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Morphological Characters of the Immature Stages of Henotesia Narcissus
224 Nachr. entomol. Ver. Apollo, N. F. 23 (4): 225–236 (2003) 225 Morphological characters of the immature stages of Henotesia narcissus (Fabricius, 1798): description and phylogenetic significance (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Satyrini, Mycalesina)1 Peter H. Roos Dr. Peter H. Roos, Goethestrasse 1a, D-45549 Sprockhövel, Germany; e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Development and morphological characters of mathematisch adäquat durch eine Exponentialfunktion the immature stages of Henotesia narcissus (Fabricius, 1798) beschrieben werden. Ähnliche Funktionen können zur from Madagascar were studied. The aims were to find phy- Charakterisierung des Längenwachstums des Körpers sowie logenetically relevant characters to analyze the systematic der Zunahme der Stemmatadurchmesser benutzt werden. relationships of the subtribe Mycalesina within the Satyrini Durch einfache Kalkulationen können einzelne Larvalsta- and to find criteria for distinction of the larval stages. Clear dien identifiziert werden, wodurch die Vorausetzung für synapomorphies have been found for Mycalesina and the vergleichende morphologische Studien geschaffen ist. subtribe Ypthimina in the larval stages such as clubbed setae and thoracic dorsal trichome fields in the last instar larvae. Thus, the close relationship between the Mycalesina and Introduction the Lethina/Elymniina as proposed by Miller (1968) is not The order Lepidoptera includes an estimated number confirmed by our results. Our conclusion is supported by fur- of about 1.4 million species (Gaston 1991, Simon 1996). ther common characters of the Mycalesina and Ypthimina which, however, cannot be easily interpreted in phylogenetic For many, if not most of the known species often nothing terms. Such characters which are not shared by the Lethina more than some characters of the wing pattern have and Elymniina are for example the shape of the scoli present been published which may allow the identification of on the head capsule in all larval instars, the enlargement the species in the mature stage. -
2017 City of York Biodiversity Action Plan
CITY OF YORK Local Biodiversity Action Plan 2017 City of York Local Biodiversity Action Plan - Executive Summary What is biodiversity and why is it important? Biodiversity is the variety of all species of plant and animal life on earth, and the places in which they live. Biodiversity has its own intrinsic value but is also provides us with a wide range of essential goods and services such as such as food, fresh water and clean air, natural flood and climate regulation and pollination of crops, but also less obvious services such as benefits to our health and wellbeing and providing a sense of place. We are experiencing global declines in biodiversity, and the goods and services which it provides are consistently undervalued. Efforts to protect and enhance biodiversity need to be significantly increased. The Biodiversity of the City of York The City of York area is a special place not only for its history, buildings and archaeology but also for its wildlife. York Minister is an 800 year old jewel in the historical crown of the city, but we also have our natural gems as well. York supports species and habitats which are of national, regional and local conservation importance including the endangered Tansy Beetle which until 2014 was known only to occur along stretches of the River Ouse around York and Selby; ancient flood meadows of which c.9-10% of the national resource occurs in York; populations of Otters and Water Voles on the River Ouse, River Foss and their tributaries; the country’s most northerly example of extensive lowland heath at Strensall Common; and internationally important populations of wetland birds in the Lower Derwent Valley. -
The Consequences of a Management Strategy for the Endangered Karner Blue Butterfly
THE CONSEQUENCES OF A MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR THE ENDANGERED KARNER BLUE BUTTERFLY Bradley A. Pickens A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE August 2006 Committee: Karen V. Root, Advisor Helen J. Michaels Juan L. Bouzat © 2006 Bradley A. Pickens All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Karen V. Root, Advisor The effects of management on threatened and endangered species are difficult to discern, and yet, are vitally important for implementing adaptive management. The federally endangered Karner blue butterfly (Karner blue), Lycaeides melissa samuelis inhabits oak savanna or pine barrens, is a specialist on its host-plant, wild blue lupine, Lupinus perennis, and has two broods per year. The Karner blue was reintroduced into the globally rare black oak/lupine savannas of Ohio, USA in 1998. Current management practices involve burning 1/3, mowing 1/3, and leaving 1/3 of the lupine stems unmanaged at each site. Prescribed burning generally kills any Karner blue eggs present, so a trade-off exists between burning to maintain the habitat and Karner blue mortality. The objective of my research was to quantify the effects of this management strategy on the Karner blue. In the first part of my study, I examined several environmental factors, which influenced the nutritional quality (nitrogen and water content) of lupine to the Karner blue. My results showed management did not affect lupine nutrition for either brood. For the second brood, I found that vegetation density best predicted lupine nutritional quality, but canopy cover and aspect had an impact as well. -
