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Low Cost Small Wind Turbine Generators for Developing Countries Low Cost Small Wind Turbine Generators for Developing Countries Low Cost Small Wind Turbine Generators for Developing Countries Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Delft, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. ir. K.C.A.M. Luyben, voorzitter van het College voor Promoties, in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 06 maart 2013 om 10.00 uur door Samuel Ofordile ANI Master of Engineering (Electrical Engineering), University of Nigeria, Nsukka geboren te Ikem, Nigeria. Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotor: Prof.dr. J.A. Ferreira Copromotor: Dr.ir. H. Polinder Samenstelling promotiecommissie: Rector Magnificus, voorzitter Prof. dr. J.A. Ferreira, Technische Universiteit Delft, promotor Dr. ir. H. Polinder, Technische Universiteit Delft, copromotor Prof. L. Kettunen, Tampereen Teknillinen Yliopisto, Finland Prof. dr. F.M.T Brazier, Technische Universiteit Delft Prof. dr. J.J. Smit, Technische Universiteit Delft Prof. dr. ir. G.A.M. van Kuik, Technische Universiteit Delft Dr. J.O. Kroesen, Technische Universiteit Delft ISBN 978-94-6203-287-3 Printed by Wöhrmann Print Service Loskade 4 7202 CZ Zutphen The Netherlands Cover layout: Dayo Oladunjoye Cover photo by Jeroen Haringman (www.solarwebsite.nl) Copyright © 2013 by Samuel Ofordile Ani All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the publisher. To my best friend and my wife Obioma, and to our children Lotanna, Somadina and Chimakaobimdi. vii Acknowledgements Each page of this thesis is a reminder of the pages of my life. When I arrived in Delft to begin the long journey of PhD research which culminated in this thesis, it immediately became clear how uncertain and complicated research work can be. After poring over pages of scientific papers, the deep insight of great scientists brought a feeling of inadequacy. However, a deep voice within gave me hope and strength, reminding me of the small victories I have recorded in my journey through life. Just like in my journey through life, I am very grateful to my Father, the Almighty God, and His Son Jesus Christ, my Lord and Saviour, and the Holy Spirit, my Helper and Counselor, for guiding me through the years of PhD research. He has been kind and faithful, doing exceedingly abundantly more than I could ask or imagine, according to His power working in me. In addition, I have also received help from many others. I thank my promotor Prof. Jan Abraham Ferreira for believing in me and accepting me as a PhD candidate at Electrical Power Processing (EPP) Group. I appreciate the feedback I received from you during our monthly meetings and your patience during the years of this work. I appreciate the support and dedication of my co-promotor and daily supervisor Dr. Henk Polinder for the valuable hours we spent together discussion about my work and the chapters of this thesis. I also thank Dr. Polinder for his openness and how he was always available to discuss anything, including non-technical matters. I thank Prof. Wubbo Ockels for the opportunity he gave me to work as a Direct Drive Researcher for the Superbus Project. I am grateful for the one year I spent under your supervision and the experiences I gathered during our discussions about Superbus. In addition, I would like to thank the PhD defence committee for their comments and suggestions. These are Prof. Lauri Kettunen, Prof. Frances Brazier, Prof. Johan Smit, Prof. Gijs van Kuik, and Dr. Otto Kroesen. I am grateful to Prof. Paulo Ribeiro for his willingness to be in the PhD defence committee. Although he could not join the PhD Committee his interest in this work is appreciated. I am also grateful to Prof. Lou van der Sluis for his interest in this work and his willingness to be in the PhD Committee. My friend and former colleague Dr. Hung Vu Xuan is appreciated for his friendship. I am honoured to have shared the same office with you for more than four years. I thoroughly enjoyed our discussions about electrical machines, PhD challenges and life. My gratitude is also extended to the friends I have made in the Electrical Power Processing Group for making the PhD journey enjoyable. Especially, I would like to thank Xun Gong, viii Ghanshyam Shrestha, Rodrigo Pinto, Johan Wolmarans, Marcelo Gutierrez Alcaraz, for their help and friendship. I also thank other friends and colleagues in the Group such as Ivan Josifovic, Milos Acanski, Anoop Jassal, Yi Wang, Martin van der Geest, Todor Todorcevic, Wenbo Wang, Yeh Ting, Ilija Pecelj, Jianing Wang, Silvio Fragoso Rodrigues, Tim Strous, Dong Liu, Tsegay Hailu, etc. Ex-colleagues such as Dr. Aleksandar Borisavljevic and Dr. Deok-je Bang