I returned to many in it. It just shows how people they thought I might want to hear. of the same people I spoke to for the Is survive in this modern day and Welfare Reform Working? study, and cycled A real confirmation of this method age. Especially when you’re on around the South West of England to meet was that participants often wanted to the poor end of things. It can people in their homes and in cafes. take photos of their maps, or described go many different ways. There’s feeling emotional or moved in seeing been many a time when I thought I found that working on the support how their support networks had rallied I’d end up just dead the way I network maps together with the around them, and how people came was having to live and carry on. participants throughout the interview was together to help each other avoid the But by hook or by crook I seem to not only an effective, but also a mutually worst, such as homelessness, hunger, survive, and it’s often been down enjoyable way to access information that debt, and general insecurity. to the people on this map.” people might otherwise find difficult to talk about. Instead of sitting across from These interviews often involved difficult participants and grilling them with pre- and harrowing stories of how people considered questions, I sat next to them struggled to survive and make ends at a table where we worked on filling out meet. People described the choices the map together. they were forced to make when their income didn’t cover their basic living costs. They described the humiliation they felt in depending on their family and friends for basic support, and more generally they spoke about the trauma of unemployment, of poverty, and sometimes also of addiction, domestic abuse, the loss of a family member, or living with serious or terminal health conditions. Several participants spoke of having had suicidal thoughts.

Many participants said they thought they would have been dead or on the streets had it not been for their family members and friends. They described their networks as the “ultimate safety net”.

Stuart*: “I wouldn’t have survived the sanctions without these people... My friends are my family. I don’t know where I’d be without them.”

29 Looking forward Another emerging finding has come from participants with very weak support It’s now been a year since I started my networks. These participants are most fieldwork, and I’m finally coming to the likely to speak about living in “survival end of transcribing these interviews. mode”, and describe how they cope Many themes are emerging as I relive by heavily relying on local services and these conversations, and I’m looking charities including food banks, soup forward to developing them more over kitchens, churches, libraries, the Citizens the coming year. Advice Bureau and support networks I am currently trying to come to terms such as carers support or Alcoholics with the contradiction that reliance on Anonymous. At the same time, many of informal financial support can both bring these services are under pressure and people together and tear them apart. participants have seen and experienced Dependence on family and friends for cuts to these vital resources. These cuts income is described as both “lifesaving” leave people who do not have family and “traumatising”. It can strengthen and members and friends to fall back on in destroy relationships. Informal support terrible difficulties. can help people out of a never-ending spiral of formal debt, but accepting Further information: financial support can also lock people *All names have been changed and into a new form of indebtedness with maps redrawn to protect the identity a close friend or family member. Trying of the participant. to pay off or negotiate this debt can be difficult and humiliating. And people are If you’d like to get in touch, or are painfully aware that asking for financial interested in discussing this on-going support often means someone else, project please send me an email at someone they are close to, will have [email protected] to go without. But even after all this is taken into account, family and friends are usually described as the most significant source of support, welfare and wellbeing.

A number of Social Policy implications are emerging from this research that I hope to develop over the coming year. One emerging finding is the importance of place and living in close proximity to supportive family members and friends. Participants who have had to move out of their neighbourhoods, or are under pressure to move due to the removal of the spare room subsidy, for example, speak about the great difficulties they will face in their everyday life when these vital relationships are no longer easily accessible.

30 Knowledge Exchange and Impact

Cheryl Conner their research at a conference held in 3 more indirectly, the factors that need to Paris entitled Government and Public be taken into account when selecting tax Cheryl Conner and Bert Provan Services in an Age of Fiscal Consolidation: and benefit policy instruments in pursuit take a lead within CASE on Comparative views from France and of poverty prevention or relief, or with a ensuring that our research the UK. The event was jointly organised view to reducing inequalities. reaches beyond the walls of by the Universities of Paris 1 and Paris In seeking to influence policy, our future academia and is accessible 3, together with the London-based impact strategy for the project aims to and visible to policymakers in Policy Network and the Institute for national and local government, communicate with intermediaries such Public Policy Research. The programme third sector organisations and as interest groups, political parties, and included plenary sessions and workshops wider society. Here Cheryl mass media (including social media), as on governance and finance, sectoral summarises some of our well as more direct communication with studies (energy, employment, education, activities in 2016 and looks ahead policymakers, at both UK and European housing, and health) and a round table to the coming year. levels. We have made a preliminary map on Brexit. There were over 200 attendees, of the end users and intermediaries most One key area of engagement with including former Coalition Cabinet relevant for achieving impact which will policymaking this year concerned the Minister Vince Cable MP. be refined as the project progresses and passage of the Welfare Reform and Work Further opportunities for more European in discussion with our Advisory and User Act in spring of 2016, and in particular knowledge exchange and impact are Group. There are both pan-European and its proposed overhaul of child poverty arising from a new research project from country-specific organisations. We expect measurement. The government planned Tania Burchardt and Eleni Karagiannaki, to have most leverage on pan-European to drop all mention of income and “Intra-household allocation of resources: organisations and on organisations based material deprivation-based measures implications for poverty, deprivation in the UK, although we will be seeking from legislation, replacing them and inequality in the European Union” connections with national organisations with indicators of worklessness and (funded by the ESRC). This project will run in other countries wherever possible, with educational attainment. Drawing on until February 2019, and will use micro- selected country briefings to be translated Kitty Stewart and Nick Roberts’ analysis data from the European Union Statistics into other European languages, to be of a 2012 government consultation on on Incomes and Living Conditions identified once the most striking country child poverty measurement, and on (EU-SILC) to examine the sensitivity findings become clear. We aim to get the previous CASE work including Kerris of poverty, deprivation and inequality project “on the radar” of key potential Cooper and Kitty Stewart’s examination estimates across European countries users at an early stage through Researchers’ of evidence on the impact of household to different assumptions about the briefing meetings with EU Directorate- income on children’s outcomes, we intra-household sharing of resources, to General for Employment, Social Affairs briefed members of the House of Lords identify the groups of people (especially and Inclusion and Eurostat in Brussels, on the evidence base against this move. as defined by sex, age and household establishing a project webpage, and using Our work was cited in debates in both type) for whom intra-household social media to alert followers to the start Houses of Parliament, and ultimately inequality may have the largest impact, of the project. contributed to securing an amendment and to consider the implications for to the legislation. While the child poverty The knowledge exchange strategy for the our understanding of the impact of the targets were dropped, along with the project will also operate in a responsive economic crisis on poverty, deprivation requirement on government to have a mode to build links, extend our existing and inequality in different countries and child poverty strategy, the government links, and respond to emerging European across the EU as a whole. did commit to continuing to publish the and national policy debates, through four child poverty measures annually – an We anticipate that the project will snowballing contacts from our Advisory important concession. generate findings with potential impact and User Group and other existing contacts of three kinds: to reach particular target groups/countries In December 2016 we took the and promote two-way engagement. opportunity to disseminate key findings 1 how deprivation, poverty and inequality from the Social Policy in a Cold Climate are measured within countries and The approach for this project represents (SPCC) research programme on UK across the EU; a more forward-looking, proactive inequality, social policy and outcomes approach that we are taking for five other 2 policymakers’ understanding of which since the crisis (2007-2015) to a European key projects over the next year, looking age and gender groups are the highest audience. Polina Obolenskaya, Bert towards the next Research Excellence priorities for anti-poverty interventions; Provan and Kitty Stewart presented Framework round.

