Bounty the HISTORY of the BOUNTY

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The History of the Bounty THE HISTORY OF THE BOUNTY

THE HISTORY

The Bounty is likely to be the most renowned The Birth of the Project vessel in history. Originally called Bethia, it was a merchant vessel built for the transport James Cook (1728-1779) was a renowned of coal. In 1787, it was assigned to the Royal British explorer, navigator and cartographer. Navy, changed its name and was sent for a He had undertaken three voyages in the very strategic mission within the policy of co- Pacific Ocean, exploring the coasts of Aus- lonial expansion. tralia and of the Hawaiian Islands, as well as The Bethia had been built for mercantile pur- circumnavigating New Zealand. His logbooks, poses and weighted 230 tons. Later on, after his records and his collaborators’ scientific having been purchased by the Royal Navy, it studies would tell about huge wealth and an was considerably changed in terms of struc- abundance of natural resources in the Pacific ture and hold furnishings. islands (especially in Polynesia). Surprisingly, Such changes were undertaken to make the such records would also describe friendly na- Bounty suitable for a very special mission: tive inhabitants willing to cooperate with the the transport of approximately 300 bread- so-called “white men.” fruit seedlings from Polynesia to the British No wonder that the oversea travellers’ re- colonies in the Caribbean. We will tell you ports on the new lands made British aristoc- the mission of the Bounty and of its crew, the racy want to fund further expeditions. Among protagonist of one among the most famous many scientific discoveries, Cook and his bi- mutinies throughout time: one of the most ologists came across breadfruit in Polynesia; a gripping pages in history, narrated by well- plant easy to grow and yielding a very nour- known writers, and the subject of three films. ishing fruit, as big as a melon.

A table of the Bounty construction drawing.

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The West India Company planned an enterprise to export breadfruit plants from Poly- nesia to Jamaica. The new plantations would have yielded cheap food to feed the British slaves of those lands. The Bounty voyage would have lasted many months and it would have been difficult to keep the breadfruit seedlings until their transplanting in Jamaica. The lower deck (originally meant for transport of coal) was adapted to favour the ven- tilation and the sun light required for the survival of the plants during the voyage, under the supervision of a biologist purposely on board the Bounty. When the adjustment procedures were over, the vessel was renamed Bounty and provided with defensive weapons.

The Bounty Expedition

The vessel set sail from Spithead on Decem- A portrait of Captain William Bligh at the time of ber 23rd, 1787. William Bligh was appointed the Bounty expedition. Commander of the expedition. He was an ex- pert navigator and on very good terms with the King of Otaheite (name of the Island of Tahiti, by then). The Captain was firmly con- vinced that the voyage could have taken less than expected and he could have delivered a large shipment of plants, ready to be trans- planted in Jamaica. One of the main prob- impossible and the crew’s discontent would lems connected to the length of the voyage grow day by day. The Captain would impose was, indeed, to reach destination before strict discipline and exemplary punishment. breadfruit plants hibernated; it was believed James Valentine, a member of the crew, died that hibernation might last four months, but for the inadequacy of on-board doctor Hug- nobody knew when the period would start! gan’s treatments. Bligh adjusted the route and headed for the An Impossible Route Cape of Good Hope, South of Africa. After few The original route envisaged rounding Cape weeks, the Bounty finally reached Tahiti. The Horn, South of South America: Bligh’s ambi- crew, worn-out after the long and extremely tious dream of saving almost five months of hard voyage, found comfort and amusement sailing faded after thirty days of useless at- on the island. The peaceful and generous na- tempts, especially because of winter bad tive inhabitants of the island were very wel- weather conditions. coming to the European seamen. Many members of the crew had unsuccessfully Captain Bligh, disagreeing with other ship’s attempted the route before, under the com- officers, was very keen on discipline and im- mand of other captains. Thus they were dis- posed strict rules on his crew: for example, couraged about the possibility to succeed in he forbade to “acquaint” with the native the endeavour. The conditions on board were women of Tahiti.