The Radiation of Satyrini Butterflies (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): A
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 161, 64–87. With 8 figures The radiation of Satyrini butterflies (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a challenge for phylogenetic methods CARLOS PEÑA1,2*, SÖREN NYLIN1 and NIKLAS WAHLBERG1,3 1Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden 2Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Arenales 1256, Apartado 14-0434, Lima-14, Peru 3Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland Received 24 February 2009; accepted for publication 1 September 2009 We have inferred the most comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis to date of butterflies in the tribe Satyrini. In order to obtain a hypothesis of relationships, we used maximum parsimony and model-based methods with 4435 bp of DNA sequences from mitochondrial and nuclear genes for 179 taxa (130 genera and eight out-groups). We estimated dates of origin and diversification for major clades, and performed a biogeographic analysis using a dispersal–vicariance framework, in order to infer a scenario of the biogeographical history of the group. We found long-branch taxa that affected the accuracy of all three methods. Moreover, different methods produced incongruent phylogenies. We found that Satyrini appeared around 42 Mya in either the Neotropical or the Eastern Palaearctic, Oriental, and/or Indo-Australian regions, and underwent a quick radiation between 32 and 24 Mya, during which time most of its component subtribes originated. Several factors might have been important for the diversification of Satyrini: the ability to feed on grasses; early habitat shift into open, non-forest habitats; and geographic bridges, which permitted dispersal over marine barriers, enabling the geographic expansions of ancestors to new environ- ments that provided opportunities for geographic differentiation, and diversification. -
CBD First National Report
FIRST NATIONAL REPORT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA TO THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY July 2010 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................... 3 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................... 4 2. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Geographic Profile .......................................................................................... 5 2.2 Climate Profile ...................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Population Profile ................................................................................................. 7 2.4 Economic Profile .................................................................................................. 7 3 THE BIODIVERSITY OF SERBIA .............................................................................. 8 3.1 Overview......................................................................................................... 8 3.2 Ecosystem and Habitat Diversity .................................................................... 8 3.3 Species Diversity ............................................................................................ 9 3.4 Genetic Diversity ............................................................................................. 9 3.5 Protected Areas .............................................................................................10 -
Invertebrates – a Forgotten Group of Animals In
INVERTEBRATES – A FORGOTTEN GROUP OF ANIMALS IN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING? BUTTERFLIES AS TOOLS AND MODEL ORGANISMS IN SWEDEN John Askling (Phone: +46 13 12 25 75, Email: [email protected]), Calluna AB, Linköpings slot, SE-582 28 Linköping, Sweden, Fax: +46 13 12 65 95, and Karl-Olof Bergman, (Phone: +46 13 28 26 85, Email: [email protected]), Department of Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 82 Linköping, Sweden, Fax: +46 13 28 13 99 Abstract: There is a growing concern about the ecological effects of roads and railways on animals. There is increased mortality due to road kills, changes in movement patterns and changes in the physical environment in areas affected by infrastructure. A majority of all studies have been on larger mammals. There are also a growing number of studies on smaller animals like birds, amphibians and small mammals. However, the studies of invertebrates are few in comparison with vertebrates, and the knowledge of the effects of infrastructure on this group is limited. The importance of also including invertebrates in the studies of infrastructure is evident. First of all, this group of animals is the richest of species that exists. They are also ecologically important. In Sweden, a majority of the red-listed species are invertebrates. Of 4,120 red-listed species, fully 2,337 are invertebrates. Their generation times are fast, which also makes the response on changes in their environment fast, compared to mammals and birds. For that reason, invertebrates can be expected to give an indication earlier than mammals if an area is negatively affected by infrastructure. -
Territorial Defence in the Speckled Wood Butterfly (Pararge Aegeria) : the Resident Always Wins