31 LSE Research Festival 2016

Polina Obolenskaya

This year CASE had a very good presence during the annual LSE Research Festival – a celebration of LSE’s social science research and its impact. The theme was Poverty and Inequality so it was very closely related to much of the research undertaken at CASE.

The public exhibition featured work from researchers from across LSE in three types of entry: photographs, posters and headlined abstracts, with multiple exhibits from CASE featuring in all three categories. Category winners were decided by expert judges and a popular prize was voted for by attendees. Although our exhibits did Kerris Cooper delivering her winning Three Minute Thesis entry: “Are poor parents not win any of the prizes, an abstract poor parents?” by Tammy Campbell, Ludovica Gambaro in just three minutes and with the aid of account of housing policies in England and Kitty Stewart (titled ‘‘Universal” Pre- only one slide. And the winner of that since the early 20th century. She argued schooling: who benefits? Three-year-olds competition was Kerris Cooper! She that we still struggle to house everyone from higher-income families access more delivered an outstanding presentation on and that the country has seen a return free early education than less affluent her PhD which explores the relationship to insecurity and heavy concentrations of peers’) and a powerful photo by Eileen between poverty and parenting. poverty. John Hills gave a lecture, titled Alexander (representing her PhD research “The Chain: how inequality works”, in into the role of financial support from The research festival took place alongside which he traced some of the ways in family among those on low incomes) a wider LSE celebration of the work of which rising inequalities in income and were highly commended. Charles Booth who died in 1916 and wealth are driving the housing crisis for whose original survey into life and labour As part of the Festival, there was a Three those at the margins. in London is held in the LSE Library. As Minute Thesis Competition which saw PhD part of the Charles Booth Centenary students presenting a spoken presentation Lectures, Anne Power gave an historical on their research topic and its significance

Eileen Alexander’s highly commended photograph entered into Anne Power at the Charles Booth Centenary Lectures the LSE Research Festival: “I Have to Rely on So Many People for So Much”

32 CASE Away Day 2016

Polly Vizard and addressed the potential implications Perhaps the most anticipated part of of clustering for educational attainment the day, though, came as the formal We had a successful and and life chances. proceedings closed – a moment which engaging away day in September marked the formal handover of the Another session focussed on CASE PhDs. 2016 attended by CASE staff, Directorship of CASE from John Hills to In this session, Rikki Dean presented PhDs and Research Associates. Tania Burchardt, with John becoming under the title “Public participation Chair of CASE (not to mention co- The event was the first time that many in complex policy systems”. The Director of the new LSE International of us had met up following the BREXIT presentation addressed the nature Inequalities Institute!), and with Abigail vote in June 2016. The first session of preferences and attitudes and the Mcknight, Kitty Stewart and Polly Vizard began with a presentation by Kitty need for research that goes beyond becoming CASE Associate Directors. Stewart mapping out the immediate quantification and adopts a mixed and short-term implications of BREXIT methods approach. Kerris Cooper’s PhD The moment was a poignant one, and for poverty, inequality and social policy. focuses on the mechanisms whereby there were tears in a few eyes as John This was followed by a wide-ranging and economic hardship can impact parenting set out his “reflections on the day” and lively discussion covering immigration, behaviours. Her presentation focussed indeed on his time as Director of CASE. the future of socially inclusive policies, on the role of maternal mental health However, Cheryl’s two CASE cakes – one education, regional inequalities, the in explaining the relationship between for the former CASE Director and one implications of possible future inflationary hardship (measured as debt, material for the new – together with plenty of pressures on living standards and human deprivation and feeling poor) and champagne helped to ease us into the rights and equalities. different types of parenting behaviours. new era!

Different areas of CASE research were Group discussions were also held during highlighted during the day. From LSE the day on knowledge exchange and staff Housing and Communities, Laura survey feedback, whilst a group brainstorm Lane presented on the challenges of focussing on the future research agenda constructing adequate housing and on social exclusion resulted in a series of living environments in Belfast, whilst engaging and exciting research ideas for Alice Belotti evaluated experiences the upcoming period. of retrofitting high rise estates with residents in-situ.

Polina Obolenskaya and Tammy Campbell both presented findings from ongoing research projects funded by Nuffield Foundation. Polina summarised findings to date on a project on multidimensional child poverty and disadvantage being undertaken with Polly Vizard and Tania Burchardt. The project aims to tackle “data exclusion” by extending the evidence base on missing and “invisible” children and Polina’s presentation set out findings on increases in after-housing- costs income poverty amongst young carers in the period since the financial crisis and economic downturn. Tammy’s presentation focussed on emerging findings from a joint project with Ludovica Gambaro and Kitty Stewart. The presentation used data from the National Pupil Data base to highlight clustering by characteristics such as income poverty A moment in CASE history – the former and current CASE and ethnicity amongst pre-school children Directors cutting the CASE cakes!

33 Research staff and PhD students: Current research

Eileen Alexander is in the third year Caroline Bryson joined CASE as a Tammy Campbell joined CASE in of her PhD. Her research explores the part-time PhD candidate in November 2016, after completing her PhD at significance of informal financial support 2015. She is using the UK Household the UCL IoE, while freelancing for among family members and friends Longitudinal Study and the Millennium organisations including the DfE and on low incomes. Eileen completed her Cohort Study to explore the predictors local authorities. With Kitty Stewart fieldwork in 2016 having conducted 50 of non-resident parents providing and Ludovica Gambaro, she is currently in-depth interviews with working age financial support after families separate. using the National Pupil Database to social housing tenants. In addition to her Outside of her PhD, Caroline is a social investigate clustering by characteristic research, Eileen began teaching on two science researcher working on a range among pre-school children, associations undergraduate courses – Sociology and of government and grant-funded between clustering and children’s Social Policy, and Social Policy Research studies, with recent publications measured “attainment,” and drivers Methods – and is very much enjoying including the evaluations of the DCLG’s of patterns. She is also working on the experience. Eileen continues her Troubled Families Programme and the several offshoots from this project, involvement with LSE Housing and DWP’s Help and Support for Separated including an exploration of disparities in Communities, specifically with the Families innovation projects. access to free early education, and an recently published Leipzig City Report. examination of variations in trajectories Tania Burchardt of transition from preschool to Alice Belotti continued working as started work on an reception. Tammy additionally continues Research Assistant with Anne Power ESRC-fund ed to pursue interests in inequalities and the LSE Housing and Communities project with Eleni in breastfeeding behaviours (with a team. She has been working mainly Karagiannaki on paper using the Millennium Cohort on the development of the Housing the implications of Study currently under review), and in Plus Academy, a knowledge exchange assumptions about biases in judgements, perceptions, and programme run in partnership with intra-household assessments of primary school children. Trafford Hall, Joseph Rowntree sharing of resources for poverty, Foundation, National Housing deprivation and inequality across Kerris Cooper continued to work Federation, Chartered Institute of European countries, using EU-SILC data. on her thesis, which explores the Housing and the Scottish Federation She continued to work with Polly Vizard relationship between economic hardship of Housing Associations. She has been and Polina Obolenskaya on the and parenting in the UK, using the helping with programme development multidimensional disadvantage of Millennium Cohort Study. In particular, and has compiled headlines and reports statistically “missing” or “invisible” Kerris has been analysing the role of to showcase findings and demonstrate groups of children (funded by the mothers’ mental health as a potential impact from the Think Tanks, two Nuffield Foundation), focusing in mechanism that explains the relationship of which have been published as particular on Gypsy and Traveller children between hardship and parenting. In CASEreports. Another important focus using Census data. She is also a member order to complete this, she attended a of her work in 2016 has been stage two of the team working on the JRF course on Structural Equation Modelling of the Wilmcote House research project, programme on poverty and inequality, as in Stata, in Washington DC in March a longitudinal study of 15 families part of which she supervised Irene 2016. In November 2016, Kerris won the living in a council block in Portsmouth Bucelli’s review paper on the normative LSE’s Three Minute Thesis competition, subject to energy efficiency retrofit. grounds for concern about poverty and which was part of the LSE Research 2016 saw the publication of her report about inequality. Finally she has been Festival. This competition challenges “Estate regeneration and Community thinking, talking and writing about PhD students to communicate the impacts: challenges and lessons for social “capability advantage” and the vertical significance of their research to a landlords, developers and local councils”, distribution of capabilities, with Rod Hick. non-specialist audience in under discussing the impacts of large scale three minutes, with the aid of one demolition of council estates on tenants, presentation slide. Kerris also began leaseholders and their communities. work funded by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation to update the systematic review “Does Money Affect Children’s Outcomes”, with Kitty Stewart.

