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Borza Doktori Értekezés 2012.07.23 Ponto-kaszpikus magasabbrend ű rákok (Crustacea: Malacostraca: Mysida, Amphipoda, Isopoda) faunisztikai és taxonómiai vizsgálata a Duna vízrendszerében Doktori értekezés Szerz ő: Borza Péter Biológia Doktori Iskola Iskolavezet ő: Dr. Erdei Anna Zootaxonómia, Állatökológia, Hidrobiológia Doktori Program Programvezet ő: Dr. Török János Témavezet ő: Dr. Oertel Nándor nyugalmazott tudományos f őmunkatárs, a biológiai tudomány kandidátusa MTA Ökológiai Kutatóközpont, Duna-kutató Intézet ELTE TTK Állatrendszertani MTA ÖK és Ökológiai Tanszék Duna-kutató Intézet Budapest, 2012 Tartalomjegyzék 1. Bevezetés............................................................................................................................ 4 1.1. A ponto-kaszpikus régió mint inváziós donorterület ................................................. 4 1.2. A ponto-kaszpikus Peracarida fauna.......................................................................... 8 1.2.1. Összetétele, feltárása.......................................................................................... 8 1.2.2. Őshonos elterjedése............................................................................................ 8 1.3. Az állatcsoporthoz kapcsolódó faunisztikai kutatások............................................. 10 1.3.1. Magyarországon............................................................................................... 10 1.3.2. A többi Duna menti országban......................................................................... 11 2. Irodalmi áttekintés............................................................................................................ 12 2.1. Vitatott taxonómiai kérdések ................................................................................... 12 2.1.1. A Chelicorophium sowinskyi státusza.............................................................. 12 2.1.2. A Dikerogammarus -fajokhoz kapcsolódó kérdések ........................................ 13 2.1.3. Az édesvízi Jaera (-k?) hovatartozása .............................................................. 13 2.2. Az área-expanziók története..................................................................................... 14 2.2.1. Általános trendek.............................................................................................. 14 2.2.2. Hasadtlábú rákok (Mysida).............................................................................. 15 2.2.3. Felemáslábú rákok (Amphipoda)..................................................................... 17 2.2.3.1. Corophiidae.............................................................................................. 17 2.2.3.2. Gammaridae ............................................................................................. 18 2.2.3.3. Pontogammaridae..................................................................................... 19 2.2.4. Ászkarákok (Isopoda) ...................................................................................... 21 2.3. A terjeszkedés vektorai ............................................................................................ 21 3. Célkit űzések ..................................................................................................................... 22 4. Anyag és módszer ............................................................................................................ 22 4.1. Taxonómiai vizsgálatok ........................................................................................... 22 4.2. Faunisztikai vizsgálatok........................................................................................... 23 4.2.1. Longitudinális elterjedési mintázatok a Dunában ............................................ 23 4.2.2. A fajok magyarországi elterjedése................................................................... 23 4.3. Szivattyús vizsgálatok.............................................................................................. 26 5. Eredmények...................................................................................................................... 26 5.1. A Jaera danubica Brtek, 2003 státusza ................................................................... 26 2 5.2. Longitudinális elterjedési mintázatok a Dunában .................................................... 27 5.3. A fajok magyarországi elterjedése ........................................................................... 30 5.4. Szivattyús vizsgálatok.............................................................................................. 37 6. Diszkusszió....................................................................................................................... 