Anim. Behav., 1978,26, 138-147 TERRITORIAL DEFENCE IN THE SPECKLED WOOD BUTTERFLY (PARARGE AEGERIA) : THE RESIDENT ALWAYS WINS BY N. B. DAVIES Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, Oxford Abstract. Males competed for territories, spots of sunlight on the ground layer of woodland, which were the best places for finding females . At any one time only 60% of the males had territories ; the remainder patrolled for females up in the tree canopy . Males continually flew down from the canopy and rapidly took over vacant sunspots . However, if the sunspot was already occupied, then the intruder was always driven back by the owner . Experiments showed that this was true even if the owner had been in occupation for only a few seconds . The rule for settling contests was thus `resident wins, intruder retreats' . Experiments showed that escalated contests only occurred when both contestants `thought' they were the resident . These results support the theoretical predictions of Maynard Smith & Parker (1976) . The reason intruders accept defeat immediately without a serious fight may be that contests are costly and territories abundant. How should an animal behave in a contest and insect contests provide a better scope for situation if it is to maximize its fitness? The this. answer is that it all depends on how the other In this paper I will show, by means of some contestants behave. Maynard Smith & Price simple field experiments, how territorial contests (1973) have shown that the strategy actually are settled in a species of butterfly . The results adopted will be an `evolutionarily stable strategy' are in accord with the predictions of Maynard or ESS. -
Commentary Plasticity in Arthropod Cryotypes T
2585 The Journal of Experimental Biology 210, 2585-2592 Published by The Company of Biologists 2007 doi:10.1242/jeb.002618 Commentary Plasticity in arthropod cryotypes T. C. Hawes and J. S. Bale* School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 12 March 2007 Summary Low-temperature acclimation and acclimatization history and organism is proposed, descending, respectively, produce phenotypic changes in arthropods at multiple from what we define as ‘cryotype’ (class of cryoprotective levels of biological organization from the molecular to the strategy) to genotype and, ultimately, phenotype. behavioural. The role and function of plasticity – where a Alternative (and sometimes complementary) strategies to constitutive, reversible change occurs in the phenotype in plasticity include specialization, generalization, bet- response to low temperature – may be partitioned hedging, cross-resistance and convergence. The transition hierarchically at evolutionary scales according to of cryotypes from basal to derived states is a continuum of cryoprotective strategy, at macrophysiological scales trait optimization, involving the fixation of plasticity and/or according to climatic variability, and at meso- and micro- its alternatives. scales according to ecological niche and exposure. In correspondence with these scales (which are interdependent rather than mutually exclusive), a Key words: arthropod, cold tolerance, cryotype, cryoprotection, hierarchical typology of interaction between thermal acclimation, acclimatization, phenotype. Introduction elasticity depends on the type of rubber band and the stimulus Animal physiology in the real world is dynamic – it must it is given, so the plasticity of an arthropod’s response varies in respond to variability at multiple temporal and spatial scales. -
Sacramento Mountains Checkerspot Butterfly (Euphydryas Anicia Cloudcrofti)
DRAFT**************DRAFT*************DRAFT*************DRAFT*************DRAFT CONSERVATION PLAN FOR THE SACRAMENTO MOUNTAINS CHECKERSPOT BUTTERFLY (Euphydryas anicia cloudcrofti) Developed cooperatively by: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service - Southwest Region Otero County The Village of Cloudcroft U.S. Forest Service – Lincoln National Forest October 7, 2004 DRAFT DRAFT DRAFT Recommended Literature Citation: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service et al. 2004. Draft Conservation Plan for the Sacramento Mountains Checkerspot Butterfly (Euphydryas anicia cloudcrofti). Albuquerque, New Mexico. 71pp. Additional Copies can be obtained from: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Southwest Regional Office - Endangered Species Division P.O. Box 1306 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87103 ph (505) 248-6920 fax (505) 248-8766 http://ifw2es.fws.gov Cover Photo Credit: Judy Bunn, Cloudcroft, New Mexico Acknowledgments We greatly appreciate the numerous individuals who contributed to the conservation of Sacramento Mountains checkerspot butterfly and development of this plan. Biologists who deserve credit for significant data contributions include Julie McIntyre, Danney Salas, Rene Guaderrama, Eric Hein, John Pittenger, and Steve Cary. U.S. Fish and Wildlife staff who contributed significantly to the development of this plan include Dr. Stuart C. Leon, Julie McIntyre, Sarah E. Rinkevich, and Tracy A. Scheffler. Michael Nivison, Ed Bunn, Gary Wood, Frank Martinez, Johnny Wilson, Rene Guaderrama, Danney Salas, and Larry Cosper assisted on the development of conservation measures. Dan Bryant assisted with the development of the Memorandum of Understanding. 2 DRAFT DRAFT DRAFT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Sacramento Mountains checkerspot butterfly (Euphydryas anicia cloudcrofti) Conservation Plan (Conservation Plan) provides guidance for the conservation and management of this species. The checkerspot butterfly is found only in high elevation mountain-meadows within the Sacramento Mountains of central New Mexico. -