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The Beginning of the Rebellion and of water, four knives, a compass and a pocket watch. Because of the launch small Still today, many theories on the mutiny on sizes, four seamen who had declared fidelity the Bounty exist. to Bligh were held on board with the muti- The triggering events were many, no doubt: neers, also since they were considered to be among them, the harsh discipline imposed essential for the crew’s survival. Firstly, the by the Captain, who established strict rules mutineers on board the Bounty headed for of conduct and harsh punishment. Besides, the island of Tubuai, South of French Poly- many historians agree that Tahitian women’s nesia, where they established a colony. Then freedom and the inhabitants’ life style made they set sail to Tahiti where they decided to the crew want to settle on the beloved island. help the native inhabitants build a fort which they called Fort George, in honour of King The Mutiny George III. The mutiny on the Bounty is among the most sensational ones in naval history. Bligh’s “Spectacular” Enterprise On April 28th, 1789, Master’s mate Fletcher Still today, Bligh and his followers’ fate is con- Christian and Honorary midshipman Peter sidered to be miraculous, a unique enterprise Heywood persuaded the majority of the crew in history. to rise up against Captain Bligh. At night, the Despite the lack of provisions and the tiny Captain was picked up from his cabin by a boat on which they had been abandoned, af- bunch of rebellious seamen, threatened with ter forty-seven days of tough sailing and just a bayonet, and led to the deck, by force. The one attempt to land, the Captain reached the crew split in three groups. Dutch colony of Timor, an island of the Lesser Together with Christian and Heywood, sev- Sunda Islands archipelago, in Indonesia. enteen sailors rose up against the Captain, Many men died because of tropical disease, two did not take a position and twenty-four there. But Bligh gained control of the situa- remained faithful to Bligh. The Captain and tion and, determined to return to homeland, his followers were left on a small boat − an decided to leave the command to Sailing mas- approximately 7 metre long and 2 metre wide ter Fryer, to go back to Europe and to bring launch − with a small amount of provisions news of the mutiny. Bligh reached the United

The island of Tahiti at the time of the Bounty expedition.

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Kingdom. During an inquiry into the mutiny on the Bounty, he was acquitted by the mili- tary court and continued his naval career until he was appointed Governor of New South Wales, in 1805.

The Destiny of the Mutineers And what was the destiny of the mutineers and of the Bounty? They were definitively not as lucky as Captain Bligh. After deciding to return to Tahiti, six- teen mutineers chose to remain on the island, whereas the other eight seamen, led by Chris- tian, decided to reach the newly discovered island of Pitcairn, together with some native inhabitants of Tahiti. They meant to establish a new community over there. The Bounty was set on fire, instead. However, the relation- ship between the British and the Polynesians ended up in a proper rebellion by the latter, as they had been reduced to slavery. In 1793, during the revolt, many mutineers died. Among them, Fletcher Christian. Later on, thanks to John Adams, a truce was established. A few years later, in 1808, the island was discovered and the survivors were led toward Eastern Australia.

Top right: a portrait of William Bligh, the Bounty renowned Captain. Centre and bottom: portraits of Fletcher Christian and Peter Heywood.

5 Bounty – I

THE HISTORY OF THE BOUNTY V La spedizione del Bounty elieri

Organizzata da Joseph Banks, presidente della Royal Society, la spedizione alla volta di Tahi- ti ha come obiettivo il riforni- nel mento di esemplari di albero di