34 Rikki Dean completed his PhD on During 2016 Howard Glennerster serious impacts on pensioner poverty in the use of participatory policy-making prepared a new edition of his textbook future years. Aaron has also carried out techniques in social policy. The first paper on the finance of social welfare research on pension reforms in Malta, from this work was published in Policy services focussed on the United serving on a Pensions Strategy Group set & Politics. Entitled “Beyond Radicalism Kingdom but with extensive up by the Maltese Government. and Resignation”, it outlines a new comparative material. Changes in typology for thinking about approaches policy and literature since the last Throughout 2016, to public participation. He also worked edition, and a decision to reorganise the the LSE on a project concerning conceptions of material, resulted in a largely new book! International accountability in local governance with Colleagues in CASE provided great Inequalities Institute CASE Visiting Fellow Liz Richardson and support. The new edition should appear continued to Catherine Durose (Birmingham). by May 2017. develop. John Hills’ role as Moira Dustin, Visiting Fellow at CASE, Ian Gough was invited to participate in a Co-Director of III collaborated with Tania Burchardt in co- three-day workshop on material demand (alongside Professor Mike Savage of LSE editing a special equality-themed issue reduction at the University of Cambridge. Sociology) expanded considerably. of the Journal of Poverty and Social His contributed paper will appear in Having led the centre since 1997, John Justice (24 (1)) as well as contributing the Philosophical Transactions of the made the difficult decision to step down a paper on “Culture or masculinity? Royal Society in 2017. He also continued as Director of CASE. He continues to Understanding gender-based violence as advisor to the Norwegian research work with colleagues here both in his in the UK” to the issue, which came programme on sustainability and welfare, new role as Chair of CASE and through out in February. Until September 2016, located at the NOVA research institute his work as part of the project on Moira coordinated the Equality and in Oslo. At the LSE he launched a new Improving the Evidence Base for Diversity Forum Research Network, a seminar series on Climate Change, Understanding the Links between multi-disciplinary equality and human Inequality and Social Policy, supported Inequalities and Poverty. This programme rights network bringing together by CASE, the International Inequalities is led by CASE in partnership with the academics, policy makers, NGOs and Institute and the Grantham Institute. Joseph Rowntree Foundation and the funders to inform and improve UK The first two meetings in 2016 attracted International Inequalities Institute. John policy and legislation. The Network is large numbers. and colleagues convened the co-chaired by Tania Burchardt and in International Inequality Institute annual June held a seminar with the Centre for Aaron Grech conference in Spring 2016. John also Research on Law, Equality and Diversity continued to contributed to several chapters in Social at Queen Mary University of London conduct research Policy in a Cold Climate: Policies and their to discuss “Raising the bar on equality on pension reforms consequences since the crisis. Based on and fair treatment at work”. In 2016 the in Europe. His work CASE’s long running research Network’s membership grew to more focused on programme Social Policy in a Cold than 200 full members – UK university- comparing reforms Climate, the book was published in April based academics working on equality, before and after the 2016 and John presented at the launch human rights and social justice – in a financial crisis, trying to assess whether event. He continued to work on other larger network of 800 individuals from the crisis shifted the pace and focus of outputs from the programme. He has NGOs and public bodies. changes. His research shows that in those also been working as co-editor, with countries where reforms had taken place colleagues from Antwerp University, on a prior to the crisis, more recent reforms book resulting from the long-running impacted less on adequacy. But it also EU-funded “ImPRovE” programme. More indicates that in some countries, the crisis recently John presented at the LSE was followed by very significant reforms. Research Festival 2016 as part of a As a result, the generosity of pension celebration of pioneering social scientist systems has tended to converge across Charles Booth, who died in 1916. His Europe. The tighter link between lecture examined the ways in which rising contributions and benefits brought about inequalities in income and wealth and by most pension reforms has also meant the policies associated with them are that the rise in youth unemployment driving the housing crisis in the UK and brought about by the crisis could have particularly in London. In “The Chain:

35 Research staff and PhD students: Current research (continued)

How Inequality Works”, John explained on questionnaire design in addition to between economic inequality and how the experiences of both those at the studying the case study areas. Laura poverty which will be published by lower end and the upper end of the has also been leading work with St Oxfam early in 2017. This is also the London property market are Martin-in-the-Fields charity on their subject of a larger three year research interconnected. He also revised and Vicar’s Relief Fund, an emergency programme funded by the Joseph updated his book Good Times, Bad fund available to support workers to Rowntree Foundation with a number of Times: The Welfare Myth of Them and Us prevent homelessness. Laura completed different strands of work involving and a second edition will be published by a small-scale evidence review on colleagues in CASE and the LSE’s The Policy Press in February 2017. inequalities within Belfast for Belfast International Inequalities Institute. City Council. She was also involved in a Within this project Abigail is examining Stephen Jenkins has been working on number of other LSE Housing projects the role of the labour market in shaping a series of papers about trends in UK including the social impacts of energy the relationship between income income inequality in conjunction with efficient retrofitting of Wilmcote poverty and income inequality. colleagues based in Melbourne. They House in Portsmouth, research into are combining income data about the the effectiveness of homeownership Alice Miles has been embracing the very “top incomes” from tax data and schemes internationally and in the UK, joy of transcribing and analysing 35 about the rest of the distribution from and the Housing Plus Academy. hours of interviews, under the extremely household survey data. patient guidance of Tania Burchardt Neil Lee is a CASE research associate and Julian le Grand. She currently Eleni Karagiannaki worked on the and Assistant Professor in Economic works at the Office of the Children’s research programme on “Improving Geography in the Department of Commissioner and hopes to complete the evidence base for understanding Geography and Environment. He is her PhD by summer 2018. the links between inequalities and working on a project for the JRF on poverty”. This programme is led by demand side approaches to Inclusive Polina Tania Burchardt, John Hills, Abigail Growth in cities. The project helps to Obolenskaya McKnight and Polly Vizard and is part of link economic development strategies continued working a larger research programme awarded with outcomes for disadvantaged on the Nuffield by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation groups. He is also working with the Foundation funded to LSE to investigate the links between Resolution Foundation to investigate the project with Polly poverty and inequality. In her work extent to which low-to-middle income Vizard and Tania for the programme, Eleni draws on earners benefit from growth in high- Burchardt, entitled income inequality and poverty statistics tech or knowledge-based industries. “Multidimensional child poverty and from various databases to examine the disadvantage: Tackling ‘data exclusion’ empirical relationship between poverty Abigail and extending the evidence base on and inequality changes in rich and McKnight, missing and ‘invisible’ children”. Polina middle-income countries. Over the last working with a has been analysing data from a number year, Eleni also started working on a number of of sources such as Family Resources new ESRC funded project with Tania colleagues in Survey and 2011 Census, in relation to Burchardt which seeks to examine the CASE, completed a poverty and disadvantage among implications of the intra-household series of Evidence vulnerable groups of children, including sharing of resources on the living Reviews for the young carers, children at risk of abuse standard measurement in Europe. European Commission looking at the and neglect, children from Gypsy and effectiveness of employment activation, Traveller ethnic backgrounds and recent Laura Lane continued her research preventative measures and preventative migrant children. work within the LSE Housing and approaches to low pay and in-work Communities Team. In 2016 she has poverty, and policies designed to reduce mostly been working on a collaborative economic inequality. These reviews were project with Ulster University on post- published by the Commission in July conflict communities as constructs of 2016 and the key findings were people and architecture. LSE Housing presented to a group of policy experts in are advising on the social policy/ Brussels. Abigail, along with Magali community engagement aspects of Duque and Mark Rucci, completed a the work and Laura has concentrated review for Oxfam on the relationship

