Public Service Radio and Television in Croatia - at the Service of the Public or Politics? Public Service Radio and Television in Croatia - at the Service of the Public or Politics? Viktorija Car Introduction In the pre-internet era, journalists were in charge of publishing information to ensure that the public keeps abreast of current developments. This was especially true for journalists working for public service media who, as part of their professional role, had to be politically independent, unbiased, accountable and trustworthy. In the 21st century, information is instantly published online DQGVKDUHGRQVRFLDOPHGLDE\SXEOLFUHODWLRQVRɝFHUVVRFLDOPHGLDPDQDJHUV FLWL]HQVERWVDQGWUROOVZKLOHMRXUQDOLVWVRQO\UHSXEOLVKQHZVLWHPV7KHSXEOLF is ‘overly informed’ and can hardly plough through an ocean of online and network reporting, framed information, disinformation, overt propaganda, pseudo information in an overwhelmingly fake online and network reality. In the fake news society of today, a huge crisis is brewing that goes down to the core of journalism as a profession. In light of the oxymoron of ‘fake news’, what should journalists do? More than ever before, there is a high need for professional, independent, economically viable, accountable and trustworthy public service media. In Croatia, during the last thirty years public service radio and television have been XSDJDLQVWWKHSHUSHWXDOFKDOOHQJHRIWUDQVLWLRQȂȴUVWO\GXHWRWKHFKDQJHIURP one political system into another, and then due to the constant management and political crises. Against the backdrop of global trends, it seems that Croatian Radio Television (Hrvatska radiotelevizija+57 KDVUHPDLQHGHQVFRQFHGLQDEXEEOHRI local and in-house problems, without casting a glance at European and global trends and problems. The only constant feature of the media landscape has been the steady deterioration of programme quality, a decrease in public trust and a FRQWLQXDOGURSLQ+57SURJUDPPHUDWLQJV Instead of focusing on building a media department for the future the premises DQGWHFKQLFDOHTXLSPHQWRI+57KDYHEHFRPHREVROHWHLWVEXLOGLQJLVIDOOLQJ 93 A Pillar of Democracy on Shaky Ground apart, with hardly any attention on the part of senior management on the quality of working conditions for journalists, editors and other employees. There is no place on the premises for approximately 3 200 employees and associates to eat and drink, no meeting rooms for journalists to exchange ideas DQGLQIRUPDWLRQRUWRVLWDQGWDONLQȂDVDZRUNSODFHWKH+57LVQRWDQLQYLWLQJ proposition for the younger generation of journalists. For a long time now, the quality of programming has been a low priority on the management’s agenda – an issue considered extraneous, something not to be talked about in public. ΖQVWHDGRIGRLQJLWVEHVWWRPDNHWKH+57WKHPRVWSURIHVVLRQDOMRXUQDOLVWLF HQYLURQPHQWWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIWKH+57ȴOHVODZVXLWVDJDLQVWERWKLWVRZQ journalists and against other media. Instead of promoting journalistic freedom DQGLQYHVWLJDWLYHMRXUQDOLVPWKH+57KDVEHFRPHSROOXWHGZLWKDQDWPRVSKHUH of fear, bitterness and displeasure. It has become the place of ‘fading discoloured faces’. History of Croatian Radio Television 7KHȴUVWEURDGFDVWRI5DGLR=DJUHEKLWWKHDLURQ0D\ΖWVXUYLYHG PDQ\\HDUVXQGHUGLHUHQWUHJLPHVDQGGLHUHQWQDPHVDVWRGD\ȇV&URDWLDKDV been part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918-1929) and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929-1941) before becoming the Independent State of Croatia (1941-1945), the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia (1945-1963), WKH6RFLDOLVW)HGHUDO5HSXEOLFRI<XJRVODYLD DQGȴQDOO\WKH5HSXEOLF of Croatia in 1991. To commemorate the 30th anniversary, of Radio Zagreb, Television Zagreb commenced broadcasting in 1956. At that time, both Radio and Television Zagreb were under the leadership of Yugoslav Radio Television (JRT) – the state broadcasting system. The media market in