Integration of Wings and Their Eyespots in the Speckled Wood Butterfly Pararge Aegeria
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY (MOL DEV EVOL) 308B:454–463 (2007) Integration of Wings and Their Eyespots in the Speckled Wood Butterfly Pararge aegeria CASPER J. BREUKER1,2Ã, MELANIE GIBBS3, HANS VAN DYCK3 PAUL M. BRAKEFIELD4, CHRISTIAN PETER KLINGENBERG5, 2 AND STEFAN VAN DONGEN 1Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, TR10 9EZ, UK 2Department of Biology, Group of Evolutionary Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium 3Biodiversity Research Centre, Behavioural Ecology and Conservation Group, Catholic University of Louvain, (UCL), Croix du Sud 4, B-1348 Louvain- la-Neuve, Belgium 4Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9516, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands 5Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK ABSTRACT We investigated both the phenotypic and developmental integration of eyespots on the fore- and hindwings of speckled wood butterflies Pararge aegeria. Eyespots develop within a framework of wing veins, which may not only separate eyespots developmentally, but may at the same time also integrate them by virtue of being both signalling sources and barriers during eyespot development. We therefore specifically investigated the interaction between wing venation patterns and eyespot integration. Phenotypic covariation among eyespots was very high, but only eyespots in neighbouring wing cells and in homologous wing cells on different wing surfaces were developmentally integrated. This can be explained by the fact that the wing cells of these eyespots share one or more wing veins. The wing venation patterns of fore- and hindwings were highly integrated, both phenotypically and developmentally. -
EIG 8 Autumn 2010 (PDF, 4.0Mb)
NEWSLETTER Issue 8 October 2010 CONTENTS Page Chairman’s Introduction 2&3 Dates for your Diary / EIG Calendar/ Contact Details 4 European Butterflies – the taxonomy update 5&6 Agricultural Change and its implications for Butterflies In Eastern French Pyrenees 7,8,9&10 Monitoring the Sudeten Ringlet in Switzerland 11,12&13 Fundraising Tour to Slovenia (1) 14&15 Fundraising Trip to Slovenia & Orseg (2) 16 EIG Trip to Mt. Phalakron, Greece 17&18 At last, the Macedonian Grayling (Pseudochazara cingowskii) 19&20 Skiathos – Greece 21&22 Finding Apollo in the Julian Alps 23 In search of the Scarce Fritillary 24 Orseg National Park 25&26 The Butterfly Year – The late Butterfly season in Provence(Var) 26 Part 2 of Newsletter We are pleased to include an extract of Bernard Watts ‘European Butterflies a portrait in photographs’ on the Alcon Blue ( Phengaris = Maculinea alcon) This document will be sent as a pdf titled: Part II – Autumn 2010_alcon-brw.pdf 1 INTRODUCTION Editorial As I mentioned in the last newsletter Butterfly Conservation Europe (BCE) has now completed the Red List of European Butterflies using the new standardized IUCN 1 criteria. These are available on the IUCN website See http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/species/redlist or the link on EIG website: http://www.bc-eig.org.uk/Newsletters.html where you can download the Red List Report for free as a .pdf. This massive piece of work was led by Chris van Swaay and is a major achievement for BCE. It covers all butterflies in Europe either in the EU27 countries but also continental Europe which includes Turkey west of the Bosphorus and Russia up to the Urals. -
North Africa Is the Source of Ancestral Populations of All Pararge Species
Systematic Entomology (2006), DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2006.00333.x Speciation in Pararge (Satyrinae: Nymphalidae) butterflies – North Africa is the source of ancestral populations of all Pararge species ELISABET WEINGARTNER, NIKLAS WAHLBERG and SO¨REN NYLIN Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden Abstract. The genus Pararge comprises three species: P. aegeria, distributed in Europe and North Africa; P. xiphia, endemic to Madeira; and P. xiphioides,endemic to the Canary Islands. Two subspecies are recognized in P. aegeria, P. a. tircis and P. a. aegeria, distributed in northern and southern Europe, respectively. In the 1970s, P. aegeria appeared on Madeira. However, despite the status of P. aegeria as a model species in ecological studies, the evolutionary history of Pararge remains unknown. We studied the phylogenetic relationships of the three Pararge species, using the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I and the nuclear gene wingless to infer modes and times of speciation. On the basis of our analyses, Pararge forms a strongly supported monophyletic group, with the DNA haplotypes of the three species also forming well-supported monophyletic groups. We found that P. xiphia diverged first from the common ancestor a maximum of five million years ago, with P. xiphioides and P. aegeria being sister species that diverged a maximum of three million years ago. The two subspecies, P. a. tircis and P. a. aegeria,werenot distinguishable on the basis of DNA haplotypes; instead, our data clearly distin- guished between European specimens and those from North Africa. Madeiran P. aegeria has North African haplotypes and thus originated from there rather than from Europe.