36 Julia Philipp joined CASE in Small Continent, a sequel to Phoenix also shown to deliver a high social October 2016 as a PhD student. Cities, shows the prospects for return in terms of quality of life and Her thesis explores the role of social ex-industrial cities across Europe, wider neighbourhood benefits. Bert identity and norms for women’s labour through the use of seven “case study” was also involved in the Habinteg/ market choices. Alongside her PhD cities such as Sheffield, Belfast and Papworth work on the impact on work she began teaching Bilbao. This year, she has led the households of having unmet disability microeconomics to undergraduate Housing Plus Academy programme, in housing needs. These included impacts students and applied regression partnership with Trafford Hall, the on health and wellbeing, the ability analysis to postgraduate students. National Housing Federation, the to engage in community life and, Chartered Institute of Housing and most crucially, their ability to participate in David Piachaud has been examining recently, with the Scottish Federation of the employment market. Other research the case for a universal unconditional Housing Associations. She has been work included contributing to the Social basic income and reconsidering the instrumental in the development of nine Policy in a Cold Climate (SPCC) paper impact of social policies on inequality. knowledge-exchange Think Tanks in the on regional variations, contributions Housing Plus Academy’s first year, on to Anne Power’s new book on Cities Lucinda Platt was subjects such as private renting, energy for a Small Continent, contributing responsible for saving, surviving cuts, and building a findings on the social impact of low setting up a joint community enterprise. These Think cost home ownership schemes to the UKAJI /CASE Tanks have attracted over 400 housing chapter of the 2016 Social seminar in March participants, tenants and staff, to Mobility Commission annual report, on benefit Trafford Hall. LSE Housing and and presenting a paper in Paris on sanctions. This was Communities also launched the Rayners housing estate renewal programmes well-attended with Lane report, an evaluation of estate to an Anglo-French conference on the good speakers (Aaron Reeves, Anne renewal on Rayners Lane which has had comparative impacts of the economic Power, David Webster) and good a very wide impact, including being crisis to social policy in both countries. discussion including Mike Adler and cited in the recent Heseltine Report; On the knowledge management side Maurice Sunkin as well as the speakers continued their work on the EHRC there was much activity around the and chaired by Niki Lacey. Related to funded “Connected Communities” launch of the new SPCC book, including this, in February she had the launch of project with Ulster University; and their a launch event with videos of the key the report, The Value and Effects of evaluation of the retrofit of a high-rise messages. Bert also contributed to the Judicial Review with Varda Bondy housing block in Portsmouth. Anne impact sections of a forthcoming report and Maurice Sunkin, published by PLP Power has advised on estate for Oxfam on inequalities. and based on research funded by the regeneration, she is a member of the Nuffield Foundation. Another launch Troubled Families Advisory Board, has Wendy Sigle has continued to was that for a book edited with Hartley contributed to discussions and events on work on a number of projects which Dean, Social Advantage and the community impacts of leaving the consider how demographers study and Disadvantage, which included (the book EU, as well as advising housing conceptualize fertility. She has continued and the launch) a number of (current or associations and local authorities and work on a manuscript, co-authored former) CASE authors (Burchardt, developers on the potential for with Ben Wilson, which focuses on Cunliffe, Hick, Hills, Platt, Stewart). sustainable renewal. how migrant fertility convergence can be defined and conceptualized in Anne Power Bert Provan continued to undertake empirical studies, and completed the launched her latest both knowledge management work first draft of a paper (co-authored with book, Cities for a and a range of research projects. The Joanna Marczak and Ernestina Coast) Small Continent: evaluation of the social impact of the which examines the fertility intentions International Home group regeneration of Rayners of Polish-born individuals in Krakow Handbook of City Lane neighbourhood was completed, and London. The manuscript offers Recovery in May indicating that the model of prioritising new insights into how cross-national 2016, with Bruce the re-housing of existing residents had comparisons are used to explain Katz, Donal Durkan, Director of delivered many benefits in terms of the and justify reported intentions. In Development at Belfast City Council, satisfaction of the residents with the addition, she has continued to work Mathieu Goetzke from the Cite du Lille, renewal works. Extensive investment on a manuscript (co-authored with and Ricky Burdett, LSE Cities. Cities for a in social and community activity was Alice Goisis) that, with a focus on

37 Research staff and PhD students: Current research (continued)

child obesity, explores the meaning, study on older people’s experience and Polina Obolenskaya, with a particular specification, and interpretation of dignity and respect in healthcare focus in much of 2016 on income poverty of the relationship between family with Tania Burchardt and Polly Vizard amongst young carers. Polly also structure and child health, and has (funded by the LSE Knowledge presented a paper from the project at the started another project (with Alice Goisis Exchange fund). She also enjoyed Annual Conference of the Human and Melissa Martinson) examining how, teaching seminar classes for a Master’s Development and Capability Association in the UK, socio-economic gradients in level methods course, Introduction to in Tokyo September 2016; contributed a child obesity differ by ethnicity. Quantitative Data Analysis (MY451) in book review on Tony Atkinson’s book the Department of Methodology. Inequality to the Journal of Human Kitty Stewart Development and Capabilities; and drafted started work with Kate Summers is in the third year of a paper on the capability approach and Tammy Campbell her PhD, which is funded by the ESRC. human rights for a forthcoming handbook and Ludovica Her research asks how working age on the capability approach. Gambaro on a new social security recipients think about Nuffield-funded and use their money. Kate continued During 2016, Jane project looking at her PhD research in 2016, conducting Waldfogel clustering by social depth interviews with social security continued her and ethnic background in where recipients in East London, and analysing work on improving children attend nursery. She completed and writing about the results. Kate the measurement work with Nick Roberts on a paper also began a collaborative project of poverty and looking at responses to the Coalition with Katharina Hecht, comparing how understanding the Government’s consultation on rich and poor individuals experience role of social measuring child poverty. This found and think about money. Kate has also policies in reducing poverty and overwhelming support for the official been involved in setting up a Money, improving child and family well-being. income and material-deprivation Security and Social Policy early career This work, mainly focused on the US, measures, and she was delighted when researcher network with the Social produced new data on trends in poverty the Conservative Government bowed to Policy Association, with the aim of and the role of the safety net both pressure from the House of Lords and fostering support and collaboration nationally and at the state level. She also agreed to keep publishing these among researchers. In addition to her continued her research on educational indicators. With Abigail McKnight, Kitty research, Kate continued to teach the inequalities. In June, she and Sean published an evidence review on low undergraduate course on Poverty, Social Reardon convened a workshop at CASE pay and in-work poverty for the Exclusion and Social Change. on educational inequalities. The European Commission. She also gave a workshop brought together 18 scholars public lecture to commemorate Eleanor Polly Vizard from the UK, US, Canada, Japan, Rathbone, considering the continuing continued her Ireland, Italy, and international case for universal Child Benefit and research on poverty organizations such as OECD and reflecting on what Rathbone might have and inequality, the UNICEF, to review what we know and made of social security for children in capability approach what we need to learn about the the UK today. and human rights. determinants, magnitude, and remedies Further impact work for inequalities in achievement and Ellie Suh is in the second year of the was undertaken related aspects of child development PhD, supervised by John Hills and Irini (Tania Burchardt and Age UK) on older and well-being in the early years, school Moustaki (Department of Statistics). She people’s experiences of dignity and years, and post-secondary years. successfully passed her PhD upgrade support with eating in healthcare using Waldfogel is visiting CASE for the and started working on her first PhD the Adult Inpatient Survey in the first part 2016-17 academic year. During this visit paper – Understanding attitudes of 2016 and the findings were also she will continue her current projects towards retirement saving among British extended to include an analysis of the and begin several new ones, including a adults in their 30s and 40s – using effects of deprivation (funded through a review of early years policy in the UK structural equation modelling. She also Grant from the LSE International and a study of educational inequalities worked on the Disability and Housing Inequalities Institute). Work continued on across countries. Adaptation Needs project with Tania a project on children’s multidimensional Burchardt and Bert Provan (funded by poverty and disadvantage funded by Habinteg/PapWorth), and an impact Nuffield Foundation, with Tania Burchardt