Yugoslavia was more diverse and freer than in any other communist country of the Eastern European block. It developed within a decentralised paradigm controlled by the Republic but not by the Federal Government.1 Still, the censorship became legal2 and all media in the country acted as propagators of the communist party. The JRT coordinated radio and television broadcasting and programme exchange in each of the six republics, but each republic continued to broadcast 1 Viktorija Car (2009) Mythical Structures and Narratives in Croatian TV News. PhD Dissertation. University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Social Sciences. Unpublished. pp. 25-26. 2 This was in accordance to the Law on preventing the misuse of the freedom of the press. See 0DUN7KRPSVRQ .RYDQMHUDWDȂ0HGLMLX6UELML+UYDWVNRML%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL=DJUHE +UYDWVNLKHOVLQģNLRGERU*UDÓDQVNDLQLFLMDWLYD]DVORERGXMDYQHULMHÏL$57Ζ&/(SS 94 Public Service Radio and Television in Croatia - at the Service of the Public or Politics? its own locally produced programme. At the beginning only the primetime TV newscast was produced in the capital Belgrade and transmitted to all TV centres part of JRT. This arrangement lasted until 1968 when Television Zagreb ZDVRɝFLDOO\DOORZHGWRSURGXFHDQGEURDGFDVWLWVRZQSULPHWLPHQHZVIRU evening broadcasting. To be clear, there was a pluralistic organisation of radio and TV stations in Yugoslavia, but all of them had to support and promote socialist values and communist party interests.3 Since 1991, when Croatia declared independence, the national radio and television market has undergone a very complex transformation from a social, political (socialist, communist and totalitarian) and economic system (planned economy) into a liberal democracy with a free market economy.4 Because RIWKH:DURIΖQGHSHQGHQFH WKH6WDWHUHWDLQHGLWVPRQRSRO\ on national electronic media in order to remain in control and retain its ability to frame news content. Therefore, although under the Croatian Radio 7HOHYLVLRQ$FW5WKH+57KDGWKHVWDWXVRIDSXEOLFVHUYLFHUDGLRDQGWHOHYLVLRQ EURDGFDVWHULWUHPDLQHGȴUPO\XQGHUVWDWHFRQWUROVWURQJO\LQȵXHQFHGE\ SROLWLFLDQVIURPWKHUXOLQJSDUW\+'= &URDWLDQ'HPRFUDWLF8QLRQ DQGWKH 3UHVLGHQW)UDQMR7XÓPDQ6 New political elites in Croatia attempted to take control of national media and transform it into a kind of ‘pseudo public service media.’7 The new government enacted a new law and ensured public IXQGLQJIRUWKH+57EXWLWUHWDLQHGFRQWURORYHUWKHDSSRLQWPHQWRIVHQLRU managers and editors-in-chief. That means it had near total control over the management and programming. This situation lasted until the end of ZKDWFDPHWREHNQRZQDVWKHȆȴUVWHUDȇRI+'=UXOHEHIRUHWKHFKDQJHLQ government in 2000. Changes in the broadcasting media market in Croatia were set in motion by the adoption of the Law on Telecommunications (1994), which made provisions for 3 More in Viktorija Car (2009) Mythical Structures and Narratives in Croatian TV News. PhD Dissertation. University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Social Sciences. Unpublished. 4 ΖYDQD$QGULMDģHYLÉDQG9LNWRULMD&DU +RZ:H6XUYLYHG'LJLWDO7HOHYLVLRQ%URDGFDVWLQJ Switchover: The Case of Croatia. International Journal of Digital Television 4 (3): 279-297. pp. 280. 5 &URDWLDQ5DGLR7HOHYLVLRQ$FW +57$FW 2ɝFLDO*D]HWWH11 6 ΖQWKHSHULRGRI+'=UXOH+57KDGȴYHJHQHUDOPDQDJHUVDOORIZKRPZHUHLQȵXHQWLDO PHPEHUVRIWKHUXOLQJSDUW\DQGDIHZRI+79ȇVFKLHIQHZVHGLWRUVZHUHKRQRUDU\PHPEHUV RI+'=5HDGPRUHLQ.UDOMLÉ7DQMD )RUXPLQMHJRYXWMHFDMQD+79>)RUXPDQGLWV LQȵXHQFHRQ+79@=DJUHE)DFXOW\RI3ROLWLFDO6FLHQFH*UDGXDWHWKHVLVQRWSXEOLVKHG 7 5HDGPRUHLQ6DQGUD%DģLÉ+UYDWLQ 6HUYLQJWKH6WDWHRUWKH3XEOLF/MXEOMDQD3HDFH Institute. pp. 20-26. 