pane da destinare agli schiavi in tempo numero sempre crescente gra- dall’Africa al Sudamerica. zie al fiorente traffico negriero Il vascello salpa il 23 dicem- bre 1787 da Spithead. Il comando della spedizione è William Bligh, esper- In 1960, an exact replica of renowned HMS Bounty was built. In the picture, the vessel during the naval parade to navigatore, che vantava ot- Nelwhich 1962 took placefu costruito in Halifax, Canada, un vascello,on July 23rd, 2012.replica perfetta del celebreBounty HMS Bounty – .I In questa fotografia è ripreso durante la parata navale che si è svolta il timiaffidato rapporti a con il regnati di 23 luglio 2012 ad Halifax, in Canada. Questo veliero è affondato durante Otaheite (nome con cuitazione all’epo di -piante dell’albero del predisposta per conservare le pane, dalle isolel’uragano polinesiane Sandy alla nel 2012. - ca era chiamata l’isola diGiamaica, Tahiti). per produrre un ali- pianto in terra giamaicana. La rotta prevista fu correttamento economico a alla destinatodisciplina al e,Ilpiante durante ponte fino di laal momentosottocopertasosta deldei tra delmarinai e i dissapori fra il tempo causa alle cattive condizioninutrimento deglia Tahiti, schiaviOriginal imposedella name : Bethia regole (nata severeper il trasporto del piantagioni sudamericane. carbone) fu adattato apposita- climatiche. Dopo trenta gior- al suoOriginal equipaggio: owner: private ad merchant esempio, service Terminata la raccolta, delle nel Shipyard: Blaydes,mente Kingston-upon-Hull, per favorire la ventilazio England - ni di inutili tentativi, BlighFu così cheri- la RoyalproibìLaunched Society di “familiarizzare”, :nel 1784 ne e l’illuminazione con le naturale pianteCapitano ne- dell’ e glialbero ufficiali di dipane bordo., il nunciò a doppiare Capo1787, Horn acquistò, donne il Inmercantile service indigene.: 1784-87 cessaria Queste alla sopravvivenzaproibi- Bounty delle era pronto a salpare : il progetto Fateprevedeva: sold to il the Royal Navy, May 23rd, 1787 a sud dell’America meridionaleBethia zioni aumentaronopiante il durante malumore il trasporto. con il suo insolito carico.

elieri trasporto di circa 300 piantine Al termine delle operazioni di Name: Bounty e si diresse verso CapoV di di albero Buo del- pane. adeguamento, il vascello fu ri- . Le condizioniIl viaggio del sarebbe Purchaseddurato mol: May- battezzato 23rd, 1787 Bounty e venne do- na Speranza In service: 1787-90 ti mesi e la nave dovevaDopo essere la tatolunga di armamento traversata da difesa. ilLa prua del Bounty (replica del 1962). viaggio erano proibitive e il Fate: burnt (23 January 1790) The Bounty replica bow. The vessel sank during the 2012 Hurricane malcontento fra l’equipaggio BountyLength: 27.7 raggiunge metres la Polinesia Sandy. Width: 7.40 metres cresceva di giorno in giorno. La missioneCrew : del44 seamen Bounty: including rotta officers per Tahiti Un membro dell’equipaggio, Ja- alla Armamentricerca: 4dell’albero × 4-pounder (1.8 di kg) pane cannons and 10 × swivel guns mes Valentine, morì perIl nomel’ina -scientifico dell’albero di pane è deguatezza delle cure delArtocarpus dot- , dal greco artos (= pane) e , medico di bordo.karpos (= frutto). Gli esemplari più gran- tor Huggan di raggiungono i 12 metri di altezza. 6 La pianta di Artocarpus fu descritta per Finalmente, il Bounty raggiunla prima- volta dai naturalisti tedeschi ge l’ superandoJohann Reinhold e Johann Georg Adam isola di Tahiti Forster, padre e figlio, che presero parte Capo di Buona Speranza.al secondo viaggio di Cook nel Pacifico. Giunto a destinazione, l’equipagAl loro arrivo- gli esploratori trovarono iso- gio fu accolto molto calorosale di straordinaria- bellezza naturali, fertile e popolate da indigeni pacifici e ospitali. mente dagli abitanti dell’isola e L’equipaggio del Bounty è accolto con disponibilità dalle popolazioni locali. tutti rimasero particolarmente Alcuni marinai furono particolarmente attratti dalla bellezza e spensieratez- colpiti dall’accoglienza ricevuta za delle donne polinesiane e dalla ricchezza naturale di quei luoghi. Fu così dalle donne polinesiane. che quando il comandante Bligh ordinò di ripartire per portare a termine la missione, sorsero fra i membri dell’equipaggio i primi moti di ribellione. Il capitano Bligh teneva molto

In questo piano costruttivo del secolo XVIII Tahiti: un paradiso naturale, fra le più belle isole sono illustrate le modifiche apportate della Polinesia, meta della spedizione del Bounty. al vascello Bethia (ribattezzato Bounty) Queste terre sono ricchissime di flora e fauna. Gli esploratori per contenere e far sopravvivere almeno 300 e i coloni europei furono attratti da queste isole soprattutto piante di albero del pane. per il loro potenziale sfruttamento economico.