are also appreciated. Big thank you to Martin van der Geest for translating the propositions and the summary into Dutch. I thank Veronique van der Varst of TU Delft Central Liaison Office (CICAT) for arranging my residence permit and that of my family. Suzy Sirks-Bong was my first personal contact with the Electrical Power Processing Group. Thank you Suzy for your kindness and readiness to help at all times. I also thank Laura Bruns, Veby Agus and Ellen Schwencke-Karlas, for the secretarial support I received. I acknowledge with thanks the practical advice received from our former Lab Manager Rob Schoevaars during the development of the Test Setup. The advice received from Harrie Olsthoorn and Kasper Zwetsloot is also appreciated. I appreciate the Masters students that I have supervised: Albert Munthe, Bart Fugers, Femi Ajayi, and Georgios Villias. I am most grateful to the University of Nigeria for granting me study leave. I particularly thank the former Vice-Chancellor Prof. Chinedu Nebo for establishing the UNN-TU Delft Linkage, which provided the platform for my initial 3 months Research Visit to TU Delft. I thank Prof. Nebo for his personal words of encouragement and support which inspired me to forge ahead. I also thank the current Vice-Chancellor Prof. Bartholomew Okolo for his continued support of my PhD study. I thank Prof. A.N. Nzeako, the pioneer coordinator of the UNN-TU Delft Linkage for his support and encouragement, particularly during my 3 months Research Visit to TU Delft. During my years in TU Delft, I received tremendous support from the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. I thank Engr. Dr. B.O. Anyaka and his predecessors for all the help I received. I particularly thank Prof. M.U. Agu who inspired me to pursue a PhD. I also thank Prof. Agu for his mentorship and encouragement. I thank Prof. E.S. Obe, Dr. L.U. Anih, Cajethan, Damian, Dr. Odeh, Cosmas, Steve, Josephine, and others, for all their support. In addition, I thank Prof. T.C. Madueme, Dean Faculty of Engineering (UNN) and his predecessors for the support I received from the Faculty. I thank Dr. Sandra Irobi who facilitated my 3 months visit to TU Delft. Her advice and encouragement helped me during tough times. I also thank Sandra for the friendship and support extended to my family. I thank Dayo Oladunjoye and his family for their friendship. Dayo, thank you also for the cover layout of this thesis. Dr. Solomon Agbo and his family, as well as David Oyediran, are also appreciated for the wonderful times we spent together in the Netherlands. I appreciate Ijeoma Okeke for her constant encouragement and for the time spent with my family. ix The RCCG, Mount Zion International Parish Delft is appreciated for their great fellowship. I thank Pastor Hyacinth and Helena Nwosu, Sam and Chinelo Menkiti, Innocent Agbo, Jide, Juliet, Asamoah, and all members of the Parish. I appreciate the RCCG, Praise House International Parish Voorburg for their love, fellowship and prayers. I am very grateful to Pastor Walter and Betty Ononogbu for their support and care for my entire family. I also appreciate the prayers and love from Uche & Annie, Nini, Alice Ajieh, Innocent Ukejianya, Gen Ojiri, Ade, John, Richard, Joy, Eric, and many others am not able to mention. Ken Ojiri has been more than a friend to me. I thank you for your friendship and support, and your willingness to sacrifice for others. I appreciate Rev. Chukwudi Ogbueli for the solid foundation I received at Dominion City. I also thank Pastor Norbert and other Pastors of the ministry for all the spiritual gifts deposited in me. I appreciate the families of my two great friends: Onyeka Ogbodo and Lawrence Okwor. You have provided a home away from home, and I will always be grateful for your friendship. My mother Serah Ani (Ezinne) is deeply appreciated. Although not educated, yet you helped me to understand the value of good education. I thank all Ani family, particularly David, Jane and Law. Your love and constant prayers has been a shield to me. I also appreciate my mother-in-law Onuezue Ifeanacho, and my brothers-in-law Okey and Chidi for their love and support. I appreciate my three sons: Lotanna, Somadina, and Chimakaobimdi for doing their best to ‘inject’ me with positive energy. Kobi’s contribution is to distract me and to tear some of my papers. This way he discouraged me from working at home by forcing me to prioritize and finish most work in the office. His elder brothers made even better contributions. Each morning, Loti and Soma always asked: ‘Daddy are you going to your work?’ ‘Are you working on your wind turbine?’ ‘It’s turning round and round?’ Boys, thank you for the joy you have brought into my life.
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