38 6.1. A Jaera danubica Brtek, 2003 státusza ................................................................... 38 6.2. Longitudinális elterjedési mintázatok a Dunában .................................................... 38 6.3. A fajok magyarországi elterjedése ........................................................................... 39 6.3.1. A hasadtlábú rákok elterjedése......................................................................... 39 6.3.2. A Chelicorophium -fajok elterjedése ................................................................ 41 6.3.2.1. Múltbéli mintázatok ................................................................................. 41 6.3.2.2. A C. curvispinum és a C. sowinskyi jelenleg megfigyelhet ő elterjedési mintázatai .................................................................................................................. 42 6.3.2.3. A C. robustum magyarországi megjelenése............................................. 43 6.3.3. Az E. trichiatus megjelenése............................................................................ 43 6.3.4. Regionális trendek............................................................................................ 44 6.4. Szivattyús vizsgálatok.............................................................................................. 45 7. Következtetések ............................................................................................................... 46 8. Köszönetnyilvánítás ......................................................................................................... 48 9. Irodalomjegyzék............................................................................................................... 49 10. Összefoglalás................................................................................................................ 62 11. Summary ...................................................................................................................... 63 12. I. függelék: A Magyarországon el őforduló akvatikus és szemiakvatikus Malacostraca fajok jegyzéke .......................................................................................................................... 64 13. II. függelék: Határozókulcs a Magyarországon előforduló Mysida és felszíni Amphipoda-fajokhoz................................................................................................................ 68 14. III. függelék: Az értekezés anyagát képez ő el őfordulási adatok.................................. 74 3 1. Bevezetés 1.1. A ponto-kaszpikus régió mint inváziós donorterület A nem őshonos fajok térhódítását, a biológiai invázió jelenségét a Föld biodiverzitását veszélyeztet ő legfontosabb tényez ők között tartják számon (Vitousek és mtsai 1997). Az egyre gyorsuló és globálissá váló kereskedelem következtében inváziós fajok kisebb-nagyobb arányban csaknem minden közösségben el őfordulnak. Nem kivételek ez alól a mérsékeltövi kontinentális vizek sem, melyekben szinte minden viszonylatban találhatunk példát fajbehurcolásokra. Európában, ezen belül Magyarországon is találkozhatunk ázsiai (pl. kosárkakagyló – Corbicula fluminea (O. F. Müller, 1774), kínai gyapjasollós rák – Eriocheir sinensis H. Milne-Edwards, 1853), észak-amerikai (pl. cifrarák – Orconectes limosus (Rafinesque, 1817)), s őt új-zélandi (pl. vízicsiga – Potamopyrgus antipodarum (J.E. Gray, 1843)) eredet ű fajokkal is. Az észak-atlanti térségben legszembetűnőbb és legjelent ősebb azonban a ponto-kaszpikus eredet ű (a Fekete-, Azovi-, és Kaszpi-tenger vidékén őshonos) fajok terjeszkedése; az észak-amerikai Nagy-tavakban például az 1985 és 2000 között felfedezett behurcolt fajok 70%-a származik a ponto-kaszpikus régióból (Ricciardi és MacIsaac 2000). A brakk viz ű Balti-tengerben megtelepedett idegenhonos fajok közel egyharmada is ebb ől a térségb ől származik (Leppäkoski és mtsai 2002), míg a Rajnában ugyanez az arány a makroszkopikus gerinctelenek tekintetében meghaladja a 40%-ot (Leuven és mtsai 2009). A sikeresen terjeszked ő fajok között számos, els ődlegesen tengeri eredet ű taxon képvisel őit megtalálhatjuk, így el őfordulnak csalánozók, laposférgek, gy űrűsférgek, puhatest űek, rákok, valamint halak (els ősorban gébfélék) is. Mi a magyarázata a ponto-kaszpikus fajok rendkívüli inváziós sikerének? A válasz megértéséhez tekintsük át röviden a térség föltörténeti múltját, faunájának kialakulását (Magyar és mtsai (1999), Reid és Orlova (2002), Popov és mtsai (2006) nyomán)! A földtörténeti középkorban az Atlanti- és a Csendes-óceán medencéjét a Tethys-óceán kötötte össze, mely az afrikai és európai k őzetlemezek közeledésével fokozatosan zsugorodott. A középső miocén korban (~ 15 millió éve) a medence több kisebb beltengerre szakadt, melyek egyike a mai Fekete-, Azovi-, és Kaszpi-tenger,
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