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L'egyptologie L'egyptologie Gaston Maspero The Project Gutenberg EBook of L'egyptologie, by Gaston Maspero This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: L'egyptologie Author: Gaston Maspero Release Date: January 21, 2004 [EBook #10768] Language: French Character set encoding: ASCII *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK L'EGYPTOLOGIE *** Produced by Robert Connal, Renald Levesque and PG Distributed Proofreaders. This file was produced from images generously made available by the Bibliotheque nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at http://gallica.bnf.fr. L'EGYPTOLOGIE Par G. MASPERO LES ETUDES EGYPTOLOGIQUES L'Egyptologie est nee en France; CHAMPOLLION le Jeune (1790-1832) en fut le fondateur, et, pendant un certain nombre d'annees, cette science demeura exclusivement francaise. L'histoire de ses commencements se trouve ecrite dans le rapport que M. DE ROUGE adressa, a propos de l'Exposition Universelle de Paris, en 1867, a Victor DURUY, alors ministre de l'Instruction publique: je ne reviendrai pas sur les faits anterieurs a cette date. La generation d'egyptologues francais qui avait succede a celle de Livros Grátis http://www.livrosgratis.com.br Milhares de livros grátis para download. CHAMPOLLION et qui, avec Theodule DEVERIA (1831-1871), Emmanuel DE ROUGE (1811-1872), MARIETTE PACHA (1821-1881), CHABAS (1817-1882), avait deblaye vigoureusement les abords du terrain, commencait alors a disparaitre sous la poussee d'une generation nouvelle. Tous les savants qui l'illustrerent avaient travaille isolement, chacun dans une direction differente: E. de Rouge a Paris, ou il avait constitue, d'une maniere presque definitive, la grammaire pour l'oeil des documents de la seconde epoque thebaine, Chabas en province, a Chalon-sur-Saone, ou il s'etait applique surtout au dechiffrement des textes, Mariette a l'etranger, dans l'Egypte meme, ou, aide par moments de Deveria, il s'etait livre a l'exploration du sol, a la copie des inscriptions, au degagement des grands monuments et ou il avait fonde le service des Antiquites. La generation suivante s'occupa de regulariser la Science et de la mettre, une fois pour toutes, en possession des instruments necessaires a la formation des generations futures. Elle se composait des hommes eleves a l'ecole d'Emmanuel de Rouge, Jacques DE ROUGE son fils, Paul PIERRET, Paul GUIEYSSE, Eugene LEFEBURE, et bientot du groupe qui se rassembla autour de Gaston MASPERO. J. DE ROUGE, qui se voua a la publication des oeuvres laissees malheureusement inachevees par son pere, renonca de bonne heure a l'etude, apres y avoir debute brillamment par un memoire sur les textes geographiques du temple d'Edfou, dont un livre sur les nomes de la Basse-Egypte completa plus tard les donnees. Pierret, longtemps conservateur du Musee egyptien du Louvre, travailleur consciencieux mais lent et rare dans son activite, compila un petit _Dictionnaire d'Archeologie_ (1875) et un _Vocabulaire Hieroglyphique_ (1871-1875), qui ont rendu pendant longtemps des services reels aux etudiants; de preference, il oscilla sa vie durant entre la mythologie et la traduction avec commentaires des Inscriptions de son Musee, publiant d'une part la premiere traduction francaise du _Livre des Morts_ (achevee en 1882), d'_une stele ethiopienne inedite et de divers manuscrits religieux_ (1873), de l'autre, ses deux _Recueils d'Inscriptions inedites du Musee egyptien du Louvre_ (1874-1878). LEFEBURE, esprit mystique et entraine toute sa vie du cote du spiritisme ou de l'occultisme, a pose et resolu en partie les problemes divers que soulevent les religions egyptiennes. Ses Memoires sur les _Hymnes au Soleil composant le XVe Chapitre du Rituel funeraire_ (1868) et sur le _Mythe Osirien: les yeux d'Horus_ (1874), _Osiris_ (1875), sont encore penetres des idees de Max Mueller sur la formation des mythes, mais l'etude des croyances sauvages et des superstitions populaires le ramena promptement a des doctrines plus saines, qu'il exposa dans une multitude d'articles disperses a travers une demi-douzaine de revues differentes, les _Melanges d'Archeologie_ (1871-1878), le _Recueil de travaux_, les _Transactions_ et les _Proceedings_ de la societe d'Archeologie biblique de Londres, la _Zeitschrift fuer Aegyptische Sprache_ de Berlin, le _Bulletin de l'Institut egyptien_, les _Annales du Musee Guimet_, et surtout le _Sphinx_ d'Upsala en Suede. Successivement maitre de conferences a la Faculte des Lettres de Lyon (1878-1881, puis 1883-1884 et 1885-1886), directeur de la Mission archeologique du Caire (1881 et 1883), suppleant de M. MASPERO au College de France (1884-1885), maitre de conferences a l'Ecole superieure d'Alger (1887-1908), Lefebure s'enferma dans un enseignement tres technique et s'isola si completement du reste de l'Ecole, que, malgre sa connaissance approfondie des textes religieux et ses merites serieux