38 Lin Yang is his ESRC’s Secondary Data Analysis currently working Initiative project on wellbeing and on a three-year quality of life of older people in India, programme on China, Pakistan and Bangladesh, in Improving the partnership with Maria Evandrou and Evidence Base for Jane Falkingham. He continued working Understanding the on developing further Age UK’s Index of Links between Wellbeing in Later Life, launched during Inequalities and Poverty, collaborating November 2016. He started with a new with the Joseph Rowntree Foundation project on rights of older people, in and the LSE International Inequalities collaboration with HelpAge Institute. Her work so far explores the International, with funding from British theoretical and empirical relationships Council, leading to a new nation-wide between economic inequalities and both survey on rights of older people in income and multidimensional poverty, Pakistan. He led the work on realising including the question of whether – and active ageing in the European if so how – inequalities generate or Commission’s framework programme entrench poverty. project “Mobilising the Potential of Active Ageing in Europe” (in a Asghar Zaidi partnership with Alan Walker). He continued working served as an advisor (population ageing) on a diverse set of in UNFPA’s International Panel of topics linked with Advisors Population and Development the wellbeing of (IAPPD), Eastern Europe and Central Asia older people. He region. He co-authored a position paper completed the for UNDP for their future work on second phase of population ageing and the post-2015 the Active Ageing Index project, funded SDGs. Among his other contributions, jointly by the United Nations Economic he delivered a keynote speech at the Commission for Europe (UNECE) and the 54th Session of the UN Commission for European Commission’s Directorate Social Development, organised by the General for Employment, Social Affairs Columbia Aging Center, Columbia and Inclusion (DG EMPL). He completed University, New York.

39 CASE publications 2016

Publications and events Book Chapters Glennerster, H. (2016) “Paying for Welfare” in Alcock, P., Haux, T., May, M. and Wright, Non-CASE authors indicated by italics. Burchardt, T. and Hick, R. (2016) “The S. (eds.), The Student’s Companion to Capability Approach to Advantage and Social Policy, Fifth Edition. Chichester: Books and reports Disadvantage” in Dean, H. and Platt, Wiley Blackwell. L. (eds.) (2016) Social Advantage and Power, A. (2016). Cities for a Small Disadvantage. Oxford University Press. Hills, J. (2016) “The distribution of Continent. An International Handbook on welfare”, in P. Alcock, M. May, T. Haux and Industrial Cities. Bristol: Policy Press. Burchardt, T. and Obolenskaya, P. (2016) S. Wright (eds.), The Student’s Companion “Public and Private Welfare” in Lupton, Lupton, R., Burchardt, T., Hills, J., Stewart, to Social Policy, Fifth Edition. Chichester: R., Burchardt, T., Hills, J., Stewart, K. and Wiley-Blackwell. K. and Vizard, P. (eds.) (2016) Social Vizard, P. (eds.), Social Policy in a Cold Policy in a Cold Climate: Policies and their Climate: Policies and their consequences Hills, J. and Cunliffe, J. (2016) consequences since the crisis. Bristol: The since the crisis. Bristol: Policy Press. “Accumulated Advantage and Policy Press. Disadvantage: the Role of Wealth” in Burchardt, T., Obolenskaya, P., and Vizard, Dean, H. and Platt, L. (eds.) (2016) Social McKnight, A. and Vaganay, A. (2016) P. (2016). “Adult Social Care” in Lupton, Evidence Review – The strength of the link Advantage and Disadvantage. Oxford R., Burchardt, T., Hills, J., Stewart, K. and University Press. between income support and activation. Vizard, P. (eds.), Social Policy in a Cold European Commission’s Directorate- Climate: Policies and their consequences Hills, J., Lupton, R., Burchardt, T., Stewart, General for Employment, Social Affairs and since the crisis. Bristol: Policy Press. K., and Vizard, P. (2016). “Summary and Inclusion Catalog N. :KE-01-16-509-EN-N Conclusion”, in Lupton, R., Burchardt, T., bit.ly/29jKSvN Hick, R. and Burchardt, T. (2016) Hills, J., Stewart, K. and Vizard, P. (eds.), “Capability deprivation” in Brady, D. and Social Policy in a Cold Climate: Policies and McKnight, A., Duque, M. and Rucci, M. Burton, L. (eds) Oxford Handbook of the (2016) Evidence Review – Creating more their consequences since the crisis. Bristol: Social Science of Poverty. Oxford: Oxford Policy Press. equal societies: what works? European University Press. Commission’s Directorate-General for Lupton, R., Stewart, K., Burchardt, Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion Hills, J., De Agostini, P. and Sutherland, H. T., Hills, J., and Vizard, P. (2016). Catalog N. :KE-01-16-508-EN-N (2016) “Benefits, pensions, tax credits and “Introduction”, in Lupton, R., Burchardt, bit.ly/29bnW0g direct taxes” in Lupton, R., Burchardt, T., T., Hills, J., Stewart, K. and Vizard, P. Hills, J., Stewart, K. and Vizard, P. (eds.), (eds.), Social Policy in a Cold Climate: McKnight, A. Stewart, K.J., Mohun Social Policy in a Cold Climate: Policies and Himmelweit, S. and Palillo, M. (2016) Policies and their consequences since the their consequences since the crisis. Bristol: crisis. Bristol: Policy Press. Evidence review – Low pay and in-work Policy Press. poverty: preventative measures and Lupton, R., Thomson, S., and Obolenskaya, preventative approaches. European Hills, J. and Stewart, K.J. (2016) P. (2016). “Schools”, in Lupton, R., Commission’s Directorate-General for “Socioeconomic inequalities” in Lupton, Burchardt, T., Hills, J., Stewart, K. and Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion R., Burchardt, T., Hills, J., Stewart, K. and Vizard, P. (eds.), Social Policy in a Cold Catalog N. :KE-01-16-501-EN-N Vizard, P. (eds.), Social Policy in a Cold Climate: Policies and their consequences bit.ly/29bncZh Climate: Policies and their consequences since the crisis. Bristol: Policy Press. since the crisis. Bristol: Policy Press. Lupton, R., Unwin, L., and Thomson, S. Forthcoming Hills, J., Cunliffe, J. and Obolenskaya, P. (2016). “Further and Higher Education Gough, I. (2017) Heat, Greed and Human (2016) “The Changing Structure of UK and Skills”, in Lupton, R., Burchardt, T., Need: Climate Change, Capitalism and Inequality Since the Crisis” in R. Lupton, Hills, J., Stewart, K. and Vizard, P. (eds.), Sustainable Wellbeing. Cheltenham: T. Burchardt, J. Hills, K. Stewart, and P. Social Policy in a Cold Climate: Policies Edward Elgar Ltd. Vizard (Eds.), Social Policy in a Cold Climate: and their consequences since the crisis. Policies and their consequences since the Bristol: Policy Press. Hills, J. (2017) Good Times, Bad Times: crisis. Bristol: Policy Press. The Welfare Myth of Them and Us, Lupton, R., Obolenskaya, P., and Fitzgerald, Second Edition. Bristol: The Policy Press. Glennerster, H. (2016) “Crisis, A. (2016). “Spatial Inequalities”, in Lupton, Retrenchment and the Impact of Neo- R., Burchardt, T., Hills, J., Stewart, K. and McKnight, A., Duque, M. and Rucci, M. Liberalism, 1976-97” in Alcock, P., Haux, Vizard, P. (eds.), Social Policy in a Cold (forthcoming) “Review of the relationship T., May, M. and Wright, S. (eds.), The Climate: Policies and their consequences between economic inequality and Student’s Companion to Social Policy, Fifth since the crisis. Bristol: Policy Press. poverty”, Oxfam. Edition. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell.