95 A Pillar of Democracy on Shaky Ground the grant of licences for privately owned radio and television channels at local level. Media privatisation led to media becoming more pluralistic. Nevertheless, due to the poor economy that has taken a hit in the war, the lack of capital and the constrained advertising market, the newly founded private local television channels sought and found protection from local authorities.8 $WWKHQDWLRQDOOHYHOWKH+79UHWDLQHGLWVPRQRSRO\XQWLOZKHQWKH ȴUVWSULYDWHFRPPHUFLDOFRPSHWLWRUZLWKQDWLRQDOFRYHUDJH1RYD79EHJDQ EURDGFDVWLQJ3ULYDWLVDWLRQRIWKHWKLUG+79FKDQQHOEURXJKWDVHFRQG commercial television competitor – RTL, a company owned by the German corporation RTL Group, which started broadcasting in April 2004. :LWKDQHZJRYHUQPHQWLQRɝFHLQ DFHQWUHOHIWFRDOLWLRQRIVL[ SDUWLHVWRRNSRZHU WKHSROLWLFDOWUDQVIRUPDWLRQRIWKH+57EHJDQ7KH ȴUVWVWHSWRZDUGVFKDQJHZDVWKH+57$FWWKDWȴQDOO\SODFHGDEDQRQ politicians becoming members of the HRT Programme Council. Since then GLUHFWSROLWLFDOLQȵXHQFHRQ+57SURJUDPPLQJKDVHDVHGVLJQLȴFDQWO\$Q DQDO\VLVRISROLWLFDOFRQWHQWLQ+79ȇVSURJUDPPLQJFRQȴUPHGWKDW+79ZDV no longer ‘a Government propaganda machine as it was in 1999’. Despite this, it was a long way from becoming a genuine and high-quality, public interest media service provider.9 Political pressure was now stronger to align Croatian media legislation with EU recommendations and directives, with an emphasis on protecting media pluralism, placing restrictions on the concentration of ownership, and enhancing media independence and journalistic freedom. In 2003, the new +57$FWand the (OHFWURQLF0HGLD$FWwere adopted. )XUWKHUFKDQJHVRIWKH+57$FWZHUHLQWURGXFHGLQVWUHQJWKHQLQJWKH independence of the public broadcaster. Regrettably, the changes enacted LQSURYLGHIRUWKHHOHFWLRQRID'LUHFWRU*HQHUDORIWKH+57ZLWKD majority vote of Parliament, which also elects 9 out of 11 members of the +573URJUDPPH&RXQFLODQGRXWRIPHPEHUVRIWKH+576XSHUYLVRU\ Board. Many international media organisations responded negatively to these 8 0RUHLQΖYDQD$QGULMDģHYLÉDQG9LNWRULMD&DU +RZ:H6XUYLYHG'LJLWDO7HOHYLVLRQ Broadcasting Switchover: The Case of Croatia. International Journal of Digital Television
History and Development of the Communication Regulatory
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMMUNICATION REGULATORY AGENCY IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 1998 – 2005 A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Communication of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Adin Sadic March 2006 2 This thesis entitled HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMMUNICATION REGULATORY AGENCY IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 1998 – 2005 by ADIN SADIC has been approved for the School of Telecommunications and the College of Communication by __________________________________________ Gregory Newton Associate Professor of Telecommunications __________________________________________ Gregory Shepherd Interim Dean, College of Communication 3 SADIC, ADIN. M.A. March 2006. Communication Studies History and Development of the Communication Regulatory Agency in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1998 – 2005 (247 pp.) Director of Thesis: Gregory Newton During the war against Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) over 250,000 people were killed, and countless others were injured and lost loved ones. Almost half of the B&H population was forced from their homes. The ethnic map of the country was changed drastically and overall damage was estimated at US $100 billion. Experts agree that misuse of the media was largely responsible for the events that triggered the war and kept it going despite all attempts at peace. This study examines and follows the efforts of the international community to regulate the broadcast media environment in postwar B&H. One of the greatest challenges for the international community in B&H was the elimination of hate language in the media. There was constant resistance from the local ethnocentric political parties in the establishment of the independent media regulatory body and implementation of new standards.