de finesse et de clarte, il demeura presque sans influence sur le developpement de l'Egyptologie. Le seul de ses nombreux ecrits qui ait conquis la notoriete, _les Hypogees royaux de Thebes: t. I, le Tombeau de Seti Ier_ (1886) et t. II-III, _Notices des Hypogees_ (1889), peut se comparer aisement, pour l'exactitude des copies, aux recueils de Lepsius, de Mariette, de Duemichen et de Rouge. GUIEYSSE, qui avait debute dans la vie scientifique comme collaborateur de Lefebure, et qui avait essaye d'etablir l'edition critique du _Chapitre LXIV du Livre des Morts_ (1876), fut enleve promptement a l'Egyptologie par la politique. Quoiqu'il soit reste attache a l'Ecole des hautes etudes comme maitre de conferences et comme directeur d'etudes adjoint de 1880 a 1914, date de sa mort, il n'a pu nous donner que de rares etudes sur des points de details: il allait se remettre tout entier a la recherche scientifique lorsqu'il disparut. Quel que fut leur merite, les travaux de ces savants manquaient encore de coordination; M. MASPERO groupa en un faisceau compact les forces qui s'assemblaient autour de lui. Mis en lumiere des sa sortie de l'Ecole normale par deux Memoires: _Essai sur l'inscription dedicatoire du Temple d'Abydos_ (1867) et la _Stele du Songe_ (1868) puis, nomme, en 1869, repetiteur du cours d'archeologie egyptienne a l'Ecole pratique des hautes etudes, que Victor Duruy venait de fonder, M. Maspero avait reuni a son cours une dizaine d'auditeurs serieux: Adrien DE LONGPERIER, le fils du savant alors connu; l'abbe ANCESSI, qui mourut fort jeune apres avoir publie trois brochures sur des _Etudes de Grammaire comparee_ (1872-1873), sur _Moise et l'Egypte_ (1875), sur _Job et l'Egypte_ (1877); Hyacinthe HUSSON qui avait deja compose plusieurs ecrits de mythologie; Eugene GREBAUT; puis, apres la guerre, Maxence DE ROCHEMONTEIX, l'Americain William Berend, Eugene LEDRAIN qui quitta bientot les hieroglyphes pour l'hebreu, Urbain BOURIANT, Victor LORET, l'abbe AMELINEAU, Philippe VIREY. Le travail fourni par ce groupe fut tres considerable des le debut, et devint plus considerable encore lorsque M. Maspero eut succede a E. de Rouge dans la chaire de Champollion, comme charge de cours (1873), et presque aussitot apres comme professeur titulaire (1874). Pendant que M. Maspero publiait des traductions largement commentees de textes hieratiques, _Hymne au Nil_ (1869), _une Enquete judiciaire a Thebes au temps de la XXe Dynastie_ (1869-1871), _du Genre epistolaire chez les anciens Egyptiens_ (1872) qui lui servit de these pour le doctorat es lettres, _Memoire sur quelques papyrus du Louvre_ (1875) et, dans le _Journal asiatique_, les premiers des Memoires dont l'ensemble constitua plus tard ses _Etudes egyptiennes_, il produisait des oeuvres de theorie grammaticale sur _le Pronom personnel en egyptien_ (1869), sur _les Formes de la conjugaison en egyptien antique, en demotique et en copte_ (1871), Sur _la Formation des themes triliteres en egyptien_ (1880), et il abordait l'etude critique du demotique par ses _Etudes demotiques_ (dans le Recueil de travaux, 1870, t. I) puis par ses recherches sur _la Premiere page du roman de Satni transcrite en hieroglyphes_ dans la _Zeitschrift fuer Aegyptische Sprache_ (1877). Son activite se portait aussi vers le domaine historique, et il ecrivait successivement une these latine: _De Carchemis oppidi situ et historia antiquissima_ (1872), des fragments d'un _Commentaire sur le livre II d'Herodote_, qui, commences pour l'_Annuaire de l'Association des etudes grecques_ en 1875, furent poursuivis plus tard ailleurs, enfin _une Histoire ancienne des peuples de l'Orient_ (1875) a l'usage des lycees, ouvrage qui devint bientot populaire, fut reedite huit fois et traduit en plusieurs langues. Joignez a cette production d'oeuvres independantes une collaboration incessante a des journaux ou a des collections francaises ou etrangeres, _Gazette Archeologique, Records of the Past, Transactions_ et _Proceedings_ de la Societe d'archeologie biblique de Londres, _Zeitschrift fuer Aegyptische Sprache_ de Berlin, _Comptes rendus des Congres orientalistes_ de Paris (1873) et de Florence (1878), _The Academy, Journal asiatique, Revue Archeologique_ et surtout _Revue critique_, ou, depuis 47 ans, il a rendu compte d'une bonne partie des oeuvres d'Egyptologie, parues en France ou a l'etranger. Entre temps, l'enseignement de M. Maspero aux Hautes Etudes et au College de France portait ses fruits: une ecole francaise, imbue des memes principes et agissant sous une meme impulsion, s'elevait dans la generation d'alors. Le premier qui se manifesta brillamment fut M. Grebaut, avec sa these pour le diplome des Hautes Etudes intitulee _Hymne a Ammon Ra des papyrus egyptiens du Musee de Boulaq_ (1875) que suivirent bientot plusieurs articles, dont le plus important se trouve dans les _Melanges d'archeologie egyptienne_ (1875).
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