40 McKnight, A. (2016) “Employment policy Refereed journal articles Vizard, P. and Speed, L. (2016) “Examining since the crisis”, in Lupton, R., Burchardt, multidimensional inequality and T., Hills, J., Stewart, K. and Vizard, P. (eds.), Bassok, D., RaeHyuck, L., Reardon, S., and deprivation in Britain using the capability Social Policy in a Cold Climate: Policies and Waldfogel, J. (2016). “Socioeconomic approach”. Forum for Social Economics, their consequences since the crisis. Bristol: Gaps in Early Childhood Experiences, 1998 45 (2-3). pp. 139-169. Policy Press. to 2010” AERA Open 2(3):1-22. DOI: 10.1177/2332858416653924. Waldfogel, J. (2016) “The Next War on McKnight, A. (forthcoming) “Education Poverty”, Journal of Policy Analysis and and social mobility: Theory, evidence and Burchardt, T. and Dustin, M. (2016) Management 35(2):267-278. policy challenges”, in Johnes, G., Johnes, “Editorial: Equality and human rights” Wimer, C., Fox, L., Garfinkel, I., Kaushal, J., Agasisti, T., and Lopez-Torres, L. (eds), Journal of Poverty and Social Justice, N., and Waldfogel, J. (2016). “Progress on Handbook on the Economics of Education, 24 (1): 3-5. Poverty? New estimates of historical trends Edward Elgar. Dean, R.J. (2016) “Beyond Radicalism and using an anchored supplemental poverty Stewart, K.J. (2016) “The Family and Resignation: The Competing Logics for measure”, Demography 53(4):1207-18. Disadvantage” in Dean, H. and Platt, Public Participation in Policy Decisions”, Wimer, C., Nam, J., Waldfogel, J. and Fox, L. (eds.) (2016) Social Advantage and Policy and Politics doi.org/10.1332/03055 L. (2016) “Trends in Child Poverty Using an Disadvantage. Oxford University Press. 7316X14531466517034 Improved Measure of Poverty”, Academic Stewart, K.J. (2016) “Why we can’t talk Gough, I. (2016) “Welfare states and Pediatrics 16(3):S60-S66. DOI: dx.doi. about life chances without talking about environmental states: A comparative org/10.1016/j.acap.2016.01.007 income” in Tucker, J. (ed.) Improving analysis”. Environmental Politics, 25 (1). pp. 24-47. Children’s Life Chances. London: Child Forthcoming Poverty Action Group. Karagiannaki, E. (2016) “The impact Cowell, F., Karagiannaki, E. and McKnight, of inheritance on the distribution of Stewart, K.J. and Obolenskaya, P (2016) A. (forthcoming 2017) “Accounting wealth: evidence from Great Britain”. “Young Children”, in Lupton, R., Burchardt, for cross-country differences in wealth Review of Income and Wealth. DOI: T., Hills, J., Stewart, K. and Vizard, P. (eds.), inequality”. Review of Income and Wealth. 10.111roiw.12217 Social Policy in a Cold Climate: Policies and DOI: 10.1111/roiw.12278. their consequences since the crisis. Bristol: Neckerman, K., Garfinkel, I., Teitler, Cowell, F., Karagiannaki, E. and McKnight, Policy Press. J., Waldfogel, J. and Wimer, C. A. (forthcoming 2017) “Accounting (2016).”Beyond Income Poverty: Measuring Vizard, P. (2016) “The Human Rights and for cross-country differences in wealth Disadvantage In Terms Of Material Equality Agenda” in Dean, H. and Platt, L. inequality”. Review of Income and Wealth. (eds.) Social Advantage and Disadvantage. Hardship and Health”, Academic Pediatrics Oxford University Press. 16(3):S52-S59. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. Gough, I. (forthcoming 2017) acap.2016.01.015 “Recomposing consumption: Defining Vizard, P., Obolenskaya, P. and Jones, E. necessities for sustainable and equitable Newburn,T., Deacon, R., Diski, B., Cooper, (2016) “Health”, in Lupton, R., Burchardt, wellbeing” Royal Society Philosophical K., Grant, M. and Burch, A. (2016) “‘The T., Hills, J., Stewart, K. and Vizard, P. (eds.), Transactions A. Social Policy in a Cold Climate: Policies and best three days of my life’: pleasure, power their consequences since the crisis. Bristol: and alienation in the 2011 riots”. Crime, Karagiannaki, E. (forthcoming) “The Policy Press. Media, Culture. effect of parental wealth on children’s outcomes in early adulthood” Journal of Newburn, T., Diski, R, Cooper, K., Deacon, Economic Inequality. Forthcoming R., Burch, A. and Grant, M. (2016) “‘The biggest gang’? Police and people in the Pac, J., Waldfogel, J., and Wimer, C. Dean, R.J., (forthcoming), “Democratic 2011 England riots”. Policing and Society. (forthcoming), “Poverty among Foster Innovation in Social Policy” in Escobar, Children: Estimates using the Supplemental O. and Elstub, S. (eds.), Handbook of Pal, I. and Waldfogel, J. (2016). “Recent Poverty Measure”, Social Service Review. Democratic Innovation and Governance, Trends in the Family Gap in Pay: New (91)1:8-40. Edward Elgar. evidence for 1967 to 2013”. The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social McKnight, A. (forthcoming) “Education Other publications Sciences, 2(4):104-127. and social mobility: theory, evidence and Obolenskaya, P., Lupton, R., and Provan, J. policy challenges”, in Johnes, G., Johnes, Magnuson, K., and Waldfogel, J. A. (2016). Pulling in the Same Direction?: J., Agasisti, T., and Lopez-Torres, L. (eds) (2016) “Trends in Income-Related Economic and Social Outcomes in London Handbook on the Economics of Education, Gaps in Enrollment in Early Childhood and the North of England since the Edward Elgar. Education1968 to 2013”. AERA Open Recession. London: Centre for Analysis 2 (2):1-13. of Social Exclusion, LSE. Publication link: d65210c2-52d4-4bc2-8049- 1abb06f030fb m