PROGRAMME DIVERSITY OF THE MOST INFLUENTIAL TV-CHANNELS IN MACEDONIA, CROATIA AND SLOVENIA Programme Diversity of the Most Influential TV-Channels in Macedonia, Croatia and Slovenia COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE COMMERCIAL TERRESTRIAL TV-CHANNELS ON NATIONAL LEVEL PROGRAMME DIVERSITY OF THE MOST INFLUENTIAL TV-CHANNELS IN MACEDONIA, CROATIA AND SLOVENIA Authors: Vesna Nikodinoska, Marina Tuneva and Slavco Milenkovski 1. INTRODUCTION The largest commercial terrestrial TV-channels on national level in Macedonia continue to represent a dominant source of information for the audience; hence, they continue to exert the greatest influence on the public opinion. Therefore, on one hand, it imposes expectations that the programme they offer to the viewers should reflect quality and diversity of content, and at the same time, it should set high standards for practitioners working in TV-channels, but on the other hand, they should promote democratic values and professional principles,1 so as to advance the development of the broadcasting industry. The quality of the media content is not an obligation explicitly regulated by law; however, the national commercial TV- channels, as the most viewed and the most influential, are expected to show a sense of social responsibility and work for the public interest, since they themselves are users of public resources. Under free market conditions, the competition with quality content should serve as additional stimulation to the rivalry in the broadcasting area and as “bait” for attracting advertisers. That is
Social Media Activity in the Context of Free-To-Air Broadcast Television
FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Beatrice Züll SOCIAL MEDIA ACTIVITY IN THE CONTEXT OF FREE-TO-AIR BROADCAST TELEVISION DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Zagreb, 2017 FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Beatrice Züll SOCIAL MEDIA ACTIVITY IN THE CONTEXT OF FREE-TO-AIR BROADCAST TELEVISION DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Zagreb, 2017 FILOSOFSKI FAKULTET Beatrice Züll ULOGA DRUŠTVENIH MEDIJA U MJERENJU TV GLEDANOSTI DOKTORSKI RAD Zagreb, 2017. FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Beatrice Züll SOCIAL MEDIA ACTIVITY IN THE CONTEXT OF FREE-TO-AIR BROADCAST TELEVISION DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Mentor: MiHaela Banek Zorica, PH.D. Zagreb, 2017 FILOSOFSKI FAKULTET Beatrice Züll ULOGA DRUŠTVENIH MEDIJA U MJERENJU TV GLEDANOSTI DOKTORSKI RAD Mentor: izv. prof. dr. sc. MiHaela Banek Zorica Zagreb, 2017. Acknowledgements This doctoral thesis was supported by the members and colleagues of the Faculty of Information and Communication Sciences of the University of Zagreb who provided insight and expertise and greatly assisted the research. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Mihaela Banek Zorica, Ph.D., for her guidance, encouragement and expertise. Thanks to my advisor Stephan Malović, Ph.D., for his encouragement and great support. Alida Zorz Miketek from Nielsen supported this research work as an expert in television audience research. Guillaume Antoine Rabi and his team at RTL Televizija Hrvatska endured the challenges of the empirical part of this project by giving advice and insights into empirical data. Poslovna Inteligencija, Dražen Oreščanin and his team supported this project with staff and server capacity. Fremantle Production and Ana Habajec provided insights into the strategic approach of television production companies to integrating social media in their daily work and building up social media audiences.
Yugoslavia Chemical Chronology 2008-2001 | 1999-1996 | 1995-1990 | 1989-1970 | 1969-1918 Last update: May 2010 As of May 2010, this chronology is no longer being updated. For current developments, please see the Yugoslavia Chemical Overview. This annotated chronology is based on the data sources that follow each entry. Public sources often provide conflicting information on classified military programs. In some cases we are unable to resolve these discrepancies, in others we have deliberately refrained from doing so to highlight the potential influence of false or misleading information as it appeared over time. In many cases, we are unable to independently verify claims. Hence in reviewing this chronology, readers should take into account the credibility of the sources employed here. Inclusion in this chronology does not necessarily indicate that a particular development is of direct or indirect proliferation significance. Some entries provide international or domestic context for technological development and national policymaking. Moreover, some entries may refer to developments with positive consequences for nonproliferation 2008-2001 24 July 2008 The Serbian government submits a draft law on the implementation of the CWC to Parliament for consideration. This law will update an earlier law adopted in 2005. —"Update on National Implementation as at 14 November 2008," Chemical Disarmament Quarterly, Vol. 6 No. 4 (December 2008), p. 19. 6 June 2008 The process of down-sizing and reorganizing the 246th NBC Defense Brigade of the Serbian army is completed. The unit which has been reduced to a single battalion is now based at the Tzar Lazar barracks in Krusevac. The reduction in the unit's size, in the 1980s the unit was a full regiment, reflects the lower priority of NBC defense in the post-Cold War environment.