41 CASE publications 2016 (continued)

Power, A. (2016) “Sport and poverty”, Hills, J. (2016) “Hardship and shame: What Stewart, K.J. (2016) “Why the government Child Poverty Action Group, Poverty Journal Thomas More’s Utopia can teach us about must continue to measure child poverty”, (154). 10-13. cpag.org.uk/sites/default/ modern social security”, LSE British Politics The Conversation, 22 February 2016 files/CPAG-Poverty154-Sport-and- and Policy blog 22nd February 2016. blogs. theconversation.com/why-the- poverty-summer2016.pdf lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/thomas- government-must-continue-to- more-utopia-and-modern-social- measure-child-poverty-55173 Forthcoming security/ Stewart, K.J. (2016) “Child poverty Dean R.J. and Wallace, M.W. (forthcoming) Lupton, R. and Obolenskaya, P. (2016) measures: why academics and the House “What Happened to Labour’s Children? “The True Size of Theresa May’s Social of Lords have challenged the government Progress on Adolescent Social Exclusion”, Justice Challenge”, 7th October 2016, The proposals.” LSE British Politics and Working Paper. Conversation theconversation.com/the- Policy Blog, 22 February 2016 blogs. true-size-of-theresa-mays-social-justice- lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/child- Thomson, S. and Lupton, R. (forthcoming) challenge-66577 poverty-measures-why-academics- The Effects of English School System and-the-house-of-lords-challenge-the- Reforms (2002-2014) on Pupil Sorting and Power, A. (2016) “A question of growth”, government-proposals/ Social Segregation: A Greater Manchester Community Links Blog, 26 Jul 2016, Case Study. Social Policy in a Cold Climate, Blog entry community-links.org/ Stewart, K. and Gambaro, L. (2016) Working Paper 24. London: Centre for linksuk/?p=5631 “Government plans will reallocate nursery Analysis of Social Exclusion. funding from poorer to richer children – Power, A. (2016) “Rayners Lane: and no one seems to notice,” LSE British estate regeneration that puts residents Politics and Policy Blog, September 29 Blog postings first”,The Guardian, 23 May 2016, 2016. blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/ opinion theguardian.com/housing- Dean, R.J. (2016) “There is more government-plans-put-nursery- network/2016/may/23/rayners- than One Way to Involve the Public schools-at-risk/ in Policy Decisions”, Discover Society lane-estate-regeneration-that-puts- Policy and Politics Blog, 1 June 2016 residents-first Vizard, P., Karagiannaki, E., Obolenskaya, P. and Cunliffe, J. (2016) Blog: Inequalities policyandpoliticsblog.com/2016/06/15/ Provan, B., Belotti, A. and Power, A. (2016) and disadvantage in London – Focus on there-is-more-than-one-way-to- Moving on without moving out: The ethnicity; Trust for London blog, 20 June involve-the-public-in-policy-decisions/ impacts of regeneration on the Rayners 2016 trustforlondon.org.uk/news- Lane Estate CASEreport 100, Centre for Dean, R.J. (2016) “How I Learned to Stop and-events/news-and-comments/ Analysis of Social Exclusion, London School Worrying and Love the EU Referendum blog-inequalities-and-disadvantage-in- of Economics and Political Science. (sort of)”. LSE British Politics and Policy london-focus-on-ethnicity/ Blog, 22 June 2016 blogs.lse.ac.uk/ Power, A. (2016) “Europe’s new industrial Vizard, P., Karagiannaki, E., Obolenskaya, politicsandpolicy/how-i-learned- revolution”, Economia, 21 Jul 2016, P. and Cunliffe, J. (2016) Blog: Inequalities to-stop-worrying-and-love-the-eu- opinion, economia.icaew.com/opinion/ and disadvantage in London – focus on referendum-sort-of/ july-2016/europes-new-industrial- low pay, 2nd February 2016, Trust for revolution Dean, R.J. (2016) “Democracy Matters, London, trustforlondon.org.uk/news- but How?”, Oxpol Blog, 15 April 2016 Power, A. (2016) “How Europe’s industrial and-events/news-and-comments/ blog.politics.ox.ac.uk/democracy- cities bounced back from the brink of blog-inequalities-and-disadvantage-in- matters-but-how/ and OpenDemocracy ruin”, The Conversation, 24 Mar 2016, london-focus-on-low-pay/ opendemocracy.net/uk/rikki-dean/ opinion, theconversation.com/how- Vizard, P., Karagiannaki, E., Obolenskaya, democracy-matters-but-how europes-industrial-cities-bounced-back- P. and Cunliffe, J, (2016) Blog: from-the-brink-of-ruin-59776 Feinstein, L. (2016) Foundations for Inequalities and disadvantage in London Life: blog by Leon Feinstein, EIF Director Power, A. (2016) “Council estates: – focus on social class, Trust for London, of Evidence. The Early Intervention why demolition is anything but the trustforlondon.org.uk/news-and- Foundation, 11 July 2016. eif.org.uk/ solution” British Politics and Policy at events/news-and-comments/blog- foundations-for-life-blog-by-leon- LSE, 4 Mar 2016, Blog entry, blogs.lse. inequalities-and-disadvantage-in- feinstein-eif-director-of-evidence/ ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/sink-estates- london-focus-on-social-class/ Glennerster, H. (2016) “A wealth of demolition/ options: shifting tax away from earned Stewart, K.J. (2016) “Britain must not incomes”, The Fabian Society, 11 April change how it measures child poverty. 2016 fabians.org.uk/a-wealth-of- And this is why”, The Guardian, Comment options-shifting-tax-away-from- is Free, 22 February 2016 theguardian. earned-incomes/ com/commentisfree/2016/feb/22/ britain-measures-child-poverty-lords- life-chance-government

42 CASE Papers

CASE/193 Polina Obolenskaya and Tania Burchardt Public and Private Welfare Activity in England

CASE/194 Rolf Aaberge, A.B. Atkinson and Income Poverty, Affluence and Polarisation Viewed from the Median Henrik Sigstad

CASE/195 Alex Fenton Gentrification in London: A progress report, 2001-2013

CASE/196 Alex Fenton Spatial microsimulation estimates of household income distributions in London boroughs, 2001 and 2011

CASE/197 Kitty Stewart and Nick Roberts How do experts think child poverty should be measured in the UK? An analysis of the Coalition Government’s consultation on child poverty measurement 2012-13

CASE/198 A.B. Atkinson Pareto and the upper tail of the income distribution in the UK: 1799 to the present

CASE/199 Ben Baumberg Geiger Benefit ‘myths’? The accuracy and inaccuracy of public beliefs about the benefits system

CASE/200 David Piachaud Citizen’s Income: Rights and Wrongs

CASE reports

CASEreport 98 Kitty Stewart and Kate Summers CASE Annual Report

CASEreport 99 Alice Belotti Estate Regeneration and Community Impacts: Challenges and lessons for social landlords, developers and local councils

CASEreport 100 Bert Provan, Alice Belotti and Moving on without moving out: the impacts of regeneration on the Anne Power Rayners Lane Estate

CASEreport 101 Anne Power Bilbao City Story

CASEreport 102 Ben Grubb, Laura Lane and Belfast City Story Anne Power

CASEreport 103 Ben Grubb, Laura Lane and Sheffield City Story Anne Power

CASEreport 104 Bert Provan Lille City Story

CASEreport 105 Bert Provan Saint-Étienne City Story

CASEreport 106 Anne Power Torino City Story

CASEreport 107 Eileen Herden and Anne Power Leipzig City Story

CASEreport 108 Alice Belotti Changing Rules and Spending Cuts: Helping tenants help themselves and their landlords. Report from two Tenant Think Tanks

CASEreport 109 Tania Burchardt, Bert Provan and No Place Like An Accessible Home: Quality of life and opportunity for Ellie Suh disabled people with accessible housing needs

CASEreport 110 Alice Belotti Community Enterprise: Creating Sustainable Communities Report from a Community Enterprise Think Tank

Social Policy in a Cold Climate working papers

Social Policy in a Cold Climate, Obolenskaya, P., Lupton, R., Pulling in the Same Direction?: Economic and Social Outcomes Working Paper 23 and Provan, J. A. in London and the North of England since the Recession. Social Policy in a Cold Climate, Stephanie Thomson and The Effects of English School System Reforms (2002-2014) on Working Paper 24 Ruth Lupton Pupil Sorting and Social Segregation: A Greater Manchester Case Study

43 CASE seminars and events 2016

Seminars

Social Exclusion Seminars

10 February Family Patterns and Social Inequality among Children in the United States, 1940-2012: A re-assessment Tony Fahey (University College Dublin and CASE visitor)

2 March Hard Times and Social Change: The effects of the economic crisis on personal values Annie Austin (Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research, University of Manchester)

1 June The Educational Progress of Looked-after Children in England: Linking care and educational data Nikki Luke (Rees Centre for Research in Fostering and Education, University of Oxford)

9 November Citizen’s Income: Rights and wrongs David Piachaud (Emeritus Professor of Social Policy, LSE)

30 November Open Policy Making in Education: From public to private in the formulation of policy Sonia Exley (LSE Social Policy)

Welfare Policy and Analysis Seminars

20 January Tails of Robin Hood: Comparing welfare myths and realities in the United Kingdom and Australia Peter Whiteford (Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University), joint with John Hills (CASE and LSE International Inequalities Institute)

24 February Pension reforms: Are some in danger of being left behind? Daniela Silcock and Timothy Pike (Pensions Policy Institute)

11 May Household Debt and Spending in the United Kingdom Philip Bunn (Bank of England)

18 May US Welfare Reform and the Intergenerational Transmission of Dependence Jim Ziliak (Centre for Poverty Research, University of Kentucky)

15 June Getting Back into Work after Job Loss: The role of partner effects Simonetta Longhi (ISER, University of Essex)

22 June The Generation Game: Lifetime gifts, family relationships and inequality Karen Rowlingson (University of Birmingham)

16 November Low Income Dynamics among Ethnic Minorities in the UK Ricky Kanabar (ISER, University of Essex)

23 November The Effect of Motherhood and Lone Motherhood on Income and Poverty Risks in the US and UK Susan Harkness (University of Bath)

7 December Improving the Measurement of Poverty in the US Jane Waldfogel (Columbia University)

Climate Change, Inequality and Social Policy Seminars

3 November Climate Change, Inequality and Social Policy Ian Gough (CASE)

1 December Carbon and Inequality: From Measurement to Policy Lucas Chancel (IDDRI, Sciences Po, Paris), joint with Dario Kenner (Global Sustainability Institute, Anglia Ruskin University) Respondent: Dario Kenner (Global Sustainability Institute, Anglia Ruskin University)

44 How to find us

5LF

LINCOLN’S INN FIELDS LINC N EWMAN’S RO W OLN’S INN FIELD

QUE

New Academic Building S

NAB

SARDINIA ST LINCOLN’S INN FIELDS

P

SAR O

Sardinia R

T SERLE STREET House S 50L M KEMBLE ST O 44L 32L U T SAW H 44 Lincoln’s 32 Lincoln’s Saw Swee Hock Inn Fields Inn Fields T STRE Student E Centre POR E T

KINGSWAY LC SHF H Peacock PORTUGAL STREET Theatre EFFIELD STRE H KGS PEA S PAR LAK S PO RTUGAL STREE T T CLEM LRB CAREY STRE CLARE ENTCOW ’ KSW S Ra JOHN m Lionel Robbins Kingsway MARK p P LAZ W STC A Library A TK E T E T LANE IN S t OLD Grange ALDCour Old ET s Building Lift and Step CBR HOUGHTONCentre STRE Building Redevelopment TW1 CON Tower Connaught One 1KW CLEMENT House COL Columbia TW2 House ’S Tower IN LSE MAIN Two N ENTRANCE TW3 ALD Tower Three ALDW YC 95A Bridge H CLM Clement Disabled access Disabled lift Lift House Towers One, 30 metres Cycle Hire Station (tfl.gov.uk/maps/cycle-hire) Two and Three

LSE buildings No access LSE redevelopment sites Further information on LSE’s Centre Building Redevelopment (CBR) can be found at lse.ac.uk/centrebuildings

The information in this leaflet can be made available in alternative formats, on request. Please contact: CASE, +44 (0)20 7955 6679 The School seeks to ensure that people are treated equitably, advancement and dissemination of knowledge. LSE seeks to ensure regardlessLSE building ofs age, Nodisability, access race,LSE nationality, redevelopment ethnic site ors national that intellectual freedom and freedom of expression within the law is origin, gender, religion, sexual orientation or personal circumstances. secured for all our members and those we invite to the School. Freedom of thought and expression is essential to the pursuit, 95A 95 Aldwych, Aldwych 1KW 1 Kingsway LRB Lionel Robbins Building, SAR Sardinia House, Dentist, Library and LSE Research Lab Sardinia Street CBREdited Centre by Building Kitty Stewart and KerrisKSW Cooper 20 King sw ay Redevelopment (2015-2019) NAB New Academic Building, SAW Saw Swee Hock Student Design by: LSE Design Unit (lse.ac.uk/designunitLAK Lakatos Building, Po) rtugal Lincoln’s Inn Fields Centre ALD Aldwych House, Aldwych Street OLD Old Building, Houghton Street SHF Sheffield Street CLM Clement House, Aldwych LCH Lincoln Chambers, Printed on recycled stock Portsmouth Street PAR Parish Hall, Sheffield Street STC St Clement’s, Clare Market COL Columbia House, Aldwych 5LF 5 Lincoln’s Inn Fields PEA Peacock Theatre, Portugal TW1 Tower One, Clement’s Inn CON Connaught House, Aldwych Street 32L 32 Lincoln’s Inn Fields TW2 Tower Two, Clement’s Inn COW Cowdray House, Portugal POR 1 Portsmouth Street Street 44L 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields TW3 Tower Three, Clement’s Inn (2017-2020) QUE Queens House, Lincoln’s Inn KGS King’s Chambers, Portugal Fields Street 50L 50 Lincoln’s Inn Fields The London School of Economics and Political Science Houghton Street London WC2A 2AE Tel: +44 (0)20 7955 6679

ISSN 1465-3001